Indus Waters Treaty

The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between

India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank to use the water
available in the Indus System of Rivers located in India.[1][2][3]
The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed in Karachi on
September 19, 1960 by the first Prime Minister of India Pandit
Jawaharlal Nehru and then President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.[4]

According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in

three "eastern" rivers of India — the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej
with the mean annual flow of 33 million acre-feet (MAF) — was
given to India, while control over the water flowing in three
"western" rivers of India — the Indus, the Chenab and the
Jhelum with the mean annual flow of 80 MAF — was given to Map of the Indus System of Rivers excluding its
Pakistan.[5] More controversial, however, were the provisions on delta channels and tributaries draining in to Rann
how the waters was to be shared. Since Pakistan's rivers receive of Kutch.
more water flow from India, the treaty allowed India to use
western rivers water for limited irrigation use and unlimited use
for power generation, domestic, industrial and non consumptive uses such as navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc.
while laying down precise regulations for India to build projects. The preamble of the treaty declares that the objectives of the
treaty are recognizing rights & obligations of each country in settlement of optimum water use from the Indus System of Rivers
in a spirit of goodwill, friendship and cooperation contrary to the fears of Pakistan that India could potentially create floods or
droughts in Pakistan, especially at times of war since substantial water inflows of the Indus basin rivers are from India.[6][7]

Since the ratification of the treaty in 1960 with effect from 1 April 1960 per Article XII(2), India and Pakistan have not engaged
in any water wars. Most disagreements and disputes have been settled via legal procedures, provided for within the framework of
the treaty.[8] The treaty is considered to be one of the most successful water sharing endeavours in the world today, even though
analysts acknowledge the need to update certain technical specifications and expand the scope of the document to include climate
change.[9] As per the provisions in the treaty, India can use (excluding domestic, industrial and non consumptive uses from
western rivers) nearly 20% of the total water carried by the Indus System of Rivers while Pakistan can use the
remaining.[10][11][12]

Contents
Treaty provisions
History and background
World Bank involvement
Grants and Loans to Pakistan
Treaty implications
Treaty under scrutiny
Kutch
Response to terror attacks
Complete utilization efforts by India
See also
 Sources
References
Further reading
External links

Treaty provisions
The Indus System of Rivers comprises three western rivers — the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab — and three eastern rivers —
the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi. Per Article I of IWT, any river/ tributary and its catchment area of Indus System of Rivers
which are not part of other five rivers, is part of Indus river including its creeks, delta channels, connecting lakes, etc. According
to this treaty, the eastern rivers are allocated for exclusive water use by India after the permitted water uses in Pakistan before
they cross finally into Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive water use of the western rivers after the permitted water uses in
India. Article IV (14) of IWT states that any water use developed out of the underutilized waters of other country, will not acquire
water use rights due to lapse of time.[13] Mostly, the treaty resulted in partitioning of the rivers rather than sharing of their
waters.[14]

Transition period of 10 years was permitted in which India was bound to supply water to Pakistan from its eastern rivers until
Pakistan was able to build the canal system for utilization of waters of the western rivers. Per Article 5.1 of IWT, India agreed to
make fixed contribution of UK Pound Sterling 62,060,000/= (Pound Sterling sixty two million and sixty thousand only or 125
metric tons of gold when gold standard was followed) towards the cost of construction of new head-works and canal system for
irrigation from western rivers in Punjab province of Pakistan.[15] India had paid the total amount in ten equal annual installments
despite the 1965 Indo-Pak war.[16][17][13] As of 2019, adjusted for gold price inflation and exchange rates, it is estimated that
India paid Pakistan $ 5.2 billion or INR 359 billion.[18]

