“stochio” = Greek for element

“metry” = measurement

Stoichiometry (stoikiometri) is about measuring the amounts of elements and compounds

involved in a reaction.

The Law of Conservation of Mass (or Matter)

HUKUM KEKEKALAN MASSA in a chemical reaction can be stated thus: in a
chemical reaction, matter is neither created
nor destroyed.
The law implies (requires) that during any chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, or
radioactive decay (peluruhan radioaktif) in an isolated system, the total mass of
the reactants or starting materials must be equal to the mass of the products.

Examples:

Application of the Law:

- Chemistry
- Mechanics
- Fluid dynamics

P + Q  R + S
mass of P + Q = mass of R + S
CaCl2 + Na2SO4  CaSO4 + NaCl
Massa atom adalah massa dari atom dalam satuan massa atom (sma)/atomic mass unit (amu);
ekivalen dengan jumlah proton dan neutron dalam atom (berat atom).

1 sma disebut juga 1 dalton

Atomic number 6
C
12.011 Atomic mass
 Atomic number 6
(the number of C
proton)
12.011 Atomic mass

The number of proton + neutron is called atomic mass.

However, the number of neutrons for a given element can
vary. The same atom that differ only in their number of
neutrons are called isotopes.

Examples:
12 C 13 C 14 C
6 6 6
For example:
(1). There are 2 naturally occurring isotopes of silver, 107Ag and 109Ag. The atomic mass of 107 Ag is
106.90509 atomic mass unit (amu) and the abundance is 51.86 %. The atomic mass of 109Ag is 108.90470
amu and the abundance is 48.14 %.

Average atomic mass = (mass of isotope x relative abundance) +

(mass of isotope x relative abundance).

= (106.90509x0.5186) + (108.90470x0.4814)
= 55.4409 + 52.4267
= 107.8676 amu
The Mole
The mole is defined as the amount of a substance (zat) that contains basic entities (atoms,
moles and other particles) as there are atoms in 12 grams of pure carbon-12 (12 C).
So, 1 mol contains 6.022×1023 (6.0221367×1023 ) elementary entities of the substance.
OR 1 mol = NA = 6.022×1023  Avogadro’s Number (NA )

Mol (mole) adalah jumlah dari suatu zat yang mengandung jumlah satuan dasar (atom, molekul
dan partikel lain/ion, elektron) sebanyak jumlah atom dalam 12 g isotop karbon (C-12).

* Jumlah atom sebenarnya didalam 12 g C-12 telah ditentukan dari hasil percobaan yang
disebut bilangan Avogadro (Avogadro’s Number (NA )
Avogadro's number (NA) is fundamental to understanding both the make up of molecules and
their interactions and combinations.
For example:
one molecule of water (H2O) is a result of combined from one mole of oxygen (6.022×1023 of O
atoms) with two moles of hydrogen (2 × 6.022×1023 of H atoms).
 Molar mass
Molar mass is mass of one mol atom or (others).
1 mol atom 12C = 6.022×1023 atoms = 12.00 g
1 atom 12C = 12.00 amu

For each element

Atomic mass (amu) = Molar mass (g)

Another property of Avogadro's number is that the mass of one mole of a substance is equal
to that substance's molecular weight. For example, the mean molecular weight of water is
18.015 atomic mass units (amu), so one mole of water weight 18.015 grams.
 Contoh:

(1) Belerang (sulfur, S) adalah unsur non-logam. Berapa jumlah atom yang ada didalam 16,3 g S?

Berat atom S = 32.07

1 mol atom S = 6.022×1023 atoms = 32,07 g

Jumlah atom didalam 16,3 g S = (16,3 g/32,07 g) x 6.022×1023 atoms = 3,06 x 1023 atoms

(2) Berapakah massa (dalam gram) satu atom Ag (silver/perak)?

Berat atom Ag = 107,87

1 atom Ag = 1/ 6.022×1023 mol Ag = (1/ 6.022×1023 ) x 107,87 g = 1, 79 x 10-22 g

Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule. It is calculated as the
sum of the atomic mass of each constituent atom multiplied by the number of atoms of
that element in the molecular formula.

