A STUDY ON GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST) on

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CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION

GST also known as the Goods and Services Tax is defined as the giant indirect tax structure
designed to support and enhance the economic growth of a country. More than 150 countries
have implemented GST so far. However, the idea of GST in India was mooted by Vajpayee
government in 2000 and the constitutional amendment for the same was passed by the Loksabha
on 6th May 2015 but is yet to be ratified by the Rajyasabha. However, there is a huge hue and
cry against its implementation. It would be interesting to understand why this proposed GST
regime may hamper the growth and development of the country.

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a vast concept that simplifies the giant tax structure by
supporting and enhancing the economic growth of a country. GST is a comprehensive tax levy
on manufacturing, sale and consumption of goods and services at a national level [1]. The Goods
and Services Tax Bill or GST Bill, also referred to as The Constitution (One Hundred and
Twenty-Second Amendment) Bill, 2014, initiates a Value added Tax to be implemented on a
national level in India. GST will be an indirect tax at all the stages of production to bring about
uniformity in the system.

On bringing GST into practice, there would be amalgamation of Central and State taxes into a
single tax payment. It would also enhance the position of India in both, domestic as well
as international market. At the consumer level, GST would reduce the overall tax burden,
which is currently estimated at 25-30%.

Under this system, the consumer pays the final tax but an efficient input tax credit system
ensures that there is no cascading of taxes- tax on tax paid on inputs that go into manufacture of
goods [2].

In order to avoid the payment of multiple taxes such as excise duty and service tax at Central
level and VAT at the State level, GST would unify these taxes and create a uniform market
throughout the country. Integration of various taxes into a GST system will bring about an
effective cross-utilization of credits. The current system taxes production, whereas the GST will
aim to tax consumption.

Experts have enlisted the benefits of GST as under:

• It would introduce two-tiered One-Country-One-Tax regime.

• It would subsume all indirect taxes at the center and the state level.
• It would not only widen the tax regime by covering goods and services but also make it
transparent.

• It would free the manufacturing sector from cascading effect of taxes, thus by improve the
cost-competitiveness of goods and services.

• It would bring down the prices of goods and services and thus by, increase consumption.

• It would create business-friendly environment, thus by increase tax-GDP ratio.

• It would enhance the ease of doing business in India.

Why no to GST?

However, the question is: is the picture as rosy as it is portrayed?

Wall Street firm Goldman Sachs, in a note ‘India: Q and A on GST — Growth Impact Could Be Muted’, has
put out estimates that show that the Modi Government’s model for the Goods and Services Tax (GST) will not
raise growth, will push up consumer prices inflation and may not result in increased tax revenue collections
[3].

There appears to be certain loopholes in the proposed GST tax regime which may be detrimental in delivering
the desired results. They are:

India has adopted dual GST instead of national GST. It has made the entire structure of GST fairly complicated
in India. The centre will have to coordinate with 29 states and 7 union territories to implement such tax
regime. Such regime is likely to create economic as well as political issues. The states are likely to lose the say
in determining rates once GST is implemented. The sharing of revenues between the states and the centre is
still a matter of contention with no consensus arrived regarding revenue neutral rate.

Chief Economic Advisor Arvind Subramanian on 4 December 2015 suggested GST rates of 12% for
concessional goods, 17-18% for standard goods and 40% for luxury goods which is much higher than the
present maximum service tax rate of 14%. Such initiative is likely to push inflation.

The proposed GST structure is likely to succeed only if the country has a strong IT network. It is a well-known
fact that India is still in the budding state as far as internet connectivity is concerned. Moreover, the proposed
regime seems to ignore the emerging sector of e-commerce. E-commerce does not leave signs of the
transaction outside the internet and has anonymity associated with it. As a result, it becomes almost impossible
to track the business transaction taking place through internet which can be business to business, business to
customer or customer to customer. Again, there appears to be no clarity as to whether a product should be
considered a service or a product under the concept of E-commerce. New techniques can be developed to track
such transactions but until such technologies become readily accessible, generation of tax revenue from this
sector would continue to be uncertain and much below the expectation. Again E-commerce has been insulated
against taxation under custom duty moratorium on electronic transmissions by the WTO Bali Ministerial
Conference held in 2014 [4].

Communication is considered to be necessity and one cannot do without communication. In modern times,
communication has assumed the dimension of telecommunication.

