Complete Emission Measurement Technology

from SICK

Single-source technologies and solutions for

future-oriented emissions monitoring
Complete Emission Measurement Technology
from SICK

Emission monitoring from SICK:

global solutions for a globally relevant topic
Effective climate protection as well as the maintenance and restoration of
a clean environment are among the greatest challenges facing today's global
community. In addition to efficient energy management, this primarily means
effectively reducing pollutants and environmental hard, or better still, prevent-
ing them. This must be implemented in all emission-relevant industries and
regions – especially those with intensive energy requirements as well as
densely populated centers worldwide.

The goal of reducing air pollution to the lowest technically feasible level is
primarily achieved with state of the art waste gas purification processes.
Emissions must be determined both in terms of quantity and quality as well
as minimized in a targeted manner, as far as possible. This can be realized
with proactive planning of industrial plants as well as the continuous monitor-
ing of emissions.

Continuous emission measurement is used to determine the emission behav-

ior of industrial plants. SICK is the only manufacturer worldwide in this area
with decades of experience offering a complete range of emission measure-
ment technology. We use proven measurement principles and innovative tech-
nologies to ensure future-oriented solutions – even under ever increasing
environmental and safety-related requirements.

Make your significant contribution to an intact environment for current and

future generations with complete emission measurement technology from
SICK.

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 Convincing Performance
Industries and Solutions 6
Technologies and Measuring
Principles 8
Systems and Project Engineering 10
Connectivity 12
Services 14
Requirements of Emission
Measurement Systems 16
Gas Analyzers 18
Dust Measuring Devices 22
Analyzer Systems 24
Gas Flow Measuring Devices 26
Data Acquisition Systems 27
Regulations and Provisions 28
Glossary 30

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PS_header1_small_blue
Company PS_header2_small_blue

We deliver Sensor Intelligence.

SICK sensor solutions for industrial automation are the result of exceptional dedication
and experience. From development all the way to service: The people at SICK are
committed to investing all their expertise in providing with the very best sensors and
system solutions possible.

A company with a culture of success

Approximately 5,000 people are on staff, with products and
services available to help SICK sensor technology users in-
crease their productivity and reduce their costs. Founded
in 1946 and headquartered in Waldkirch, Germany, SICK is
a global sensor specialist with more than 50 subsidiaries and
representations worldwide. Our exemplary corporate culture
fosters an optimum work-life balance, thus attracting the best
employees from all over the world. SICK is one of the best
employers – we have been among the winners of the presti-
gious German “Great Place to Work” award for many years in
succession.

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Innovation for the leading edge
SICK sensor systems simplify and optimize processes and allow
for sustainable production. SICK operates thirteen research
and development centers all over the world. Co-designed with
customers and universities, our innovative sensor products and
solutions are made to give a decisive edge. With an impressive
track record of innovation, we take the key parameters of mod-
ern production to new levels: reliable process control, safety of
people and environmental protection.
8014933/2012-03
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Company
A corporate culture for sustainable excellence
SICK is backed by a holistic, homogeneous corporate culture.
We are an independent company. And our sensor technology is
open to all system environments. The power of innovation has
made SICK one of the technology and market leader – sensor
technology that is successful in the long term.
EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 5
PS_header1_small_blue
Industries and Solutions
Industry Requirements
Power plants
Various requirements apply to power plants,
depending on the fuels used, for example,
coal, oil or gas. The following pollutants
must be continuously measured, depending
on applicable local environmental regula-
tions: CO, NOx SO2 and dust as well as
reference parameters such as temperature,
O2 (and H2O, where applicable).
Waste incineration
Various requirements apply depending on
the type of incineration plant, for example,
household waste, industrial waste or hazard-
ous waste. Pollutants such as HCl, HF, NOx,
SO2, VOC and dust load as well as O2 and/
or H2O must be continuously measured in
accordance with local environmental stipula-
tions.
Increasingly, the additional parameter of
total mercury Hg must also be detected.
Cement production
Plants for producing cement, as well as
firing and crushing lime. Flue gas pollutants
must be continuously measured depending
on local environmental regulations, prefer-
ably NOx SO2 and dust as well as reference
parameters such as O2 and/or H2O
When burring alternative fuels it is also nec-
essary to measure additional components
such as HCl, HF, Hg and VOC.
Chemicals, oil and gas
Chemical parks generally include a fossil-
fuel fired power plant, which generates both
electricity as well as steam.
Gases produced during the process are
exploited thermally and must be monitored
accordingly. Parts of the plant may include
explosion proof areas.
Metals and steel production
Plants for calcination, melting or sintering
ores as well as the production of non-ferrous
metals. These areas are subject to harsh
environmental conditions such as high dust
loads and severe vibration.
The gases produced during the process are
reprocessed and must be measured and
monitored accordingly.
6 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK
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Solutions from SICK
- CO, NOx and SO2 as well as O2 /H2O
• In-situ:
GM32, GM35, ZIRKOR302
• Cold extractive:
GMS800, SIDOR
• Alternative as complete solution:
MKAS/MAC800
• Dust measurement: DUSTHUNTER
• Volume flow measurement: FLOWSIC100
• Data acquisition system: MEAC2000
- HCl, HF, SO2, CO, NOx and O2 /H2O
• In-situ:
GM700
• Hot extractive:
MCS100E, MCS100FT (FTIR)
• Hg measurement: MERCEM300Z
• Dust measurement: DUSTHUNTER
• Volume flow measurement: FLOWSIC100
• Data acquisition system: MEAC2000
- HCl, HF, SO2, CO, NOx, VOC and O2 /H2O
• Hot extractive:
MCS100E, MCS100FT (FTIR)
• Hg measurement: MERCEM300Z
• VOC: GMS810-FIDOR
• Dust measurement: DUSTHUNTER
• Volume flow measurement: FLOWSIC100
• Data acquisition system: MEAC2000
- VOC, CO, NOx, SO2 and O2 /H2O
• Cold extractive: GMS800
• Hot extractive: MCS100E, MCS100FT
• VOC: GMS810-FIDOR
• Dust measurement: DUSTHUNTER
• Volume flow measurement: FLOWSIC100
• Explosion protected version:
GMS815, GMS820
• Data acquisition system: MEAC2000
- CO, CO2, SO2, NOx, HCl and O2
• In-situ:
GM32, GM35, ZIRKOR302
• Cold extractive: GMS800
• Hot extractive: MCS100E
• Alternative as system: MKAS/MAC800
• Dust measurement: DUSTHUNTER
• Volume flow measurement: FLOWSIC100
• Data acquisition system: MEAC2000
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Industries and Solutions

Industry Requirements Solutions from SICK

Glass and Ceramics

Systems for manufacturing glass and glass
fibers, for melting ceramic materials and firing
ceramic products.
Typical requirements include fine silicates and
borates with high abrasion potential in the flue
gases.
- CO, NOx and SO2 as well as O2 /H2O
• In-situ:
GM32, GM35, ZIRKOR302
•S pecial in-situ sensors, which are not
subject to abrasion
• Dust measurement: DUSTHUNTER
• Volume flow measurement: F100
• Data acquisition system: MEAC2000

