CL 333 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LAB-2 [2019]

Experiment Number FM 302

Title Batch Settling of Solid Slurries

Sub-group Code B7b

Date of Experiment 26/08/2019

Date of Report Submission 06/09/2019

Roll Number Name Responsibility owned

(data, analysis, plots, report, none)

170020055 Garvita Jain Calculations, plots, questions

170020071 Ritika Agrawal Calculations, hypothesis, questions

170020061 Rachana Meena Calculations, questions, error analysis

(For use by examiners only)

Criterion Faculty assigned marks

Calculations [35]

Graphical plots [20]

Hypothesis testing [35]

Report quality [10]

Initials with date

R&P TA initials with date

1
1. OBJECTIVE
i) Vertical Cylinders: Obtain the batch settling data for the given calcium carbonate slurry
(i.e. the settling rate versus concentration of slurry), and demarcate the different settling
regimes (‘free settling” and ‘hindered settling’).
ii) Tilted Vessels: Obtain the batch settling data in the free settling regime for different
angles. Observe the flow patterns during the settling.

2. PROCEDURE
i) Vertical Cylinders:
1. Stir the mixture well for a uniform concentration of CaCO​3 throughout
​ the solution.
Stir the mixture slowly to avoid the formation of Eddy currents.
2. Note the initial concentration of the slurry and the height of the solution in the
cylinder and start the stopwatch immediately.
3. Note the height of the solution after every minute using a laser to estimate the height,
until a constant height is obtained.
4. Simultaneously carry the above procedure for second cylinder as well.
ii) Tilted Vessels:
1. Fix the angle of the vessel to 20° and note the initial concentration of the slurry.
2. Stir the mixture well for a uniform concentration of CaCO​3 throughout
​ the solution.
Stir the mixture slowly to avoid the formation of Eddie currents.
3. Note the initial height of the solution in the vessels and start the stopwatch
immediately.
4. Note the height of the solution after every minute using a laser to estimate the height,
until a constant height is obtained.
5. Simultaneously carry the above procedure for the second vessel as well.
6. Now, change the angle of both the vessels and fix them to at 10°.
7. Repeat the steps 2-5.
3. SETUP

2
4. RESULTS
4.1 Apparatus
1. 2 Vertical Cylinders 2. 2 Cuboidal Vessels 3. Laser 4. Stirrer 5.Stopwatch
6. CaCO​3 slurry
​

4.2 Least Count

1. Scale for measurement => 1 mm
2. Stopwatch => 0.01 s
4.3 Raw data table
Vertical Cylinder
Concentration = 37.5 g/L
Time Height (mm) Time Height (mm)
1 400 23 152
2 380 24 150
3 370 25 148
4 350 26 146
5 330 27 145
6 310 28 143
7 290 29 141
8 275 30 139
9 260 31 138
10 240 32 136
11 219 33 134
12 200 34 133
13 185 35 131
14 174 36 129
15 170 37 128
16 168 38 126
17 165 39 124
18 163 40 122
19 160 41 121
20 158 42 120
21 156
22 154

3
Concentration = 25 g/L
Time C=Coho/h Time Height (mm)
1 26 22 129
2 28 23 126
3 29 24 123
4 32 25 121
5 35 26 118
6 38 27 116
7 40 28 114
8 43 29 112
9 48 30 110
10 53 31 107
11 55 32 106
12 59 33 104
13 61 34 102
14 64 35 99
15 66 36 98
16 68 37 96
17 71 38 94
18 72 39 92
19 74 40 90
20 76 41 88
21 78 42 86
43 84

Tilted Vessel
Concentration = 37.5 g/L

Time Height (mm) (Angle = 10) Height (mm) Angle = 20

1 174 165
2 164 150

4
 3 153 140
4 143 128
5 132 115
6 121 104
7 111 95
8 102 83
9 94 75
10 85 66
11 77 60
12 71 56
13 68 53
14 64 50
15 63 48
0 187 190

