TERM I TERM II

Prose (Beehive)
1. The Fun They Had
2. The sound of music
3. The Little girl
4. A Truly beautiful mind
5. The Snake and the Mirror
6. My Childhood
Poetry (Beehive)
1. The Road Not Taken
2. Wind
3. Rain on the Roof
4. The Lake Isle of Innisfree
5. A Legend of the Northland
Supplementary Reader (Moments)
1. The Lost Child
2. The Adventures of Toto
3. Iswaran the Storyteller
4. In the Kingdom of Fools
5. The Happy Prince
7. Packing
8. Reach for the Top
9. The Bond of Love
10. Kathmandu
11. If I were You
6. No Men Are Foreign
7. The Duck and the Kangaroo
8. On Killing a Tree
9. The Snake Trying
10. A Slumber did My Spirit Seal
6. Weathering the Storm in Ersama
7. The Last leaf
8. A House is Not a Home
9. The Accidental Tourist
10. The Beggar

Tense
Simple Present Tense Definition
Those sentences which denote a habit, a universal fact or experience are in the
simple present tense. The simple present tense indicates that an action is
present. Generally, it is used for factual or habitual actions – things which occur
in the present but are not necessarily occurring now. The simple present tense
is also used to denote events that are scheduled to happen – either by nature or
by people.
 Simple Present Tense Formula for First Person Singular
The formula for simple present tense when the First Person is Singular is
that the sentence starts with ‘I’, then a verb in its base form, followed by an
object which is optional.
So, we can say that the formula for simple present tense for First Person
Singular is as follows -

‘I’ + verb (base form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for simple present tense
when the First Person is Singular:
1) I study hard for exams.
मैं परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत करता हूँ ।
2) I go to work every day.
मैं हर रोज़ काम पर जाता हूँ ।
3) I sleep late on Saturdays.
मैं शलनवार को दे र से सोता हूँ ।
4) I watch a movie every week.
मैं हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खता हूँ ।
5) I swim on Sundays.
मैं रलववार को तै रता हूँ ।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add do/ does not before the basic form of the verb and the rest of the rule
remains the same.

‘I’ + do/ does not + verb (base form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for simple
present tense when the Person is Singular:
1) I do not study hard for exams.
मैं परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करता हीं ।
2) I do not go to work everyday.
मैं रोज काम पर नहीीं जाता हीं ।
3) I do not sleep late on Saturdays.
मैं शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सोता हीं ।
4) I do not watch a movie every week.
मैं हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे खता हीं ।
5) I do not swim on Sundays.
मैं रलववार को तै रता नहीीं हीं ।
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains
the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).
Do/ Does + ‘I’ + verb (base form) + object (optional)?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
simple present tense when the Person is Singular:
1) Do I study hard for exams?
क्या मैं परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन करता हीं ?
2) Do I go to work everyday?
क्या मैं रोज़ काम पर जाता हूँ ?
3) Do I sleep late on Saturdays?
क्या मैं शलनवार को दे र से सोता हूँ ?
4) Do I watch a movie every week?
क्या मैं हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खता हीं ?
5) Do I swim on Sundays?
क्या मैं रलववार को तै रता हूँ ?
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the
formula is that you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after
the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a
question mark (?).

Do/ Does + ‘I’ + ‘not’ + verb (base form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the
formula for simple present tense when the Person is Singular:
1) Do I not study hard for exams?
क्या मैं परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करता हीं ?
2) Do I not go to work everyday?
क्या मैं रोज़ काम पर नहीीं जाता हीं ?
3) Do I not sleep late on Saturday?
क्या मैं शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सोता हूँ ?
4) Do I not watch a movie every week?
क्या मैं हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे खता हीं?
5) Do I not swim on Sundays?
क्या मैं रलववार को नहीीं तै रता हीं ?

Simple Present Tense Formula for First Person Plural

The formula for simple present tense when the First Person is Plural is that
the sentence starts with ‘We’, then a verb in its base form followed by an object
which is optional.
So, we can say that the formula for simple present tense for First Person
Plural is as follows -

‘We’+ verb (base form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for simple present tense
when the First Person is Plural:
1) We study hard for exams.
हम परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत करते हैं ।
2) We go to work every day.
हम रोज काम पर जाते हैं ।
3) We sleep late on Saturdays.
हम शलनवार को दे र से सोते हैं ।
4) We watch a movie every week.
हम हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खते हैं ।
5) We swim on Sundays.
हम रलववार को तै रते हैं।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add do/ does not before the basic form of the verb and the rest of the rule
remains the same.

‘We’ + do/ does not + verb (base form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for simple
present tense when the Person is Plural:
1) We do not study hard for the exams.
हम परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करते हैं ।
2) We do not go to work everyday.
हम रोज काम पर नहीीं जाते।
3) We do not sleep late on Saturdays.
हम शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सोते हैं ।
4) We do not watch a movie every week.
हम हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे खते हैं ।
5) We do not swim on Sundays.
हम रलववार को तै रते नहीीं हैं ।
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains
the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Do/ Does + ‘we’ + verb (base form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
simple present tense when the First Person is Plural:
1) Do we study hard for the exams?
क्या हम परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन करते हैं ?
2) Do we go to work everyday?
क्या हम रोज़ काम पर जाते हैं?
3) Do we sleep late on Saturdays?
क्या हम शलनवार को दे र से सोते हैं ?
4) Do we watch a movie every week?
क्या हम हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खते हैं?
5) Do we swim on Sundays?
क्या हम रलववार को तै रते हैं ?
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the
formula is that you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after
the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a
question mark (?).

Do/ Does + ‘we’ + ‘not’ + verb (base form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the
formula for simple present tense when the Person is Plural:
1) Do we not study hard for the exams?
क्या हम परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करते हैं ?
2) Do we not go to work everyday?
क्या हम रोज़ काम पर नहीीं जाते हैं ?
3) Do we not sleep late on Saturdays?
क्या हम शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सोते हैं ?
4) Do we not watch a movie every week?
क्या हम हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे खते हैं?
5) Do we not swim on Sundays?
क्या हम रलववार को तै रने नहीीं जाते हैं ?