Pulp and Paper

So called TRS emissions are created during the
kraft pulp production process, primarily in lime
kilns and the liquor combustion process. They
are strictly regulated by authorities due to the
associated intensive odor contamination.
For this reason, concentrations of hydrogen
sulfide, methylmercaptan, dimethyl-sulfide and
dimethyl-di-sulfide or the sum parameter of TRS
must be continuously measured.
- S
 O2, H2S, TRS: methylmercaptan,
dimethyl-sulfide and dimethyl-di-sulfide
• In-situ:
GM32
• Dust measurement: DUSTHUNTER
• Volume flow measurement: F100
Data acquisition system: MEAC2000

Maritime
On-board systems on cargo and passenger - NOx, SO2, CO2, O2
ships for monitoring smoke gas and monitoring •H
 ot extractive:
of exhaust gas purification systems. Typi- MCS100E (optional with sample point
cally these systems are subject to increased switching)
vibration. Especially the components NOx, SO2,
CO2, O2 are measured and the denitrification
plants monitored. Special approvals such as
Germanischer Lloyd type approval and effective
sample point switching are essential require-
ments.

Greenhouse gases
The greenhouse gas CO2 is responsible for 75% - CO2, N2O and CH4
of global climate change. However, CO2, CH4 and • In-situ:
N2O present varying degrees of hazard potential. GM35 in combination with
Likewise, legislators worldwide are forcing FLOWSIC100
operators to declare greenhouse gas cargo. For
• Cold extractive: GMS800
example, in the USA and Canada this is imple-
mented in the EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting • Data acquisition system: MEAC2000
Program. In the EU it is covered by the Emissions
Trading Directive. A precise measurement of the
volumetric flow is necessary in order to provide
greater accuracy than the bulk cargo calculation.

Additional areas of application

• Systems for biological processing of waste SICK also offers custom emissions moni-
• Surface treatment with organic substances toring and measurement solutions for
• Crematoria, cremations many other industries.
• Mining

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Technologies and Measuring Principles 


Analysis technology – made in Germany

SICK has optimal customization solutions for an extremely wide ranging spectrum of
plant conditions and for solving complex measurement tasks. This includes in-situ and
extractive measurement technology based on powerful measurement principles both
for individual sampling points as well as for complete systems.

In-situ gas analysis

Innovative in-situ measurement technology for direct
installation in devices at the respective measurement site.
The analyzers measure in-situ, i.e. directly at the measure-
ment site under system conditions and are available as
a device solution. They are characterized primarily by their
minimal maintenance requirements and extremely short
response times. SICK's in-situ analyzers are available in
two different versions: Benefits:
• Continuous and direct measurement, no sampling
• The cross-duct version for representative measured • The cross-duct version for representative measured
results across the entire duct diameter results or measuring probe version for simple
• The measuring probe version, optimized for single- installation
sided installation allowing simple integration into • GMP measuring probe with open measuring gap or
an extremely varied range of system conditions. For GPP gas diffusion probe
example, overpressure, wet gases and extremely high
measured gas concentrations and dust loads.

Extractive gas analysis

SICK's extractive gas analyzers can be used in a broad
range of applications. They work according to extractive
principles, in other words, a partial gas flow is extracted
from the gas duct and is fed to the analyzer module under
constant conditions. Everything is optimally designed for
the measurement task, from gas sampling via selected
sensors and optimized gas conditioning, through to the
selection of numerous analyzer modules.

Hot extractive measurement technology

All components which come into contact with the mea-
sured gas are heated, thereby ensuring they are above the
dew point. The actual analysis is undertaken under con-
stant hot measurement conditions and delivers precise
measurement results, even with extremely narrow measur-
ing ranges. Ideal for detection of numerous gas compo-
nents as well as water soluble components such as HCl, Benefits:
HF or NH3. • Optimally configurable analyzer modules for a wide
range of applications
Cold extractive measurement technology • Customized solutions designed for numerous pos-
Gas sampling can be realized with either heated or sible measuring components
unheated sample gas lines. Gas drying is achieved with • Precise and reliable measured results thanks to
a high-performance gas cooler. The "cold" measurement proven measuring principles
is handled by the analyzer. • Detection of aggressive, corrosive or combustible
gases

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 Technologies and Measuring Principles


Dust measurement via laser- UV resonance absorption spec- Atom-absorption spectroscopy

based back-scattering technology
This measurement principle devel-
oped by SICK based on back-scatter-
ing of light enables the measurement
of even minute concentrations of
dust. A laser diode irradiates the dust
particles in the measured medium
with modulated light in the visible
spectrum. The light scattered by the
particles is picked up by a highly sen-
sitive detector, which then feeds the
measured signal to an evaluation unit
for processing.
The compensation of background
radiation and ambient light, automat-
ic testing of zero point and reference
point as well as a soiling check mean
the system delivers stable and repro-
ducible measurement results.
Sophisticated measurement tasks,
for example, in hot or aggressive
measurement media are therefore
no longer a problem.
- DUSTHUNTER product family,
Page 25
troscopy (UVRAS)
SICK uses cold-extractive process
photometers equipped with the UV
resonance absorption measurement
spectroscopy measurement principle
(UVRAS). The system makes use of
the fact that certain gases exhibit
specific absorption characteristics in
the ultraviolet spectrum. In order to
achieve this, the measured gas is irra-
diated with ultraviolet light.
The concentration o f gas compo-
nents can then be determined
through selective use of the wave-
length and measurement of the
absorption. In this manner the analyz-
er is able to measure gas concentra-
tions of, for example, NO, NO2, NH3,
SO2 and H2S by means of interference
filter correlation (IFC).
The gas filter correlation (UVRAS) is
used for extremely precise measure-
ment of NO.
- GMS800, Page 21
based on the Zeeman effect
An Hg-discharge lamp emits an
element-specific spectrum, which
enables an extremely sensitive level
of mercury measurement. A magnetic
field applied around the discharge
lamp creates an additional reference
value wavelength (the Zeeman
effect), which lies outside of the
absorption range of Hg atoms. This
means that cross sensitivities and
lamp aging or contamination is opti-
mally compensated for. A high tem-
perature converter converts the
bound Hg at approximately 1000 °C
into elemental Hg.
The advantages of this are that no
chemicals or catalyzes are required,
maintenance is minimal and there
are no moving parts. The patented
direct Hg measurement system
makes the MERCEM300Z into a refer-
ence device for continuous mercury
analysis.
- MERCEM300Z, Page 21

