CHAPTER-1

1.1 Introduction to industry

National Small Industries Corporation

(A Government of India Enterprise)
Facilitating the Growth of Small Enterprise since 1955

National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC), is an ISO 9001-2015 certified Government of India
Enterprise under Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME). NSIC has been working to
promote, aid and foster the growth of micro, small and medium enterprises in the country. NSIC operates
through countrywide network of offices and Technical Centers in the Country. In addition, NSIC has set up
Training cum Incubation Centre managed by professional manpower.

Mission: “To promote and support Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Sector” by providing
integrated support services encompassing Marketing, Technology, Finance and other services.

Vision: “To be a premier Organization fostering the growth of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
(MSMEs) Sector”.

Schemes of NSIC

NSIC facilitates Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises with a set of specially tailored scheme to enhance
their competitiveness. NSIC provides integrated support services under Marketing, Technology, Finance and
1
other

2
devised a number of schemes to support enterprises in their marketing efforts, both domestic and foreign
markets. These schemes are briefly described as under :

Consortia and Tender Marketing

Small Enterprises in their individual capacity face problems to procure & execute large orders, which deny
them a level playing field vis-a'-vis large enterprises. NSIC forms consortia of Micro and Small units
maufacturing the same product, thereby pooling in their capacity.

NSIC applies the tenders on behalf of single MSE/Consortia of MSEs for securing orders for them. These
orders are then distributed amongst MSEs in tune with their production capacity.

Single point Registration for Government Purchase

The units registered under Single Point Registration Scheme of NSIC are eligible to get the benefits under
“Public Procurement Policy for Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs) Order 2012” as notified by the
Government of India, Ministry of Micro Small & Medium Enterprises, New Delhi vide Gazette Notification
dated 23.03.2012.

 Issue of the Tender Sets free of cost;

 Exemption from payment of Earnest Money Deposit (EMD),
 In tender participating MSEs quoting price within price band of L1+15 per cent shall also be allowed
to supply a portion upto 20% of requirement by bringing down their price to L1 Price where L1 is
non MSEs.
 Every Central Ministries/Departments/PSUs shall set an annual goal of minimum 20 per cent of the
total annual purchases of the products or services produced or rendered by MSEs. Out of annual
requirement of 20% procurement from MSEs, 4% is earmarked for units owned by Schedule Caste
/Schedule Tribes (as per PPP Order dated 23.03.2012 overall procurement goal shall be mandatory
w.e.f. 01/04/2015)
 In addition to the above, 358 items are also reserved for exclusive purchase from SSI Sector

MSME Global Mart B2B Web Portal for MSMEs

With increase in competition and melting away of international boundaries, the demand for information is
reaching new heights. NSIC, realizing the needs of MSMEs, is offering Infomediary Services which is a
one- stop, one-window bouquet of aids that will provide information on business & technology and also
exhibit the

3
core competence of Indian MSMEs. B2B Webportal is offering following benefits to the members of
Infomediary Services.

 Interactive database of MSMEs

 Self web development tool
 National Tenders on email
 Centralized mail system
 Popular Products Section
 Unlimited global Trade Leads
 Trust Seal of NSIC
 MSME Web Store
 Multiple Language Support
 Discussion Board
 Call Centre Support & Live Chat
 Other Value added Services
 Payment Gateway for membership subscription

Technology Support

Technology is the key to enhancing a company's competitive advantage in today's dynamic information age.
Small enterprises need to develop and implement a technology strategy in addition to financial, marketing
and operational strategies and adopt the one that helps integrate their operations with their environment,
customers and suppliers.

NSIC offers small enterprises the following support services through its Technical Services Centres and
Extension Centres:

1. Advise on application of new techniques

2. Material testing facilities through accredited laboratories
3. Product design including CAD
4. Common facility support in machining, EDM, CNC, etc.
5. Energy and environment services at selected centres
6. Classroom and practical training for skill upgadation

NSIC Technical Services Centres are located at the following places:

4
Name of the Centre Focus area

Chennai Leather & Footware

Howrah General Engineering

Hyderabad Electronics & Computer Application

New Delhi Machine Tools & related activities

Rajkot Energy Audit & Energy Conservation activities

Rajpura (Pb) Domestic Electrical Appliances

Aligarh (UP) Lock Cluster & Die and Tool making

Neemka (Haryana) Machine Tools & related activities

5
 1.2 INTRODUCTION OF CNC TURNING MACHINE

CNC turning refers to the automated machining process of shaping material, such as metal,
wood or plastic, using a computer numeric control (CNC) machine. In contrast to traditional turning
utilizing a lathe, which usually requires continuous operator attention, CNC turning allows for multiple
cutting actions to be completed under computer control. During the CNC turning process, a piece of material
(wood, metal or plastic) is rotated and a cutting tool is moved parallel to the axis of rotation to produce
precise diameters and depths. CNC turning can be performed on the outside of the work piece or the inside
(also known as boring) to produce tubular components to various geometries.
There are two types of CNC turning machine which are have two axes and 3 axes. Two axes
of CNC turning is the most common type of CNC lathes and the most popular. The work holding device,
usually a chuck, is mounted on the left side of the machine. The cutting tools turret that can hold four, six,
eight, ten, twelve and more tools. Many such lathes also have two turrets.This machine have 2 axes that are
X axes and Z axes. The another types of CNC turning which is have 3 axes that stand for X,Y and Z axes.
This machine is designed for electronic connectors, computer, food, car, hardware accessory and the others.
It enhanced options for productive efficiency, as to be a reprocessing machine. This type can promote
processing efficiency and machine’s stability, linear sliding rail and lead screw, the leading mechanism of
ball screws for precision linear guide way is operated by nut and sliding block to get precision position and
high structure function.
There are two basic axes that commonly used which are X axes and Z axes. X axis usually
controls the diameter of the part. The X axis is normally programmed with diameter rather than the radius
value (actual position of the tool would be radial distance from the centerline).When the cutting tool moves
in cross direction to the longitudinal axis of the work piece, this is called movement along X axis. Then, the
another axes is Z axis which control the length of the Z axis part origin or zero position can be either at the
right end of the part or a position located near the spindle of the machine.When the cutting tool moves
toward and backward the machine spindle, this is called movement along Z axis.
The work is held and rotated on its axis while the cutting tool is advanced along the lines of a
desired cut. Cutting operations are performed with a cutting tool fed either parallel or at right angles to the
axis of the work. The cutting tool may also be fed at an angle relative to the axis of the work for machining
tapers and angles. CNC turning has come into widespread use. With these machines, the cutting tool
movements are controlled by a computer controlled program to perform a sequence of operations
automatically on the work piece once the machine has been set up.

6
 MEANING OF ‘CNC’

CNC Means Computer Numerical Control . This Means a computer converts the design into
numbers which the computers uses to control the cutting and shaping of the material.

1.3 The History of Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

Computer numerical control is a modern concept in the manufacturing and production

industries. However, the concept of CNC harkens back to the basic idea of NC, or numerical control.The
idea of numerical control started when the automation of machine tools originally incorporated specific
concepts of programmable logic. In the beginning, the first NC machines were built back in the 1940s.
Slightly more advanced machines came along in the 1950s. These manufacturing machines were constructed
based on existing tools that were modified with motors designed to move the controls of the machine. These
controls followed specific points that were fed into the machine on punched tape. These early mechanisms
were soon improved with both analog and digital computers. The introduction of computer technology into
the concept of numerical control led to what we now know as computer numerical control. After World War
II, John Parsons researched ways to improve aircraft by creating stiffened skins for them. This eventually led
to a series of important Air Force research projects, which were conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT). This research began in 1949. After the early planning and research phases, an
experimental milling machine was designed at MIT. Professor J.F. Reintjes and his team of researchers were
involved in this project.

 The First CNC Machine

Before the MIT projects, Parsons Corporation in Traverse City, Michigan developed a system to produce
templates for helicopter blades. John Parsons, who founded the company, discovered how to calculate airfoil

7
coordinates on an IBM 602A multiplier. He then fed these data points into a Swiss jig borer. To date, this
was considered the first true numerical control machine as it manufactured goods – helicopter blade
templates, in this case – by feeding punched cards into a system, and the system then read and produced the
parts based on preprogrammed information.As numerical control technology moved into the 1960s and
1970s, a very familiar form of a CNC machine that most would recognize today started taking shape. Digital
technology then entered the fray, and automation in production processes became more efficient than ever.
In fact, many individuals can purchase – and even design – their own homemade CNC machines. Because of
how advanced computers are nowadays, it’s more common than ever to find CNC machines in all industries.