Concentration = 25 g/L

Time Height (mm) (Angle = 10) Height (mm) Angle = 20

1 170 160
2 153 145
3 135 125
4 120 110
5 100 95
6 85 70
7 67 60
8 55 45
9 40 28
10 37 24
11 34 22
12 32 20
13 30 18
14 28 16
15 26 15

5
4.4 Values used for calculation
Density of water (g/cm3) 1
Viscosity of water (g/mm-s) 0.001
Acceleration due to gravity (cm/s2) 981

Density of calcium carbonate (g/cm3) 2.711

B (mm) 100

4.5 Table of calculated results for Vertical Cylinder

Concentration = 37.5 g/L
Time Height (mm) C=Coho/h Time Height (mm) C=Coho/h
1 400 39 23 152 102
2 380 41 24 150 104
3 370 42 25 148 105
4 350 44 26 146 107
5 330 47 27 145 107
6 310 50 28 143 109
7 290 54 29 141 110
8 275 57 30 139 112
9 260 60 31 138 113
10 240 65 32 136 114
11 219 71 33 134 116
12 200 78 34 133 117
13 185 84 35 131 119
14 174 89 36 129 121
15 170 92 37 128 122
16 168 93 38 126 124
17 165 94 39 124 126
18 163 95 40 122 128
19 160 97 41 121 129
20 158 98 42 120 130
21 156 100
22 154 101

6
Concentration = 25 g/L
Time Height (mm) C=Coho/h Time Height (mm) C=Coho/h
1 395 26 22 129 79
2 370 28 23 126 81
3 350 29 24 123 83
4 320 32 25 121 85
5 290 35 26 118 87
6 270 38 27 116 88
7 255 40 28 114 90
8 240 43 29 112 92
9 215 48 30 110 93
10 195 53 31 107 96
11 185 55 32 106 97
12 175 59 33 104 99
13 168 61 34 102 100
14 160 64 35 99 104
15 155 66 36 98 105
16 150 68 37 96 107
17 145 71 38 94 109
18 142 72 39 92 111
19 138 74 40 90 114
20 135 76 41 88 116
21 132 78 42 86 119
43 84 122
Table for settling velocity and 𝜀

Concentration = 37.5 g/L Concentration = 25 g/L

-dh/dt -dh/dt
(mm/min) log(u​s​) log(𝜀) (mm/min) log(u​s​) log(𝜀)
25 3.22 -0.0145 27.5 3.31 -0.0096
15 2.71 -0.0152 22.5 3.11 -0.0103
15 2.71 -0.0156 25.0 3.22 -0.0109
20 3.00 -0.0165 30.0 3.40 -0.0119

7
 20 3.00 -0.0175 25.0 3.22 -0.0131
20 3.00 -0.0187 17.5 2.86 -0.0141
17.5 2.86 -0.0200 15.0 2.71 -0.0149
15 2.71 -0.0211 20.0 3.00 -0.0159
17.5 2.86 -0.0223 22.5 3.11 -0.0177
20.5 3.02 -0.0242 15.0 2.71 -0.0196
20 3.00 -0.0266 10.0 2.30 -0.0206
17 2.83 -0.0291 8.5 2.14 -0.0218
13 2.56 -0.0315 7.5 2.01 -0.0228
7.5 2.01 -0.0335 6.5 1.87 -0.0239
3 1.10 -0.0344 5.0 1.61 -0.0247
2.5 0.92 -0.0348 5.0 1.61 -0.0255
2.5 0.92 -0.0354 4.0 1.39 -0.0264
2.5 0.92 -0.0359 3.5 1.25 -0.0270
2.5 0.92 -0.0365 3.5 1.25 -0.0278
2 0.69 -0.0370 3.0 1.10 -0.0284
2 0.69 -0.0375 3.0 1.10 -0.0291
2 0.69 -0.0380 3.0 1.10 -0.0297
2 0.69 -0.0385 3.0 1.10 -0.0305
2 0.69 -0.0390 2.5 0.92 -0.0312
2 0.69 -0.0396 2.5 0.92 -0.0317
1.5 0.41 -0.0401 2.5 0.92 -0.0326
1.5 0.41 -0.0404 2.0 0.69 -0.0331
2 0.69 -0.0410 2.0 0.69 -0.0337
2 0.69 -0.0416 2.0 0.69 -0.0343
1.5 0.41 -0.0422 2.5 0.92 -0.0350
1.5 0.41 -0.0425 2.0 0.69 -0.0360
2 0.69 -0.0431 1.5 0.41 -0.0363
1.5 0.41 -0.0438 2.0 0.69 -0.0370
1.5 0.41 -0.0441 2.5 0.92 -0.0378
2 0.69 -0.0448 2.0 0.69 -0.0389
1.5 0.41 -0.0455 1.5 0.41 -0.0393