Triple reflector
Detectors

Filter unit
UV lamp Measuring
Sender/receiver unit cell Cell
Measuring volumes

Emitted beam Reference

cell

Beam splitter

Hg-lamp
Detector

Additional measuring principles and evaluation methods

• Interference filter correlation, gas filter correlation • Flame ionization detectors (FID)
• Absorption (NDIR, NDUV) • Zeeman atom absorption spectroscopy (ZAAS)
• UV spectroscopy • Particle absorption (visible wavelength range)
• DOAS evaluation methods • Particle scattering / scattered light measurement
• FTIR spectroscopy • Gravimetric analysis
• Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2 flow sensor) • Ultrasonic propagation time delay measurement
• Absorption spectrometry (UV) • PT1000, piezo-resistive
• Paramagnetic/electrochemical (O2)

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Systems and Project Engineering 


Everything from stand-alone devices through to complete analyzer systems

SICK is able to supply application-oriented applications through a combination of its
extensive product range of analyzers and comprehensive experience. In addition to the
tailor-made designs, we also offer a range of cost-optimized standard solutions, such
as the standardized 19" rack or system housing, compact plug-and-play analyzer sys-
tems as well as the MAC800 modular complete system for all emission-typical mea-
surement tasks. Beyond system components, we also engineer complete gas analyzer
systems, for example, ready-to-use analyzer containers including the entire peripheral
equipment.

Devices Compact systems Complete systems

The GMS800 product family with its
standardized 19” housing or opti-
mized system housings for cabinet
installation are available for efficient
and cost-effective system integration.
GMS810
19" rack housing
GMS830
system integration housing
Compact analyzer systems with These modular complete systems
extremely straightforward handling, with high-quality serial modules and
trouble-free installation and commis- components can be optimized to
sioning on site with very low mainte- meet specific requirements thanks
nance requirements. Additionally to their customizable design.
equipped with modern communica-
tion options, such as Ethernet, Mod-
bus or GPRS modem, these systems
are suitable for remote monitoring of
the entire emission monitoring sys-
tem – and are thereby pre-equipped
for future requirements.

GMS820
pressure-resistant
encapsulated
housing
GMS815
wall-mounted housing MAC800
MAC800 PowerCEMS
plug-and-play analyzer system modular complete system

The wall-mounted housings as

well as the pressure-resistant
encapsulated housings are
optimized for use in hazardous areas.

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 Systems and Project Engineering


Custom planning and engineering

Planning and engineering at SICK is combined with
decades of experience in the field of emissions monitoring
of all kinds. Regardless of whether the application is in
a power plants or under difficult conditions in a hazardous
area of a refinery – SICK's engineers plan and design tai-
lor-made solutions suitable for your specific requirements
using the latest CAD systems. In doing so, not only is the
latest technology in analyzers and sample conditioning
deployed, but also state-of-the-art communications con-
cepts. All products are designed in accordance with the
applicable international and national standards.
An experienced project management team and worldwide
service organization is available to the customer not only
for commissioning, but also to ensure reliable and sus-
tained operation of the system.

Ready-to-use analyzer containers

Tailor-made designs including the complete range of
peripheral equipment with component application consult-
ing and comprehensive project management.

Skills
• All required technologies from a single source • Application-oriented complete systems
• Comprehensive product spectrum for all requirements • Ready-to-use analysis containers, tailor-made to meet
• Solutions for all measurement tasks and statutory your customer specifications
requirements
• Cost-optimized standard solutions

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Connectivity – 
always well connected with SICK 

Current data via standardized communication

SICK's products come with a standardized data communications system for digital
controllers, in order that all data, measured values and parameters are available at
all times and can be conveniently visualized and processed. Moreover, this is available
cross-system from your own system network. As a result, you are able to elegantly
access installations in remote areas.

Signals, interfaces and protocols

• Analog and digital signals
• Interfaces:
• Serial interfaces such as RS-232/RS-485/RS-422 Data acquisition and processing systems
• Ethernet network
• OPC
• Protocols: OPC Modbus I/O
• Modbus or Modbus TCP Ethernet Ethernet/RS-485 analog, digital

Analyzers and Systems

Operation
The operation of analyzers and systems is undertaken:
• directly from the analyzer's operating unit
• via a controller, enabling visualization and configuration
for numerous analyzers
• remotely via Ethernet or a mobile network
• with SOPAS ET, SICK's own visualization and configura-
tion application

Remote diagnostics
Remote access to devices and systems can be realized
online via:
• SICK's own remote diagnostics unit RDU via an ana- TCP/IP
log telephone, cellular network or Ethernet network Internet
connection
• The FastViewer Desktop Sharing System with conve-
nient remote access for remote diagnostics, remote
maintenance and online support on the customer's PC.
Also through firewalls for effective help thanks to rapid
viewing of the content of your screen.
System
Measuring device network

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 Connectivity –
 always well connected with SICK

Operational
Measuring systems management level
Operational monitoring

Ethernet
Dust

OPC server

Flow

ERP-system,
Controller plant management system

Temperature, pressure
Ethernet
Reference parameters

Gas components
In-situ gas analysis

Extractive gas analysis

Data Acquisition Systems

Analyzer systems

Ethernet

Remote diagnostics,
remote maintenance Remote diagnostics

Optional

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Services and Consulting –
PS_header1_small_blue PS_header2_small_blue
always well advised with SICK

Service for all your plant and measurement system

requirements
Analyzers and measurement systems supply monitoring and control-relevant informa-
tion and protect people and systems. When optimally integrated and maintained,
these components and systems guarantee safe processes, constant product quality
and protect people and the environment.

From the outset and over many years, SICK LifeTime Services offer suitable ser-
vices for all aspects of your measurement systems and plants: from planning and
conception, commissioning and operation through to conversions and upgrades.
Over 60 years of experience in the field and industrial expertise makes us a compe-
tent partner for the specific requirements of our customers.

Consulting and Product and system Checking and

Design support optimization

•• Application consulting •• Acceptance prior to delivery •• On-site acceptance

•• Planning services •• On-site commissioning and trouble- •• System maintenance
•• Project management shooting •• Logbook maintenance
•• Project and customer •• Technical support •• System support
documentation •• Spares / wearing parts

Modernization and Training and advanced

retrofitting training
•• Software or firmware •• Operation & handling
•• Customization of measuring •• Maintenance
ranges •• Device software
•• Expansion for additional •• Statutory regulations, guidelines
measuring components and directives

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PS_header1_small_blue
and Consulting –
always well advised with SICK

