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Wel Come: Presented by Ningaraj S Belagall L-2015-A-17-D PAU, Ludhiana
Wel Come: Presented by Ningaraj S Belagall L-2015-A-17-D PAU, Ludhiana
Presented by
Ningaraj S Belagall
L-2015-A-17-D
1 PAU, Ludhiana
OUTLINE
2
History of insect hormones
What is HORMONE ?
3
Bataillon (1894) -First evidence of insect hormones
Kopec 1917 Bert and Scharrere 1930
4
Wigglesworth’s decapitation Experiment
5
Hormone release sites in insects
6
Endocrine system
7
ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN
INSECTS
Prothoracic glands------Produce Ecdysone
Corpora allata-------------Produces JH
8
Prothoracic glands(PG)
•Firs experimental proof about the importance
tProthoracic
of Glands was provided by a Japanese
worker, Fukuda in 1940 working with silkworm.
9
ECDYSTEROID
SButenandt & Karlson in Most of
1954 for the first time insects
extracted steroid hormone
ecdysone in crystalline form Some
from Bombyx Lepidopteran
larvae
α-Ecdysone and β- Ecdysone
Lepidoptera
11
Wells 1954 and herman and Gilbert 1966
Corpora cardiaca
A pair of organs often closely associated with the aorta
and situated immediately behind the brain
absent in Collembola
Functions:
Store and release hormones from the neurosecretory
cells of the brain
Also produces and releases some peptides such as
adipokinetic hormones
It controls heart beat and regulate trehalose level in
haemolymph
12
Corpora allata
JANET1899 discovered
In Thysanura and Phasmida, CA are hollow balls of cells, with gland cells
forming the walls
In hemimetabolous insects, it contain large numbers of small glandular
cells but large and few in number in holometabolous insects
Functions
Juvenile hormone
Regulates metamorphosis
13
Yolk synthesis and deposition in the oocytes of adults
Location and structure of the corpora allata and corpora cardiiaca
in (A) a mosquito, (B) a cockroach, and (C) a hemipteran .
14
Ring gland of cyclorrhaphous diptera
• In larvae, the ring gland surrounds the aorta just
above the brain
• CA, CC and prothoracic glands all fused together.
This structure is known as Weismann's ring
• The ring gland is connected to the brain by a pair of
nerves
15
Epitracheal glands
Only found in Lepidoptera
In Manduca, each epitracheal gland is a group of three or
four gland cells attached to a trachea near each spiracle
One of the cells increases in size prior to ecdysis and
regressing again after ecdysis
Source of ecdysis triggering hormone, eclosion in
lepidoptera
16
Neurosecretory cells
Ganglia of the central nervous system
The areas at which secretions of neurosecretory cells are
released into the hemolymph are called neurohemal areas
The secretions of neurosecretory cells are usually
neuropeptides, but in some cases they are known to be
biogenic amines
1. Brain Variable in position
Medial to the corpora pedunculata
2. Pars intercerebralis
Variable in number,Desert locust (Schistocerca)- 500
and Apis- 4-5
17
• Endocrine activity of neurosecretory cells
18
Neurosecretory
Neurosecretorycells
cellsas
aswell
wellas
asneurohemal
neurohemalorgans
organsininlarval
larvallepidoptera
lepidoptera
19
Truman and Copenhaver 1989
Types of insect hormone
Steroid hormone
Molting hormone
Juvenile hormone
Peptide hormone
PTTH/Brain hormone
Eclosion
Bursicon
Allatropin & allatostatin
Diuretic hormone
20
Role of hormones in insect biology
1. Regulation of molting
2. Determination of form at metamorphosis
3. Effects on polymorphism
4. Regulation of diapause
5. Involvement in reproduction
6. Regulation of metabolic activities and general body
functions
7. Regulation of behavior
8. Regulation of preprogrammed cell death
21
Brain hormone/PTTH
• Source: Neurosecretary cells in the brain
• Chemical nature: Proteinaceous
• The first insect hormone to be discovered
• PTTH acts on the prothoracic glands (PTGs) to regulate the
synthesis of ecdysteroids
• Williams (late 1940s - early 1950s) demonstrated the
relationship of PTTH and PGs
• Control of PTTH release
• environmental stimuli such as photoperiod, temperature
• nervous stimuli such as stretch receptors
22
Mode of action
23
24
Calcium is an important second messenger
1 A signal molecule binds 2 Phospholipase C cleaves a 3 DAG functions as
to a receptor, leading to plasma membrane phospholipid a second messenger
activation of phospholipase C. called PIP2 into DAG and IP3. in other pathways.