Simple Present Tense Formula for Second Person

The formula for simple present tense when there is a Second Person
involved are that the sentence starts with ‘you’, then a verb in its base form
followed by an object which is optional.
So, we can say that the formula for simple present tense when a Second
Person is involved is as follows -

‘You’ + verb (base form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for simple present tense
when a Second Person is involved:
1) You study hard for exams.
आप परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत करते हैं ।
2) You go to work every day.
आप रोज काम पर जाते हैं ।
3) You sleep late on Saturdays.
आप शलनवार को दे र से सोते हैं ।
4) You watch a movie every week.
आप हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खते हैं ।
5) You swim on Sundays.
आप रलववार को तै रने जाते हैं ।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add do/ does not before the basic form of the verb and the rest of the rule
remains the same.

‘You’ + do/ does not + verb (base form) + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for simple
present tense when there is a second person:
1) You do not study hard for the exams.
आप परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करते हैं ।
2) You do not go to work everyday.
आप रोज काम पर नहीीं जाते हैं ।
3) You do not sleep late on Saturdays.
शलनवार के लदन आप दे र से नहीीं सोते हैं ।
4) You do not watch a movie every week.
आप हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे खते हैं ।
5) You do not swim on Sundays.
आप रलववार को तै रने नहीीं जाते हैं ।
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains
the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Do/ Does + ‘you’ + verb (base form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
simple present tense when there is a second person involved:
1) Do you study hard for the exams?
क्या आप परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन करते हैं ?
2) Do you go to work everyday?
क्या आप रोज़ काम पर जाते हैं?
3) Do you sleep late on Saturdays?
क्या आप शलनवार को दे र से सोते हैं ?
4) Do you watch a movie every week?
क्या आप हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खते हैं?
5) Do you swim on Sundays?
क्या आप रलववार को तै रते हैं ?
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the
formula is that you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after
the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a
question mark (?).
Do/ Does + ‘you’ + ‘not’ + verb (base form) + object (optional)?
Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the
formula for simple present tense when there is a Second Person Involved:
1) Do you not study hard for the exams?
क्या आप परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करते हैं?
2) Do you not go to work everyday?
क्या आप रोज़ काम पर नहीीं जाते हैं ?
3) Do you not sleep late on Saturdays?
क्या आप शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सोते हैं ?
4) Do you not watch a movie every week?
क्या आप हर हफ्ते लिल्म नहीीं दे खते हैं ?
5) Do you not swim on Sundays?
क्या आप रलववार को तै रने नहीीं जाते हैं ?

Simple Present Tense Formula for Third Person Singular

The formula for simple present tense when the Third Person is Singular is
that the sentence starts with He, She, Common noun or proper noun, then a verb
in its base form with added ‘s’ or ‘es’ according to the verb followed by an
object which is optional.
So, we can say that the formula for simple present tense for Third Person
Singular is as follows -

He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + verb (base form) with s/es at the
end + object (optional)
Let us see some example sentences with formula for simple present tense
when the Third Person is Singular:
1) He studies hard for exams.
वह परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत करता है ।
2) Father goes to work every day.
लपता हर लदन काम पर जाते हैं ।
3) Ram sleeps late on Saturdays.
राम शलनवार को दे र से सोता है ।
4) She watches a movie every week.
वह हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खती है ।
5) Sham swims on Sundays.
शाम रलववार को तै रता है ।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add do/ does not before the basic form of the verb and the rest of the rule
remains the same.
He/ She/ Proper Noun/ Common Noun + do/ does not + verb (base form) +
object (optional)
Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for simple
present tense when the Third Person is a Singular:
1) He does not study hard for exams.
वह परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करता है ।
2) Father does not go to work everyday
लपता रोज काम पर नहीीं जाते हैं ।
3) Ram does not sleep late on Saturdays.
राम शलनवार के लदन दे र से नहीीं सोता है ।
4) She does not watch a movie every week.
वह हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे खती है ।
5) Sham does not swim on Sundays.
शाम रलववार को तै रता नहीीं है ।
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains
the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Do/ Does + he/ she/ common noun/ proper noun + verb (base form) + object
(optional)?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
simple present tense when the Third Person is Singular:
1) Does he study hard for the exam?
क्या वह परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत करता है ?
2) Does father go to work everyday?
क्या लपता रोज काम पर जाता है ?
3) Does Ram sleep late on Satudays?
क्या राम शलनवार को दे र से सोता है ?
4) Does she watch a movie every week?
क्या वह हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खती है ?
5) Does Sham swim on Sundays?
क्या रलववार को शाम तैरता है ?
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the
formula is that you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after
the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a
question mark (?).

Do/ Does + he/ she/ proper noun/ common noun + ‘not’ + verb (base form) +
object (optional)?
Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the
formula for simple present tense when the Third Person is a Singular:
1) Does he not study hard for the exam?
क्या वह परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करता है ?
2) Does father not go to work everyday?
क्या लपता रोज काम पर नहीीं जाते ?
3) Does Ram not sleep late on Saturdays?
क्या राम शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सोता है ?
4) Does she not watch a movie every week?
क्या वह हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे खती है?
5) Does Sham not swim on Sundays?
क्या रलववार को शाम तैरने नहीीं आता है ?

Simple Present Tense Formula for Third Person Plural

The formula for simple present tense when the Third Person is Plural are
that the sentence starts with ‘They’ or common nouns, then a verb in its base
form followed by an object which is optional
So, we can say that the formula for simple present tense for Third Person
Plural is as follows -

They/ Common Nouns + verb (base form) + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for simple present tense
when the Third Person is Plural:
1) They study hard for exams.
वे परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत करते हैं ।
2) Boys go to work every day.
िडके रोज काम पर जाते हैं ।
3) They sleep late on Saturdays.
वे शलनवार को दे र से सोते हैं ।
4) They watch a movie every week.
वे हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खते हैं ।
5) Girls swim on Sundays
िडलकयाीं रलववार को तै रती हैं ।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add do/ does not before the basic form of the verb and the rest of the rule
remains the same.