Both countries agreed in the treaty to exchange data and co-operate in the optimum use of water from Indus System of Rivers.
For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by each country. It would
follow the set procedure for adjudicating any future differences and disputes arising over the allocation of waters. The
Commission has survived three wars and provides an ongoing mechanism for consultation and conflict resolution through
inspection, exchange of data and visits. The Commission is required to meet at least once in a year to discuss potential disputes as
well as cooperative arrangements for the development of the Indus System of Rivers. Either party must notify the other of plans
to construct any engineering works which would affect the other party and to provide data about such works. The annual
inspections and exchange of data continue, unperturbed by tensions on the subcontinent. Salal dam was constructed after entering
mutual agreement by both countries.[19] Tulbul Project is pending for clearance for decades even after protracted discussions
between India and Pakistan.[20] In cases of disagreement, Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) or a neutral technical expert is
called in for arbitration. Technical expert's ruling was followed for clearing the Baglihar power plant and PCA verdict was
followed for clearing the Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant.[21][22][23] Pakistan is claiming violation of the treaty regarding 850
MW Ratle Hydroelectric Plant.[24] India has not yet raised any violation of Article II of IWT by Pakistan though Pakistan is using
ground water for various uses in the basin area of Ravi and Sutlej before these rivers finally cross in to Pakistan. Pakistan also
constructed river training works in such a manner to reduce river flooding in its area and enhance flooding in Great Rann of
Kutch area of India violating the Article IV(3a).[25] Pakistan raising disputes and approaching the PCA/ICA against Indian
projects, could result in abolition of the IWT when its provisions are interpreted in detail by the PCA verdicts.[26]

History and background

The waters of the Indus System of Rivers begin mainly in Tibet region of China and the Himalayan mountains in the states of
Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. They flow through the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Sindh, etc before
emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi and Kori Creek in Gujarat.[27] The average annual available water resource in
Pakistan is 177 MAF or 218.4 billion cubic meters.[28] Where once there was only a narrow strip of irrigated land along these
rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more
than 47 million acres (190,000 km2) in Pakistan alone by 2009, one of the largest irrigated area of any one river system.[29]

The partition of British India created a conflict over the waters of the Indus basin. The newly formed states were at odds over
how to share and manage what was essentially a cohesive and unitary network of irrigation. Furthermore, the geography of
partition was such that the source rivers of the Indus basin were in India. Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect of
Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the Pakistani portion of the basin. Where India certainly had its own
ambitions for the profitable development of the basin, Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water
for its cultivable land. During the first years of partition, the waters of the Indus were apportioned by the Inter-Dominion Accord
of May 4, 1948. This accord required India to release sufficient waters to the Pakistani regions of the basin in return for annual
payments from the government of Pakistan. The accord was meant to meet immediate requirements and was followed by
negotiations for a more permanent solution. However, neither side was willing to compromise their respective positions and
negotiations reached a stalemate. From the Indian point of view, there was nothing that Pakistan could do to force India to divert,
from any of its schemes, the river water into irrigation canals of Pakistan.[30] Pakistan wanted to take the matter at that time to the
International Court of Justice, but India refused, arguing that the conflict required a bilateral resolution.[31]

World Bank involvement

In this same year, David Lilienthal, formerly the chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority and of the U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission, visited the region to write a series of articles for Collier's magazine. Lilienthal had a keen interest in the
subcontinent and was welcomed by the highest levels of both Indian and Pakistani governments. Although his visit was
sponsored by Collier's, Lilienthal was briefed by state department and executive branch officials, who hoped that Lilienthal could
help bridge the gap between India and Pakistan and also gauge hostilities on the subcontinent. During the course of his visit, it
became clear to Lilienthal that tensions between India and Pakistan were acute, but also unable to be erased with one sweeping
gesture. He wrote in his journal:

India and Pakistan were on the verge of war over Kashmir. There seemed to be no possibility of negotiating this
issue until tensions abated. One way to reduce hostility . . . would be to concentrate on other important issues
where cooperation was possible. Progress in these areas would promote a sense of community between the two
nations which might, in time, lead to a Kashmir settlement. Accordingly, I proposed that India and Pakistan work
out a program jointly to develop and jointly to operate the Indus Basin river system, upon which both nations
were dependent for irrigation water. With new dams and irrigation canals, the Indus and its tributaries could be
made to yield the additional water each country needed for increased food production. In the article I had
suggested that the World Bank might use its good offices to bring the parties to agreement, and help in the
financing of an Indus Development program.[32]:93

Lilienthal's idea was well received by officials at the World Bank (then the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development) and subsequently, by the Indian and Pakistani governments. Eugene R. Black, then president of the World Bank,
told Lilienthal that his proposal "makes good sense all round". Black wrote that the Bank was interested in the economic progress
of the two countries and had been concerned that the Indus dispute could only be a serious handicap to this development. India's
previous objections to third party arbitration were remedied by the Bank's insistence that it would not adjudicate the conflict but
rather work as a conduit for agreement.[33]