8
 1.5 0.41 -0.0459 2.0 0.69 -0.0402
2 0.69 -0.0466 2.0 0.69 -0.0411
2 0.69 -0.0474 2.0 0.69 -0.0420
1.5 0.41 -0.0482 2.0 0.69 -0.0429
1 0.00 -0.0486 2.0 0.69 -0.0439
1 0.00 -0.0490 2.0 0.69 -0.0450
2.0 0.69 -0.0461

Concentration Slope of h vs t u​s u​t

(g/L) (mm/min) (mm/min) (mm/min) Dp (m) log(u​t​) Re
37.5 -17.9011 17.901 17.901 1.79E-05 2.885 0.0053
25 -20.4895 20.489 20.489 1.91E-05 3.020 0.0065

Tilted Vessel
Concentration = 37.5 g/L
Vertical height, H = Vertical height, H =
hcos(10) hcos(20) ln (1 + H/B * sin(10)) ln (1 + H/B * sin(20))
171.36 155.06 0.260 0.425
161.51 140.96 0.247 0.393
150.68 131.57 0.232 0.371
140.83 120.29 0.219 0.344
130.00 108.07 0.203 0.314
119.16 97.73 0.188 0.288
109.32 89.28 0.174 0.266
100.45 78.00 0.161 0.236
92.57 70.48 0.149 0.216
83.71 62.02 0.136 0.192
75.83 56.39 0.124 0.176
69.92 52.63 0.115 0.165
66.97 49.81 0.110 0.157
63.03 46.99 0.104 0.149
62.04 45.11 0.102 0.143
184.16 178.55 0.277 0.476

9
 slope,10 degree(from u = -slope *
graph) slope, 20 degree (from graph) B/sin(10) u = -slope * B/sin(20)
-0.01380 -0.0259 7.951 7.576

Concentration = 25 g/L
Vertical height, H = Vertical height, H =
hcos(theta) hcos(theta) ln (1 + H/B * sin(10)) ln (1 + H/B * sin(20))
167.42 150.36 0.255 0.415
150.68 136.26 0.232 0.382
132.95 117.47 0.208 0.338
118.18 103.37 0.187 0.303
98.48 89.28 0.158 0.266
83.71 65.78 0.136 0.203
65.98 56.39 0.108 0.176
54.17 42.29 0.090 0.135
39.39 26.31 0.066 0.086
36.44 22.55 0.061 0.074
33.48 20.67 0.056 0.068
31.51 18.80 0.053 0.062
29.54 16.92 0.050 0.056
27.58 15.04 0.047 0.050
25.61 14.10 0.043 0.047

u = -slope * u = -slope *
slope,10 degree(from graph) slope, 20 degree (from graph) B/sin(10) B/sin(20)
-0.02390 -0.0413 13.770 12.081

Error analysis for ln (1 + H/B * (sin(theta)))

Tilted Vessel
Concentration = 37.5g/L Concentration = 25 g/L

dR (𝜃 = 10°) dR (𝜃 = 20°) dR (𝜃 = 10°) dR​ ​(𝜃 = 20°)