They/ common noun + do/ does not + verb (base form) + object (optional)
Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for simple
present tense when the Third Person is a Plural:
1) They do not study hard for the exams.
वे परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करते हैं ।
2) Boys do not go to work everyday.
िडके रोज काम पर नहीीं जाते ।
3) They do not sleep late on Saturdays.
वे शलनवार की दे र से नहीीं सोते हैं ।
4) They do not watch a movie every week.
वे हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे खते हैं ।
5) Girls do not swim on Sundays.
िडलकयाीं रलववार को नहीीं तै रती हैं

For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and the rest of the rule remains
the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

Do/ Does + They/common noun + verb (base form) + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
simple present tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) Do they study hard for the exams?
क्या वे परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन करते हैं?
2) Do boys go to work everyday?
क्या िडके रोज़ काम पर जाते हैं ?
3) Do they sleep late on Saturdays?
क्या वे शलनवार को दे र से सोते हैं ?
4) Do they watch a movie every week?
क्या वे हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे खते हैं?
5) Do girls swim on Sundays?
क्या िडलकयाीं रलववार को तै रती हैं ?

For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the

formula is that you add do/ does at the starting of the sentence and ‘not’ after
the subject. The rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a
question mark (?).

Do/ Does + They/ common noun + ‘not’ + verb (base form) + object
(optional)?
Let us see some examples of negative interrogative sentences with the
formula for simple present tense when the Third Person is a Plural:
1) Do they not study hard for the exams?
क्या वे परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं करते हैं ?
2) Do boys not go to work everyday?
क्या िडके रोज काम पर नहीीं जाते ?
3) Do they not sleep late on Saturdays?
क्या उन्हें शलनवार को दे र रात नीींद नहीीं आती है ?
4) Do they not watch a movie every week?
क्या वे हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे खते ?
5) Do girls not swim on Sundays?
क्या िडलकयाीं रलववार को नहीीं तै रती ?

Simple Present Tense Exercise

Translate the following sentences using the correct form of Simple present tense
and check with the answers that follow:-
1. मैं एक आम खाता हूँ ।
2. वह पाि याद करता है ।
3. धोबी कपडे इस्त्री करता है ।
4. लवद्यार्थी शोर मचाते हैं
5. मोहन लिकेट खेिता है।
Answers
 I eat a mango.
 He learns the lesson.
 Dhobi irons clothes.
 Students make noise.
 Mohan plays cricket?

Present Continuous Tense Definition

We use the present continuous tense to talk about continuing actions in the
present.
 for something that is happening at the moment of speaking.
 for something which is sure to happen in the future.
Present Continuous Tense Formula for First Person Singular
The formula for present continuous tense when the First Person is Singular
is that the sentence starts with ‘I’ and ‘am’, then a verb in its 1st form with
‘ing’, followed by an object which is optional.
So, we can say that the formula for present continuous tense for First Person
Singular is as follows -

‘I’ + ‘am’ + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present continuous
tense when the First Person is Singular:
1) I am studying hard for exams.
मैं परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत कर रहा हीं ।
2) I am going to work every day.
मैं हर लदन काम करने के लिए जा रहा हूँ ।
3) I am sleeping late on Saturdays.
मैं शलनवार को दे र से सो रहा हीं ।
4) I am watching a movie every week.
मैं हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे ख रहा हीं ।
5) I am swimming on Sundays.
मैं रलववार को तै राकी कर रहा हीं ।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add ‘not’ before the the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

I + am + not + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present
continuous tense when the First Person is Singular:
1) I am not studying hard for exams
मैं परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहा हूँ ।
2) I am not going to work everyday.
मैं रोज काम पर नहीीं जा रहा हीं ।
3) I am not sleeping late on Saturdays.
मैं शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सो रहा हूँ ।
4) I am not watching a movie every week.
मैं हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रहा हीं ।
5) I am not swimming on Sundays.
मैं रलववार को तै राकी नहीीं कर रहा हूँ ।
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add is/ am/ are at the starting of the sentence followed by ‘I’ and the rest of
the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

am + I + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional) ?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when the Person is Singular:
1) Am I studying hard for exams?
क्या मैं परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत कर रहा हूँ ?
2) Am I going to work everyday?
क्या मैं रोज़ काम करने जा रहा हूँ ?
3) Am I sleeping late on Saturdays?
क्या मैं शलनवार को दे र से सो रहा हूँ ?
4) Am I watching a movie every week?
क्या मैं हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे ख रहा हूँ ?
5) Am I swimming on Sundays?
क्या मैं रलववार को तै राकी कर रहा हूँ ?
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the
formula is that you add is/ am/ are at the starting of the sentence, then the
subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence
ends with a question mark (?).
am + I + not + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when the Person is Singular:
1) Am I not studying hard for exams?
क्या मैं परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहा हूँ ?
2) Am I not going to work everyday?
क्या मैं रोज़ काम पर नहीीं जा रहा हूँ ?
3) Am I not sleeping late on Saturdays?
क्या मैं शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सो रहा हूँ ?
4) Am I not watching a movie every week?
क्या मैं हर हफ्ते लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रहा हूँ ?
5) Am I not swimming on Sundays?
क्या मैं रलववार को तै राकी नहीीं कर रहा हूँ ?