For each molecule

Molecular mass (amu) = Molar mass (g)

For example:
1 molecule SO2 = 32.07 amu + (2 x 16) amu = 64.07 amu

1 mol SO2 = 64.07 g SO2.

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical technique used to quantify known
materials, to identify unknown compounds within a sample, and to elucidate the structure
and chemical properties of different molecules. The complete process involves the
conversion of the sample into gaseous ions, with or without fragmentation, which are then
characterized by their mass to charge ratios (m/z) and relative abundances.

- Measures the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and quantify molecules in simple and
complex mixtures.

- Mass spectrometry is a sensitive technique used to detect, identify and quantitate

molecules based on their mass and charge (m/z) ratio.

Spectrometer massa adalah metode paling akurat untuk menentukan massa atom dan massa
molekul
Field of Study Applications

Proteomics
•Determine protein structure, function, folding and interactions
•Identify a protein from the mass of its peptide fragments
•Detect specific post-translational modifications throughout complex biological mixtures
•Quantitate (relative or absolute) proteins in a given sample
•Monitor enzyme reactions, chemical modifications and protein digestion

Drug Discovery •Determine structures of drugs and metabolites

•Screen for metabolites in biological systems

Clinical Testing •Perform forensic analyses such as confirmation of drug abuse

•Detect disease biomarkers (e.g., newborns screened for metabolic diseases)

Genomics •Sequence oligonucleotides

Environment •Test water quality or food contamination

Geology •Measure petroleum composition

•Perform carbon dating
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/analysis/masspec/howitworks.html
 IONIZATION

The atom or molecule is ionized by knocking one or more electrons off to give a positive ion. Most
mass spectrometers work with positive ions.

It's important that the ions produced in the ionization chamber have a free run through the
machine without hitting air molecules. (vacuum chamber is required)

The vaporized sample passes into the ionization

chamber. The electrically heated metal coil gives off
electrons which are attracted to the electron trap which
is a positively charged plate.
The particles in the sample (atoms or molecules) are
therefore bombarded with a stream of electrons, and
some of the collisions are energetic enough to knock one
or more electrons out of the sample particles to make
positive ions.
Most of the positive ions formed will carry a charge of +1
because it is much more difficult to remove further
electrons from an already positive ion.
These positive ions are persuaded out into the rest of
the machine by the ion repeller which is another metal
plate carrying a slight positive charge.
 ACCELERATION

The positive ions are repelled away from

the very positive ionization chamber and
pass through three slits, the final one of
which is at 0 volts. The middle slit carries
some intermediate voltage. All the ions are
accelerated into a finely focused beam.
 DEFLECTION

Different ions are deflected by the magnetic field by different

amounts. The amount of deflection depends on:

•the mass of the ion. Lighter ions are deflected more than
heavier ones.
•the charge on the ion. Ions with 2 (or more) positive charges
are deflected more than ones with only 1 positive charge.

These two factors are combined into the mass/charge ratio.

Mass/charge ratio is given the symbol m/z (or sometimes
m/e).

For example, if an ion had a mass of 28 and a charge of 1+, its mass/charge ratio would be 28. An ion with a
mass of 56 and a charge of 2+ would also have a mass/charge ratio of 28.

In the last diagram, ion stream A is most deflected - it will contain ions with the smallest mass/charge ratio.
Ion stream C is the least deflected - it contains ions with the greatest mass/charge ratio.
It makes it simpler to talk about this if we assume that the charge on all the ions is 1+. Most of the ions passing
through the mass spectrometer will have a charge of 1+, so that the mass/charge ratio will be the same as the
mass of the ion.
Assuming 1+ ions, stream A has the lightest ions, stream B the next lightest and stream C the heaviest. Lighter
ions are going to be more deflected than heavy ones.
 DETECTION

Only ion stream B makes it right through the machine to

the ion detector. The other ions collide with the walls
where they will pick up electrons and be neutralized.
Eventually, they get removed from the mass
spectrometer by the vacuum pump.

