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Consider the following procedure:
SMA
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Inductive Reasoning
Process of reaching a
conclusion by
examining specific
examples. The
conclusion formed by
using inductive
reasoning is called a
conjecture, since it
may or may not be
correct.
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1. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ____
2. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ____
3. 3, 5, 9, 15, 23, 33, ____
4. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ____
5. 60, 56, 50, 42, 33, 23, ____
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Pick a number.
Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product, divide
the sum by 2 , and subtract 3.
Complete the above procedure for several different
numbers. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture
about the relationship between the size of the resulting
number and the size of the original number.
Consider the following procedure:
Pick a number.
Multiply the number by 9, add 15 to the product, divide
the sum by 3 , and subtract 5.
Complete the above procedure for several different
numbers. Use inductive reasoning to make a conjecture
about the relationship between the size of the resulting
number and the size of the original number.
Galileo Galilei ( 1564 -1642) use inductive reasoning to discover that the time
required for a pendulum to complete one swing , called the period of the
pendulum , depends on the length of the pendulum. Galileo did not have a
clock , so he measured the periods of pendulum in “heartbeats” . The following
table shows some results obtained for pendulums of various lengths . For the
sake of convenience , a length of 10 inches has been designated as 1 unit.
Length of Period of Use the data in the table and inductive
pendulum , pendulum,
reasoning to answer the following
in units
1
In heartbeats
1
questions.
a. If the pendulum has a length of 49
4
9
2
3
units, what is its period?
16 4 b. If the length of a pendulum is quadrupled , what
25 5 happens to its period?
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*** Conclusions based on inductive reasoning may

be incorrect.
As an illustration consider the circles shown below. For each circle , all
possible line segments have been drawn to connect each dot on the circle with A statement is a true statement provided that it is
all the other dots on the circle.
true in all cases. If you can find one case for which a
statement is not true, called a counterexample, then
the statement is a false statement.
Example: Find a counterexample .
For all numbers x.
Note: a. x² > x
To produce the maximum Number of Dots 1 2 3 4 5 6
number of regions , the Max. Number of Regions 1 2 4 8 16 ? b. |x| > 0
dots on the circle must be
placed so that no three line c. √𝑥 = x
segments that connect the
dots intersect at a single
point.

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Deductive Reasoning
Another example, Process of reaching a
conclusion by applying
general assumptions ,
What is the next number in the sequence procedures, or principles
6,13, 20, 27, …? that are known to be
valid.With deductive
reasoning, instead of
using specific numbers
as examples, we use a
variable to represent all
possible numbers in
question.

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Use deductive reasoning to show that the following

procedure produces a number that if four times the original
number.
Procedure: Pick a number Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the
product , divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.

Use deductive reasoning to show that the following

Take note: procedure produces a number that if three times the original
number.
When you use inductive reasoning ,
you have no guarantee that your Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 9, add 15 to
conclusion is correct. the product, divide the sum by 3 , and subtract 5.

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Euclid and Pappus

Prove that the sum of a 2-digit number -universal problem-solving method
and the number formed by reversing its Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
digits will always be divisible by 11. -Art of Invention
“ Nothing is more important than to see the sources of
invention which are, in my opinion, more interesting than the
invention themselves.”
George Polya
-Polya’s Four Step in Problem-Solving
Strategy

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***Determine Types of Reasoning

1. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums every other
Step 1: Understand the problem
year. Last year the tree did not produce plums , so this year the Step 2: Devise a Plan
tree will produce plums.
Step 3: Carry Out the Plan
2. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The
contractor estimated that my home improvement will cost Php Step 4: Look Back
50,000. Thus my home improvement will cost more than Php 50,
000.
3. All pentagons have exactly five sides. Figure A is a pentagon.
Therefore, Figure A has exactly 5 sides.
4. Every English setter likes to hunt. Duke is an English setter , so
Duke likes to hunt.

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5. The teacher uses PowerPoint in the last three classes.

