Time Rate of

Consolidation

Primary Consolidation
1D THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION TIME-INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS
Rebound COMPRESSION INDEX
LOG EFFECTIVE STRESS

1 PRECONSOLIDATION
Cr PRESSURE( pc)

COMPRESSION INDEX
H*C σ’2
ΔH = Log ( ) 1
VOID RATIO

1 + eo σ’1
Cc

1
Primary Consolidation
1D THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS
INITIAL STRESS
LOG TOTAL STRESS

FINAL STRESS

UNDRAINED LOADING:
VOID RATIO

•PORE PRESSURE GENERATION

•NO CHANGE IN EFFECTIVE STRESSES
•NO SETTLEMENT

Primary Consolidation
1D THEORY OF CONSOLIDATION TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS
INITIAL STRESS
LOG TOTAL STRESS

FINAL STRESS

DRAINED LOADING:
VOID RATIO

•PORE PRESSURE DISSIPATION

•INCREASE IN EFFECTIVE STRESSES
•SETTLEMENT

2
Terzaghi’s 1D Theory

Flow of Water under Stress

3
Terzaghi’s 1D Theory

Terzaghi’s 1D Theory

4
Excess PWP Variation with Depth
Two way drainage

open
Hdr
clay
z
open
z=0 top open
z=1 middle
z=2 bottom open

Excess PWP variation with Depth

One way drainage

open
Hdr clay
z
closed
z=0 top open
z=0.5 middle
z=1 bottom closed

5
Excess PWP variation with Depth

Time Factors for constant

Excess pwp with depth

6
Average Degree of Consolidation

Average Degree of Consolidation

wrt Time

7
Excess pwp Distributions
Open drainage

Cv t
H Hdr=H/2 Tv =
H 2 dr
Open drainage

Open drainage

H Hdr=H

Closed drainage

1D Average Degree of Consolidation across

a layer

Time Factor Tv

8
 t=1, ue=100%

Oedometer Test
t=2, ue=50%
hw = Δσ/γw
Δσ=P/A

t=0, ue=0%, t=∞

Record for each stress

increment (Δσ):
Change in height of
specimen with time

Determining Cv using Log Time Method

Cv t
Tv =
H 2 dr
2
⎡H ⎤
0.196 ⎢ ⎥
TV 50 H 2 dr ⎣2⎦
Cv = =
t50 t50

9
Determining Cv using Root Time Method
Cv t
Tv =
H 2 dr
2
⎡H ⎤
0.848⎢ ⎥
TV 90 H 2 dr ⎣2⎦
Cv = =
t90 t90

Settlement Magnitude wrt Time

S c (time )
U=
Sc

Sc(time)=U Sc
Where U is degree of consolidation

10
Settlement Magnitude wrt Time

How good are predictions

12
10
Fill Height

8
m

6
4
2
0
30-Nov- 29-Jan- 30-Mar- 29-May- 28-Jul- 26-Sep- 25-Nov- 24-Jan-
1-Oct-00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 02
0
SR-WBL
200 SR-EBL
Settlement, mm

Predicted Lower Bound

400 Predicted Upper Bound

600

800

11
How good are predictions
ESTIMATED SETTLEMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION
VERSUS FILL HEIGHT
3.5
3 MEASURED
settlement (m)

2.5
2
1.5 ESTIMATED
1
0.5
0
1 10 100
fill height (m)

Time Rate Predictions

12
10
Fill Height, m

8
6
4 February 2001
2
0

100 August 2001

80
Excess P. P.

60 EBL-m WBL-m Predicted

kPa

40
20
0
-20
01-Oct-00

30-Nov-00

29-Jan-01

30-Mar-01

29-May-01

28-Jul-01

26-Sep-01

25-Nov-01

24-Jan-02

12