 Staples of CNC Technology

While there has been tremendous change in the history of CNC technology, there are a few cornerstones that
have remained unchanged. All automated motion control manufacturing machines,, from bare-bones
concepts of the early days to highly advanced systems today, still require 3 primary components. These
include a command function, a drive/motion system, and a feedback system.CNC has had a long and
interesting history. As technology evolves in the future, there may be even more incredible elements to add
to its history as manufacturing continues to promote the use of robotic and automated processes in nearly
every field

8
 CHAPTER -2

2.1 Types of CNC machines

1 Lathe Machine
2 Milling Machines
3 Drilling Machines
4 Boring Machines
5 Grinding Machines

2.2 Elements of CNC Machines:

there are 3 main parts in CNC

1. Machine Control Unit (MCU):

 To Control the Motion of Cutting Tool.
 To Control the Spindle Speed.
 To Control the Feed Rate.
 To Change Cutting Tool.
 To Supply on Cutting Fluid

2. Part Program:
 Starting of Program
 Block of Program
 End of Program

3. Nc Tooling:
 Work Holding Devices: Jigs Fixtures
 Tool Holding Devices &Tools: Chucks

9
2.3 DIAGRAM OF CNC MACHINE AND ITS PARTS

Fig 2.1 Lathe Machine

10
1 – Headstock

Headstock of a cnc lathe machine have the main motor of cnc lathe machine which drives the main spindle.
Chuck is mounted on this main spindle.

2.2 CNC lathe headstock

Here is another cnc lathe machine, the headstock covers are removed, so you can see the Main drive (Main
Motor), Gears. Gears can be selected with the CNC programming instructions (M41,M42,M43)

2 – CNC Lathe Bed

The tool turret travel over the CNC lathe bed, which is specially hardened so any kind of machining
can’t affect them.

3 – Chuck
CNC lathe machine chuck grips the component which are to be machined. Chuck itself has many parts. Jaws
are mounted on the chuck to grip the part, you might read more about jaws here CNC Machine Jaws an
Introduction for CNC Lathe Machinist.

2.3 chuck

11
 4 – Tailstock

Tailstock are mostly used to give an extra gripping force for component machining. For long components
machining they provide extra force on the other end so machining process can complete smoothly. You can
see in the above picture at the one end chuck is gripping the component and on the other end tailstock is
providing the extra force.

5 – Tailstock Quill

Actually you move the whole tailstock forward or reverse, but in that way it is not used to grip the part, but
tailstock is travelled to a point near the component and then it is set there, after that you actuate the tailstock
quill which travel either with hydraulic pressure or pneumatic pressure to grip the component.

6 – Foot Switch or Foot Pedals

Foot switches are used to actual the chuck and tailstock quill. Through these pedals cnc machinist’s open
and close the chuck to grip the component, the same way tailstock quill is taken to forward position or
reversed through theses pedals.

2.4 CNC lathe foot switches or Pedals

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 7. CNC Control Panel
The brain of the CNC machine, all the CNC program are stored inside this panel, cnc machinists control the
whole machine through the keys on this panel. CNC machinists stat/stop the machine move axis by pressing
different keys on this panel.

2.5 CNC control panel

They can enter new program by using this panel, programs can be transferred by using usb port on this panel
as well. So this is the main part which controls the whole CNC machine.

7 – Tool Turret

The tool are mounted on the tool turret which are used for component machining. Tool turrets vary in shapes
and number of tools that can be mounted on them.

2.6 Tool turret

2.4 CNC TURNING OPERATIONS

There are 9 types of operations can be performed by using cnc turning machine

1. Facing

2. Turning

3. Step Turning

4. Taper Turning

5. Grooving

6. Chamfering

7. Threading

8. Drilling

9. Boring

 Facing : Facing is a lathe operation in which the cutting tool removes metal from the end of the
workpiece or a shoulder. Facing is a machine operation where the work is rotated against a single point
tool. A workpiece may be held in a 3, 4, or 6 jaw chuck, collets or a faceplate.

Fig 3.1 Facing

 Turning: CNC Turning is a manufacturing process in which bars of material are held in a chuck
and rotated while a tool is fed to the piece to remove material to create the desired shape.