When an ion hits the metal box, its charge is neutralized

by an electron jumping from the metal on to the ion
(right hand diagram). That leaves a space amongst the
electrons in the metal, and the electrons in the wire
shuffle along to fill it.
A flow of electrons in the wire is detected as an electric
current which can be amplified and recorded. The more
ions arriving, the greater the current.
The output from the chart recorder is usually
simplified into a "stick diagram". This shows the
relative current produced by ions of varying
mass/charge ratio.

You may find diagrams in which the vertical axis is

labelled as either "relative abundance" or "relative
intensity". Whichever is used, it means the same
thing. The vertical scale is related to the current
received by the chart recorder - and so to the
number of ions arriving at the detector: the greater
the current, the more abundant the ion.

As you will see from the diagram, the commonest ion

has a mass/charge ratio of 98. Other ions have
mass/charge ratios of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97 and 100.

That means that molybdenum consists of 7 different

isotopes. Assuming that the ions all have a charge of
1+, that means that the masses of the 7 isotopes on
the carbon-12 scale are 92, 94,
The center and right hand spectra show that chlorine is also composed of
two isotopes, the more abundant having a mass of 35 amu, and the minor
isotope a mass 37 amu. The precise isotopic composition of chlorine and
bromine is:
Chlorine: 75.77% 35Cl and 24.23% 37Cl
Bromine: 50.50% 79Br and 49.50% 81Br
 The percent composition (by mass) of a compound can be calculated by dividing
the mass of each element by the total mass of the compound (senyawa).

𝑛 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

Percent composition of the element = X 100%
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

For example: Exercise:

Phosphoric acid has a molecular formula of H3PO4.
Molar mass of H3PO4 is 97.99 g/mol. Hitung persen komposisi massa
So, percent composition of each element in H3PO4 can be calculated as follows. tiap unsur dalam asam sulfat,
Kalsium karbonat dan tembaga
3(1.008𝑔)
%H = x 100% = 3.086% Nitrat.
97.99 𝑔

30.97 𝑔
%P = x 100% = 31.61%
97.99 𝑔

4(16.00𝑔)
%O = x 100% = 65.31%
97.99 𝑔
 Another example:

Chalcopyrite (kalkopirit) is a copper iron sulfide mineral with the chemical formula of Cu FeS2.

Please calculate how many kg Cu (Cu mass) contained in the 3.71 x 103 kg chalcopyrite?.

REMEMBER Percent composition!

Percent composition of Cu in CuFeS2. Molar mass of Cu and CuFeS2 are 63.55 g and
183.5 g, respectively. So, percent composition of Cu is

63.55 𝑔
%Cu = 𝑥 100% = 34.63%
183.5 𝑔

Then Cu mass contained in the 3.71x 103 kg CuFeS2 = 0.3463 x 3.71 x 103 kg = 1.28 x 103 kg.

Exercise:

Hitung berapa gram Al yang ada (terkandung) dalam Al2SiO5 (aluminum silicate)
 The empirical formula is a formula that gives the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound
(rumus kimia yang paling sederhana; rumus ditulis dengan memperkecil subskrip dalam rumus molekul
menjadi bilangan bulat terkecil).
Percent compositions (mass) of the compound are 40.92% C, 4.58% H and 54.50% O.
Please determine the empirical formula (tentukan rumus empirisnya).

First, it is assumed that mass of the compound is 100 g. Thus, the compound contains 40.92 g C, 4.58 g H and
54.50 g O. Then, we have to calculate the amount (in mol) of each element in this compound. For example
nC , nH and nO are the amount (in mol) of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, respectively.
It is found that

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶
nC = 40.92 g C x = 3.407 mol C
12.01 𝑔 𝐶

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻
nH = 4.58 g H x = 4.54 mol H
1.008 𝑔 𝐻

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂
nO = 54.50 g O x 16.00 𝑔 𝑂 = 3.406 mol O

Based on the calculation, it is found that the formula of the compound would be C3.407H4.54O3.406
However, subscript in the chemical formula has to be write with integers. Therefore, each subscript in the
chemical formula of C3.407H4.54O3.406 must be divided by the smallest subscript; e.g. 3.407.
3.407 4.54 3.406
C= = 1, H = = 1.33, O = =1
3.406 3.406 3.406

The chemical formula become CH1.33O. To make all subscripts integers, it can be made trial and error as follows.