Black also made a distinction between the "functional" and "political" aspects of the Indus dispute. In his correspondence with
Indian and Pakistan leaders, Black asserted that the Indus dispute could most realistically be solved if the functional aspects of
disagreement were negotiated apart from political considerations. He envisioned a group that tackled the question of how best to
utilize the waters of the Indus Basin, leaving aside questions of historic rights or allocations.
Black proposed a Working Party made up of Indian, Pakistani and World Bank engineers. The World Bank delegation would act
as a consultative group, charged with offering suggestions and speeding dialogue. In his opening statement to the Working Party,
Black spoke of why he was optimistic about the group's success:

One aspect of Mr. Lilienthal's proposal appealed to me from the first. I mean his insistence that the Indus problem
is an engineering problem and should be dealt with by engineers. One of the strengths of the engineering
profession is that, all over the world, engineers speak the same language and approach problems with common
standards of judgment.[32]:110

Black's hopes for a quick resolution to the Indus dispute were premature. While the Bank had expected that the two sides would
come to an agreement on the allocation of waters, neither India nor Pakistan seemed willing to compromise their positions. While
Pakistan insisted on its historical right to waters of all the Indus tributaries and that half of West Punjab was under threat of
desertification, the Indian side argued that the previous distribution of waters should not set future allocation. Instead, the Indian
side set up a new basis of distribution, with the waters of the Western tributaries going to Pakistan and the Eastern tributaries to
India. The substantive technical discussions that Black had hoped for were stymied by the political considerations he had
expected to avoid.

The World Bank soon became frustrated with this lack of progress. What had originally been envisioned as a technical dispute
that would quickly untangle itself started to seem intractable. India and Pakistan were unable to agree on the technical aspects of
allocation, let alone the implementation of any agreed upon distribution of waters. Finally, in 1954, after nearly two years of
negotiation, the World bank offered its own proposal, stepping beyond the limited role it had apportioned for itself and forcing the
two sides to consider concrete plans for the future of the basin. The proposal offered India the three eastern tributaries of the basin
and Pakistan the three western tributaries. Canals and storage dams were to be constructed to divert waters from the western
rivers and replace the eastern river supply lost by Pakistan.

While the Indian side was amenable to the World Bank proposal, Pakistan found it unacceptable. The World Bank allocated the
eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to Pakistan. This new distribution did not account for the historical usage of the
Indus basin, or the fact that West Punjab's Eastern districts could turn into desert, and repudiated Pakistan's negotiating position.
Where India had stood for a new system of allocation, Pakistan felt that its share of waters should be based on pre-partition
distribution. The World Bank proposal was more in line with the Indian plan and this angered the Pakistani delegation. They
threatened to withdraw from the Working Party, and negotiations verged on collapse.

However, neither side could afford the dissolution of talks. The Pakistani press met rumors of an end to negotiation with talk of
increased hostilities; the government was ill-prepared to forego talks for a violent conflict with India and was forced to reconsider
its position.[34][35] India was also eager to settle the Indus issue; large development projects were put on hold by negotiations,
and Indian leaders were eager to divert water for irrigation.[36]

In December 1954, the two sides returned to the negotiating table. The World Bank proposal was transformed from a basis of
settlement to a basis for negotiation and the talks continued, stop and go, for the next six years.[37]

One of the last stumbling blocks to an agreement concerned financing for the construction of canals and storage facilities that
would transfer water from the western rivers to Pakistan. This transfer was necessary to make up for the water Pakistan was
giving up by ceding its rights to the eastern rivers. The World Bank initially planned for India to pay for these works, but India
refused.[38] The Bank responded with a plan for external financing. An Indus Basin Development Fund Agreement (Karachi, 19
September 1960); a treaty between Australia, Canada, West Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States with
the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IRDC) and Pakistan who agreed to provide Pakistan a combination
of funds and loans.[39] This solution cleared the remaining stumbling blocks to the agreement and the IWT was signed by both
countries on the same day in 1960 but "Indus Basin Development Fund Agreement" provisions do not affect the IWT in any way
per its Article XI(3).[13] The grants and loans to Pakistan were extended in 1964 through a supplementary agreement.[40]
Grants and Loans to Pakistan
Original Supplementary
Supplementaty Original Loan to
Country Currency Grant Loan to
Grant (1964) Pakistan (1960)
(1960) Pakistan (1964)
Ten yearly
India GB£ 62,060,000 installments Article
5 of IWT

