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Canal Outlets PDF
Canal Outlets PDF
• The outlet must carry its fair share of silt from parent
channel
• Semi-Modular (Flexible)
– It is one in which the discharge depends upon the water
level in distributary only and is independent of water level
in water course.
– This is achieved by producing hydraulic jump within the
flume length.
• Modular (Rigid) Outlets
– It is one in which the discharge is independent of the
water level in water course and parent channel.
– It can be fixed for any discharge value. This is achieved
by creating a free vortex and destroying any extra head
more than allowed for in the designed discharge.
Types of Outlets
Semi-Modular Modular
Non-Modular (Flexible) (Rigid)
Ref:. http://www.scribd.com/doc/113998814/6/CANAL-OU
Harvey’s Outlet
Gibb’s Module
Characteristic of Outlets
• Flexibility: It is defined as the ratio of rate of change of
discharge in outlet to the rate of change of discharge in
parent channel.
F = (dq/q)/(dQ/Q)
= (m/n)(D/H)
(H/D) is the setting of an outlet
n is exponent of discharge eq (Q=K1Dn) for canal & m is exponent of discharge eq
(q=K2Hm) for outlet. For Trap. channel with ½:1 side slope, n is 5/3, and for open
flume outlet m is 2/3. Therfore F =0.9 D/H. If we set the crest of outlet at 0.9D
depth below water level, the F will be 1 & the outlet will be proportional outlet.
• Flexibility is the capacity of an outlet to vary its discharge
with the change in the discharge of the distributary.
• If F=1 Proportional
• If F>1 Hyper-proportional
• If F<1 Sub-proportional
Characteristic of Outlets
• Sensitivity: It is the ratio of rate of change of discharge of
an outlet to the rate of change in the level of distributary
water surface, i.e. normal depth of channel
S = (dq/q)/(dG/D)
S = nF
n = 5/3 for wide trapezoidal channel with side slope ½:1
Characteristic of Outlets
Q = C Bt H3/2
• Design
– 1. Canal Section
– According to Lacey’s theory, design of distributory
comes out to be
Side D=5’
Slope
1:0.5
B=38’
Crump’s Open Flume Outlet Design
• Setting:
G= Setting of outlet = 0.9 D
= 3.15 ft
Head above crest of outlet = 3.15 ft
• Throat Width:
• q= CdBtG3/2
• q= 2.9BtG3/2 Assuming Cd = 2.9
• 4=2.9Bt(3.15)3/2
• Bt= 0.2462 = 0.25 ft
• Radius of Transition:
R = 2 G=6.30 ft
• D/S Transition:
The slope of d/s glacis (1:10 to 1:15) is not defined as it
depend upon the bed level of the water course.
• Efficiency:
=100xHead recovered/Head put in
=100x(Head put in-Working head)/Head put in
=100 x (3.15-1)/3.15= 68.25%
Adjustable Proportional Module
(APM)
• In this type of outlet, a cast iron base, a cast iron roof
block and check plates on either side are used to adjust
the flow and is set in a masonry structure
• This outlet works as a semi-module since it does not
depend upon the level of water in the watercourse.
• The roof block is fixed to the check plates by bolts which
can be removed and depth of the outlet adjusted after
the masonry is dismantled.
• This type of outlet cannot be easily tampered with and at
the same time be conveniently adjusted at a small cost.
• The APM is the best type of outlet if the required working
head (MMH) is available and is the most economical in
adjustment either by raising or lowering the roof block or
crest. However, it is generally costlier than the other
types of outlets and also requires more working head.
Schematic Diagram of Outlet
Outlet discharge = q
= Cd Y Bt (Hs)1/2
FSL
Roof Block
Full supply depth in parent
channel = D Hm
Working head = Hw Hs
D G J
Discharge of canal = Q
Width of throat = Bt V
Y
Depth of water above crest
u/s = G
Flexibility = F
Min. Modular Head = Hm
Distance from tip of roof
block to FSL = Hs
Hs+Y = G, Hs=Y,
G = 0.6 D for proportional
Tail Cluster
• When the discharge of a secondary, tertiary or quaternary canal
diminishes below 150 l/s (about 5 cusecs), it is desirable to
construct structures to end the canal and distribute the water
through two or more outlets, which is called a tail cluster. Each
of these outlets is generally constructed as an open flume outlet
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