Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TCSC Facts Device
TCSC Facts Device
net/publication/271512461
CITATIONS READS
11 1,219
3 authors:
Fahad Iqbal
Jamia Millia Islamia
8 PUBLICATIONS 25 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
All content following this page was uploaded by Mohd Tauseef Khan on 08 June 2016.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Fahad Iqbal
Abstract In deregulated power system, congestion man- (DISCOS). Competition has been introduced to GENCOS
agement is a major problem due to operational constraints. and DISCOS in order to reach higher efficiency in elec-
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices can be tricity production and utilization, where as transmission
a choice to control the power flow in congested lines. This infrastructure is controlled and administered by the trans-
paper explores the use of two popular FACTS devices, mission operators which may be a private entity or gov-
TCSC and STATCOM for power flow control in electrical ernment organization. Transmission infrastructure is
network and their capability to decongest the network. It generally in hands of one entity due to benefits of economy
suggests the optimal location of TCSC and STATCOM of scale, economy of scope and the requirement of proper
individually to relieve congestion with minimum power control.
losses, voltage regulation and cost of the device. The The electrical load is increasing at a faster rate as
proposed method has been verified on IEEE-14 bus system compared to the increment in transmission capability. This,
for its effectiveness. Simulation work is carried out in along with large numbers of bilateral and multilateral
MATLAB software. contracts causes intense transmission utilization in certain
areas which was not considered during installation. If the
Keywords Deregulation FACTS Congestion contracted transactions are not controlled, some lines
management Sensitivity indices TCSC STATCOM present in certain sections may become overloaded; this
phenomenon is termed as congestion (Gad et al. 2012). It
compels for the improvement in transmission capability
1 Introduction and at the same time ensuring system security and reli-
ability i.e., congestion management, which can be defined
As competition is introduced everywhere, it also affects the as any action taken to avoid or relieve congestion.
electricity market. Traditional monopolistic electricity Green politics, right-of-way and cost problems are the
market has been restructured and replaced by three separate fundamental limitations of a transmission network in both
entities i.e., generation companies (GENCOS), transmis- regulated and deregulated power systems. Those contracts
sion companies (TRANSCOS) and distribution companies that result in intense flows have a tendency to incur more
losses, and to threaten stability, security and reliability, are
economically unfavorable. Hence, proper utilization of
A. S. Siddiqui M. T. Khan F. Iqbal (&) available transmission capability is required, which can be
Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia,
achieved by installing flexible AC transmission systems
New Delhi, India
e-mail: krfahadiqbal@gmail.com (FACTS) devices (Taher and Besharat 2008). FACTS
employ high speed thyristor for switching in and out
A. S. Siddiqui
e-mail: anshsi@yahoo.co.in transmission line component such as capacitors, reactors or
phase shifting transformers for some desirable performance
M. T. Khan
e-mail: tauseefkhan_alig@yahoo.co.in of the system.
123
Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag
FACTS devices can control the power flow in trans- location of FACTS device. Further, two FACTS devices i.e.,
mission network without generation rescheduling or net- TCSC and STATCOM are compared for relieving same
work reconfiguration, thus improving the performance. congestion in two different cases. It was inferred that both the
Line flows can be modified in such a manner that there are devices has their distinct advantages. According to applica-
reduction in static limit violation and losses, enhancement tion required, any of these FACTS devices can be selected.
of stability margins and fulfillment of contractual obliga- In this paper an attempt is made to explore the use of
tion (Hingorani and Gyugyi 2012). Some issues associated TCSC and STATCOM and its locational aspect for con-
with FACTS devices are optimal location, appropriate size, gestion management in deregulated power system.
setting, cost and modeling (Rajalakshmi et al. 2011).
Congestion management in a restructured market envi-
ronment using a combination of demand response (DR) and 2 Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC)
FACTS devices is proposed by Yousefi et al. (2012). They
developed a re-dispatch formulation using mixed integer Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) is a series
optimization technique in which DRs and FACTS device FACTS device which enhances the capacity of transmis-
controllers are optimally coordinated with conventional sion line by reducing its series impedance. TCSC does not
generators. require interfacing equipment like high voltage transformer
Brosda and Handschin (2001) examined different con- which makes it more simple and economical than other
gestion management techniques and integration of FACTS FACTS devices.
controllers in these schemes to reduce the cost of conges- Figures 1 and 2 shows the basic diagram of TCSC and
tion. Huang and Yan (2002) inspected the effect of FACTS its impedance variation curve respectively. It is the curve
devices in congestion management while transactions between effective reactance and firing angle a of TCSC.
curtailment reduction and increment of total transfer The firing angle a of a bi-directional thyristor valve ranges
capability. from 90 to 180 with respect to capacitor voltage.