Fig 3.2 Turning

 Step Turning : Step turning is an operation performed on lathe machine where the excess
material is removed from the work piece to obtain various steps of different diameters.

3.3 Step Turning

 Taper Turning : Taper Turning When the diameter of a piece changes uniformly from one end to
the other, the piece is said to be tapered. Taper turning as a machining operation is the gradual
reduction in diameter from one part of a cylindrical workpiece to another part. Taper can be either
external or internal.

Fig 3.4 Taper Turning

 Grooving : Produce a grove on work piece.

Fig 3.5 Grooving

 Chamfering : Chamfering removes the burrs and sharp edges, and thus makes the handling safe.
Chamfering can be done by a form tool having angle equal to chamfer which is generally kept at
45°.

Fig 3.6 chamfering

 Boring : boring is the process of enlarging a hole that has already been drilled (or cast) by means
of a single-point cutting tool or of a boring head containing several such tools such as in boring a
gun barrel or an engine cylinder

Fig 3.7 boring

 Threading : Single-point threading, also colloquially called single-pointing (or just thread cutting
when the context is implicit), is an operation that uses a single-point tool to produce a thread form
on a cylinder or cone. The tool moves linearly while the precise rotation of the workpiece

determines the lead of the thread.

Fig 3.7 threading

 Drilling : Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular cross-section in
solid materials. ... Instead, the hole is usually made by hammering a drill bit into the hole with
quickly repeated short movements

Fig 3.8 drilling

2.5 TYPES OF METALS USED:

Almost any material can be used in CNC machines. It really depends on the applications. such as

1 Aluminum
2 Mild Steel
3 Brass
4 Copper
5 Steel
6 Fiber
7 Plastic

2.6 TYPES OF CUTTING TOOL MATERIAL :

1 High Speed Steel
2 High Carbon Steel
3 Cemented Carbides
4 Ceramics
5 Diamond

1 High Speed Steel (18:4:1)

 18- tungsten
 4- chromium
 1- vanadium
 Speed of cutting tool 0.5 to 0.25 m/s
 High thermal resistance
 It increases wear resistance
 Increase hardness
 Increase toughness

2 High Carbon Steel:

 Its composition is C=0.8 to 1.3% Si=0.1 to 0.4% MN=0.1 to 0.4%

 Its used for machining soft metals like free cutting steel and brass
 These tool loose hardness above 250c
 Hardness of tool is Rc=65
 3 Cemented carbides:

 Speed can be used 6 to 8 times more then HSS

 Can withstand up to 1000c
 High speed resistance
 High thermal conductivity

4 Ceramics:

 Ceramics are basically made of Al2O3, sic

 Thermal resistance is high
 Cutting speed or machine speed is high
 High wear resistance
 It improves work accuracy
 Low strength

5 Diamonds:

 Diamonds has extreme hardness low thermal expansion

 High thermal conductivity
 Cutting speed is 1500 to 2000 m/min
 Can withstand up to 1500c
 CHAPTER-3

3.1 Programming key letters

O= program number
N= sequence number
G= preparatory function
X= x-axis designation
Y= y- axis designation
Z= z- axis designations
R= radius designation
F= feed designation
S = spindle designation
T= tool designation
M = miscellaneous function
3.2 Program Structures

01212 = Program Number

N1; = Block Number
G28VOTO = G28 Auto Reference
= VO x-Axis Homing
= WO z-Axis Homing
= TO Tool Cancel
G50 S 2000 = G50 = Maximum spindle speed

S 2000 = RPM Spindle speed

G96 S 200 M03;
M08;
G00X00;
Z00;
.
.
.
G28 VOTO ;
G28 WO ;
M05 ; =M05 spindle stop
 3.3 G CODES

S.NO CODE FUNCTION

1. G00 Rapid Transverse
2. G01 Linear Inter Polation

3. G02 Circular Inter Polation clock

wise
4. G03 Circular Inter Polation
counter clock wise
5. G04 Dwell time
6. G28 Auto reference
7. G32 Linear threading
8. G40 TNRC cancel
9. G41 TNRC left
10. G42 TNRC Right
11. G50 Maximum spindle speed
12. G70 Canned cycle for finishing
13. G71 Canned cycle for turning
14. G72 Canned cycle for facing
15. G73 Canned cycle for repeating
16. G74 Canned cycle for
peck drilling
17. G75 Canned cycle for grooving
18. G76 Canned cycle for threading
19. G80 Canned cycle cancel
20. G82 Canned cycle spot drilling
21. G83 Canned cycle for peck
drilling
22. G84 Canned cycle tapping
23. G90 Multiple repetitive cycle
turning
24. G92 Multiple repetitive cycle
threading
 25. G94 Multiple repetitive cycle
facing
26. G96 Constant surface speed ON
27. G97 Constant surface speed OFF

