ALGEBRA

a logb x
−b ± √ b −4 ac 2
x b =x
x= b
=x a−b y
2a x y=log b x ⟺ b =x
y− y 1=m(x −x1 ) xa
n
x an
( )
x
= e = y ⟺ ln y=x
y=mx +b xb x bn log e x =ln x
y 2− y 1 (k x a)c =k c x ac ln 1=0
m=
x 2−x 1 0 ln e=1
x =1
(a+ b)2 =a2 +2 ab+b 2 n
z
ln e =x
x

2 2
(a−b) =a −2 ab+b
2 √ x =x z n
ln x
e =x
a b a +b log b b=1 Euler’s number or e = 2.718281
x x =x
log b 1=0
y ln x y
e =x
GEOMETRY
Area Volume
Rectangle=length × width Cube=length × width ×height Surface
2
diagonal Prism=base ×height Rectangular solid=2 lw+2 lh+ 2 wh
Square=side 2∨
2 Cylinder=π r 2 h Prism=2 b+ Ph
1 Prism=base ×height
Triangle= base × height Cylinder=2 π r 2 h+2 π r 2
2 1
' Pyramid= bh Sphere=4 π r 2
Heron s Formula= √ s(s−a)(s−b)( s−c) 3
Rectangle=length × width 1 2
Cone= π r
¿˚ π r 2 3
circumference=2 πr 4
Sphere= π r 3
Ellipse=πab 3
TRIGONOMETRY
Pythagorean Theorem
2 2 2
a +b =c
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

π π π π
θ 0 ∨30 ° ∨45° ∨60 ° ∨90 °π ∨180 °
6 4 3 2
1 √2 √3
sin θ 0 1 0
2 2 2
√3 √2 1
cos θ 1 0 -1
2 2 2

tan θ √3
0
3
1 √3 undef 0

cot θundef √3
√3 1
3
0 undef

2 √3
sec θ 1 √2 2 undef -1
3
 csc θundef 2
√2 2 √3 1 undef

3
IDENTITIES INVOLVING CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES
Reciprocal Identities

1 1
csc θ= ,sin θ ≠ 0 ↔sin θ= , csc θ ≠0
sin θ cscθ
1 1
sec θ= , cos θ ≠ 0 ↔cos θ= , sec θ ≠0
cos θ sec θ
1 1
cot θ= , tan θ ≠ 0 ↔ tan θ= , tan θ ≠0
tan θ tan θ

Quotient Identities

sinθ cos θ
tan θ= , cos θ ≠ 0 cot θ= , sin θ ≠0
cos θ sin θ

Pythagorean Identities

cos 2 θ+sin 2 θ=1 1+tan 2 θ=sec 2 θ 1+cot2 θ=csc 2 θ

Odd/Even Identities

sin (−t )=−sin t tan (−t )=−tan t sec (−t ) =sec t

cos (−t )=cos t cot (−t )=−cot t csc (−t )=−csc t

Cofunction Identities

sin( π2 −θ)=cos θ tan ( π2 −θ )=cotθ sec ( π2 −θ)=cscθ

π π
cos ( −θ )=sinθ cot ( −θ )=tanθ
2 2
π
csc ( −θ )=secθ
2
Sum and Difference Identities

sin ( α + β ) =sin α cos β +cos α sin β cos ( α + β )=cos α cos β−sin α sin β tan α +tan β
tan ( α + β )=
1−tan α tan β
sin ( α −β )=sin α cos β−cos α sin β cos ( α −β )=cos α cos β+sin α sin β
tan α −tan β
tan ( α −β )=
1+ tan α tan β
Double Measure and Half Measure Identities

sin ( 2θ )=2 sin θ cos θ cos ( 2 θ )=2 cos 2 θ−1 2 tan θ

( 2θ )=¿
2 2 1−tan 2 θ
cos ( 2 θ )=cos θ−sin θ cos ( 2 θ )=1−2 sin 2 θ tan¿
 sin ( θ2 )=± √ 1−cos
2
θ
cos ( θ2 )=± √ 1+cos2 θ tan ( θ2 )=± √ 1−cos θ
1+ cos θ

DERIVATIVES
Polynomials

d d du dv du
( c )=0 ( uv )=v + u −c
dx dx dx dx d c dx
d n n−1 du du dv dx u
=()u 2

u =nu v −u
dx dx d u dx dx
d du dv
()
dx v
=
v2
d
( √ u )=
du
dx
( u ± v )= ± dx 2 √u
dx dx dx d u 1 du
(
dx c ) =( )
c dx

Trigonometric Functions

u u u
sin ¿ tan ¿ sec ¿
¿ ¿ ¿
d d d
¿ ¿ ¿
dx dx dx
u u u
cos ¿ cot ¿ csc ¿
¿ ¿ ¿
d d d
¿ ¿ ¿
dx dx dx

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

du du du
d dx d dx d dx
(sin−1 u)= ( tan−1 u)= ( sec−1 u)=
dx √1−u2 dx 1+u2 dx u √u 2−1
du du du
− − −
d
d
( cos−1 u ) = dx 2 ( cot−1 u )= dx d
( csc −1 u )= dx
dx √ 1−u dx 1+u dx u √ u−1

Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

u d u du du

( )
u
( a )=a ln a
ln ¿ dx dx d dx
¿ ( log a u ) =log a e
d u u du
dx u
d (e )=e
¿ dx dx
dx
d v
( u ) =v uv−1 du +u v lnu dv
dx dx dx
 du
log 10 u¿=log 10 e
dx
u ( )
d
¿
dx

ANTIDERIVATIVES
Basic Rules

∫ 0 dx=C 1
dx=ln |x|+¿ C
x
∫ k dx =kx +C ∫¿
n +1
x 1
∫ x n dx= n+1 +C a x dx =
ln∨a∨¿ a x + C
∫¿
Trigonometric Formulas

sin x dx=−cos x +¿ C ∫ sec x dx=ln|sec x+ tan x|+ C

∫¿
cos x dx=sin x+ ¿C
∫¿
∫ tan x dx=ln|sec x|+ C
∫ cot x dx=ln|sin x|+C
Inverse Trigonometric Formulas
∫ csc x dx=ln|csc x +cot x|+ C
∫ sec2 x dx=tan x +C
∫ csc2 x dx =−cot x +C
∫ sec x tan x dx=sec x +C
∫ csc x cot x dx=−csc x+C

du u du 1 −1 u
∫ =sin −1 + C
a ∫ = sec +C
√ a −u
2 2
u √u 2−a2 a a
du 1 u
∫ a2 +u2 = a tan−1 a +C
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
b

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b )−F (a)

a