EXTRA-
Signal molecule
CELLULAR
(first messenger)
FLUID
G protein
DAG
GTP
G-protein-linked PIP2
receptor Phospholipase C
IP3
(second messenger)
IP3-gated
calcium channel
Endoplasmic Various
Cellular
reticulum (ER) Ca
2+ proteins
response
activated
Ca2+
(second
messenger)
4 IP3 quickly diffuses through 5 Calcium ions flow out of 6 The calcium ions
the cytosol and binds to an IP3– the ER (down their con- activate the next
gated calcium channel in the ER centration gradient), raising protein in one or more
25 membrane, causing it to open. the Ca2+ level in the cytosol. signaling pathways.
PTTH, Adenyl cyclase
ATP cAMP
Enzyme activation
26
MHs/Ecdysones/Ecdysterones/PTG hormones
• Hachlow (1931) showed an organ in the thorax was also
necessary for molting and metamorphosis
• Fakuda in 1940 working with Bombyx mori larvae and
subsequently Williams experimenting with giant silkmoth,
Hyalophora cecropia demonstrated that a pair of glands
in the thorax i.e. prothoracic glands were essential for
moulting
• Further, it was proved that brain and PTG act as an
endocrine system with the brain releasing a tropic
hormone that stimulates the PTG to produce a second
hormone which is responsible for the initiation of
development
27
MHs/Ecdysones/Ecdysterones/PTG hormones
Source
–PTG and ovaries of mosquitoes and locusts
28
Structure of ecdysteroids
Diptera
Honeybee and heteroptera
29
Chapman 2013
Synthesis of ecdysteroids
30 Rewitz et al 2006
Synthesis of ecdysteroids from cholesterol in
lepidopterans
31
Model originally proposed by Ashburner (1974) for the action of
32
ecdysteroids in the Drosophila salivary gland
Juvenile hormones / Corpora alllata hormone /
Inhibitory hormone / Status Quo hormone / Neotenin
Wigglesworth (1934) : Parabiosis
experiments
33 – Metabolism
Historical background of JH
1956 First recognized
34
History of JHs characterization
• Roller and co-worker (1966) were the pioneer to identify
the first JH i.e. JH-1 (C-18 analogue) from cecropia oil
i.e.
• Methyl-10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2-trans-6- trans-
tridecadienoate
35
Juvenile hormones structure
• Methoprene (Altosid) is a JH analogue
and is used in insect control and
experiments
36
Paper factor
Normal case
Infected
Corpora allata
Antihormones
38
CA in adult Phormia regina
Synthesis of JHS
39
Belles et al 2005
Contd..
40
Degradation of juvenile hormones
Hydrolysis
Hydration
41 Chapman 2013
Contd..
42
Mode of action of steroid hormone
43
Action of JHs
Two types of action
Morphogenetic
Gonadotropic
Morphogenetic
Status Quo Effect : Presence of JH prevents
activation of new gene sets i.e. JH does not prevents
RNA synthesis but rather is directing the type of RNA
synthesis
No egg development
– Parabiosis of a decapitated female to an adult with intact CA
or
Implanatation of active CA
Ovarian maturation
• Effects of JHs
• Oocyte growth
• Vitellogenin (yolk protein) synthesis
• Vitellogenin uptake into the oocytes
45
46
Nijhout 1975
Role of hormones in insect diapause
Adult Lack of JH
47
Diuretic hormone (DH)
Water balance
Source: abdominal ganglia, brain, CC
Proctolin
Muscular contraction
Source: ganglia of the CNS
Pheromone-biosynthesis-activating
neuropeptides (PBAN)
Regulate sex pheromone biosynthesis
Source: ganglia of the CNS
Eclosion hormone (EH)
Ecdysis and eclosion
Source: CC
48
Adipokinetic hormone (AKH)
Mobilization of lipids from fat body to hemolymph in
locust
Increase of blood hemolymph trehalose levels in
several insects
Stimulation of heart beat frequency in cockroaches
Inhibition of protein synthesis in locust and cricket
Inhibition of fatty acid and RNA synthesis in locust fat
body
Source: CC
49
Allatotropin & Allatostatin
Allatotropin-stimulates CA to release JH
JH
Both are released by NSC & regulate the JH
secertion
50
• Ecdysis-triggering hormone
– Stimulate muscle contraction and heartbeat
– Activate eclosion hormone release
– Source: epitracheal glands
• Diapause hormone
• Bombyx mori female regulates the entry
of developing egg into an embryonic
51 diapause
Bursicon
Neurosecretory hormone that controls tanning or
sclerotization and mechanical properties of the cuticle
during and after a molt
Found in most ganglia of the CNS
53
Summary
Brain
PTTH
Prothoracic gland
JH
Ecdysteroids Low JH
55