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Requirements of Emission Measurement
Systems
Selection of a continuous emission measurement system
The selection of a continuous emission measurement system
(CEMS) is not a simple process. General inquiries for the low-
est initial investment can work out to be the most expensive
solution when viewed over the entire operational lifetime.
Unfortunately there is no generally-applicable rule that can
be applied, as individual requirements relating to the respec-
tive industrial plant can have a major impact on the suit-
ability and all important costs of the CEMS technology under
consideration.
10 steps to a suitable emission measurement system
1 4
What process parameters and gas compo-
nents are to be monitored in the system
and what measuring ranges are required?
The number and type of components to be monitored and
recorded in accordance with the requirements of environmen-
tal authorities determines the selection of a suitable CEMS
system.
•• Is a complete list of measuring components and param-
eters as well as the required measuring ranges and toler-
ances available?
•• Must reference parameters such as temperature, pres-
sure, moisture or O2 content be measured?
•• Determination of particle concentrations, opacity or mass
flow required?
2
What conformities and regulations apply to
emissions monitoring?
Generally, the respective reporting system is de-
rived from national regulations or international specifications
such as those from the EU or EPA in the US.
•• What national regulations and standards apply?
•• Is it necessary to take international standards such as EU
directives or US EPA standards into consideration?
•• Do additional specifications apply to certain measuring
technology due to specific plant requirements?
3
Are new regulations expected, which could
influence emissions trading or reporting?
Environmental legislation is forcing the trend to-
wards a sustainable and environmentally aware economy. For
this reason, it should be possible to adapt or retrofit the CEMS
system for possible future requirements.
•• For example, additional monitoring of HCI and mercury in
the cement production industry.
16 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK


Production industries such as the power-supply industry or
the cement industry are generally subject to defined regula-
tions and laws governing the reduction of emissions. They
are able to select from a broad range of continuous emission
measurement systems. The operational lifetime of a CEMS is
typically more than 10 years. The operating costs can amount
to up to three times the cost of the initial investment, depend-
ing on the selected measurement technology (in-situ, cold or
hot extractive) and the mix of measurement principles used.
Have the operating conditions on-site been
clarified?
Aggressive gas components can influence the opera-
tion and reliability of CEMS systems when using alternative fuels.
•• What fuel is currently used or is to be deployed in the near
future?
•• When using alternative fuels, does the system meet the strin-
gent thermal requirements for monitoring waste treatment
processes?
5
What sources exist that can lead to the
production of critical gas components?
If critical gas components are produced, such as or-
ganic compounds, NH3, chlorine or sulfur, the CEMS system must
be able to reliably measure these components, even in higher
concentrations.
6
Are the operating conditions to remain
constant for the entire operational lifetime of
the CEMS system?
Gas cleaning plants such as DeNOx or wet scrubbers significantly
reduce the amount of pollutants. However, higher NH3 concentra-
tions due to the addition of ammonia or carbamide as well as
deviations in temperature and moisture can significantly reduce
the availability and operational lifetime of the measuring system.
7
What is the total cost of operation, not merely
the cost of acquisition?
The operational lifetime of a CEMS is typically more
than 10 years. The actual operating costs can amount to more
than triple the cost of acquisition, depending on the selected mea-
suring technology. The following is to be taken into consideration:
•• Composition of the CEMS, incl. gas sampling and conditioning
•• Consumables / additives and spare parts
•• Maintenance and service intervals
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 Requirements of Emission Measurement
 Systems

Measuring Measuring Measured In-situ Extractive

8
What are the requirements for operation
and maintenance of the CEMS system? component principle value Hot Cold
Dust Scattered Particle m m
In accordance with European quality standards,
light concentra-
the CEMS must exhibit verifiable availability in the field of tion
Transmis- m
higher than 95%, including all maintenance and testing cycles. sion
Critical points include: Opacity Transmis- Opacity m
•• Gas conditioning in the event of condensate or acid forming sion
components? Volume Ultra sound Volume m
flow flow
•• Downtime caused by filter exchange or gas extraction?
Gases ZrO2-sensor O2 m m
Paramag- m
netic

9
What conditions are given at the operating
Electro- m
site? chemical
The availability of consumables / spare parts and NDIR CO, CO2 m
additives is extremely important for industrial plants which NO (NOx) m
are difficult to access (oil platforms, gas compressor stations, SO2 m
plants in climatically extreme areas). NDUV NO, NO2 m
•• It remote diagnostics and remote maintenance via GPRS SO2, NH31) m
or Internet possible for achieving targeted deployment of Filter H2O m m
specialist personnel? correlation CO, CO2 m m
•• What environmental conditions, for example, temperature NO, NO2 m
deviations, etc. are applicable? HCl, NH3 m
UV DOAS NO, NO2 m
SO2 (NH3) m

10
What performance is your CEMS system
TDLS O2 m m
supplier able to deliver in relation to require-
HCl, H2O m m
ments?
NH3, H2O m m
A supplier of CEMS systems should be able to provide effective
HF, H2O m m
decision-making support in finding a suitable solution. The re-
FTIR H2O m
alization of individual measurement tasks in combination with
CO, CO2 m
competent service should be the decisive factor, not the possi-
bly limited range of technical options provided by a specific sup- NO, NO2 m

plier. SICK is characterized by decades of proven competence, HCl, NH3 m

a complete product portfolio and numerous services in the field HF m

of emissions measurement. FID VOC m

ZAAS Hg m
Other Transmitter T, p m
1)
Only with heated sampling technology

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Gas Analyzers 


In-situ gas analyzers

GM32 GM35
Direct measurement of aggressive gases Efficient control of combustion processes and
dehydration plants
Technical data
Measuring principle UV spectroscopy Gas filter correlation, interference filter correlation
Measuring components NH3, NO, NO2, SO2 CO, CO2, H2O
TUV-approved measured
NO, SO2 CO, CO2, H2O
values
max. number of measured
4 3
values
Process temperature 0 °C to +550 °C 0 °C to +430 °C
higher temperatures available on request higher temperatures available on request

Process pressure 60 hPa 250 hPa

relative depending on type and purge air supply
Ambient temperature –20 °C to +55 °C –40 °C to +55 °C
other temperatures available on request
Conformities 2001/80/EC (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG (17. BIm- 2001/80/EC (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG (17. BIm-
SchV.), GOST, MCERTS, U.S. EPA conform, EN 14181, SchV.), 27. BImSchV., TA Luft, EN 14181, GOST,
EN 15267-3, 27. BImSchV. MCERTS
Enclosure rating IP 65 IP 66 / NEMA 4x
IP 69K
Device versions Cross-duct-version, measuring probe version Cross-duct-version, measuring probe version
Note The scope of delivery depends on application and The scope of delivery depends on application and
customer specifications. customer specifications.
At a Glance

•• Up to 6 measuring components at the same •• Dynamic humidity correction

time (incl. gas pressure and temperature) •• Fast in-situ measurement directly in
•• Automatic self-test function (QAL3) without the process
test gases •• Simultaneous determination of up to three
•• Several independent measuring ranges with gas components, temperature and pressure
automatically optimized precision possible •• No gas sampling and conditioning
•• Direct measurement without sampling •• Gas testable version of measuring probe
•• Reliable measuring results at high dust available
concentrations •• Integrated self test and control functions
Detailed information --mysick.com/en/GM32  --mysick.com/en/GM35