Present Continuous Tense Formula for First Person Plural

The formula for present continuous tense when the First Person is Plural
are that the sentence starts with ‘We’ and ‘are’, then a verb in its 1st form with
‘ing’ followed by an object which is optional.
So, we can say that the formula for present continuous tense for First Person
Plural is as follows -

We + are + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present continuous
tense when the First Person is Plural:
1) We are studying hard for exams.
हम परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत कर रहे हैं ।
2) We are going to work every day.
हम हर लदन काम करने के लिए जा रहे हैं ।
3) We are sleeping late on Saturdays.
हम शलनवार को दे र से सो रहे हैं ।
4) We are watching a movie every week.
हम हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे ख रहे हैं ।
5) We are swimming on Sundays.
हम रलववार को तै राकी कर रहे हैं ।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add ‘not’ before the the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

We + are + not + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present
continuous tense when the First Person is Plural:
1) We are not studying hard for exams
हम परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहे हैं ।
2) We are not going to work everyday.
हम रोज काम पर नहीीं जा रहे हैं ।
3) We are not sleeping late on Saturdays.
हम शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सो रहे हैं ।
4) We are not watching a movie every week.
हम हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रहे हैं ।
5) We are not swimming on Sundays.
हम रलववार को तै राकी नहीीं कर रहे हैं ।
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add is/ am/ are at the starting of the sentence followed by ‘we’ and the rest
of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

are + we + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) Are we studying hard for exams?
क्या हम परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन कर रहे हैं ?
2) Are we going to work everyday?
क्या हम रोज़ काम करने वािे हैं?
3) Are we sleeping late on Saturdays?
क्या हम शलनवार को दे र से सो रहे हैं ?
4) Are we watching a movie every week?
क्या हम हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे ख रहे हैं?
5) Are we swimming on Sunday’?
क्या हम रलववार को तै राकी कर रहे हैं ?
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the
formula is that you add is/ am/ are at the starting of the sentence, then the
subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence
ends with a question mark (?).

are + we + not + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?

Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) Are we not studying hard for exams?
क्या हम परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहे हैं ?
2) Are we not going to work everyday?
क्या हम रोज़ काम पर नहीीं जा रहे हैं ?

3) Are we not sleeping late on Saturdays?

क्या हम शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सो रहे हैं ?
4) Are we not watching a movie every week?
क्या हम हर हफ्ते लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रहे हैं ?
5) Are we not swimming on Sundays?
क्या हम रलववार को तै राकी नहीीं कर रहे हैं ?

Present Continuous Tense Formula for Second Person

The formula for present continuous tense when there is a Second Person
involved are that the sentence starts with ‘you’ and ‘are’, then a verb in its 1st
form with ‘ing’ followed by an object which is optional.
So, we can say that the formula for present continuous tense when a Second
Person is involved is as follows -

You + are + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)

Let us see some example sentences with formula for present continuous
tense when a Second Person is involved:
1) You are studying hard for exams.
आप परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत कर रहे हैं ।
2) You are going to work every day.
आप हर लदन काम करने जा रहे हैं ।
3) You are sleeping late on Saturdays.
आप शलनवार को दे र से सो रहे हैं ।
4) You are watching a movie every week.
आप हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे ख रहे हैं ।
5) You are swimming on Sundays.
आप रलववार को तै राकी कर रहे हैं ।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add ‘not’ before the the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

You + are + not + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)
Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present
continuous tense when there is a second person :
1) You are not studying hard for exams
आप परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहे हैं
2) You are not going to work everyday.
आप रोज काम पर नहीीं जा रहे हैं ।
3) You are not sleeping late on Saturdays.
आप शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सो रहे हैं ।
4) You are not watching a movie every week.
आप हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रहे हैं ।
5) You are not swimming on Sundays.
आप रलववार को तै राकी नहीीं कर रहे हैं ।
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add is/ am/ are at the starting of the sentence followed by ‘you’ and the rest
of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a question mark (?).

‘is/ am/ are’ + ‘you’ + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when there is a Second Person Involved:
1) Are you studying hard for exams?
क्या आप परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन कर रहे हैं ?
2) Are you going to work everyday?
क्या आप रोज़ काम करने जा रहे हैं ?
3) Are you sleeping late on Saturdays?
क्या आप शलनवार को दे र से सो रहे हैं ?
4) Are you watching a movie every week?
क्या आप हर हफ्ते लिल्म दे ख रहे हैं ?
5) Are you swimming on Sundays?
क्या आप रलववार को तै राकी कर रहे हैं ?
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the
formula is that you add is/ am/ are at the starting of the sentence, then the
subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same.The sentence
ends with a question mark (?)

are + you + not + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when there is a second person involved:
1) Are you not studying hard for exams?
क्या आप परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहे हैं ?
2) Are you not going to work everyday?
क्या आप रोज काम पर नहीीं जा रहे हैं ?
3) Are you not sleeping late on Saturdays?
क्या आप शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सो रहे हैं ?
4) Are you not watching a movie every week?
क्या आप हर हफ्ते लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रहे हैं ?
5) Are you not swimming on Sundays?
क्या आप रलववार को तै राकी नहीीं कर रहे हैं ?

Present Continuous Tense Formula for Third Person Singular

The formula for present continuous tense when the Third Person is
Singular are that the sentence starts with He, She, Common noun or proper
noun and ‘is’, then a verb in its 1st form with ‘ing’ followed by an object which
is optional.
So, we can say that the formula for present continuous tense for Third
Person Singular is as follows -

He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + is + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ +
object (optional)
Let us see some example sentences with formula for present continuous
tense when the Third Person is Singular:
1) He is studying hard for exams.
वह परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत कर रहा है ।
2) Father is going to work every day.
लपता रोज काम पर जा रहे हैं ।
3) Ram is sleeping late on Saturdays.
राम शलनवार को दे र से सो रहा है ।
4) She is watching a movie every week.
वह हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे ख रही है ।
5) Sham is swimming on Sundays.
शाम रलववार को तै र रहा है ।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add ‘not’ before the the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + is + not + verb (1st form) with
‘ing’ + object (optional)
Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present
continuous tense when the Third Person is Singular:
1) He is not studying hard for exams
वह परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहा है ।
2) He is not going to work everyday.
वह रोज काम पर नहीीं जा रहा है ।
3) He is not sleeping late on Saturdays.
वह शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सो रहा है ।
4) He is not watching a movie every week.
वह हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रहा है ।
5) He is not swimming on Sundays.
वह रलववार को तै राकी नहीीं कर रहा है ।
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add ‘is’ at the starting of the sentence followed by He/ She/ Common
Nouns/ Proper Nouns and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence
ends with a question mark (?)
is + He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ +
object (optional)?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when the Third Person is Singular:
1) Is he studying hard for exams?
क्या वह परीक्षा के लिए मेहनत कर रहा है ?
2) Is father going to work everyday?
क्या लपता रोज काम पर जा रहा है ?
3) Is Ram sleeping late on Saturdays?
क्या राम शलनवार को दे र से सो रहे हैं ?
4) Is she watching a movie every week?
क्या वह हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे ख रही है ?
5) Is Sham swimming on Sundays?
क्या रलववार को शाम तैरने जा रहा है ?
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the
formula is that you add ‘is’ at the starting of the sentence, then the subject and
then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a
question mark (?)