The proposed GST regime appears to be unfavorable for telecommunication sector as well
“One of the major drawbacks of the GST regime could be the direct spike in the service tax rate
from 14% to 20-22%” (GST: Impact on the Telecommunications Sector in India). The proposed
GST appears to be silent on whether telecommunication can be considered under the category of
goods or services. The entire issue of telecommunication sector assumes a serious proportion
when India’s rural teledensity is not even 50% [5].

The proposed GST regime intends to keep petroleum products, electricity, real estate and
liquor for human consumption out of the purview of GST

It is a well-known fact that petroleum products have been a major contributor to inflation in
India. Inflation in India depends on how the government intends to include petroleum products
under GST in future.

Electricity is essential for the growth and development of India. If electricity is included under
standard or luxury goods in future then it would badly affect the development of India. It is said
that GST would impact negatively on the real estate market. It would add up to 8% to the cost of
new homes and reduce demand by about 12%.

The proposed GST regime “would be capable of being levied on sale of newspapers and
advertisements therein”

This would give the governments the access to substantial incremental revenues since this
industry has historically been tax free in its entirety” [6]. It sounds ridiculous but the provision of
GST is likely to make the supervision of operations by its Board/senior managers across the
company’s offices in different parts of the country a taxable service by allowing each state to
raise a GST demand on the company.

Again there appears to be lack of consensus over fixing the revenue rate as well as threshold
limit. One thing is for sure, services in India are going to be steeply costly if GST is fixed above
the present service tax rate of 14% which in turn will spiral up inflation in India. “Asian
countries which implemented GST all had witnessed retail inflation in the year of
implementation [6,7].

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is set to roll out on July 01, 2017 and it is time to revisit current
updates about GST in India. The GST Council has recently decided the tax rates for 1,211 items
at 18 per cent whereas the rates of gold andbeediremained undecided.
Further adding to the latest development on the GST regime in India, rates of service tax are also
to be decided which stands currently at 15 per cent. The GST slab rates stand at 5%, 12%, 18%,
28%. On the contrary, placing a common service tax of 18per cent will hurt common man’s
disposable income.

The Indian Taxation System: Present Scenario

The only penalty of being an adult is the responsibility of paying taxes;Everywhere.
To simplify, there are a lot of things we owe the government for, hence, the taxes, which are
totally used for the benefit of the public. At present, the Indian economy has an indirect tax
structure comprising of various taxes such as Excise Duty, Service Tax, Sales Tax/VAT/CST,
Customs Duty, Entry Tax and Entertainment Tax.
Indirect tax is paid only on manufacture and sales of goods and services, which is different
within the states and outside the states. Apart from these, the direct taxes levied by the
Government are income tax, corporation tax, wealth tax etc., which are directly paid by the
taxpayer.
Now that sounds a bit complicated, right? So many taxes!
The same has been questioned by political parties, leaders, common people and government
itself. Even after the inception of VAT in 2005, certain shortcomings in the tax reform were
identified, which had a high impact on the costs of manufacturing and distribution of goods and
services.
The sale, manufacture and provision of service are taxed differently, creating ambiguity within
the legal concepts of these terms. Our economy is majorly dependent on indirect
taxations due to the lack of income stability, infrastructure and poor development. The rationale
behind this indirect tax structure is little justified, and therefore, the need for making it less
complicated has stirred the government.
And that’s where GST comes into the picture, in hopes for obtaining a less-complicated and flat
tax structure.
The Inauguration of GST in India

The escalating interest of people in a simplified and beneficial taxation system in India has
enticed new prospects for the government. The Government of India has approved the
installation of GST on 3rdAugust 2016 at Rajya Sabha, wherein all the indirect taxes (imposed
by Centre and State) will be swapped by theone and onlyGoods and Services Tax.