Australia A£ 6,965,000 4,667,666

Canada Can$ 22,100,000 16,810,794
West
DM 126,000,000 80,400,000
Germany
New
NZ£ 1,000,000 503,434
Zealand
United
GB£ 20,860,000 13,978,571
Kingdom
United
States of US$ 177,000,000 118,590,000 70,000,000 51,220,000
america
90,000,000 (in 58,540,000 (in
IRDC Bank US$ various currencies) various
inc interest[41] currencies)
Presently, the World Bank role in the treaty is limited to keep the dispute settlement process moving when a party/country is not
cooperating to follow the arbitration procedure given in the treaty in case of a dispute.[42][13]

Treaty implications
From the Indus System of Rivers, India got nearly 33 MAF at 16% whereas Pakistan got nearly 177 MAF at 84%.[28][43]
However India can use the western river waters for irrigation up to 701,000 acres with new water storage capacity not exceeding
1.25 MAF and new storage works with hydro power plants (excluding permitted water storage under unlimited run of the river
hydro projects) with storage not exceeding 1.6 MAF and nominal flood storage capacity of 0.75 MAF.[9] These water allocations
made to the Jammu and Kashmir state of India are meager to meet its irrigation water requirements whereas the treaty permitted
enough water to irrigate 80% of the cultivated lands in the Indus river basin of Pakistan.[44][45] The storage capacity permitted by
the treaty for hydro power generation is less than the total annual silt that would accumulate in the reservoirs if the total hydro
potential of the state was to be exploited fully. Pakistan is also losing additional benefits by not permitting moderate water storage
in upstream J&K state whose water would be ultimately released to the Pakistan for its use and avoid few dams requirement in its
territory. Ultimately, J&K state is bound to resort to costly de-silting of its reservoirs to keep them operational. Whereas Pakistan
is planning to build multi purpose water reservoirs with massive storage for impounding multi year inflows such as 4,500 MW
Diamer-Bhasha Dam, 3,600 MW Kalabagh Dam, 600 MW Akhori Dam, Dasu Dam, Bunji Dam, Thakot dam, Patan dam, etc.
projects with huge population resettlement.[9] In case of any dam break, downstream areas in Pakistan as well as Kutch region in
India would face unprecedented water deluge or submergence as these dams are located in high seismically-active zones.[46]

In 2003 J&K state assembly passed a unanimous resolution for the abrogation of the treaty and again in June 2016, the Jammu
and Kashmir assembly demanded for revision of the Indus Water Treaty.[5][47] The legislators feel that the treaty trampled upon
the rights of the people and treats the state of Jammu and Kashmir as a non-entity.[48][49][50]
However, India derives military advantage out of IWT as its scope is confined to the Indus System of Rivers (both eastern and
western rivers) basin area located in India and also in Ravi and Sutlej basins located in Pakistan per Articles II(1 to 4) and III(2 to
3) and the IWT deals only with the sharing of water available/flowing in Indian part between Pakistan and India.[51] As per the
IWT, Pakistan bombing / destroying dams, barrages, power stations, etc located in Indian part of Indus System of Rivers is
violation of the IWT which can lead to abrogation of IWT.

Treaty under scrutiny

Kutch
The Indus river water also flows into the Kori Creek, located in Rann of Kutch area of Gujarat state in India, through its delta
channel called Nara river via Shakoor Lake before joining the sea. Without the consent of India, Pakistan has constructed the Left
Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD) project passing through the Great Rann of Kutch area with the assistance from the world bank.[52] In
violation of IWT Article IV(10), the LBOD's purpose is to bypass the saline and polluted water flowing in to the Indus delta of
Pakistan and to reach the sea via the Rann of Kutch area.[53] Water released by the LBOD enhances the flooding in India and
contaminates the quality of water bodies which are a source of water to salt farms spread over a vast area.[54] The LBOD water is
planned to join the sea via the disputed Sir Creek, but LBOD water enters Indian territory due to many breaches in its left bank
caused by floods[55] Since Gujarat state of India being the lower most riparian part of Indus basin, Pakistan is bound to provide
all the details of engineering works taken up by Pakistan to India to ensure no material damage is caused to India as per the
provisions Article IV of the treaty and shall not proceed with the project works till the disagreements are settled by arbitration
process.[56][57]