The congestion management method considered by
• If XL \ XC in designing the TCSC, the benefits of both
Mwanza et al. 2007 is based on a constrained re-dispatch of
inductive and capacitive region can be obtained.
generation schedule. Congestion management cost can be
• If XL [ XC, only the capacitive region is possible in
evaluated from the re-dispatch. They considered the
impedance characteristic curve due to the property of
installation and operation of the FACTS devices in trans-
shunt network; as effective reactance is the lesser
mission network to alleviate congestion and minimize the
reactance present in the branch.
amount of active power required for redispatch. A cost-
• If XL = XC, a resonance condition develops in the
benefit analysis is proposed to evaluate the benefit of using
circuit that results in infinite impedance which is an
FACTS for congestion management.
unacceptable condition as transmission line would be
Gad et al. (2012) suggested sensitivity factor method for
considered as an open circuit.
determining the optimal location of series FACTS devices.
They performed a comparative analysis of real power The impedance of TCSC circuit as shown in Fig. 1 can
performance index and reduction of total reactive power be given by;
losses in the system. They concluded that PI method is XC X l ð aÞ
more economical than reduction of total system reactive XTCSC ðaÞ ¼ ð1Þ
Xl ð aÞ XC
power loss method for installation of TCSC.
Zhang et al. (2007) presented a general two-step opti- where,
mization methodology which is capable of determining the p
optimal rating of a FACTS controller while relieving Xl ð a Þ ¼ X L
p 2a sin a
transmission system congestion via effective control of the
flow of active and reactive power. A general sensitivity
based three-step optimization methodology is further
developed to include sensitivity analysis for determining
both the optimal location and rating of a FACTS controller
for congestion management in bilateral electricity market.
Optimal placement of FACTS device is a function of the
ratio of real power loss of network without and with FACTS
device, tolerable voltage limit and cost of FACTS device.
This paper suggested weighted mean method with these
functions on most sensitive lines to determine the optimal Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of TCSC
123
Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag
Similarly, the real and reactive power flow from bus-n to Q0n ¼ Vn2 DBmn Vm Vn ½DGmn sin dmn þ DBmn cos dmn
bus-m is ð6Þ
123
Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag
where,
Ploss: Total real power loss of network without TCSC
P0 loss: Total real power loss of network with TCSC
Vmin: Minimum tolerable voltage limits
Vmax: Maximum tolerable voltage limits
Vn: Voltage at nth bus
Nb: Number of buses Fig. 4 Single line diagram of two buses with STATCOM at bus n
123
Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag
123
Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag
were selected for the placement of TCSC in order to relieve Table 1 Sensitivity indices for IEEE-14 bus system
congestion. After placement of TCSC in line-15, (most TCSC From Bus Sensitivity
positive one) the problem of congestion doesn’t solve. So, in line- k m to n indices
TCSC was placed on other positive lines 7, 9 and 17 for
1 1–2 -0.597
congestion management. All these lines were able to solve
the problem of congestion from the system. 2 1–5 -0.2108
Now, the best location of TCSC was optimized among 3 2–3 -0.1113
these lines using Eq. 9. From the equation, objective 4 2–4 -0.1167
function F1 comes 0.2392, 0.2504 and 0.2589 for line 7, 9 5 2–5 -0.0828
and 17 respectively. So, line 7 (F1 = 0.2392) was chosen 6 3–4 -0.0264
as the best location of TCSC which can relieve congestion 7 4–5 -0.0021
as well as meeting the other constraints, i.e. minimum 8 4–7 -0.1039
power loss, cost, and voltage deviation from base voltage. 9 4–9 -0.0023
The optimal location of STATCOM was found using 10 5–6 -0.2091
Eq. 18. STATCOM should be placed on load buses only 11 6–11 -0.006
because generation bus can provide reactive power itself. 12 6–12 -0.1024