 M CODES

S.NO CODE FUNCTION

1. M00 Compulsory stop
2. M01 Optional stop
3. M02 Program end with rewind
4. M03 Spindle on clockwise
5. M04 Spindle counterclockwise
6. M05 Spindle stop
7. M08 Coolant ON
8. M09 Coolant OFF
9. M10 Check clamp
10. M11 Check unclamp
11. M30 Program END
  Normally most of the X values are going to be positive in a part program . A negative X will occur
only will u face a part past the centre line
 X values diameters hence a X 1,0 will be moving the machine along the x axis 0,5 in the positive
direction
 Z values will tend to be negative since zero is at the face (max -1 travel behind the spindle zero)

3.4 method of CNC turning

There are two methods used in cnc programming

1. Absolute: In a absolute programming all coordinate values are relative to a fixed origin of the
coordinate system. Axis movement in the positive direction does not require inclusion of the
sign; while negative movements do require signs.
2. Relative: Relative to it's current position, but can be moved. Or A Relative positioned element is
positioned relative to itself
EXAMPLE 1;
 ABSOULTE RELATIVE

S.NO X Z U W

1. 0,0 0,0 0,0 0.0

2. 10,0 0,0 10,0 0,0

3. 10,0 -20,0 0,0 -20,0

4. 20,0 -25,0 10,0 -5,0

5. 20,0 -40,0 0,0 -15,0

6. 35,0 -60,0 15,0 -20,0
7. 50,0 -60,0 15,0 0,0
8. 60,0 -65,0 10,0 -5,0
9.
60,0 -80,0 0,0 -15,0
EXAMPLE 2;

ABSOULTE:
G00 X 0,0;
G00 Z 5,0;
N1 G01 X 0,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
N2 G01 X 10,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
N3 G01 X 10,0 Z -20,0 F 0,100;
N4 G01 X 20,0 Z -20,0 F 0,100;
N5 G01 X 20,0 Z -40,0 F 0,100;
N6 G01 X 30,0 Z -40,0 F 0,100;
N7 G01 X 30,0 Z -60,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 35,0 - F 0,100 ;
RELATIVE ;
G00 X 0,0;
G00 X 5,0;
N1 G01 U 0,0 W 0,0 F 0,100;
N2 G01 U 10,0 W 0,0 F 0,100;
N3 G01 U 0,0 W- 20,0 F 0,100;
N4 G01 U 10,0 W 0,0 F 0,100;
N5 G01 U 0,0 W -20,0 F 0,100;
N6 G01 U 10,0 W 0,0 F 0,100;
N7 G01 U 0,0 W -20,0 F 0,100;
G01 U 5,0 F 0,100
 CHAPTER-4

4.1 Sequence Process of CNC Turning Machine (Programming Procedures) :

a) Start Up Procedures:
i) Commands or functions that is necessary at the beginning of the program.
ii) A standard start up procedure usually involves cancellation of tool compensation, absolute or
incremental programming, standard or metric, and the setting of the work plane axis.

Example:
N0001 G90 - Absolute programming
N0002 G20 G40 - Inch unit, tool nose radius compensation cancel

b) Tool Change And Tool Call Block

i) The T-code or tool code is sufficient to tell the control which tool turret position the tool is in.
ii) These offsets are used for offsetting the tool path to accommodate for tool wear. Such an example
for N0001 T0101 - the first two numbers call for tool #1, the second two number calls for offset
number 1.
iii) We correspond the tool offsets number and the tool number to reduce mistakes in machining and
damage to equipment.
iv) Geometry offset to define as the actual distance measured from the tool reference point to the
program zero.
v) Wear offset is an offset measured to fine turning dimension.

