The learners demonstrate an understanding of:

CONTENT 1. the formation of the universe and the solar system;

2. the subsystems (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and
STANDARD biosphere) that make up the Earth the Earth’s internal
structure.

The learners shall be able to:

1. Conduct a survey to assess the possible geologic hazards
PERFORMANCE that your community may experience.
STANDARD 2. Conduct a survey or design a study to assess the possible
hydrometeorological hazards that your community may
experience

COMPETENCY:
1. State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe.
2. Describe the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the solar system.

This Module elaborates the hypotheses/theories about the

origin and history of the universe and solar system.

Introduction
Do you believe that Universe was started from nothing? How did Universe begin? Is it true that
God created the universe? Does time have a beginning and an end? Does pace have edges? What is
really the truth about the origin of the universe?
This chapter tries to explain the existing and available facts about the origin of the universe.

Origin of the Universe Theories

1. Big Bang
The universe today is the remnant of primordial/cataclysmic explosion called BIG BANG. The
Big Bang ignited the birth of the universe, all matter and space were created instantaneously. Study
table 1 to know the details of Big Bang Theory.
In 1930, the American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble showed that the universe is expanding.
The space formed by the Big Bang was filled by intense, extremely energetic high frequency
radiation called the primeval fireball. Radiation from the dying embers of the primeval fireball now
permeates all of the space in the form of microwaves, which continuously stretch out more and
more as the universe expands.
 Time/Elapsed
Event
Time
10-15 billion Big Bang (primordial
years ago explosion) happened
First 3 minutes Great quantities of
Hydrogen and Helium
were created,
spanning apart at
great speeds.
3 million years Huge clouds,
later stretching 500 million
light years across,
began to condense.
After 200 million These condensations
years formed the first
galaxies
Figure 1. Quantum fluctuations during the Big Bang are
imprinted in gravitational waves, the cosmic microwave
background, and in the structure of today’s Universe.
Studying the Big Bang means detecting those imprints.
2. Creationist Theory
This theory states that GOD, the Supreme Being created the whole universe out of nothing.

3. Oscillating Universe Theory

This theory was proposed by a Russian-born US cosmologist George Gamow who helped
explain the Big Bang theory. He said that the expansion of the universe will eventually come to a
halt then it collapses up to the time that the universe will return to its original form and another Big
Bang will occur. This process will happen as a cycle.

4. Steady-State Theory
This theory states that the universe has always been the same since the beginning and will
remain in its present state until eternity. It further claims that new galaxies appear as a result of the
drifting apart of other galaxies.

Our Expanding Universe

The universe or sometimes called COSMOS is still expanding in a Doppler red shift in the light
we receive. The red shift also called cosmological red shift shows an increasing distance between us
and other galaxies in the universe. Red shifted galaxy light shows not only that the universe is expanding
but also that is expanding more slowly. Every bit of matter in the primordial explosion is attracted by
gravity toward every bit of matter, resulting in a continuous slowing down of the expansion.

Cosmologists subscribe to the oscillating theory of the universe. If the expansion rate is less
than the escape speed, the expansion will continue, come to stop and fall back in on itself. Now, being
on its way, the universe will continue its outward expansion for 35 billion years and come to rest.

The fundamental difference between the Big Bang and ordinary explosion is that with the Big
Bang these was no space for the explosion to go into-space itself is exploding. The universe does
not “exist” in space or in time; rather both space and time exist within the universe. Without the universe
there would be no space and time.
STOPOVER 1
A. Identify what is described/asked in each statement. Write your answer on the space provided.
___________________ 1. The study of the entire universe.
___________________ 2. Theory of the origin of the universe widely accepted by religious groups.
___________________ 3. The widely accepted theory of the universe by the science believers.
___________________ 4. This theory states that the universe has always been the same and will
continue to be the same forever.
___________________ 5. This theory suggests that the universe expanded from a small ball and
is still expanding.
___________________ 6. The other term for universe.
___________________ 7. He said that universe is expanding.
___________________ 8. How old is our universe at present?
___________________ 9. What were the first elements in the universe?
___________________ 10.

B. Answer the following:

11. Describe briefly the Creation theory from day 1 to 7. Please use NIV bible.

Day 1

Day 2

Day 3

Day 4

Day 5

Day 6

Day 7

12. What do you think is the most possible theory about the origin of the universe? Explain your answer
in 3-5 sentences only.
Origin of the Solar System

1. NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
In 1796, Marquis de Laplace, a French astronomer, proposed the nebular
hypothesis:
a. That the solar system evolved from slowly rotating
gaseous cloud.
b. As it cooled by radiation and contracted, it rotated faster
and faster, causing the gas to take a disk-like form.
c. At a certain speed the gravitational attraction could no
longer hold the outer material to the central mass, and it
broke into a ring. This material condensed and formed a
planet.
d. The process continued, forming planets at various
distances from the sun. The moons around the planets
were formed by the same process.