What is GST?
It is asingle, comprehensivetax that creates asingle, unifiedmarket in the respective country. Adopted by
over 150 countries in the world, GST has proved to benefit both the corporates and economies. It
is an indirect tax reform that incorporates all the other indirect taxes determined by the centre
and state governments, applied at all the stages of the value chain. At present:

This situation in the supply chain can be referred as Tax on Tax, where two taxes are applied by
the dealers. After GST, a single tax will be applicable on the supply of goods and services, right
from the manufacturer to the consumer. Here, the consumer will pay the charged GST on the
product, irrespective of the tax charged at the previous stages of the supply chain.
 Administration of GST

The proposed structure of GST is dual, wherein both the centre and state governments will
administer GST separately:
1. SGST: State GST (local VAT and other taxes), administered by the State
2. CGST: Centre GST, administered by the Centre
3. IGST: Integrated GST, administered by the Centre

More about GST

 On each supply of goods and services, there will be a state tax (SGST) and central tax (CGST).
 GST will be available as input tax credit.
 Applicable on all the production and distribution of goods and services and the provision of services
except for alcohol, electricity and real estate. Alcohol will be subjected to state excise and VAT,
electricity to electricity duty and real estate to stamp duty and property taxes.
 Tobacco will come under GST with an addition of central excise duty.
 The list of goods and services that are common for CGST and SGST are excused.
 Goods and services outside the ambit of GST are omitted.
 An addition of 1% tax will be charged on the inter-state supply of goods.
 A single documentation for tax purposes will be maintained.
 But before the Bill is sent to the Presidential assent, it needs to be ratified by 16 states of India
 By far, in August 2016, Assam is the 1st state to ratify the GST Billfollowed by Bihar

Advantages of GST
Apart from the benefit of simpler tax structure, the following are some pointers representing the
advantages of the GST implementation in India:
 Increase in Government Revenues: By removing the layers of taxes, the new reform will bring more
compliance and accelerate the number of taxpayers. Thus widening the tax base. It is projected that this
reform will add 2 to 2.5% to GDP of the country.
 Uniform Taxation System: By replacing the multiplicity of taxes across the state and central, the
specific advantages and disadvantages of state or central have been dissolved, thus bringing uniformity.
All the stakeholders will have a fair trade now. Also, the uniform and simple tax structure promotes the
reduction of accounting with the utilization of only one documentation.
 Reduction of Tax Burden: With the elimination of ‘tax on tax’ system, the consumers will owe a little
less to the government and all the mediators in the supply chain.
 Reduction of Prices: As GST will be the sole input tax credit, the manufacturers will exclude the taxes
related to their cost of production, which will reduce the prices of products, i.e. the MRP.
 Increase in Employment: The lower prices will increase the demand and supply of the products, thus
opening doors to new opportunities for businesses. Apart from that, implementing GST is one of the most
substantial change that will require trained personnel for handling the colossal IT software of GST
accounting and documentation.

How will the MBA students benefit from GST?

The economic development through the GST is anticipated to have a positive impact on job
market of the country, where the industries of logistics and manufacturing will bloom with
opportunities. The existing vendors can expand their units of operations and accommodate more
jobs.
Moreover, the reduction of prices will remarkably shift the graph of supply and demand. That
implies the growth of start-ups and ventures, looking for entering the Indian market. In this
light, the graduates of MBA will have a butt-load of opportunities to show off their skills by
utilizing their analytical minds.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

GST objectives:

1. Ensuring that the cascading effect of tax on tax will be eliminated.

2. Improving the competitiveness of the original goods and services, thereby improving the
GDP rate too.
3. Ensuring the availability of input credit across the value chain.
4. Reducing the complications in tax administration and compliance.
5. Making a unified law involving all the tax bases, laws and administration procedures
across the country.
6. Decreasing the unhealthy competition among the states due to taxes and revenues.
7. Reducing the tax slab rates to avoid further clarification issues.
8.
With all of these being very significant objectives of GST, it is still facing a lot of implementation
issues. Some of them are:

1. Complete lack of adaptation mechanisms and trained staff.

2. In some cases, the double registration might annoy people. Also, these registrations result
in increase compliances and cost.
3. Unclear estimate of the exact impact of GST.
4. No clear mechanisms to control tax evasion.
Methodology

For the preparation of this report both primary and secondary sources of data areused. The
secondary data are collected from annual reports, brochures, website ofGST, different financial
magazine, published documents. Most of the informationin this report is written on the basis of
experience gained by the internee in thecompany during the period of internship. While
preparing this report I took helpfrom company staff and group discussion with friends. I have
consulted relateddepartmental staff as a primary source. For the secondary data I used GST
website,financial express website, and clear tax website

Research Methodology

This paper is based on exploratory research technique and data cited in this paper were collected
via secondary sources available like statistical data available on various websites of Indian
Government like Finance Ministry (finmin.gov.in), GST Council (gstcouncil.gov.in), GST
Council Archives (gstindia.com), and many more ; literature review from journal papers ;
annual reports ; newspaper reports ; and wide collection of magazine based articles on GST.
Based on the analysis of above mentioned data collection sources, the objectives of the study are
defined and research design is drafted which is highly descriptive in nature.