0.01590 0.01585 0.01624 0.01626
0.01677 0.01713 0.01785 0.01760

10
 0.01785 0.01810 0.01996 0.01978
0.01897 0.01942 0.02213 0.02181
0.02036 0.02109 0.02590 0.02430
0.02197 0.02274 0.02968 0.03001
0.02368 0.02430 0.03600 0.03312
0.02547 0.02674 0.04195 0.03923
0.02729 0.02866 0.05286 0.04959
0.02968 0.03118 0.05577 0.05287
0.03219 0.03312 0.05901 0.05468
0.03437 0.03456 0.06139 0.05662
0.03558 0.03572 0.06396 0.05871
0.03732 0.03696 0.06677 0.06095
0.03778 0.03783 0.06983 0.06214

4.6 Sample Calculation

Calculations for vertical cylinder:
For sample ID 1:
● Co= 37.5g/L, ho=415mm
C*h = Co*ho
C = Coho/h
= 37.5*415/400= 39g/L
● dh/dt is calculated by finite difference method,
-(dh/dt)​1​ = -(-3*h​1​ + 4*h​2​ - h​3​)/2
= -(-3*400 + 4*380 - 370)/2
= 25 mm/min
-(dh/dt)​2​ = -(h​3​ - h​1​)/2
= -(370 - 400)/2
= 15 mm/min
-(dh/dt)​42​ = -(h​40​ - 4*h​41​ + 3*h​42​)/2
= -(122 - 4*121 + 3*120)/2
= 1 mm/min
● dh/dt = -u​s
For 1, u​s​ = -(dh/dt)​1​ = 25 mm/min
● In free settling regime from plot,
Slope = dh/dt = -17.9011
u​t =
​ -dh/dt = 17.9011 mm/min

11
 D​p​ = √[18𝜇u​t​/𝜌​p​(𝜌​p​ - 𝜌​f​)]
= √[18*0.001*(17.9011/60)/(2.711*(2.711-1))]
= 1.79 * 10​-3​ cm = 1.79 * 10​-3​ m
Re = 𝜌​f​u​t​d​p​/𝜇
= (1/1000) * (17.9011*/60) * (1.79*1000) / (0.001*0.1)
= 0.534
● 𝜀 = void fraction = V​f​/V​T
= 1 - V​s​/V​T
= 1 - (CV​T​/𝜌​p​)/V​T
= 1 - C/𝜌​p
= 1 - 39/(2.711*1000)
= 0.986

Calculations for the tilted vessel:

Calculations for sample ID 1, conectration= 37.5g/L
Vertical height H= h * cos(𝜃)
For 𝜃 =10°, h=174mm, H=174*cos(10*3.14/180)
= 171.36mm
For 𝜃 =20°, H= 174*cos(20*3.14/180)
= 155.06mm
ln (1 + H/B * sin(10))= ln(1+(171.36/100)*sin(10*3.14/180))
= 0.260
ln (1 + H/B * sin(20))= ln(1+(155.06/100)*sin(20*3.14/180))
= 0.425

Used for plotting ln (1 + H/B * (sin(theta))) vs. time, the slope obtained is such that: slope=
-u*sin(𝜃)/B

Slope,10° (from graph) = -0.01380, slope, 20° (from graph) = -0.0259

=> u = -slope * B/sin(10)= 7.951

=> u = -slope * B/sin(20)= 7.576

12
ERROR ANALYSIS
For concentration= 37.5g/L, sample ID 1
Calculated result is R= ln (1 + H/B * (sin(theta))), measured value is h, so error of h will
propagate in calculated result, differentiating
H=hcos(theta)
dH=cos(theta)dh, Δh=0.5mm
dR= d( ln (1 + H/B * (sin(theta))))= 1/(1+ Hsin(theta)/B)* (sin(theta)/B)^dH,
dR= dh/(Bsin(theta)+ H)
Bsin(theta)+H = 100*(sin(theta))+ H
For theta= 10degress= 10*3.14/180
dR= Δh/(100*sin(10*3.14/180)+171.36)=0.01590
For theta= 20degress= 20*3.14/180
dR= Δh/(100*sin(20*3.14/180)+155.06)= 0.01585