2. About 1900, theorists proposed the passing of another star close to the sun,
producing great tidal bulges on the sun. The passing star gave the material its
whirling motion. The condensation of this material ripped from the sun formed
the planets
Figure 2. Nebular Hypothesis
3. Gravitational energy is converted to heat energy causing the internal
temperature to dramatically rise. The dust grains broke up into molecules
and extremely energetic atomic particles. Materials such as iron and nickel and rock-forming elements like
silicon, calcium, and sodium formed metallic and rocky clamps that orbited the sun. Repeated collisions caused
these masses to coalesce into four inner planets-Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. At the same time, the larger
outer planets-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune were also developing. Being farther from the sun, thus
having colder temperature, the material from which these planets formed contained a high percentage of ice,
water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane. Because of its distance and size Pluto is now not qualified as
a planet.

THE PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Terrestrial Planets
1. MERCURY. Mercury is the planet closest to the Sun. Because of its closeness, it takes only 88 Earth-days to
make one revolution. It rotates only three times for each two revolutions around the Sun. Because of its small
size and weak gravitational field, it holds very little atmosphere. Its day temperature is 315 0C.
2. VENUS. Venus is the brightest planet in the solar system. It is often the first star-like object to appear after
the Sun goes down hence, it is often called the “evening star” during March and April or the “morning star”
during September and October.
3. EARTH. Ours is the blue planet, with more water surface than land. Temperature extremes of day and night
are conducive to life. The insulating properties of our atmosphere and our high rotational rate ensure a brief
and small lowering of temperature.
4. MARS. Mars is little more than half the Earth’s size; its mass is about 1/9 that of the Earth and it has a core,
mantle and crust as well as a thin atmosphere. It takes 2 Earth-years to orbit the Sun. Its atmosphere is about
95 percent carbon dioxide, with only 0.15 percent oxygen.
Mars has
Jovian Planets
5. JUPITER. Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. It has a mass 318 times than of the Earth and an
average density of 1.34 g/cm 3. The diameter is 143,000 kilometers hence, it is called a “giant planet.”
6. SATURN. Saturn has a mean diameter which is nearly 10 times that of the Earth.it composed of Hydrogen
and Helium. Saturn’s rings lie in plane coincident with Saturn’s equator. It has four major rings and hundreds
of ringlets.
7. URANUS. Uranus has a diameter of 47,000 kilometers and a mass that is 14.6 times that of the Earth. It was
discovered by William Herschel in 1781.
8. NEPTUNE. Neptune and Uranus are like twins, similar in size, and appear green due to methane in their
atmosphere.

PLANETARY FACT - METRIC

Characteristics MERCURY VENUS EARTH MOON MARS JUPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUNE PLUTO
Mass(1024kg) 0.330 4.87 5.97 0.073 0.642 1898 568 86.8 102 0.0146
Diameter(km) 4879 12,104 12,756 3475 6792 142,984 120,536 51,118 49,528 2370
Density (kg/m3) 5427 5243 5514 3340 3933 1326 687 1271 1638 2095
Gravity(m/s2) 3.7 8.9 9.8 1.6 3.7 23.1 9.0 8.7 11.0 0.7
Escape Velocity (km/s) 4.3 10.4 11.2 2.4 5.0 59.5 35.5 21.3 23.5 1.3
Rotation Period (hours) 1407.6 -5832.5 23.9 655.7 24.6 9.9 10.7 -17.2 16.1 -153.3
Length of Day (hours) 4222.6 2802.0 24.0 708.7 24.7 9.9 10.7 17.2 16.1 153.3
Distance from Sun (106 km) 57.9 108.2 149.6 0.384* 227.9 778.6 1433.5 2872.5 4495.1 5906.4
Orbital Period (days) 88.0 224.7 365.2 27.3 687.0 4331 10,747 30,589 59,800 90,560
Mean Temperature (C) 167 464 15 -20 -65 -110 -140 -195 -200 -225
Surface Pressure (bars) 0 92 1 0 0.01 Unknown* Unknown* Unknown* Unknown* 0
Number of Moons 0 0 1 0 2 67 62 27 14 5
Ring System? No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Global Magnetic Field? Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Unknown

STOPOVER 2
A. Rearrange the planets based on their distance from the sun. Use numbers 1-8.
Saturn Earth Mercury Neptune Mars Venus Jupiter Uranus

B. Rearrange the planets based on their size from biggest to smallest. Write the numbers 1-8
Saturn Earth Mercury Neptune Mars Venus Jupiter Uranus

C. Match column A with column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank before each number.
A B
____ 1. Known to be as the red planet but in reality its color is a. Jupiter
light brown. b. Venus
____ 2. The ringed planet c. Neptune
____ 3. Earth’s twin sister d. Saturn
____ 4. Derived from the Greek deity of heaven e. Mercury
____ 5. Largest planet f. Uranus
____ 6. Smallest planet g. Earth
____ 7. The evening star h. Mars
____ 8. Fastest planet
____ 9. Only inhabited planet
____ 10. Fourth largest planet
Bibliography:
1. Salandanan, G. G., et. al. (2016). Earth and life sciences. Lorimar Publishing, Inc. Quezon City Metro
Manila

COMPETENCY:
1. Recognize the uniqueness of Earth, being the only planet in the solar system with properties necessary
to support life.
2. Explain that the Earth consists of four subsystems, across whose boundaries matter and energy flow.
3. Explain the current advancements/information on the solar system
4. Show the contributions of personalities/people on the understanding of the earth systems