An overview of GST

GST was first delivered throughout 2007-08 finances session. On 17th December 2014, The Modern
Union Cabinet Ministry authorized the thought for the advent GST Constitutional Amendment Bill. On
19th December 2014, the invoice was provided on GST in Loksabha. The Bill is offered in Budget
session. The modern valuable government may be very decided to enforce GST Constitutional
Amendment Bill. At present, there are round a hundred and sixty countries that have carried out GST or
VAT in some form or other. In a few nations, VAT is the factitious for GST, but conceptually it is far a
vacation spot primarily based tax imposed on intake of goods and services. France was the primary
United States of America to introduce GST in 1954. Right now, simplest Canada has a International
Journal of 360 Management Review, Vol. 05, Issue 02, October 2017, ISSN:2320-7132 38 Twin GST
Version (relatively similar to the Dual GST Model that India goes to put into effect). Many specialists
have advised that to clear up the issues of various kinds of taxes, there is a need to streamline all oblique
taxes and implement a ‘Single Taxation’ system. This device is entitled as Goods and Services Tax
(GST). Goods and Services Tax as the call implies, it's far an indirect tax applied both on items and
services at a uniform price. In simple time period, GST is a tax that human needs to pay on deliver of
goods and services. Any man or woman, who's imparting or providing items and services, is at risk of fee
GST. A single shape of tax called GST might be implemented all through the use of a, changing a number
of other oblique taxes like VAT, Service tax, CST, CAD and so forth. Therefore, GST shall be the largest
indirect tax reform imparting a uniform and simplified manner of oblique taxation in India. GST is an
intake based tax (i.e.) based totally at the ‘Destination Principle’. Thus, GST is imposed on items and
services at the location in which the real consumption takes place.

Supply Chain of GST

GST is collected on cost-introduced goods and offerings at each stage of sale or purchase within the
deliver chain. GST paid at the procurement of products and services may be setoff towards that payable
on the supply of products or offerings. The manufacturer or wholesaler or retailer pays the applicable
GST charge but will claim lower back via tax credit mechanism. But being the ultimate individual inside
the supply chain, the end customer has to undergo this tax and so, GST is going to be gathered at point of
Sale.

Figure No: 1 – Supply Chain of GST

GST Rate levied on

Manufacturer Consumer
Wholesaler Retailer

Manufacturer claims Wholesaler Retailer claims Consumer pays GST

back GST claims back GST back GST

This is the case even these days for all indirect taxes however the distinction below the GST is that with
streamlining of the multiple taxes the very last value to the consumer will pop out to be decrease at the
removal of double charging inside the structure.

Dual System GST

Indian Government is deciding on for Dual System GST. This structure will have the following contents
which will be known as:
 Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST) and
 State Goods and Services Tax (SGST).

The current taxes like excise duties, service tax, custom duty etc. will be merged under CGST. The taxes
like sales tax, entertainment tax, VAT and other state taxes will be included in SGST. GST will be levied
on:
 Intra-country distribution and consumption of goods and services;
 Inter-country movement of goods;
 Import of Goods & Services.

GST Rate Structure

On 3 rd November, 2016 a 4-tier GST charge shape has been passed, the very last slab prices being
agreed upon are 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. The very last GST slab charges are: 1. Zero Rated Items: Food
grains used by common humans. 2. 5% Rate: Items of mass consumption consisting of important
commodities will have low tax prevalence. 3. 12% and 18 % Rate: Two widespread quotes were finalized
as 12% and 18%. 4. 28% Rate: White items like air conditioners, washing machines, fridges, soaps and
shampoos and many others. Had been taxed at 30 - 31% shall be now taxed at 28%. Demerit items like
tobacco, tobacco products, pan-masala, aerated liquids and comfort motors will be charged at the highest
rate of 28%. An additional cess on some luxury items shall additionally be imposed. Services that are now
taxed at 15% will be taxed at a higher fee of GST @18%. The tax fee on Gold is yet to be determined.