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Thermodynamics 1 Basic Principles, Concepts and Definitions (1 of 2)
Thermodynamics 1 Basic Principles, Concepts and Definitions (1 of 2)
THERMODYNAMICS 1
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THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
Thermodynamics:
the science that deals with the concept of
energy, the laws governing conversion of
one form of energy into another, and the
various media employed to effect the
transformation.
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THERMODYNAMICS AND ENERGY
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Application Areas of
Thermodynamics
• Automobile engines
• Turbines
• Compressors, pumps
• Fossil- and nuclear-fueled power stations
• Propulsion systems for aircraft and rockets
• Combustion systems
• Cryogenic systems, gas separation, and liquefaction
• Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning systems
• Vapor compression and absorption refrigeration
• Heat pumps
(CONT.) Application Areas of
Thermodynamics
•Cooling of electronic equipment
•Alternative energy systems
•Fuel cells
•Thermoelectric and thermionic devices
•Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) converters
•Solar-activated heating, cooling, and power generation
•Geothermal systems
•Ocean thermal, wave, and tidal power generation
•Wind power
•Biomedical applications
IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
• Dimensions - characterize any physical
quantity.
• Units -the magnitudes assigned to the
dimensions.
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IMPORTANCE OF DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
Primary or fundamental dimensions
-some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L,
time t, and temperature T.
Secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions.
- are expressed in terms of the primary dimension,
such as velocity V, energy E, and volume V.
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UNIT SYSTEM COMMONLY USED:
Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based on a
decimal relationship between the various units.
English system: It has no apparent systematic numerical
base, and various units in this system are related to each
other rather arbitrarily.
1. English system, which is also known as the United
States Customary System (USCS)
fps system: (foot-pound-second)
2. Metric SI (from Le Système International d’ Unités),
which is also known as the International System.
mks system: (meter-kilogram-second)
cgs system: (centimeter-gram-second)
MASS, FORCE AND WEIGHT
Mass – the aggregation of matter in a body/substance
acceleration
(rate of change
of velocity)
net force
weight (towards the
center of the earth)
EARTH
UNITS OF MASS AND FORCE
System SI mks cgs fps Imperial
m cm ft
g 9.81 g 981 g 32.2
s2 s2 s2
• Weight , W = mg
where: m = mass
g = local gravitational accelaration
= 9.81 m/s² or 32.2 ft/s²
m
g 9.81
s2
Some SI and English Units
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A body weighing 60 kgf on earth
will weigh only 10 kgf on the
moon.
*g of moon = 1.625 m/s2
1 N·m = 1 J
Work
SI units: kilojoule (1 kJ = 10³ J).
1 calorie (cal.) - the amount of energy needed to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water at 14.5°C by 1°C.
1 cal = 4.1868 J
Here is a good way to get a feel for these units: If you light a typical match and let
it burn itself out, it yields approximately one Btu (or one kJ) of energy.
Power
Power is defined as the time rate of energy
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are unitless, and thus
such ratios (or their inverses) can be inserted conveniently into any calculation
to properly convert units.
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Some of commonly used Unity
Conversion
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
1. Density: 2. Specific gravity: The
mass per unit volume ratio of the density of a
substance to the density of
some standard substance
at a specified temperature
(usually water at 4°C).
3. Specific volume:
-reciprocal of density
- volume per unit mass
4. Specific weight:
The weight of a unit
volume of a substance.
By replacing the third body with a thermometer, the zeroth law can be
restated as two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the
same temperature reading even if they are not in contact.
DEFINITION OF TEMPERATURE
• Temperature - a measure of “hotness” or “coldness”
- a physical property that determines whether the bodies
will be in thermal equilibrium. We may postulate that when the two
blocks are in thermal equilibrium, their temperatures are equal.
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Two bodies reaching thermal equilibrium after
being brought into contact in an isolated
enclosure.
Temperature Scales
All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible states such as the
freezing and boiling points of water: the ice point and the steam point.
• ICE POINT - (0°C or 32°F)
A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air saturated with vapor at 1 atm
pressure .
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THERMODYNAMIC TEMPERATURE
SCALE
A temperature scale that is independent of the
properties of any substance.
Comparison of
temperature
scales.
• The reference temperature in the original Kelvin scale was the ice point,
273.15 K, which is the temperature at which water freezes (or ice melts).
• The reference point was changed to a much more precisely reproducible
point, the triple point of water (the state at which all three phases of water
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coexist in equilibrium), which is assigned the value 273.16 K.
Example: Expressing Temperature
Rise in Different Units
During a heating process, the temperature of a system rises by
10°C. Express this rise in temperature in K, °F, and R.
SOLUTION:
ΔT(°C) = ΔT(K) = 10 K
Throughout
this text, the
pressure P
will denote
absolute
pressure
unless
specified
otherwise.
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EXAMPLE
• Express a pressure gage reading of 35 psi in absolute
pascals.
101.325 kPa
35 psi 241 kPa
14.7 psi
P ( 241 101.325) kPa
P 341.325 kPa
PRESSURE CONVERSION TABLE
Variation of Pressure with Depth
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In a room filled with
a gas, the variation
of pressure with
height is negligible.
Pressure in a liquid
at rest increases
linearly with
distance from the
free surface.
The basic
manometer.
SOLUTION
Patm = ρgh
= (13,570 kg/m³)(9.805 m/s²)(0.740 m)(1 N / 1 kg·m/s²)(1 kPa / 1000
N/m²)
= 98.5 kPa
EXAMPLE