18 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 8014933/2012-03

Subject to change without notice
 Gas Analyzers

GM700
Greater efficiency of process analysis –
even under difficult conditions
Diode laser spectroscopy (TDLS)
HCl, HF, NH3, O2
HF
1 1
0 °C to +430 °C
higher temperatures available on request
250 hPa
depending on type and purge air supply
–40 °C to +50 °C
four configurable ranges
2001/80/EC (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG
(17. BImSchV.)
IP 65 / NEMA 4x
Measuring probe version, cross-duct version
The scope of delivery depends on application
and customer specifications.
•• High selectivity due to high spectral
resolution
•• Short response times
•• No calibration required
•• No moving parts: minimal wear and
tear
•• No gas sampling and conditioning
required
--mysick.com/en/GM700  --mysick.com/en/GM901  --mysick.com/en/ZIRKOR302
8014933/2012-03
Subject to change without notice
GM901
Reliable CO measurement for emission
monitoring and process control
Gas filter correlation
CO
– O2
0 °C to +430 °C
depending on calibration
30 hPa
depending on purge air supply
–20 °C to +55 °C
Type examination (TUV)
IP 65 / NEMA 4x
Cross-duct-version, measuring probe version
The scope of delivery depends on application
and customer specifications.
•• Representative measurement across
the duct
•• Operation via evaluation unit
•• Short response times
•• Verifiable with gas-filled cell;
gas testable probe with test gas
EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK
ZIRKOR302
Accurate and rapid oxygen measurement
for optimization of industrial processes
zirconium dioxide sensor
O2
1
Stainless steel sensor: 0 °C to +700 °C
Inconel sensor: 0 °C to +950 °C
Ceramic sensor: 0 °C to +1400 °C
700 hPa to 1.100 hPa
–20 °C to +55 °C
2001/80/EC (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/
EG (17. BImSchV.), 27. BImSchV., GOST,
EN 14181
IP 65 / NEMA 4x
Ejector type, pump type
The scope of delivery depends on application
and customer specifications.
•• All parts in contact with gas are
heated
•• Automatic testing and adjustment
with ambient air
•• Fixed physical zero point
•• Short response time
•• Operation of up to 3 sensors via one
evaluation unit
19
Gas Analyzers 


Extractive Gas Analyzers

GMS800 SIDOR
Tailor-made gas analysis for process and emission Sets standards for extractive photometers
monitoring
Technical data
Measuring principle NDUV-spectroscopy, NDIR-spectroscopy, interference NDIR-spectroscopy, paramagnetic dumbbell principle,
filter correlation, paramagnetic dumbbell principle, electromagnetic cell
electromagnetic cell, thermal conductivity measure-
ment, flame ionization detection
Measuring components Ar, SO2, CHClF2, CHCl2F, CH2Cl2, CH4, CH3OH, CO, CH4, CO, CO2, NO, N2O, O2, SO2
COCl2, CO2, CS2, CO+CO2, C2H2, C2H2F4, C2H4, C2H6,
SF6, C3H6, (CH3)2CO, C3H8, C4H10, C4H6, C6H4Cl2, C5H12,
O2, C6H14, C7H16, COS, He, H2, H2O, H2S, NH3, NO, NO2,
N2O, Cl2, Cges, additional components available on
request
TUV-approved measured
CO, CO2, CH4, NO, NO2, O2, SO2 CO, NO, SO2, O2
values
max. number of measured
8 3
values
Process temperature Input analyzer: 0 °C to +45 °C Input analyzer: 0 °C to +45 °C
Process pressure Hosed gas lines: 200 hPa to 300 hPa 200 hPa to 300 hPa
Piped gas lines: 200 hPa to 1,000 hPa relative
Ambient temperature +5 °C to +45 °C +5 °C to +45 °C

Conformities 2000/76/EC (17. BImSchV.), 2001/80/EG (13. BIm- 2001/80/EC (13. BImSchV.), 27. BImSchV., TA Luft,
SchV.), 27. BImSchV., EN 15267-3, EN 14181, GOST, MCERTS, ATEX, EN 14181
TA Luft, ATEX, GOST, MCERTS
Enclosure rating GMS810: IP 40 IP 20
GMS815: IP 65 / NEMA 4x
GMS820P: IP 65
GMS830, GMS831: IP 30
Device versions 19" rack, wall mounting housing, pressure resistant 19" rack
encapsulated housing, system integration module
Note The scope of delivery depends on application and The scope of delivery depends on application and
customer specifications. customer specifications.
At a Glance

•• 6 different analyzer modules •• Detector with high long-term stability

•• 4 different types of enclosures •• Paramagnetic or electrochemical oxygen
•• Measuring principles: NDIR, NDUV, UVRAS, measurement
thermal conductivity measurement, flame •• Automatic adjustment with component-free
ionization detection, paramagnetic and ambient air
electrochemical O2 measurement •• Insensitive to contamination
•• Gas module with sample gas pump and/or
control sensors
•• New enclosure type for easy and quick
integration in analyzer systems
•• Remote diagnosis via Ethernet with software
SOPAS ET

Detailed information --mysick.com/en/GMS800  --mysick.com/en/SIDOR 

20 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 8014933/2012-03

Subject to change without notice
 Gas Analyzers

MCS100FT
Emission monitoring – everything under
control with advanced, high-end technology
FTIR-spectroscopy, zirconium dioxide sensor,
flame ionization detection
CH4, CO, CO2, HCl, HF, H2O, NH3, NO, NO2,
N2O, O2, SO2, Corg
CO, CO2, SO2, NO, NO2, N2O, HCl, HF, CH4,
H2O, O2, NH3, Corg
13
Input analyzer: ≤ +200 °C
900 hPa to 1200 hPa
Standard: +5 °C to +35 °C
with cooling device: +5 °C ... +50 °C
2001/80/EG (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG
(17. BImSchV.), 27. BImSchV.
IP 43
IP 54
Option
Steel sheet cabinet
The scope of delivery depends on application
and customer specifications.
•• Lowest approved HF measuring
range of 0 to 3 mg/m³
•• Automatic spectrum adjustment via
AutoVAL for reliable measured values
•• Operation via touchscreen
•• Sample gas transport by an ejector
without moving parts
•• Approved according to EN15267-3
•• Remote control and diagnosis via
software SOPAS ET
•• Automatic adjustment, backflushing
and filter cleaning
--mysick.com/en/MCS100FT
8014933/2012-03
Subject to change without notice
MERCEM300Z
Innovative measurement of mercury in
flue gases
Zeeman atom absorption spectroscopy
Hg, Hg compounds, Hg total
Hgges
1 1
0 °C to +200 °C
900 hPa to 1100 hPa
–20 °C to +50 °C
2001/80/EG (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG
(17. BImSchV.), 27. BImSchV.,
U.S. EPA conform
IP 55
Aluminum cabinet
The scope of delivery depends on application
and customer specifications.
•• Lowest measuring range of 10 µg
•• Accurate measurement of “total mer-
cury” directly in a thermal converter
(patented)
•• Measuring operation without using
consumables
•• Very low maintenance gas sampling
using an ejector pump – no moving
parts
•• Integrated adjustment cell for auto-
matic drift correction
•• Automatic adjustment of the entire
measuring system with a built-in test
gas generator (option)
--mysick.com/en/MERCEM300Z
EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK
FID3006
Portable analyzer for measurement of
volatile organic components
Flame ionization detection
Corg
Corg
0 °C to +240 °C
100 hPa
relative
0 °C ... +40 °C
2. BImSchV., 2000/76/EC (17. BImSchV.),
MCERTS, U.S. EPA conform, EN 14181
IP 20
Portable device
The scope of delivery depends on application
and customer specifications.
•• Automatic fuel-gas and pump switch-
off in case of flame failure
•• Only 15 minutes warm-up time until
operational readiness
•• Integrated temperature controller for
heated sample gas line
•• Connections with quick connectors
or bayonet latches
•• Supporting frame with required
gases in small cylinders
•• Approved for continuous emission
monitoring
--mysick.com/en/FID3006
21
Analyzer systems 