is + He/ She/ Common Nouns/ Proper Nouns + not + verb (1st form) with
‘ing’ + object (optional) ?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when the Third Person is Singular:
1) Is he not studying hard for exams?
क्या वह परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहा है ?
2) Is father not going to work everyday?
क्या लपता रोज काम पर नहीीं जा रहा है ?
3) Is Ram not sleeping late on Saturdays?
क्या राम को शलनवार को दे र से नीींद नहीीं आ रही है ?
4) Is she not watching a movie every week?
क्या वह हर हफ्ते लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रही है ?
5) Is Sham not swimming on Sundays?
क्या रलववार को शाम तैर नहीीं रही है ?

Present Continuous Tense Formula for Third Person Plural

The formula for present continuous tense when the Third Person is Plural
are that the sentence starts with ‘They’ or common nouns followed by ‘are’,
then a verb in its 1st form with ‘ing’ followed by an object which is optional
So, we can say that the formula for present continuous tense for Third
Person Plural is as follows -
They/ Common Nouns + are + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)
Let us see some example sentences with formula for present continuous
tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) They are studying hard for exams.
वे परीक्षा के लिए कडी मेहनत से पढाई कर रहे हैं ।
2) Boys are going to work every day.
िडके रोज काम पर जा रहे हैं ।
3) They are sleeping late on Saturdays.
वे शलनवार को दे र से सो रहे हैं ।
4) They are watching a movie every week.
वे हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे ख रहे हैं ।
5) Girls are swimming on Sundays
िडलकयाीं रलववार को तै राकी कर रही हैं ।
For converting these sentences into negative sentences the formula is that you
add ‘not’ before the the verb and the rest of the rule remains the same.

They/ Common nouns + are + not + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object
(optional)
Let us see some examples of negative sentences with the formula for present
continuous tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) They are not studying hard for exams
वे परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहे हैं ।
2) They are not going to work everyday.
वे रोज काम पर नहीीं जा रहे हैं ।
3) They are not sleeping late on Saturdays.
वे शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सो रहे हैं ।
4) They are not watching a movie every week.
वे हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रहे हैं ।
5) They are not swimming on Sundays.
वे रलववार को तै राकी नहीीं कर रहे हैं ।
For converting these sentences into interrogative sentences the formula is that
you add is/ am/ are at the starting of the sentence followed by ‘They/ Common
nouns’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence ends with a
question mark (?).

are + they/ Common nouns + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object (optional)?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) Are they studying hard for exams?
क्या वे परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन कर रहे हैं ?
2) Are they going to work everyday?
क्या वे रोज़ काम पर जा रहे हैं ?
3) Are they sleeping late on Saturdays?
क्या वे शलनवार को दे र से सो रहे हैं ?
4) Are they watching a movie every week?
क्या वे हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म दे ख रहे हैं ?
5) Are they swimming on Sundays?
क्या वे रलववार को तै राकी कर रहे हैं ?
For converting these sentences into negative interrogative sentences the
formula is that you add is/ am/ are at the starting of the sentence, then the
subject and then ‘not’ and the rest of the rule remains the same. The sentence
ends with a question mark (?).

are + ‘they/ Common noun’ + not + verb (1st form) with ‘ing’ + object
(optional)?
Let us see some examples of interrogative sentences with the formula for
present continuous tense when the Third Person is Plural:
1) Are they not studying hard for exams?
क्या वे परीक्षा के लिए कलिन अध्ययन नहीीं कर रहे हैं ?
2) Are they not going to work everyday?
क्या वे रोज़ काम पर नहीीं जा रहे हैं ?
3) Are they not sleeping late on Saturdays?
क्या वे शलनवार को दे र से नहीीं सो रहे हैं ?
4) Are they not watching a movie every week?
क्या वे हर हफ्ते एक लिल्म नहीीं दे ख रहे हैं ?
5) Are they not swimming on Sundays?
क्या वे रलववार को तै राकी नहीीं कर रहे हैं ?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE EXERCISES

Translate the following sentences in English using the Present Continuous
Tense
1. क्या वे नौकरी ढीं ढ रहे हैं ?
2. शाम लचत्र नहीीं बना रहा है ।
3. िि खखि रहे हैं ।
4. माूँ पजा नहीीं कर रही है ।
5. वह बनारस कब जा रहा है ?

ANSWERS:
1. Are they searching for a job?
2. Sham is not drawing a picture.
3. Flowers are blooming.
4. Mother is not doing prayer.
 5. When is he going to Banaras?
Present perfect
Affirmative Sentences
Rule : He, she, it और एकवचन noun subject के सार्थ has और I, you, we, they तर्था
plural subject के सार्थ have िगाकर verb की third form िगाते हैं ।

उदाहरण :
1. राम स्कि जा चुका है ।
Ram has gone to school.
2. मैंने उसको एक पत्र भेजा है ।
I have sent a letter to him.
3. तु मने उसकी प्लेट तोड दी है ।
You have broken his plate.
4. उसने एक साूँ प मार लदया है ।
He has killed a snake.
5. उन्होींने अपने सारे पाि याद कर लिए हैं ।
They have learnt all their lessons.
Negative Sentences
Rule : इनमें has या have के बाद not िगाते हैं ।
उदाहरण :
1. उसने गाना नहीीं गाया है ।
She has not sung the song.
2. बढई ने कुसी नहीीं बनाई है ।
The carpenter has not made the chair.
3. मैंने तु म्हारा पत्र नहीीं पढा है ।
I have not read your letter.
4. उन्होींने घोडा नहीीं बेचा है ।
They have not sold the horse.
5. हमने ऐसा जानवर नहीीं दे खा है ।
We have not seen such an animal.
Interrogative Sentences