Therefore, the teacher will use PowerPoint tomorrow.
6. All athletes work out in the gym.
Barry Bonds is an athlete.  Do you understand all the words?
Therefore, Barry Bonds works out in the gym.  Can you restate the problem in your own words?
7. James is a grandfather.  Do you know what is given?
James is bald.  Do you know what the goal is?
Therefore, all grandfathers are bald.  Is there enough information?
 Is there extraneous information?
 Is this problem similar to another problem you have
solved?

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1. Find the median of the following test scores: 74 , 66, 83, 79 and 94.

2.Which of the numbers 4, 5, or 6 is a solution to ( n+3)(n-2)=36?

Can one (or more) of the following strategies be used? (A strategy is defined as
an artful means to an end).
3. Suppose Pat has eight shirts and four pair of pants. How many
 Guess and test.  Use direct reasoning. different outfits can Pat make by combining one shirt with one pair
of pants?
 Use a variable.  Use indirect reasoning.
4. The sum of 3 consecutive integers is 258. Find the integers.
 Draw a picture.  Use properties of numbers.
 Look for a pattern.  Solve an equivalent problem. 5. Sally is 3 times as old as John. 8 years from now, Sally will be twice
as old as John. How old is John now?
 Make a list.  Use a model.
 Work backwards.  Use dimensional analysis. 6. Rona is 3 times as old as her daughter. In 12 years, Rona’s age will
 Solve an equation.  Identify sub-goals. be one year less than twice her daughter’s age. How old is each now?
 Look for a formula.  Use coordinates. 7. Suppose you work at a bowling alley. After work one day, you decide
 Use cases.  Use symmetry.
to line up bowling pins in a triangular pattern with one pin on the first
row , 2 pins in the second, 3 pins in the third and so on. How many
 Do a simulation.
total pins would you need to use to complete 4 rows? ten rows? 100
 Solve a simpler problem. rows?
 Draw a diagram.

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At a breakfast buffet, 93 people chose coffee and 47 people

 Implement the strategy or strategies that you have
chosen until the problem is solved or until a new
course of action is suggested.
 Keep an accurate and neat record of all your attempts.
 Give yourself a reasonable amount of time in which to
solve the problems. If you are not successful, seek hints
from others or put the problem aside for a while. (You
may have a flash of insight when you least expect it).
 Do not be afraid to start over. Often, a fresh start and a
new strategy will lead to success.
chose juice. 25 people chose both coffee and juice. If each
person chose at least one of these beverages, how many
people visited the buffet?
150 college freshmen were interviewed
85 were registered for a Math class
70 were registered for an English class
50 were registered for both Math and English
a) How many signed up only for a Math Class?
b) How many signed up only for an English Class?
c) How many signed up for Math or English?
d) How many signed up neither for Math nor English?

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 Is your solution correct? Does your answer satisfy 100 students were interviewed
the statement of the problem? 28 took PE, 31 took Biology, 42 took English, 9 took
both PE and Biology, 10 took both PE and English, 6
 Can you see an easier solution? took both Biology and English, 4 took all three
 Can you see how you can extend your solution to a subjects.
a) How many students took none of the three
more general case? subjects?
b) How many students took PE but not Biology or
English?
c) How many students took Biology and PE but not
English?

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In a class of 30 students, 19 are studying French,

12 are studying Spanish and 7 are studying both Mathematics in the Modern Word by Richard Aufmann

French and Spanish. How many students are not

taking any foreign languages?

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1.Fifty students were surveyed, and asked if

they were taking a social science (SS),
humanities (HM) or a natural science (NS)
course the next quarter. 21 were taking a SS
course 26 were taking a HM course 19 were
taking a NS course 9 were taking both SS and
HM 7 were taking both SS and NS 10 were
taking both HM and NS 3 were taking all
three and 7 were taking none.

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2.One hundred fifty people were surveyed and asked

if they believed in UFOs, ghosts, and Bigfoot. 43
believed in UFOs, 44 believed in ghosts, 25
believed in Bigfoot , 10 believed in both UFOs and
ghosts .8 believed in both ghosts and Bigfoot,
5 believed in both UFOs and Bigfoot 2 believed in all
three.
 How many people surveyed believed in at least one
of these things?
 How many people does not believed in all three?
 How many people believed in exactly 2 of these
things?

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