Geometry offset distance from tool reference point to zero

c) Work piece Coordinate Setting:
i) The spindle or work-piece center is the location of the X0 position, and the Z0 position is typically
the right end of the work-piece or the chuck face.
ii) This would be the distance from the tool tip at the machine home position to the right end and
center of the work piece.
iii) Because each tool differs in length and shape, every new tool used in the program must be
accompanied by its own work piece coordinate setting.
 Work piece Coordinate Setting
d) Spindle Start Block
i) Turning centers have the capability to speed up and slow down as the part diameter changes, called
constant surface speed control.
ii) Is important for efficient use of cutting tools, tool life, and proper surface finish.
iii) Constant surface speed is controlled with a G96 code should be the proper surface footage per
minute (SFPM), set with an S.

Example: N0010 G96 S450 M03 - Would set constant surface speed control to 450 SFPM and
start the spindle in a clockwise direction.

e) Tool Motion Blocks

i) The tool motion blocks are the body of the program. The tool is positioned and the cutting takes place
in these blocks.

f) Home Return
i) The tool needs to be returned to home or a fixed position before a tool change takes place. Most
machine control use a G28 command to rapid position the tool to home.

Return to home position command

g) Program End Block

i) There are a number of difference ways to end the program: Turn off the coolant and spindle with
individual M codes.
ii) End the program, reset the program, and turn off miscellaneous functions, all with an M30 code.
4.2 PROGRAMS

PROGRAM:1

1. FACING
2. OD TURNING
3. GROOVING
4. TAPPER TURNING

FACING:
01315;
N1;
G28VOTO;
G28WO;
T0101;
M08
G50 S2000;
G96 S200 M03;
G00 Z 6,0;
G00 X 37,0;
G01 Z 5,0
F0,1,0
G01 X 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 6,0 F 0,100;

G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;

G01 Z 4,0 F 0,100;

G01 X 0,0 F 0,100;

G01 Z 6,0 F 0,100;

G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;

G01 Z 3,0 F 0,100;

G01 X 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 6,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 2,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 6,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 1,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 6,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;

OD TURINING
G01 X 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 34,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z -32,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 33,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z -32,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 32,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z -32,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 31,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z -32,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 30,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z -32,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 37,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
G28 VOTO ;
G28 WO;
T0202 (grooving);
G00 Z 1,0;
G00 X 20,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z -22,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 26,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 33,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 22,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 33,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 28,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 33,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 16,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 33,0 F 0,100;
G28 VOTO;
G28 WO;
T0404(Tapper turning);
G50 S 2000;
G96 S200 M03;
G00 Z 1,0
G00 X 18,0
G01 X 20,0 Z -20,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 25,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 16,0 Z0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 20,0 Z -20,0 F0,100;
G01 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 14,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 20,0 Z -20,0 F0,100;
G01 X 25,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 12,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 20,0 Z -20,0 F0,100;
G01 X 25,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 10,0 Z 0,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 20,0 Z -20,0 F0,100;
G01 X 25,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
 PROGRAM:2

1. G94
2. G90
3. G01 (grooving)
4. G32(Threading

) 07124;

N1;

G28 VOTO;

G28 WO;

T0101;

M08;

G50 S 2000;

G96 S 200 M03;

G00 Z 6,0;

G00 X 31,0;
G94 X 0,0 Z 5,0 F 0,100

Z 4,0;
 Z 3,0;

Z 2,0;

Z 1,0;

Z 0,0;

G00 X 31,0;

G00 Z 0,0;

G90 X 30,0;Z -62,0 F 0,100;

X 29,0;

X 28,0;

X 27,0;

X 26,0;

X 25,0;

G00 X 32,0;

G00 Z 0,0;

G90 X 25,0 Z -42,0 F 0,100;

X 24,0;

X 23,0;

X 22,0;

X 21,0;

X 20,0;

G28 VOTO ;

G28 WO;

M05;

M09;