Response to terror attacks

In the aftermath of the 2016 Uri attack, India threatened to revoke the Indus Waters Treaty. The Prime Minister Narendra Modi
declared, "blood and water cannot flow together."[58] So far, such threats have not materialised.[59] However, India decided to
restart the Tulbul Project on the Jhelum River in the Kashmir Valley, which was previously suspended in response to Pakistan's
objections.[60] Political analyst Hasan Askari Rizvi in Lahore said that any change to the water supply of Pakistan would have a
"devastating impact".[61]

Complete utilization efforts by India

In the aftermath of 2019 Pulwama attack, the Minister of Road and Water Resources Nitin Gadkari stated that all water presently
flowing in to Pakistan in the three eastern rivers will be diverted to Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan for various uses.[62]

The Indus system of Rivers carry nearly 210 MAF average annual flows, of which India can utilize nearly 33 MAF (16% of total)
from the assigned three eastern rivers.[28] In addition India is entitled to use western river's waters for limited agricultural uses
and unlimited domestic, non-consumptive, hydro power generation, etc uses.[63] In 2019, India utilizes 95% (31 MAF) of its
share, and 5% (2 MAF) of India's unutilised share flows to downstream Pakistan territory. India is undertaking three projects to
ensure India utilises its full share from the eastern rivers, (a) Shahpurkandi dam project on Ravi River (b) second Ravi-Beas link
in Punjab and (c) the Ujh Dam project on Ujh River in Jammu and Kashmir. This water will be used by Punjab, Haryana, Uttar
Pradesh, and Rajasthan and Delhi along with northern hill states.[64][65]

See also
Little Rann of Kutch Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant
Baglihar Dam India–Pakistan relations
Wular Lake Water politics
 Effects of global warming Gulpur Hydropower Project

Sources
Barrett, Scott: Conflict and Cooperation in Managing International Water Resources, Policy Research Working
Paper 1303, The World Bank, May 1994.
Michel, Aloys Arthur: The Indus Rivers – A Study of the Effects of Partition, Yale University Press: New Haven,
1967.
Verghese, B.G.: Waters of Hope, Oxford and IBH Publishing: New Delhi, 1990.
Indus Waters Treaty: an exercise in international mediation by Niranjan Das Gulhati [1] (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=RuwlAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y)