4.7 Plots
Vertical Cylinder
1. Height vs time for 37.5g/l

Free settling region: Slope : -17.9011, Intercept= 418.7582

Hindered region:Slope : -1.8626, Intercept=196.0828

13
 2. Height vs time for 25g/l

Free settling region: Slope : -20.4895, Intercept= 404.8485

Hindered region: Slope : -2.6208, Intercept= 191.2903

3. Settling velocity vs concentration (Co = 37.5g/l)

Concentration at which settling crosses from free to hindered region = 78g/l

14
 4. Settling velocity vs concentration (Co = 25g/l)

Concentration at which settling crosses from free to hindered region = 59g/l

5. log(us) vs log(epsilon), 37.5g/l

6. log(us) vs log(epsilon),25g/l

15
Tilted Vessel
7. ln(1+(H/B)*sin(10*3.14/180)) vs time(min) for 37.5g/l and 10 degree

Free settling region, Slope : -0.01380, Intercept: 0.2731

Hindered region: Slope :-0.0055, Intercept: 0.1825

8. ln(1+H/B*sin(20*3.14/180)) vs time(min) for 37.5g/l and 20 degree

Free settling region: Slope : -0.0259, Intercept=0.4469

Hindered region: Slope : -0.0095, Intercept= 0.2830

16
 9. ln(1+H/B*sin(10*3.14/180)) vs time(min) for 25g/l and 10 degree

Free settling region: Slope : -0.0239, Intercept=0.2794

Hindered region: Slope : -0.0037, Intercept= 0.0979
10. ln(1+H/B*sin(20*3.14/180)) vs time(min) for 25g/l and 20 degree

Free settling region: Slope : -0.0413, Intercept= 0.4627

Hindered region: Slope : -0.0063 Intercept= 0.1391

17
 
11. ln((B+Ho*sin(𝜃*3.14/180))/(B+Hsin(𝜃*3.14/180))) vs (u*t*sin(𝜃*3.14/180))/B

5. DISCUSSION

5.1 Observations
1. From plots 1 and 2 of a vertical cylinder, we get two different slopes indicating the
free settling region and hindered region. For 37.5 g/l, the transition is seen at 14
minutes and for 25 g/l, the transition is seen at 12 min.
2. For the vertical cylinder, terminal velocity in both cases(25 g/l and 37.5 g/l) should be
the same theoretically and experimentally, we are getting almost the same value. For
25 g/l, Ut = 17.901 mm/min and for 37.5 g/l, Ut = 20.489 mm/min.
3. The average value of the diameter of particle = 18.5 um which is very close to the
theoretical value(18 um). Reynold's number obtained experimentally is also less than
1 which validates the stoke’s law.
4. The values of n obtained are 30.1 and 24.48 which deviated significantly from the
theoretical values.
5. For the titled vessel, the settling rate increases with the tilt angle.
6. From plot 11 of the tilted vessel, it can be seen that experimental data verifies with the
theory.

18
5.2 Questions
Vertical Cylinder
1) Can you verify the diameter of the particles by an independent measurement?
Ans. We referred to the research paper by the Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container
Association (FIBCA).
https://fibca.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/FIBCA_CaCO3_White_Paper.pdf

2) What are some of the other parameters besides particle size which affect the sedimentation
rate?
Ans. Some of the factors are that affect sedimentation rate are: tilt angle of the container,
concentration of solute, density, viscosity of the solvent, particle agglomeration, convection
current in the solvent due to stirring.

3) What would be the effect of the sedimentation, process if particles have a tendency to
agglomerate?
Ans. Due to agglomeration, sedimentation rate increases as particle-particle interaction will
decrease. Due to less particle-particle interaction, hindrance will decrease and particles would
sediment more easily.

4) Could you design a continuous settler based on the batch data?

Ans. Yes, since we know the settling rate, we can design a continuous settler by choosing
proper dimensions for the settler and by calculating the flow rate using the geometry and
settling rate.