Analyzer Systems

MCS100E MAC800
Emission and raw gas monitoring Modular, complete system for extractive gas analysis
with hot measuring technology
Technical data
Measuring principle Gas filter correlation, interference filter correlation, In accordance with the integrated GMS800 analyzer
zirconium dioxide sensor modules
Measuring components CH4, CO, CO2, HCl, H2O, NH3, NO, NO2, N2O, O2, SO2 Ar, SO2, CHClF2, CHCl2F, CH2Cl2, CH4, CH3OH, CO,
COCl2, CO2, CS2, CO+CO2, C2H2, C2H2F4, C2H4, C2H6,
SF6, C3H6, (CH3)2CO, C3H8, C4H10, C4H6, C6H4Cl2, C5H12,
O2, C6H14, C7H16, COS, He, H2, H2O, H2S, NH3, NO, NO2,
N2O, Cl2, additional components available on request
TUV-approved measured
CO, CO2, HCl, NO, NH3, SO2, O2, H2O CO, NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, CO2, O2, N2O, CH4
values
max. number of measured
8 8
values
Process temperature Input analyzer system: 0 °C to +220 °C Process: ≤ +1000 °C
Process: 0 °C to +1300 °C Input analyzer system: ≤ +200 °C

Process pressure 900 hPa to 1.100 hPa –

Ambient temperature +5 °C to +35 °C Standard: +5 °C to +35 °C
with cooling device: +5 °C ... +50 °C

Conformities 2001/80/EC (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG (17. BIm- EN 15267-3, EN 14181, 2001/80/EC (13. BIm-
SchV.), GOST, MCERTS, U.S. EPA conform SchV.), 2000/76/EC (17. BImSchV.)
Enclosure rating IP 43 IP 54
other enclosure ratings available on request

Device versions Steel sheet cabinet Steel sheet cabinet, glass-fiber reinforced plastic
cabinet
Note The scope of delivery depends on application and The scope of delivery depends on application and
customer specifications. customer specifications.
At a Glance

•• Extractive measurement of up to 8 IR-active •• Cold-extractive analyzer system certified ac-

gas components
•• Additional oxygen and total hydrocarbon
analyzer as option
•• Gas lines heated throughout
•• Sample gas infeed on gas sampling sensor
or analyzer
•• Backflushing of gas sampling sensor for
filter cleaning
•• Rapid measured gas exchange to minimize
adsorption and desorption processes
•• Automatic sample point switching
•• Types MCS100E HW (hot extractive),
MCS100E PD (permeation dryer) and
MCS100E CD (cold extractive)
Detailed information --mysick.com/en/MCS100E
cording to EN 15267-3
•• Plug-and-play analyzer modules with 24 V
power supply
•• Operating unit for displaying all measured
values and status information on a touch
screen
•• External sensors via interfaces connectable
•• Display and monitoring of external sensors
possible
•• Remote control of the complete system via
Ethernet, Modbus or optional GPRS modem
--mysick.com/en/MAC800 

22 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 8014933/2012-03

Subject to change without notice
 Analyzer systems

MKAS
The automatic measuring device for emissions measurement
In accordance with the integrated S700 analyzer modules
CH4, CO, CO2, NO, NO2, N2O, O2, SO2
In accordance with the integrated analyzer modules
In accordance with the integrated analyzer modules
Input analyzer system: 0 °C to +200 °C
Process: 0 °C to +900 °C
depending on sampling probe
– –
Standard: +5 °C to +35 °C
without being subjected to direct sunlight
with cooling device: +5 °C to +50 °C
In accordance with the integrated analyzer modules
Standard: IP 54
With cooling device: IP 34
for outer cooling circuit
Steel sheet cabinet, glass-fiber reinforced plastic cabinet
The scope of delivery depends on application and customer
specifications.
•• Up to 3 analyzers S710 or SIDOR or NOx converter
•• Includes all important system components
•• Test gas infeed via the gas sampling probe
•• High-performance measuring gas cooler
•• Measuring gas bypass
•• Wired and tested ready for operation
--mysick.com/en/MKAS  --mysick.com/en/MAC800 PowerCEMS
8014933/2012-03
Subject to change without notice
MAC800 PowerCEMS
Compact analyzer system for emissions measurement in coal-fired
power plants and gas-steam combination power plants
In accordance with the integrated GMS830 analyzer modules
NO, NO2, CO, CO2, SO2, O2
In accordance with the integrated analyzer modules
In accordance with the integrated analyzer modules
Input analyzer system: 0 °C to +200 °C
Process: 0 °C to +900 °C
depending on sampling probe
Standard: +5 °C to +35 °C
without being subjected to direct sunlight
In accordance with the integrated analyzer modules
Standard: IP 54
for outer cooling circuit
Steel sheet cabinet
The scope of delivery depends on application and customer
specifications.
•• Certified system according to current EU regulations in
a single compact analyzer cabinet
•• Cost-effective solution for simultaneous NO/NO2 measure-
ment due to embedded DEFOR analyzer module
(no NOx converter)
•• Trouble-free installation and fast commissioning of
the automatic measuring system (AMS)
•• Extremely low maintenance requirements due to clear
separation of electrical and analyzer modules
•• Remote access via Ethernet or Modbus connection
 
EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 23
Product family overview 


Dust Measuring Devices

DUSTHUNTER T DUSTHUNTER SB
The type approved transmissiometer The type approved dust measuring device
with self-alignment function with reverse scattered light measurement

Technical data
DUSTHUNTER T DUSTHUNTER SB
Measuring principle Transmittance measurement Scattered light backward

max. number of measured

1 1
values
Process temperature –25 °C to +600 °C –25 °C to +600 °C

Process pressure 50 hPa to 30 hPa 50 bar to 30 hPa

other pressure ranges available on request
Ambient temperature Standard: –25 °C to +60 °C Standard: –25 °C to +60 °C
For MCU with purge air unit: –25 °C to +45 °C For MCU with purge air unit: –25 °C to +45 °C