References
1. Daniel Haines (8 March 2017). "The Rivers Run Wild (Indus Waters Treaty-1960) - Nearly 60 Years Since Their
Landmark Treaty, The Pakistan-India Water Dispute Remains Contentious" (https://www.newsweekpakistan.com/
the-rivers-run-wild/). Newsweek (magazine). Retrieved 28 October 2019.
2. "Full text of 'Indus Water Treaty' with Annexures, World Bank" (https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTs/Volum
e%20419/volume-419-I-6032-English.pdf) (PDF). 1960. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
3. "War over water" (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/03/kashmir.india1). The Guardian. 3 June 2002.
Retrieved 30 June 2018.
4. "How the Indus Treaty was signed" (http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/How-the-Indus-Treaty-was-signed/art
icle15002424.ece). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
5. Khaki, Saadat Bilal (26 July 2018). "Indo-Pak and Hydro-politics" (https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/op-ed/in
do-pak-and-hydro-politics/291555.html). Greater Kashmir.
6. "Preamble of Indus water treaty" (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-110573
7253588/IWT_01_TableofContents.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 30 October 2017.
7. "Indus Water Treaty: Review is not an Option" (http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/2236). Retrieved 30 July
2018.
8. "Indus Water Treaty: Options for India" (http://www.claws.in/images/journals_doc/867954295_04_chap.pdf)
(PDF), Scholar Warrior, Centre for Land Warfare Studies, Spring 2017, retrieved 28 October 2017
9. Bakshi, Gitanjali; Trivedi, Sahiba (2011), Indus Equation (http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/10345
110617.pdf) (PDF), Strategic Foresight Group, retrieved 28 October 2014
10. C.A. Brebbia (4 September 2013). Water and Society II (https://books.google.com/books?id=IBNj9hPrOXQC&pg
=PA103). WIT Press. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-1-84564-742-1.
11. Map Workbook (https://books.google.com/books?id=M9OCPZDkWOEC&pg=PA27). FK Publications. pp. 27–.
ISBN 978-81-89611-79-8.
12. Roy Chowdhury, Biswaroop. Memory Unlimited (https://books.google.com/books?id=_ETdsSfra9YC&pg=PA148).
Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. pp. 148–. ISBN 978-81-8419-017-5.
13. "Indus water treaty" (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/Ind
usWatersTreaty1960.pdf) (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
14. "Water Sharing Conflicts Between Countries, and Approaches to Resolving Them" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0070821023229/http://www.gee-21.org/publications/pdf%20files/Conflictsbetweencountriesvol.3Jan.2004.pdf)
(PDF). Honolulu: Global Environment and Energy in the 21st century. p. 98. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.gee-21.org/publications/pdf%20files/Conflictsbetweencountriesvol.3Jan.2004.pdf) (pdf) on August 21, 2007.
Retrieved 2010-04-14.
15. "The struggle for power over Indus" (http://www.thedialogue.co/struggle-power-indus/). Retrieved 29 April 2018.
16. Shreyan, Sengupta. "Transboundary water disputes" (http://e-collection.library.ethz.ch/eserv/eth:7481/eth-7481-0
1.pdf) (PDF). ETH Zurich. Retrieved 24 September 2013.
17. Garg, Santosh Kumar (1999). International and interstate river water disputes (https://books.google.com/?id=nrcq
GF3agsEC&pg=PA98&dq=Ravi+River&q=Ravi%20River). Laxmi Publications. pp. 54–55. ISBN 81-7008-068-1.
18. "Gold price history charts in different currencies" (https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-prices). Retrieved
31 March 2019.
19. "Agreement for the Salal project between India and Pakistan dated 14 April 1978" (http://www.commonlii.org/in/ot
her/treaties/INTSer/1978/18.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 13 June 2018.
20. "Wullar Barrage: An Unresolved 'Question' " (https://kashmirlife.net/wullar-barrage-an-unresolved-question-601/).
Retrieved 29 August 2018.
21. "Baglihar Hydroelectric Plant: Expert Determination" (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resou
rces/223546-1171996340255/BagliharSummary.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 15 April 2018.
22. "The Baglihar difference and its resolution process - a triumph for the Indus Waters Treaty?" (https://www.internat
ionalwaterlaw.org/bibliography/articles/Salman/Baglihar.pdf) (PDF). 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
23. "Verdict of Permanent Court of Arbitration on Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant" (https://pcacases.com/web/send
Attach/1681). February 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
24. "Pak 'diplomatic sabotage' busted: India to go ahead with Ratle hydroelectric project, govt to send team to J&K"
(https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pakistan-india-ratle-hydroelectric-project-indus-water-treaty-agreem
ent-chenab-shahpur-kandi-dam-project-ujh-multipurpose-project-jammu-and-kashmir/310636). Retrieved
21 January 2019.
25. "Indus Basin Floods" (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30431/indus-basin-floods.pdf) (PDF).
Asian Development Bank. 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
26. "Pakistan to take Kishanganga Dam dispute to International Court of Arbitration" (http://www.arabnews.com/nod
e/1316126/world). Arab News. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
27. "Interactive map - Indus system of rivers" (https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/). The Third Pole. Retrieved
29 October 2018.
28. "Pakistan: Getting More from Water (see Table 3.1)" (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2511915482756
45649/pdf/133964-WP-PUBLIC-ADD-SERIES-22-1-2019-18-56-25-W.pdf) (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved
29 March 2019.
29. "Pakistan: Indus Basin Water Strategy – Past, Present and Future" (http://www.lahoreschoolofeconomics.edu.pk/
EconomicsJournal/Journals/Volume%2015/Issue%20SP/09%20Dr%20Shahid%20Chaudhry%20EDITED%20TT
C11-10-10.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 29 August 2018.
30. Adam Nayyar. "What Indus water treaty means" (http://www.cssforum.com.pk/css-compulsory-subjects/pakistan-
affairs/33166-what-indus-water-treaty-means.html). Dawn. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
31. "Recalling the Indus Water Treaty or Nehru's Sixth Blunder" (http://indiafacts.org/recalling-the-indus-water-treaty-
or-nehrus-sixth-blunder/). India Facts. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
32. Gulhati, Niranjan D., The Indus Waters Treaty: An Exercise in International Mediation, Allied Publishers: Bombay,
1973.
33. Mason, Edward Sagendorph; Asher, Robert E. (1973). The World Bank Since Bretton Woods (https://books.goog
le.com/books?id=Y4VmW98hZy8C&pg=PA612&lpg=PA612&dq=lilienthal+world+bank&source=bl&ots=hflTqJ3Pv
B&sig=pxEXF3A4KU5HBLnjoMVtEhSIuEk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QZZPVODsBavG7Ab984DgDA&ved=0CCcQ6AEw
AQ#v=onepage&q=lilienthal%20world%20bank&f=false) (First ed.). Wawshington: The Brookings Institution.