1.33 x 1 = 1.33
1.33 x 2 = 2.66
1.33 x 3 = 3.99  4

Then, each subscript is multiplied by 3, thus the formula would be C3H4O3. But we have to confirm what is the of
the compound or the chemical formula of C3H4O3. If each subscript multiple by 2 again, the chemical formula
would be C6H8O6 which is known as ascorbic acid (asam askorbat/vitamin C).
Thus, the empirical formula is C6H8O6.
 A chemical reaction: is a process in which one set of substances called reactants is
converted to a new set of substances called products.

reactants  products

Chemical
reactions

Chemical Chemical
equations equations

• Balancing equations • Synthesis

• Decomposition
• Predicting products • Single replacement
from reactants • Double replacement
• Combustion
Packard, Jacobs, Marshall, Chemistry Pearson AGS Globe, page 175
 How do we know a chemical reaction has occurred ?

Emission of odor
Change in color

Formation of precipitate

Input or release
of energy
Production of new
gases or vapor
Type of reactions
Combination reaction A + B  AB
Decomposition reactions AB  A + B
Displacement reactions AB + C  AC + B
Metathesis reactions (double-replacement reactions)
AB + CD  AD + CB
Combustion reactions  reaction with oxygen
Chemical equation

In a chemical equation, formulas for the reactants (starting substances in a chemical reaction) are
written on the left sides of the equation and formulas for products are written on the right. The two
sides of equation are joined by an arrow ().

E. g. Consider the reaction of colorless nitrogen monoxide and oxygen gas to form red-brown nitrogen
dioxide gas.

NO + O2  NO2

Two N atoms 2 N atoms and

and 4 O atoms 4 O atoms

2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g)

The numbers in front of the chemical formula are coefficients required to

balance a chemical equation and they are called stoichiometric coefficients.
 4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Al2O3(s)

This equation means:

4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules yield 2 molecules of Al2O3

or
4 Al moles + 3 O2 moles yield 2 moles of Al2O3

4 mol Al@27g/mol 3 mol O2@32g/mol 2 mol Al2O3@102g/mol

108 g + 96 g = 204 g
How many grams of water are produced in the oxidation of 1.00 g of glucose, C6H12O6?

Solution:
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g)→6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

First, the amount of C6H12O6 must be converted from grams to moles.

Second, we can use the balanced equation, which relates the moles of C6H12O6 to the
moles of H2O : 1 mol C6H12O6 : 6 mol H2O.

Third, we must convert the moles of H2O to grams.

Third, we must convert the moles of H2O to grams.
Solid lithium hydroxide is used in space vehicles to remove the carbon dioxide exhaled by
astronauts. The lithium hydroxide reacts with gaseous carbon dioxide to form solid lithium
carbonate and liquid water.

How many grams of carbon dioxide can be absorbed by 1.00 g of lithium hydroxide?

Solution
The description of the reaction can be used to write a balanced equation:

2 LiOH(s) + CO2(g) → Li2CO3(s) + H2O(l)

Grams LiOH → moles LiOH → moles CO2 → grams CO

 Reactant Product

+
Pereaksi berlebih
(excess reagent)
Pereaksi pembatas
(limiting reagent)
 Contoh

2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g)

Dari kedua reaktan tersebut, manakah yang merupakan reaksi pembatas?

2 mol NO 1 mol O2 2 mol NO2

Jika ada 8 mol NO, menurut reaksi diatas akan menghasilkan 8 mol NO2

dan jika ada 7 mol O2, maka akan menghasilkan 14 mol NO2

Karena NO menghasilkan NO2 dalam jumlah yang lebih kecil, maka NO merupakan
pereaksi pembatas.
Contoh soal

Urea [(NH2)2CO] dibuat dengan mereaksikan ammonia dan karbon dioksida:

2 NH3(g) + CO2(g)  (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)

Pada satu proses 637,2 g NH3 bereaksi dengan 1142 g CO2

(1) Reaktan manakah yang merupakan pereaksi pembatas?

