Me 209 Thermodynamics: Introduction To Thermodynamics: System, Surroundings, Boundaries

ME 209 THERMODYNAMICS
Introduction to Thermodynamics: System, Surroundings, Boundaries
Content
• Introduction to Thermodynamics L3 1/08/2019
 System, surroundings, boundaries, classification of systems
 Units and dimensions
 Conversion factors
ME209 Thermodynamics Lecture Presented by Prof M V Rane at IIT Bombay © Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 1 of 9
Saved as D:\Lectures\ME209\Lectures+2019\20190801+MVR+3+ME209_2019+System_Surrounding_Boundary_Units.pptx last updated on 01-08-2019 10:25 AM
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
Thermodynamic Systems, Surrounding and Boundary
• Thermodynamic Systems
 System is the subject of analysis
 It is whatever we want to study
 It may be as simple as the free body or as complex as an entire chemical factory
 Composition of matter inside the system may be fixed or may be changing through chemical or nuclear
reactions
 Shape or volume of the system may not necessarily be constant
• Surrounding
 Every thing external to the system is considered to be part of the system’s Surrounding
• Boundary
 System is distinguished from the its surrounding by a specified Boundary
 Boundary may be
 Rigid or flexible
 At rest or in motion
 Real or imaginary
EXAMPLE OF A CONTROL VOLUME
Figure 1.1 of Moran and Shapiro, 5th Ed., 2006
EXAMPLE OF A CONTROL VOLUME
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM: STEAM POWER PLANT
EXAMPLES --THERDOMYNAMIC SYSTEMS
• Quantity of Matter Contained in a closed, rigid-walled tank

 closed system with closed and fixed boundary
• Quantity of Matter Contained in a Piston Cylinder assembly without any inlet and outlet
 closed system with moving boundary
• A Gas pipe line through which Matter flows

 open system with some imaginary boundaries along with a fixed boundary
• An Evacuated cylinder in to which a Gas is introduced

 open system with fixed real boundary
• A Gas balloon being inflated

 open system with a real but moving boundary (the membrane of the balloon) and an imaginary
boundary at the entry of the balloon from where the air is being introduced
Note: Interactions between the system and its surroundings, which takes place across the
boundary, plays an important role in Engineering thermodynamics
MICROSCOPIC V/S MACROSCOPIC POINT OF
VIEW
• Investigation into the behaviour of a system is undertaken from either a microscopic or

macroscopic point of view
• Consider a system consisting of a cube 25 mm, on a side, containing a monoatomic gas at

atmospheric temperature and pressure
• Microscopic Approach
 This volume contains approximately 1020 atoms
 To describe position and velocity of each atom, three coordinates and three velocity components must be
specified
 At least 6 x 1020 equations are necessary to describe the behaviour of this system
 To reduce the number of equations and variables that can be handled easily Statistical Approach known
as kinetic theory and statistical mechanics in which, on the basis of statistical consideration and
probability theory, we deal with average values for all particles under consideration
MICROSCOPIC V/S MACROSCOPIC VIEW
POINT
• Macroscopic Approach
 Macroscopic point of view is concerned with the gross or time averaged influence of many molecules,
which can be perceived by our senses and measured by instruments
 From macroscopic point of view, we are concerned with volumes that are very large compared to
molecular dimensions, disregarding the action of individual molecules, this is called a continuum
UNITS OF MASS, LENGTH, TIME AND FORCE
• Physical Quantities are Related by Definitions and Laws
• So a Small Number of them are Sufficient to Conceive of and Measure All Others
• These are called Primary Dimensions

 Length, mass and time are examples of primary dimensions
• SI System is the International System of Units (Table 1.2)

 Mass kg
 Length m
 Time s
 Force is Newton N or kg.m/s2
 Pressure is Pascal Pa or N/m2 or kg/(m.s2)
 Temperature is Kelvin K

Me 209 Thermodynamics: Introduction To Thermodynamics: System, Surroundings, Boundaries

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ME 209 THERMODYNAMICS

Introduction to Thermodynamics: System, Surroundings, Boundaries

• Quantity of Matter Contained in a closed, rigid-walled tank

• A Gas pipe line through which Matter flows

• An Evacuated cylinder in to which a Gas is introduced

• A Gas balloon being inflated

• Investigation into the behaviour of a system is undertaken from either a microscopic or

• Consider a system consisting of a cube 25 mm, on a side, containing a monoatomic gas at

• Physical Quantities are Related by Definitions and Laws

• These are called Primary Dimensions

• SI System is the International System of Units (Table 1.2)

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