p. 612. ISBN 9780815720300. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
34. A. G. Noorani (7 July 2017). "War on Indus waters? (Review of Indus Waters Treaty by Ijaz Hussain)" (https://ww
w.frontline.in/books/war-on-indus-waters/article9730422.ece). Frontline.
35. "Friends Not Masters - A Political Autobiography By President Ayub Khan (pages 109 to 112)" (https://archive.or
g/stream/FriendsNotMastersAPoliticalAutobiographyByPresidentAyubKhan_201705/Friends-Not-Masters-A%20
Political%20Autobiography%20by-President%20Ayub-Khan-#page/n1/mode/1up). 1967. Retrieved 28 June
2018.
36. "India and Pakistan: An Atlantic report" (https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1960/11/india-and-pakista
n/306376/). The Atlantic. November 1960.
37. Warikoo, K. (July–September 2005), "Indus Waters Treaty: View From Kashmir" (http://www.himalayanresearch.o
rg/pdf/2003-4-5/Vol09%20N3final.pdf#page=8) (PDF), Himalayan and Central Asian Studies, 9 (3)
38. Alam, U. Z. (1998). "Water Rationality: Mediating the Indus Waters Treaty" (http://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.
com/web/MEDIATING%20THE%20INDUS%20WATER%20TREATLY.pdf) (PDF). University of Durham.
Retrieved 22 May 2018.
39. http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1961/2.html
40. http://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1964/14.html
41. "Development Credit Agreement" (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/614421468332678823/pdf/Credit-0
060-Pakistan-Indus-Basin-Project-Credit-Agreement.pdf) (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
42. Last page of the Indus Water Treaty
43. Chellaney, Brahma (11 August 2012). "India generous with its shared water resources" (http://www.indiawaterrevi
ew.in/Story/BestoftheWeb/india-generous-with-its-shared-water-resources/825/8). India Water Reivew. Retrieved
28 October 2014.
44. "Geography of Jammu and Kashmir State: Irrigation – Importance and Types" (http://www.ikashmir.net/geograph
y/chapter2.1.html). Kashmiri Pandit Network. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
45. "Legislative Assembly rejects PDP resolution" (http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/news/legislative-assembly-r
ejects-pdp-resolution/59434.html). Greater Kashmir. 14 March 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
46. "Pakistan's Indus Cascade - a disaster in the making" (http://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/power/p
akistans-indus-cascade-a-disaster-in-the-making/59474499). The Economic Times. 6 July 2017.
47. "Finally, J&K hires consultant to quantify Indus Water Treaty losses" (http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashm
ir/finally-j-k-hires-consultant-to-quantify-indus-water-treaty-losses/276330.html). Greater Kashmir. 20 February 2-
18. Check date values in: |date= (help)
48. "State all for scrapping of Indo-Pak water treaty" (http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/st
ate-all-for-scrapping-of-indo-pak-water-treaty/299830.html). Tribune India. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
49. "Sustaining energy and food security in trans-boundary river system: case of Indus basin." (http://archive.riversy
mposium.com/index.php?element=SHAHEEN), 15th International River Symposium, 2012, retrieved 6 December
2017
50. "Why Hydropower is a Pipe Dream in Kashmir's Development" (https://www.newsclick.in/Hydropower-Pipe-Drea
m-Kashmir-Development). Retrieved 30 August 2019.
51. "Development has always been on top of our agenda: Nitin Gadkari" (https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/de
velopment-has-always-been-on-top-of-our-agenda-nitin-gadkari/1527304). Outlook. 2 May 2019.
52. Chaturvedi, A. K. (December 2018). "Indus Water Treaty: An Appraisal" (https://www.vifindia.org/sites/default/file
s/indus-water-treaty-an-appraisal.pdf) (PDF). Vivekananda International Foundation.
53. "Revisiting the LBOD issue" (https://www.dawn.com/news/664074). Dawn. 5 October 2011.
54. "Indus re-enters India after two centuries, feeds Little Rann, Nal Sarovar" (http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indus-r
iver-re-enters-india/1/158976.html). India Today. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
55. "Evolution of the Delta, the LBOD outfall system and the Badin dhands - chapters 3 & 4" (http://siteresources.worl
dbank.org/EXTINSPECTIONPANEL/Resources/PAKNDPProgressRepANNEXES.pdf) (PDF). World Bank. 2006.
Retrieved 22 December 2015.
56. "India, Pakistan agree on IWT mandated tours to both sides of Indus basin" (https://www.livemint.com/Politics/iuP
CUnmFn62w0HTyAkgtZJ/India-Pakistan-agree-on-IWT-mandated-tours-to-both-sides-of.html). livemint.
Retrieved 31 August 2018.
57. "Wrangles over water: Pakistan wages a water war on India" (http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-pag
e/wrangles-over-water-as-karnataka-and-tamil-nadu-slug-it-out-pakistan-wages-a-water-war-on-india/). The
Times of India blog. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
58. Michael Kugelman, Why the India-Pakistan War Over Water Is So Dangerous (https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/09/
30/why-the-india-pakistan-war-over-water-is-so-dangerous-indus-waters-treaty/), Foreign Policy, 30 September
2016.
59. Keith Johnson, Are India and Pakistan on the Verge of a Water War? (https://foreignpolicy-com.ezproxyd.bham.a
c.uk/2019/02/25/are-india-and-pakistan-on-the-verge-of-a-water-war-pulwama-kasmir-ravi-indus/), Foreign
Policy, 25 February 2019.
60. How India plans to use Indus Water Treaty to turn the heat on Pakistan (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/
How-India-plans-to-use-Indus-Water-Treaty-to-turn-the-heat-on-Pakistan/articleshow/54544929.cms), The Times
of India, 28 September 2016.
61. Archana Chaudhary; Iain Marlow. "Narendra Modi lays groundwork for water war in battle with Pakistan" (http://w
ww.livemint.com/Politics/6PaBfiC6AbQ9PNxyUHPB4K/Narendra-Modi-lays-groundwork-for-water-war-in-battle-w
ith-P.html). livemint. Retrieved 23 October 2016.
62. "Work to stop water from flowing into Pakistan has started: Govt" (https://indianexpress.com/article/india/work-to-
stop-water-from-flowing-into-pakistan-has-started-govt-5921953/). The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 August
2019.
63. "Pulwama attack and Indus Waters Treaty: does India hold all the cards?" (https://www.thehindu.com/news/nation
al/pulwama-attack-and-indus-waters-treaty-does-india-holds-all-the-cards/article26352399.ece). The Hindu.
Retrieved 28 April 2019.
64. "Will Stop India's Share Of Water Flowing To Pak, Says Nitin Gadkari: 10 Facts" (https://www.ndtv.com/india-new
s/government-has-decided-to-stop-our-share-of-water-which-used-to-flow-to-pakistan-tweets-minister-nit-199727
0). NDTV News. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
65. "Indus Waters Treaty 1960 : Present Status of Development in India" (http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?P
RID=1565906). Government of India. Retrieved 25 February 2019.