Tilted Vessel
1) Does the data taken agree with the PNK theory? If not what could be the possible causes
for the deviation?
Ans. Yes, the experimental data taken agrees with the PNK theory, the same can be seen
from plot 4.

2) What would be the effect of concentration of suspension on the circulatory flow produced
in the case of tilted vessels?
Ans. As concentration of suspension increases, circulatory flow produced in the titled vessel
also increases.

19
3) Can you derive the PNK theory equations?
Ans. S= utW (b secθ + H tanθ)
dH/ dt =−u(1+(H/b)*sinθ)
Integrating above equation
Eqn 1: ln(1+(H/B)*sinθ) = -(u*t*sinθ)/B + Constant
At t=0, H=Ho
Eqn 2: ln(1+(Ho/B)*sinθ) = constant
Eqn 1 and Eqn 2 gives Eqn 3
Eqn 3: ln((1+(H/B)*sinθ)/(1+(Ho/B)*sinθ)) = -(u*t*sinθ)/B
LHS => y-axis, RHS => x-axis

​5.3 Hypotheses
5.3.1 Hypothesis 1: Instability of interface and random errors lead to deviation in n.
Explanation: ​The value of n we obtained are 30.1 and 24.48 whereas the theoretical values
of n are 2.4 to 4.4. This is because of the instability and also improper visibility of the
interface of the solution. The readings of heights were a bit repeating in some cases, giving
repeated values for log(u​s​) and 𝜀 in the end. Also, due to some outliers, the slope of the curve
shifts unnecessarily. Thus, we ignore few points while plotting the curve leading to an
expected change in value of n.
Conclusion: Above hypothesis is accepted.

5.3.2 Hypothesis 2:Particle interactions and void fraction play role in terminal velocity.
Explanation: ​The values for terminal velocities obtained are 17.9 mm/min (for 37.5 g/L) and
20.5 mm/min (for 25 g/L). We know that theoretical calculation of terminal velocity assumes
the particle to be isolated from other particles, which implies that the value of terminal
velocity should be equal irrespective of concentration of CaCo​3​. Now, as we can see from
both the values of terminal velocities, they are almost equal (close to 20), we can say that our
values satisfy the theoretical expectations. Although, the value of terminal velocity is lesser
in case of 37.5 g/L because when particles will be more then there will be larger
particle-particle interactions as well as smaller void fraction which will lead to hindrance to
the particle in travelling to the bottom.
Conclusion: Above hypothesis is accepted.

20
5.6 Conclusion
1. Rate of settling is increased with increasing inclination of vessel.
2. PNK theory holds correct for calculating velocity in tilted vessel.
3. Reynlod’s Number is obtained to be less than 1, thus validating Stoke’s Law.

APPENDIX
Vertical cylinder
Plot 1
t=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ];
H=[400 380 370 350 330 310 290 275 260 240 219 200 185 174];
e=[3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3];
e=[3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3];
scatter(t,H, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t,H,1);
slope=p(1) % (-17.9011)
intercept=p(2) % (418.7582)
yfit =p(1)*t + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t,H,e,'b','linestyle','none')
plot(t,yfit, 'b');
t1=[14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38 39 40 41 42];
H1 = [ 174 170 168 165 163 160 158 156 154 152 150 148 146 145 143 141 139 138 136
134 133 131 129 128 126 124 122 121 120];
e=[3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3];
yneg=[3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3];
scatter(t1,H1, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t1,H1,1);
slope=p(1) % (-1.8626)
intercept=p(2) % (196.0828)
yfit =p(1)*t1 + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t1,H1,e,'b','linestyle','none')
plot(t1,yfit, 'b');
xlabel('time (min)')
ylabel('Height (mm)')
legend('experimental','error bar','best fit');
grid on;