Rule 1: अगर वाक्य के आरम्भ में क्या हो तो has या have कताा से पहिे िगाते हैं और
verb की third form िगा दे ते हैं । (दे खखये वाक्य 1, 2, 3)

Rule 2 : अगर वाक्योीं के बीच मे कब ,क्योीं ,क्या आलद प्रशनवाचक शब्द हो तो सबसे
पहिे इनकी अींग्रेजी , लिर has या have और लिर कताा और लिर verb की third form
िगाते है ।(दे खखये वाक्य 7, 8)

Rule 3 : लकतना (how much), लकतने (how many), कौन-सा(which) के सार्थ उनसे
सम्बींलधत nouns भी आते हैं । (दे खखये वाक्य 5)

Rule 4 : अगर वाक्य मे कोई प्रशनवाचक शब्द ही कताा का काया कर रहा हो, तो पहिे
उसकी अींग्रेजी िाते है । लिर has या have में से एक subject के अनुसार लिर verb की
third form िगाते है । (दे खखये वाक्य 6 )

Rule 5 : Interrogative negative वाक्य Interrogative affirmative sentences की तरह

बनाते है । केवि कताा के बाद not और िगा दे ते हैं (दे खखये वाक्य 3, 4)

Rule 6: वाक्य के अींत मे प्रशनसचक लचन्ह (?) अवश्य िगाते है ।

उदाहरण :
1. क्या उसने अपनी गाय बेच दी है ?
Has he sold his cow?
2. क्या तु मने अपना पाि याद कर लिया है ?
Have you learnt your lesson?
3. क्या मैंने एक चोर नहीीं पकडा है ?
Have I not caught a thief?
4. तु मने यह पुस्तक क्योीं नहीीं पढी है ?
Why have you not read this book?
5. लकतने िडके आज आये हैं ?
How many boys have come today?
6. कौन अपनी पुस्तक नहीीं िाया है ?
Who has not brought his book?
7. िडका कहाूँ भाग गया है ?
Where has the boy run away?
8. उन्होींने इसे कैसे लकया है ?
How have they done this?

The road not taken

Poem and Explanation

Stanza 1
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveller, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
diverged: separated and took a different direction
yellow wood: a forest with decomposing leaves
undergrowth: dense growth of plants and bushes means the forest)

Once the poet was walking down a road and then there was a diversion, there
were two different paths and he had to choose one out them. The poet says that
as he was one person, he could travel on one road only. He had to choose one
out of these two roads Yellow wood means a forest with leaves which are
wearing out and they have turned yellow in colour – the season of autumn. It
represents a world which is full of people, where people have been living for
many years. They represent people who are older than the poet. The poet kept
standing there and looked at the path very carefully as far as he could see it.
Before taking the path, he wanted to know how it was. Was it suitable for him or
no. He was able to see the path till from where it curved after which it was
covered with trees and was hidden. It happens in our life also when we have
choices, we have alternatives, but we have to choose only one out of them, we
take time to think about the pros and cons, whether it is suitable for us or not
and only then, we take a decision on what path we should choose.

Stanza 2
Then took the other, just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same.

fair: As good as the other one,

claim: Better option
grassy: unused
wanted wear: had not been used

The poet kept on looking at one path for a long time to check if it is the right
path for him or not and them he decided and started walking on another path
because he felt that the both paths were equally good. He says just as fair, so,
he felt that both paths were equally good and started walking on one of them.
He adds that maybe he felt that the path was better for him so he chooses it as it
had grass on it which means that it was unused. Not many people had walked
on this path earlier that is why this path was grassy. ‘And wanted wear’ means
that it was not walked over by many people. After he walked on the path for
some distance, he realized that both the paths had been worm out the same way.
Both the paths were similar and worn out. Even in our life, we take any path or
option but all of them have the same benefits, disadvantages, problems,
challenges and we must face them. We think that we are choosing a better
option, but it is not that way.

Stanza 3
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.

trodden means walked over.

The poet says that both the paths were similar that morning. Both had leaves on
them and no one had stepped on them as they were still green in colour. He
decided that that day he would take one path and keep the other path for
another day, although he knew that one way leads on to another way. He knew
that he could not go back on the choice that he had made. Similarly, even in our
life once we choose an option, we must keep on moving ahead with that option
and we never get a chance to come back and take the other option that we had
left earlier.

Stanza 4
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence;
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I —
I took the one less travelled by,
And that has made all the difference.

sigh: deep breath

hence: here, in the future

He says that in the future, he will take a deep breath and say that once upon a
time, he had reached such a point in life that there were two options for him and
he travelled on that road which had been travelled upon by lesser number of
people. That decision of his decided his future. Similarly, in future, when you
grow up, then you will say that once upon a time, when you were young, you
had two options. The choice that you made, made you what you became of it.
This is a very strong message for all the students - that you should be wise and
be careful while making choices out of the options that you have in your life
because your future depends on the choice that you make today.
Literary Devices used in the Poem - The Road Not Taken
1.Rhyme Scheme: abaab
2.Symbolism: two roads which represents two or more choices in our life
3.Anaphora: ‘and’ repeated at the beginning of lines 2, 3 and 4
4.Alliteration: Wanted Wear ‘w’ sound is repeating
1. ‘first for’ – ‘f’ sound is repeating
2. ‘though, that’- ‘th’ sound is repeating

5.Repetition: ‘Ages’ is repeated. ‘Two roads diverged in a wood’- this sentence

is repeated in stanzas 1 and 4.
Question and Answers
1. Where does the traveller find himself? What problem does he face?
A. The traveller finds himself standing on a fork in the path. He is in a problem
as he must choose one path and is unable to decide which one to choose.

2. Discuss what these phrases mean to you.

(i) a yellow wood
A. ‘Yellow wood’ refers to the forest which has withering leaves as in the
season of autumn. It represents a world full of aging people.