(2) Hitung massa (NH2)2CO yang terbentuk

(3) Berapa banyak pereaksi berlebih (dalam gram) yang tersisa pada akhir reaksi?
637,2 g NH3 = 637,2/17 mol = 37,42 mol

1142 g CO2 = 1142/44 mol = 25,95 mol

37,42 mol NH3 akan menghasilkan 37,42/2 mol (NH2)2CO = 18,71 mol (NH2)2CO

25,95 mol CO2 akan menghasilkan 25,95 mol (NH2)2CO

(1) Oleh karena itu, NH3 adalah pereaksi pembatas karena menghasilkan jumlah (NH2)2CO
yang lebih sedikit.

(2) 18,71 mol (NH2)2CO = 18,71 x 60,06 g = 1124 g (NH2)2CO

(3) Jumlah mol pereaksi berlebih (CO2) yang tersisa adalah

25,95 mol CO2 – (37,42/2 mol CO2) = 7,24 mol CO2 = 7,24 x 44 = 319 g CO2
Hasil Reaksi:
- Hasil teoritis (theoretical yield): jumlah produk yang akan terbentuk
jika seluruh pereaksi pembatas terpakai pada reaksi.

- Hasil sebenarnya (actual yield): jumlah produk sebenarnya yang

dihasilkan dari suatu reaksi.

Mengapa ada perbedaan hasil reaksi teoritis dan sebenarnya?

-Adanya reaksi kimia yang reversible (dapat balik).

-Adanya beberapa reaksi yang bersifat kompleks; produk-produk yang terbentuk dapat bereaksi
lanjut antar produk-produk tersebut atau dengan reaktan membentuk produk lain.

Efisiensi (% hasil) = (hasil sebenarnya/hasil teoritis) x 100%

 Contoh

Titanium adalah logam yang kuat, ringan dan tahan terhadap korosi, diantaranya digunakan dalam pembuatan
roket, pesawat, mesin jet dan rangka sepeda. Logam ini diperoleh dari reaksi antara titanium (IV) klorida
dengan magnesium cair pada suhu antara 950C dan 1150 C.

TiCl4(g) + 2 Mg(l)  Ti(s) + 2 MgCl2(l)

Dalam suatu operasi industry, 3,54 x 107 g TiCl4 direaksikan dengan 1,13 x 107 g Mg

(a) Hitunglah hasil teoritis dari Ti dalam gram.

(b) Jika diperoleh hasil 7,91 x 106 g Ti, hitunglah persen hasilnya.

Solusi

3,54 x 107 g TiCl4 = 3,54 x 107 / 189,88 = 1,86 x 105 mol TiCl4

1,13 x 107 g Mg = 1,13 x107 / 24,31 = 4,65 x 105 mol Mg

Jadi TiCl4 adalah pereaksi pembatas.

(a) Massa teoritis dari Ti yang terbentuk adalah 1,86 x 105 mole Ti = (1,86 x 105) x 47,7 = 8,87 x 106 g Ti

(b) Persen hasil:

% hasil = (7,91 x 106 / 8,87 x 106) x 100% = 89,2 %

 Test
(1) Reaksi antara aluminium dan besi (III) oksida meghasilkan suhu mendekati 3000C dan digunakan
untuk pengelasan logam:

2 Al + Fe2O3  Al2O3 + 2 Fe

Pada suatu proses, 124 g Al bereaksi dengan 601 g Fe2O3,

(a) Reaktan manakah yang merupakan pereaksi pembatas

(b) Hitunglah massa dalam gram Al2O3 yang terbentuk
(c) Berapa banyak pereaksi berlebih yang tersisa di akhir reaksi

(2) Dalam industri, logam vanadium yang digunakan dalam campuran baja, diperoleh dengan jalan mereaksikan
vanadium (V) oksida dengan kalsium pada suhu tinggi menurut reaksi sbb:

5 Ca + V2O5  5 CaO + 2V

Dalam suatu proses, 1,54 x 103 g V2O5 bereaksi dengan 1,96 x 103 g Ca
(a) Hitunglah hasil teoritis dari V
(b) Hitunglah persen hasil jika diperoleh 803 g V