21
Plot 2
t=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ];
H=[395 370 350 320 290 270 255 240 215 195 185 175 ];
ypos=[3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3];
yneg=[3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3];
scatter(t,H, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t,H,1);
slope=p(1) % (-17.9011)
intercept=p(2) % (418.7582)
yfit =p(1)*t + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t,H,yneg,ypos,'b','linestyle','none')
plot(t,yfit, 'b');
t1 =[ 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 ];
H1 =[ 175 168 160 155 150 145 142 138 135 132 129 126 123 121 118 116 114 112 110
107 106 104 102 99 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 84];
ypos=[3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3];
yneg=[3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3];
scatter(t1,H1, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t1,H1,1);
slope=p(1) % (-1.8626)
intercept=p(2) % (196.0828)
yfit =p(1)*t1 + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t1,H1,yneg,ypos,'b','linestyle','none')
plot(t1,yfit, 'b');
xlabel('time (min)')
ylabel('Height (mm)')
legend('experimental','error bar','best fit');
grid on;

Plot 3
y=[25.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 17.5 15.0 17.5 20.5 20.0 17.0 13.0
7.5 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.5 1.5 2.0
2.0 1.5 1.0 1.0];

22
x=[39 41 42 44 47 50 54 57 60 65 71 78 84 89 92 93 94 95 97 98 100 101 102 104 105 107
107 109 110 112 113 114 116 117 119 121 122 124 126 128 129 130];
scatter(x,y,'*');
xlabel('C(g/l)')
ylabel('settling velocity(mm/min)')
legend('experimental');
grid on;

Plot 4
y=[27.5 22.5 25.0 30.0 25.0 17.5 15.0 20.0 22.5 15.0 10.0 8.5 7.5 6.5 5.0
5.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
2.0 2.0 2.0];
x=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43];
scatter(x,y,'*');
xlabel('C(g/l)')
ylabel('settling velocity(mm/min)')
legend('experimental');
grid on;

Tilted Vessel
Plot 7
y=[0.260 0.247 0.232 0.219 0.203 0.188 0.174 0.161 0.149 0.136 0.124 ];
e= [0.01590 0.01677 0.01785 0.01897 0.02036 0.02197 0.02368 0.02547 0.02729 0.02968
0.03219];
scatter(t,y, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t,y,1);
slope=p(1) % ()
intercept=p(2) % ()
yfit =p(1)*t + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t,y,e,'g','linestyle','none')
plot(t,yfit, 'b');
t1= [11 12 13 14 15 ];
x1=[0.124 0.115 0.110 0.104 0.102];
e=[0.03219 0.03437 0.03558 0.03732 0.03778];
scatter(t1,x1, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t1, x1,1);
slope=p(1) % ()
intercept=p(2) % ()
yfit =p(1)*t1 + p(2);
hold on;

23
 errorbar(t1,x1,e,'g','linestyle','none')
plot(t1,yfit, 'b');
xlabel('time (min)')
ylabel('ln(1+H/B*sin(10*3.14/180))')
legend('experimental','error bar','best fit');
grid on;

Plot 8:
t=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ];
y=[0.425 0.393 0.371 0.344 0.314 0.288 0.266 0.236 0.216 0.192 ];
e= [0.01585 0.01713 0.01810 0.01942 0.02109 0.02274 0.02430 0.02674 0.02866 0.03118];
scatter(t,y, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t,y,1);
slope=p(1) % ()
intercept=p(2) % ()
yfit =p(1)*t + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t,y,e,'g','linestyle','none')
plot(t,yfit, 'b');
t1= [10 11 12 13 14 15 ];
x1=[0.192 0.176 0.165 0.157 0.149 0.143];
e=[0.03118 0.03312 0.03456 0.03572 0.03696 0.03783];
scatter(t1,x1, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t1, x1,1);
slope=p(1) % ()
intercept=p(2) % ()
yfit =p(1)*t1 + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t1,x1,e,'g','linestyle','none')
plot(t1,yfit, 'b');
xlabel('time (min)')
ylabel('ln(1+H/B*sin(20*3.14/180))')
legend('experimental','error bar','best fit');
grid on;