(ii) it was grassy and wanted wear

A. It means that the path had a lot of grass on it. This means that it had not been
walked over by many people. It had to be worn out by the steps of the people
who walked on it.

(iii) the passing there

A. It means that when he walked over the path that he had chosen.

(iv) leaves no step had trodden black

A. It means that no one had walked over the leaves as they were still green. If
they had been walked over, they would have turned black.

(v) how way leads on to way

A. It means that as we walk on a path, we come across more options and make
choices further. We keep on walking ahead on that way.

3. Is there any difference between the two roads as the poet describes them
(i) in stanzas two and three?
A. The two paths were similar. In the beginning, the poet felt that one of them
was grassy and had not been walked over by many people, but when he walked
on it for some distance, he realized that it was like the other road.

(ii) in the last two lines of the poem?

A. Here, again the poet talks of his initial decision when he thought that the
roads were different and chose the one that had been walked over by a lesser
number of people.

Wind

Poem and Explanation

Wind, come softly.

Don’t break the shutters of the windows.
Don’t scatter the papers.
Don’t throw down the books on the shelf.
There, look what you did — you threw them all down.
You tore the pages of the books.
You brought rain again.
You’re very clever at poking fun at weaklings.

poking fun: making fun of something

weaklings: a person who is weak

The poet is talking to the wind. He asks the wind to come softly. So, he is saying
that the wind should not be very strong, loud.It should be soft and subtle. Then
he says that the wind is very powerful it is destructive, it breaks the shutters of
windows and scatters the papers. When the wind is very powerful, all the books
which are kept on the shelf fall down. So here, the poet is describing the power
of the wind. Then he says to the wind to look at the destruction that it had done.
Whenever there is a strong wind all the thing that are weak, like small plants,
tiny children, etc., they all get scared and they can even fall and get hurt. We
can say that in the initial part of the poem, the poet is referring to wind as a
young child. He is saying that it should come softly just like a small child does.
In the later part, we come to know that the wind is destructive just like a youth.
Just like a young boy or a young girl who is full of energy, violence and
destruction.

Frail crumbling houses, crumbling doors, crumbling rafters,

crumbling wood, crumbling bodies, crumbling lives,
crumbling hearts —
crumbling: falling or to cause something to break
rafter: sloping beam which support the roof of the building
Here, the word ‘Crumbling’ is repeated so many times to lay stress that
everything crumbles in the face of a strong wind. So, the writer is saying that
when wind is very powerful, it is very strong, it leads to breakage of everything.
Houses which are weak, fall, doors which are weak fall, the beams on which
the roof of the buildings are supported, they also fall, all the wooden structures
fall, all bodies of people fall, animals, lives, hearts. So, he is saying that
everything crumbles. Everything that is weak reacts by falling down and
breaking in the face of adversity. So, the poet is saying that whenever a weak
person faces any adversity or challenge in life he breaks down and falls.

the wind god winnows and crushes them all.

winnows: to broke grain free of chaff, separate grain from husk by blowing on
it.

The poet is addressing to wind as ‘wind god’, and he is saying that the powerful
god of wind winnows, that means he sifts all the people and those people who
are weak fall down and get crushed. So here, a comparison is made between
wheat and people. Just like we winnow the wheat to separate the grain from
chaff, the wind god separates the strong people from the weak people. When
there is a strong wind, all the things that are weak fall and get crushed.

He won’t do what you tell him.

So, come, let’s build strong homes,
Let’s joint the doors firmly.
Practice to firm the body.
Make the heart steadfast.
Do this, and the wind will be friends with us.
steadfast – firm

The poet wants us to make friends with the wind i.e. the adversities in our
lives.He says that the problems will not listen to us. They will come, so we
should be prepared. In preparation,we should build strong homes and close the
doors of our house firmly so that the wind cannot get into. And then he says that
we should also make our bodies strong and hearts firm to face these challenges.
And then once we are strong enough all the challenges will be like friends. We
will not feel that they are troublesome.

The wind blows out weak fires.

He makes strong fires roar and flourish.
His friendship is good.
We praise him every day.

flourish: grow

The poet has kept the wind on a pedestal. He is comparing the wind to god. He
says that wind is god and we praise wind every day. He adds that everything
that is weak gets finished off in the face of the strong wind. And all the things
that are strong, flourish and grow to become stronger. He is giving us a very
important message, that we should not feel bad that we are facing so many
challenges and adversities in life. We should make our self physically and
mentally strong to face these challenges. And once we are strong enough, we
will overcome the challenges, we will become friends with them and then we
will be happy that we had these challenges in our life because they help us
become stronger and better.

Literary devices in the poem

Rhyme scheme - The entire poem is written in free verse. There is no rhyme
scheme in the poem.
The literary devices used are as follows –
1. Anaphora - When a word is repeated at the start of two or more
consecutive lines, it is the device of Anaphora.
Lines 2, 3, 4 begin with ‘don’t’.
Lines 6, 7, 8 begin with ‘you’.
2. Personification – wind has been personified. When the poet says ‘you
are’, he is referring to wind as ‘you’ that means he is treating wind as a
person.

3. Repetition - ‘crumbling’ is repeated many times to lay emphasis. The

poet wants to say that the wind crushes everything that is weak. That is
why he repeats the word crumbling.

4. Alliteration - the repetition of a consonant sound in close connection.

‘wind winnows’.
‘won’t want’

5. Symbolism - Symbolism means that the thing refers to some other thing.
wind is a symbol. It refers to the challenges in life. He is using wind as a
symbol for the adversities in our life.

Question and Answers

1. What are the things the wind does in the first stanza?
A. When the wind blows violently, it destroys everything. It breaks the
shutters of windows, scatters the papers, throws the books down from the
shelves, tears their pages and brings along a lot of rain.

2. What does the poet say the wind god winnows?

A. The wind God winnows means that nature sifts the weak things from
the strong ones. Everything that is weak is tossed by the powerful wind
and gets destroyed. Just like the winnower separates the grains of wheat
from the chaff, similarly, the wind god separates the weak from the
strong.