Conformities 2001/80/EG (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG (17. BIm- 2001/80/EG (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG (17. BIm-
SchV.), 27. BImSchV., TA Luft, EN 14181, SchV.), 27. BImSchV., TA Luft, EN 14181,
EN 15267-3, MCERTS EN 15267-3, MCERTS
Enclosure rating IP 66 IP 66

Device versions Cross-duct version Version for single-sided installation

Note The scope of delivery depends on application and The scope of delivery depends on application and
customer specifications. customer specifications.
At a Glance

•• Integrated soiling control for sender-receiver
and reflector unit
•• Automatic self-alignment of the optical
modules
•• Automatic check of zero and reference point
•• For medium to high dust concentrations
•• For small to large measuring distances
•• For very low to medium dust concentrations
•• One-sided installation
•• Contamination check
•• Automatic check of zero and reference point
•• Automatic compensation of background
radiation, therefore no light absorber
required
•• For medium to large duct diameters

Detailed information --mysick.com/en/DUSTHUNTER T  --mysick.com/en/DUSTHUNTER S

24 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 8014933/2012-03

Subject to change without notice
 Product family overview

DUSTHUNTER C
Two-in-one – dust measuring device with
transmittance and scattered light
measurement
DUSTHUNTER C
Transmittance measurement, scattered light
forward
1 1
–25 °C to +300 °C
higher temperatures available on request
50 hPa to 2 hPa
other pressure ranges available on request
Standard: –25 °C to +60 °C
For MCU with purge air unit: –25 °C to
+45 °C
2001/80/EG (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG
(17. BImSchV.), 27. BImSchV., EN 14181,
EN 15267-3, TA Luft, MCERTS
IP 66
Cross-duct version
The scope of delivery depends on application
and customer specifications.
•• Combination of transmission and
scattered light measurement
•• For very low to high dust
concentrations
•• Automatic check of zero and
reference point
•• Double-sided contamination check
and correction
•• Automatic self-alignment
•• For medium to large duct diameters
--mysick.com/en/DUSTHUNTER C
8014933/2012-03
Subject to change without notice
FWE200
Extractive scattered light technology for
measurement of dust in wet gases
FWE200
Scattered light forward
PVDF sensor: 0 °C to +120 °C
Hastelloy sensor: 0 °C to +220 °C
20 hPa
relative
–20 °C to +50 °C
2001/80/EG (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/
EG (17. BImSchV.), 27. BImSchV., TA Luft,
MCERTS, U.S.-EPA-conform
System: IP 54
Electronics housing: IP 65
Extractive type
The scope of delivery depends on application
and customer specifications.
•• For very low to medium dust
concentrations
•• Gas sampling and return combined
in one probe
•• Contamination check
•• Automatic check of zero and refer-
ence point
--mysick.com/en/FWE200
EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK
SHC500
Mobile measurement system for gravimetric
dust concentration measurements
SHC500
Gravimetric analysis
1
Standard: 0 °C to +400 °C
With special sensor: 0 °C to +600 °C
–
–10 °C to +50 °C
EN 13284-1, GOST, U.S.-EPA-conform
IP 65
Portable device
The scope of delivery depends on application
and customer specifications.
•• No dust loss due to patented
sampling system
•• Automatic data recording and system
control
•• Isokinetic control in real time
•• Automatic storage and evaluation
of the measuring values
•• Automatic measurement of the flow
angle and detection of swirl effects
--mysick.com/en/SHC500
25
Dustflow
Gas Measuring
measuring
Devices
devices 


Volume Flow Measuring Devices

FLOWSIC100
Volume flow measuring devices for continuous emission monitoring
Technical data
Measuring principle Ultrasonic propagation time delay measurement
Measuring components Gas velocity, gas temperature, volume flow a.c., volume flow s.c., sound velocity
max. number of measured
1
values
Process temperature FLOWSIC100 M/H/PR: –40 °C to +260 °C
higher temperatures available on request
Process pressure -100 hPa to 100 hPa
Ambient temperature Sender-receiver unit FLSE100, controller MCU: –40 °C to +60 °C
Conformities EN 14181, TA Luft, 27. BImSchV., 2001/80/EC (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG (17. BImSchV.), EN 15267-3
Enclosure rating IP 65
Device versions Cross-duct-version, measuring probe version
Note The scope of delivery depends on application and customer specifications.
At a Glance

•• Robust titanium transducer for long service life

•• Measurement system without purge air
•• Corrosion-resistant material for use with aggressive gases (option)
•• Integrated measurement via duct diameter for types H and M
•• Automatic operational check with zero and reference point test
•• Types M-AC/H-AC with innovative internal cooling for use with gas temperatures up to 450 °C;
no input of cooling air into the measured medium
•• Types PM/PH with external purge air supply to protect against severe sensor contamination
and gas temperatures up to 450 °C
•• Probe type PR for cost-saving, single-sided installation in duct
Detailed information --mysick.com/en/FLOWSIC100 CEMS

26 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 8014933/2012-03

Subject to change without notice
 Data Acquisition Systems


Data Acquisition Systems

MEAC2000
Acquisition, evaluation, visualization and transmission of emission data
Technical data
Ambient temperature Data acquisition unit: 0 °C to +50 °C
Conformities 2001/80/EC (13. BImSchV.), 2000/76/EG (17. BImSchV.), 27. BImSchV., 30. BImSchV., 1999/13/EC
(31. BImSchV.)
Enclosure rating Data acquisition unit: IP 20
Note The scope of delivery depends on application and customer specifications.
At a Glance

•• Evaluation according to EU directives 2000/76/EC and 2001/80/EC

•• Evaluation according to 13, 17, 27 and 30 BImSchV and TA Luft
•• Integration of operating data and system states
•• Visualization of emission and operating data
•• Remote data transfer, remote diagnostics and remote monitoring
•• Alarm signaling in the event of exceeding limit value tolerances
Detailed information --mysick.com/en/MEAC2000

8014933/2012-03 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 27

Subject to change without notice
PS_header1_small_blue
Regulations and Provisions PS_header2_small_blue

Why measure emissions?

Action is necessary due to global warming caused by the greenhouse effect.
One important measure is to sustainable measure the emission of climate-
relevant gases in order to attain an important reference value for the efficient
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Moreover, locally the hazardous impact of smog, ozone and dust play a decisive
role.

In many counties there is a legislative basis for a sustained environmentally

compatible reduction of greenhouse gas emissions as well as laws and direc-
tives relating to the emission of pollutants. These regulations include specifica-
tions for technology and modes of operation for systems as well as specifica-
tions detailing pollutant limits permissible in released clean gas and what
measuring technology may be used for purposes of monitoring.