Plot 9:
t=[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ];
y=[0.255 0.232 0.208 0.187 0.158 0.136 0.108 0.090 0.066 ];
e= [0.01624 0.01785 0.01996 0.02213 0.02590 0.02968 0.03600 0.04195 0.05286];
scatter(t,y, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t,y,1);
slope=p(1) % (-0.0239)

24
 intercept=p(2) % (0.2794)
yfit =p(1)*t + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t,y,e,'g','linestyle','none')
plot(t,yfit, 'b');
t1= [9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ];
x1=[ 0.066 0.061 0.056 0.053 0.050 0.047 0.043];
e= [0.05286 0.05577 0.05901 0.06139 0.06396 0.06677 0.06983];
scatter(t1,x1, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t1, x1,1);
slope=p(1) % (-0.0037)
intercept=p(2) % ( 0.0979)
yfit =p(1)*t1 + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t1,x1,e,'g','linestyle','none');
plot(t1,yfit, 'b');
xlabel('time (min)')
ylabel('ln(1+H/B*sin(10*3.14/180))')
legend('experimental','error bar','best fit');
grid on;

Plot 10
e=[0.01626 0.01760 0.01978 0.02181 0.02430 0.03001 0.03312 0.03923 0.04959 ];
scatter(t,y, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t,y,1);
slope=p(1) % ( -0.0413)
intercept=p(2) % ( 0.4627)
yfit =p(1)*t + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t,y,e,'g','linestyle','none')
plot(t,yfit, 'b');
t1= [9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ];
x1=[ 0.086 0.074 0.068 0.062 0.056 0.050 0.047];
e=[0.04959 0.05287 0.05468 0.05662 0.05871 0.06095 0.06214];
scatter(t1,x1, 'r', '*')
p=polyfit(t1, x1,1);
slope=p(1) % ( -0.0063)
intercept=p(2) % (0.1391)
yfit =p(1)*t1 + p(2);
hold on;
errorbar(t1,x1,e,'g','linestyle','none')
plot(t1,yfit, 'b');

25
xlabel('time (min)')
ylabel('ln(1+H/B*sin(20*3.14/180))')
legend('experimental','error bar','best fit');
grid on;

Plot 11
x1=[0.0138 0.0276 0.0414 0.0552 0.069 0.0828 0.0966 0.1104 0.1242 0.138 0.1518
0.1656 0.1794 0.1932 0.207];
y1=[0.01413 0.02740 0.04219 0.05583 0.07106 0.08652 0.10078 0.11380 0.12551 0.13885
0.15086 0.15997 0.16455 0.17069 0.17224];
scatter(x1,y1, 'r', '*')
hold on;
x2=[0.0259 0.0518 0.0777 0.1036 0.1295 0.1554 0.1813 0.2072 0.2331 0.2590 0.2849
0.3108 0.3367 0.3626 0.3885];
y2=[0.05423 0.08623 0.10814 0.13510 0.16514 0.19128 0.21319 0.24317 0.26367 0.28725
0.30328 0.31411 0.32231 0.33058 0.33613];
scatter(x2,y2,'b','*')
x3=[0.0239 0.0478 0.0717 0.0956 0.1195 0.1434 0.1673 0.1912 0.2151 0.2390 0.2629
0.2868 0.3107 0.3346 0.3585];
y3=[0.0239 0.0478 0.0717 0.0956 0.1195 0.1434 0.1673 0.1912 0.2151 0.239 0.2629
0.2868 0.3107 0.3346 0.3585];
scatter(x3,y3,'g','o')
x4=[0.0413 0.0826 0.1239 0.1652 0.2065 0.2478 0.2891 0.3304 0.3717 0.4130 0.4543
0.4956 0.5369 0.5782 0.6195];
y4=[0.0413 0.0826 0.1239 0.1652 0.2065 0.2478 0.2891 0.3304 0.3717 0.413 0.4543
0.4956 0.5369 0.5782 0.6195];
scatter(x4,y4,'c','o')
x5 = 0:0.001:1;
y=x5;
plot(x5,y);

26
DATASHEET

27
28