Further reading
Ali, Saleem H. "Water Politics in South Asia: Technocratic Cooperation in the Indus basin and beyond (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20110719175147/http://jia.sipa.columbia.edu/files/jia/167-182_ali.pdf)", Journal of International
Affairs, Spring, 2008.
A. Misra (19 July 2010). India-Pakistan: Coming Terms (https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk7JAAAAQBAJ&pg
=PA63). Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 63–. ISBN 978-0-230-10978-0.

External links
"Indus water treaty" (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOUTHASIA/Resources/223497-1105737253588/Ind
usWatersTreaty1960.pdf) (PDF). World Bank. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
Indus Water Treaty Importance (http://www.thetoppersway.com/indus-water-treaty/) Analysis and Indo pak
relation.
Bibliography Water Resources and International Law (http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water)
See Indus River. Peace Palace Library
The Indus Waters Treaty: A History (http://www.stimson.org/research-pages/the-indus-waters-treaty-a-history/).
Henry L. Stimson Center.
The Politics of Indo-Pak Water-Sharing (http://www.youngbhartiya.com/article/the-politics-of-indo-pak-water-shari
ng-a-review-of-the-indus-water-treaty-1). Young Bhartiya.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indus_Waters_Treaty&oldid=923613965"

This page was last edited on 29 October 2019, at 17:36 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.