Regulations, approval bodies and elements include:

• EU directives and TÜV approvals with the directive relating to
large combustion plants and gas turbine systems (2001/80/
EC),incineration and co-incineration of waste (2000/76/EC)
• Quality standards for automated measuring systems
(EN 14181, EN 15267)
• The new industrial emissions directive 2010/75/EU for inte-
grated prevention and reduction of environmental pollution.
• Approval body MCERTS for Great Britain
• Environmental agency U.S. EPA with the American �������������
quality������
stan-
dards (EPA CFR 11 Part 60 and Part 75)
• Japanese industrial standard JIS
• Standards organization GOST for Russian standards and
regulations
• Chinese EPA CEP
• EPA standards for many other countries

28 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 8014933/2012-03

Subject to change without notice
PS_header2_small_blue
What are emissions?
Emissions in terms of the environment refer to the dis-
charge, transmission or disposal of disrupting factors into
the environment. Each emission results from an immis-
son (discharge). Emissions in the form of discharges are
comprised of toxic, harmful or environmentally hazardous
chemical substances as well as pollutants of all kinds,
irritants and allergens.
8014933/2012-03
Subject to change without notice
Regulations
PS_header1_small_blue
and Provisions
Purpose of emission minimization
The purpose is to protect people, flora and fauna, water,
the atmosphere as well as cultural and other property
from injurious pollution, significant negative consequences
and significant nuisance emissions as well as to actively
prevent the formation of injurious pollution.
The environment can be protected primarily by way of
limiting emissions. Statutory limitations always represent
interference into the freedom of action of the generating
industry. For this reason, in many countries emissions may
not be limited "for their own sake", but only in accordance
with the principle of proportionality – analogously to
their harmfulness (effect on the environment and human
health).
EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK 29
PS_header1_small_blue
Glossary
A D
Accuracy
Qualitative term for the extent of approximation of detected
results to the reference value, whereby depending on de-
termination or agreement, this may relate to the true value,
approximate value or an empirical value.
AMS
Automatic Measuring System (AMS) for monitoring of emis-
sions from stationary sources, which are installed on the
plant. In the case of extractive AMS, further equipment is
included in addition to the actual measuring device (analyzer)
for purposes of sampling (e.g. probes, probe gas lines, flow
measurement, discharge pumps) and sample conditioning
(e.g. dust filter, cooler, converters).
Area of certification
The area in which the automatic measuring system (AMS) is
tested and certified in relation to maintenance of the relevant
minimum requirements.
C Extractive measuring technology
Calibration
Determination of a calibration function of (temporally) limited
validity which is applied to an AMS for a specified measuring
point. A gas mixture of known composition (calibration gas,
test gas) with systematically graded contents is applied to the
measuring components.
Calibration function
Functional ratio between the measured value, for example the
extinction and content, for example, a mass concentration.
CEM, CEMS
Equipment for continuous emissions monitoring – CEM and
CEMS (Continuous Emission Monitoring System). This term is
used largely in Great Britain and the USA for "AMS".
Cross-duct
Based on principles of in-situ measuring technology, the mea-
sured values are detected contact-free by the automatic mea-
suring system (AMS) directly in the gas flow and across the
entire duct diameter (cross duct). In doing so, two measuring
devices are aligned to each other (generally a sender-receiver
unit and a reflector), so that a representative measurement is
ensured for both within the same measured diameter.
30 EMISSION MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY | SICK
PS_header2_small_blue
Drift
Monotone change of the calibration function in a specified
maintenance interval, leading to a change in the measured
value.
E
Emissions
Emissions in terms of the environment refer to the discharge,
transmission or disposal of disrupting factors into the
environment.
EN 14181/EN 15267
The standard EN 14181 specifies quality assurance levels
(QAL) for the suitability of automatic measuring systems
(AMS) for corresponding measuring tasks (QAL1), the regular
calibration and validation of the AMS (QAL2), the continued
monitoring of the AMS during operation of the plant (QAL3)
as well as an annual functional test (AST).
Equipment and complete automated measuring systems
(AMS) for sampling, conditioning and analysis of a sample
from the gas or media being examined, undertaken at a
representative measuring point.
I
In-situ measuring technology
Automatic measuring system (AMS) where the measurement
is carried out directly in the gas duct, without removing a
sample from the process. If the measurement is undertaken
across the diameter of the exhaust gas duct, then pollutants
are detected in a representative manner to a large extent.
Refer to cross duct.
M
Maintenance interval
Maximum permissible period of time within which the mainte-
nance of specified values relating to the process performance
data can be guaranteed, without the requirement for external
maintenance, for example, refilling, calibration or adjustment.
Measured value
An assessed value derived from the measured signal relating
to the air quality characteristic. This includes usual calcula-
tions based on calibration and conversion in desired values.
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Glossary

Measurement inaccuracy S
A parameter, associated with the result of a measurement,
that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could be Sensitivity
reasonable be attributed to the measured value.
Describes a change of value in the output variable of a
measuring device referred to the change of value of the input
Measuring principles and measured values variable which causes it.
The measuring principle makes it possible to measure
another value instead of the measured value, in order to un- Standard deviation
ambiguously derive the measured value from it. It is based on Positive square root from the mean square deviation of the
a repeatable physical occurrence (phenomenon, effect) with a arithmetical average divided by the number of degrees of
known physical relationship between the measured value and freedom.
the other variable.

Standard reference methods

Measuring probe version
Reference method specified for use in European or national
Optimized design of in-situ measuring AMS with fixed active
regulations (for example, for calibration and validation of au-
measuring distance of the measuring probe, for single-side
tomatic measuring systems (AMS) and for repeated measure-
installation at the measuring point. An automatic self-test
ments to test for maintenance of the limit values).
function (QAL3) is possible without test gases.

Suitability testing
P Describes the suitability of automatic measuring systems for
monitoring emissions from stationary sources in accordance
Precision with the standards EN 14181 and EN 15267-3, which deal
Describes the maximum deviation between independently with suitability testing and corresponding minimum require-
detected results, obtained by the tester repeatedly carrying ments and test procedures.
out a specified detection process under prescribed condi-
tions. DIN specifies explicitly that the detection process is
T
considered more accurate if it exhibits fewer "random result
deviations".
Test gas
A test gas is a gas or mixture of gases which is suitable for
R purposes of calibration due to its known composition. It can
also be used for validation or verification.
Reference material
Substance or mixture of substances with known concentra-
tions in specified limits or a device with known properties. Z

Zero gas
Reference method
Gas or gas mixture of known quality (for example a compli-
A measuring method used on agreement for reference pur-
mentary gas or calibration gas) which is not contained in the
poses, which delivers the recognized reference value of the
measured component(s) and serves to calibrate the zero
measured value. See also standard reference methods.
value of a measuring device.

Repeatability
Degree of compliance between the measured results for the
same measured value under unchanged measuring condi-
tions. See also reproducibility.

Reproducibility
Degree of compliance between the measured results for the
same measured value under identical measuring conditions.
See also reproducibility.

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