M30;
PROGRAM:3
1. G94
2. G90
3. G81 -CD DRILL
4. G83 -PECK DRILLING 5,10,15
5. G82 – DRILLING WITH DWELL TIME
05767;
N1;
G28 UOTO;
G28 WO;
M08;
T01 01
G50 S 2000;
G96 S 200 M03;
G54 G00 Z 6,0;
G00 X 0,0;
G94 X 0,0 Z 6,0 F0,100;
Z 5,0;
Z 4,0;
Z 3,0;
Z 2,0;
Z 1,0;
Z
0,0; G28 UOTO;
G28 WO;
TO2O2
G54 Z 1,0;
X 61,0;
G90 X 61,0 Z 45,0 F 0,100;
X 60,0;
X 59,0;
X 58,0;
X 57,0;
X 56,0;
X 55,0;
X 54,0;
X 53,0;
X 52,0;
X 51,0;
X 50,0;
G28 UOTO;
G28 WO;
TO3 O3;
G54 G00 Z 1,0;
X 0,0;
G81 Z 3,0 R 1,0 F 0,100;
G80 G00 Z 1,0;
G28 UOTO;
G28 WO;
T04 04; (5MM);
G54 20,0;
X 0,0;
G83 Z-45,0 Q 1,0 R 1,0 F 0,100;
G80 G00 Z 1,0;
G28 WO;
T05 05; (10 MM);
G54 Z 0,0;
X 0,0;
G83 Z -45,0 Q 1,0 R 1,0;
F 0,100;
G80 G00 Z 1,0 F 0,100;
G28 UOTO;
G28 WO;
TO6 06 ;
G54 Z 0,0;
X 0,0;
G83 Z-45,0 Q 1,0 R 1,0 F 0,100;
G80 G00 Z 1,0 F 1,100;
G28 UOTO;
G28 WO;
T07 07;(20 MM );
G54 Z 0,0;
X 0,0;
G82 Z 45,0 R 1,0 F 0,100;
G28 UOTO;
G28 WO;
T 08 08;
G54 G00 Z 0,0 ;
G00 X 0,0;
G90 X 20,0 Z 30,0 F 0,100;
X 21,0;
X 22,0;
X 23,0;
X 24,0;
X 25,0;
X 26,0;
X 28,0;
X 29,0;
X 30,0;
G00 Z 1,0;
G00 X 0,0;
G90 X 30,0 Z 15,0 F0 ,100;
X 31,0;
X 32,0;
X 33,0;
X 34,0;
X 35,0;
X 36,0;
X 37,0;
 X 38,0;
X 39,0;
X 40,0;
G28 WOTO;
G28 WO;
M05;
M09;
M30;

PROGRAM:4

G2928;
N1;
G28 UOTO;
G28 WO;
TO1;
M01;
G50 S 2000;
G96 S 200 M03;
G54 G00 Z 6,0;
X 106,0;
G72 WO 1,0 R 1,0 F 1,100;
G72 P1 Q2 U 0,0 W 0,0 F 0,100;
N1 G41 G00 Z 0,0;
G01 Z 0,1 F0,100;
N2 G40 G00 Z 2,0;
X 105,0;
G28 UOTO;
G28 WO;
M05;
G71 U 1,0 R 1,0 F 0,100;
G 71 P1 Q2 U 0,0 W 0,0 F 0,100;
40
N1 G42 G00 X 40,0;
G01 Z 0,0;
G01 X 80 Z 30,0 F 0 ,100;
G01 Z 50,0 F0,100;
G02 X 80,0 Z 80,0 R 30,0 F 0,100;
G01 Z 100,0 F 0,100;
G01 X 100,0;
Z 110,0 F0,100;
N2 G40 G00 Z 0,0;
G28 UO ;
G28 WO;
M05;
M09;
M30;

41
 CHAPTER-5

5.1 ADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINE

1 Accuracy of Work Is High

2 Errors are Less
3 Quality of Work Is High
4 Productivity Increases
5 It Reduces Cost
6 It Increases Production Efficiency
7 It Reduces Rework
8 Flexibility in Production
9 It Is Easy to Modify
10 It Reduces Inspection Time
11 It Reduces Operator Fatigue
12. It Reduces Tool Change Time
13 . It Reduces Operator Involvement

5.2DISADVANTAGES OF CNC MACHINE

1 initial investment cost is high

2 skill person or operator are required
3 training facility has to provide to operator
4 spare parts is cost
5 it increases maintenance cost
6 it increases product cost

5.3 APPLICATIONS OF CNC MACHINE :

1 : Metal removal industries

2: Metal fabrication industries

3: manufacturing industries

42
CONCLUSION
: Finally, CNC machine is a very important in our world for production like

43
parts for our transportation ,plumbing, accessories and many more.so the usage of CNC
machine must be continued because it is very important for our life. Maybe we can improve the
CNC machine that we have now so the production will be easier and more efficient or may be
one day someone will create a CNC machine that did not use any of our energy.