As can be seen from Eq. 21, using power loss factor, 13 6–13 -0.0279
voltage deviation and cost of the device as constraints, 14 7–8 -0.0047
objective function F2 can be found. For the optimal loca- 15 7–9 0.0001
tion of STATCOM the value of objective function F2 16 9–10 -0.0642
17 9–14 -0.0029
18 10–11 -0.003
19 12–13 -0.0067
20 13–14 -0.0443
123
Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag
5 Conclusion
123
Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag
cost parameter TCSC can be selected, but if we give more Satyanarayana K, Prasad BKV, Devanand G, Siva Prasad N (2011)
importance to active and reactive power loss and voltage Optimal location of TCSC with minimum installation cost using
PSO, Vol. 2. Int J Comput Sci Technol 1:156–160
stability margin then STATCOM will be preferred. So, Taher SA, Besharat H (2008) Transmission congestion management
depending on the application requirement and flexibility, by determinig optimal location of FACTS devices in deregulated
either of the two devices can be selected. power systems. Am J Appl Sci 5(3):242–247
This technique can be beneficial for the placement of Yousefi A, Nguyen TT, Zareipour H, Malik OP (2012) Congestion
management using demand response and FACTS devices. Electr
FACTS device in networks like Indian grid where the load Power Eng Syst 37:78–85
demand varies rapidly. The Indian grid network is again Zhang XP, Chong B, Godfrey KR, Yao L, Bazargan M, Schmitt L
divided into five regional grids: northern region, eastern (2007) Management of congestion costs utilizing FACTS
region, western region, north-east region and southern controllers in a bilateral electricity market environment. IEEE
Power Tech, Lausanne, pp 1244–1249
region. Western region grid has large supply while the
Northern region grid has large power demand and low
generation. The generation is ample in Western region, but Anwar Shahzad Siddiqui
this available energy cannot be transferred to the Northern
region as the connecting link has a limited capacity and
results in congestion. So, the FACTS devices can be
installed in this connecting line to augment its capacity
which in turn allows large transfer of power from western
region grid to northern region grid.
References
Brosda J, Handschin E (2001) Congestion management methods with Mohd Tauseef Khan
special consideration of FACTS devices. Proceedings of IEEE
Power Technology Conference, vol. 1, Porto, Portugal, 2001
Canizares (2000) Power flow and transient stability models of FACTS
controllers for voltage and angle stability studies. IEEE Power
Eng Soc Winter Meet 2:1447–1454
Gad M, Shinde P, Kulkarni SU (2012) Optimal location of TCSC by
sensitivity methods. Int J Comput Eng Res 2(6):162–168
Hingorani NG, Gyugyi L (2012) Understanding FACTS. IEEE Press,
New York
Huang GM, Yan P (2002) TCSC and SVC as re-dispatch tools for
congestion management and TTC improvement. Proceedings of
IEEE PES, Winter Meeting, vol. 1, pp. 660–665, 2002
Hussain SMS, Subbaramiah M (2013) An analytical approach for
optimal location of DSTATCOM in radial distribution system.
International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Fahad Iqbal
Sustainability (ICEETS), Nagercoil, pp.1365–1369, 2013
Khan MT, Siddiqui AS (2014) Congestion management in deregu-
lated power system using FACTS device. Int J Syst Assur Eng
Manag. doi:10.1007/s13198-014-0258-x
Masood T, Aggarwal RK, Qureshi SA, Khan RA (2010) STATCOM
model against SVC control model performance analyses tech-
nique by MATLAB. International Conference on Renewable
Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’10), Spain, 2010
Musunuri S, Dehnavi G (2010) Comparison of STATCOM, SVC,
TCSC, and SSSC performance in steady state voltage stability
improvement. North American Power symposium (NAPS),
Arlington: 1–7, 2010
Mwanza K, Shi Y, Tuan LA (2007) Economic evaluation of FACTS
for congestion management in pool markets. IEEE Power Tech
Lausanne, Lausanne, pp 2053–2058
Rajalakshmi L, Suganyadevi MV, Parameswari S (2011) Congestion
management in deregulated power system by locating series
FACTS devices. Int J Comput Appl 13:19–22
123