3. What should we do to make friends with the wind?

A. We must make ourselves strong to face the violent wind. When we
will be strong, the wind will not harm us, instead it will become a friend
and help us to grow and flourish.
4. What do the last four lines of the poem mean to you?
A. The last four lines of the poem carry an important message that the
strong people emerge stronger and victorious in the face of adversities.
We must make ourselves strong like a burning fire which grows and
flourishes in the violent wind, we also prosper in the face of challenges.
 THE LAST LEAF
Word meanings
1. Pneumonia: a disease caused due to the infection of the lungs
2. Gazing: looking
3. Feeble: weak
4. Janitor: a person whose job is to look after a building

Q.1. What is Johnsy’s illness? What can cure her, the medicine or the
willingness to live?
Ans. Johnsy falls ill with pneumonia. She keeps lying in her bed for many
days. During this, she has a fancy that she will die when the last leaf on the ivy
creeper falls. The treatment given by the doctor proves useless because she is
expecting death anytime. Not medicine but the willingness to live can cure her.
Or
Johnsy’s illness is the lack of a deire to live. Her illness can be cured her desire
to live.

Q.2. Do you think the feeling of depression Johnsy has is common among
teenagers?
Ans. The mind is highly sensitive and imaginative in the teenage. If any fancy
takes place in their mind it becomes very difficult to get them out of that. So the
feeling of depression Johnsy has is very common among teenagers.

Q.3. Behrman has a dream. What is it? Does it conic true?

Ans. Behrman is a sixty-year-old painter. He lives on the ground floor of the
building in which Sue and Johnsy live. Ile has a dream. His dream is to paint a
masterpiece. This dream comes true when he paints a leaf on the wall. Johnsy
thinks it the last leaf on the ivy creeper. This leaf saves Johnsy life.)
Or
Behrman had a dream of painting a masterpiece. It came true when he got a
chance to paint a leaf.

Q.4. What is Behrman’s masterpiece? What makes Sue say so?

Ans. Behrman is a sixty-year-old painter. He paints a leaf on the wall. It looks
like the last leaf on the ivy creeper. Johnsy thinks it the real leaf. It does not fall
in the ice-cold wind. This inspires a willingness for life in Johnsy’s mind.
Johnsy gets better soon. So Sue calls this painting Behrman’s masterpiece.
Or
The leaf painted by Behrman is his masterpiece. Sue said so because it looked
as good as a real leaf. Also, it was a masterpiece because it brought back
Johnsy’s desire to live.
On the Face Of It

Word meanings

1.Occasional: sometimes
2.Rustling: whisper, low sound
3.Tentatively: hesitantly, without confidence
4.Startled: feeling a sudden shock
5.Crab apples: a small sour apple
6.Windfalls: unexpected gain, jackpot
7.Scrump: steal from garden
8.Pretend: to behave as if something is true when you know that it is not
9.Underneath: directly below
10.Weed: unwanted plant
11.Stare: to look at
12.Daft: silly, foolish
13.Dribble: to fall slowly
14.Whispered: To say something very slow
15.Peculiar: strange, unusual
16.Hive: dome shaped structure in which bees live
17.Trespassing: enter without permission
18.Fuss: show of anger, worry
19.Steady: stable
20.Creak: a harsh sound of wood
21.Swish: a hissing sound
22.Panting: quick breaths
 I will play after breakfast.
 Susan will not go to Germany.
 What we achieve inwardly will change outer reality. (Greek biographer Plutarch)
 Always do your best. What you plant now, you will harvest later. (Author Og
Mandino)
 Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere. (Physicist
Albert Einstein)
 Women and cats will do as they please, and men and dogs should relax and get used
to the idea. (Robert A Heinlein)
 In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of our
friends. (Activist Martin Luther King Jr)
 Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life. (Chinese
philosophe Confucius)

(Have to is known as a modal auxiliary verb. Like must, it is used to express

obligation.)

 Happiness is your dentist telling you it won't hurt and then having him catch his hand
in the drill. (Producer Johnny Carson)

(Remember that won't is a contraction of will not and is often used to form the simple
future tense.

 I won't be a rock star. I will be a legend. (Singer Freddie Mercury)

  I will be playing for an hour.
  Will I be spending too much money if I buy the newer model?
  He will be fighting his way to the boxing championship.
  Always be nice to those younger than you because they are the ones who will be
writing about you.
  In September, we will be enjoyingall the fruit we planted last March.
  Those who are laughing now will be crying later.
  Soon I will be doing what I love again. (Guitarist Vinnie Vincent)
  I'll be performing at 80 years old. Music is like fashion - it changes. But some
things will always be the same. (Singer Toni Braxton) (Remember that I'll is a
contraction of I will.)
  Every breath you take. Every move you make. Every bond you break. Every step
you take, I'll be watching you. (Singer Sting)
  She'll be coming around the mountain when she comes. (She'll is a contraction of
she will.)
  She'll be riding six white horses when she comes.
  The next time you see a spider's web, please pause and look a little closer. You'll be
seeing one of the most high-performance materials known to man. (Biologist Cheryl
Hayashi) (You'll is a contraction of you will.)
  In my case, there's no revolving door. I won't be going back to government.
(Politician Mary Schapiro) (Won't is a contraction of will not.)
  I will have played by breakfast.
  By September, Jenny will have taken over that role.
  Will you have graduatated by this time next year?
  I hope that, when I leave this planet, I will have touched a few people in a positive
way. (Actor Will Rothhaar)
  The rain will not have stopped before the competition starts.
  You won't have sold a single car by tomorrow if you stay here. (Won't is a
contraction of will not.)

 I will have been playing for 2 hours by breakfast.

 By the time the boat arrives, they will have been living without proper food for two
weeks.
 Shops that will have been running for three or two years by then will have to close
down.
 They will have been driving for ten hours by the time they arrive in Scotland.
 If it rains again tomorrow, then it will have been raining for three days.
 He will be agitated when he arrives because he will have been working for ten hours.
 When you are promoted next year, how long will you have been working on the
factory floor?
 You will not have been waiting for over an hour when the taxi arrives. That's not true.