ANSYS Workbench Verification Manual v18.2

ANSYS Workbench Verification Manual
ANSYS, Inc. Release 18.2

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Table of Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 1
AIM Test Cases ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Index of Test Cases .................................................................................................................................. 2
I. DesignModeler Descriptions ................................................................................................................... 9
1. VMDM001: Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend Features ............................................................................... 11
2. VMDM002: Cylinder using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft ....................................................... 13
3. VMDM003: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep .............................................................................. 15
4. VMDM004: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep .............................................................................. 17
II. SpaceClaim Descriptions ...................................................................................................................... 19
SCGEO1. VMSC_Geometry001: Alter Model Using Sketch, Pull, and Fill .................................................... 21
SCGEO2. VMSC_Geometry002: Alter Model Using Split Face, Split Body and Mirror ................................. 25
SCGEO3. VMSC_Geometry003: Alter Model using Linear, Circular, and Two-Dimensional Patterns ............ 31
SCGEO4. VMSC_Geometry004: Alter Model Using Revolve, Chamfer, and Offset Faces ............................. 37
SCGEO5. VMSC_Geometry005: Alter Model Using Blend and Project ...................................................... 43
SCGEO6. VMSC_Geometry006: Alter Model Using Sheet Metal Tools and Operations .............................. 47
SCPREP1. VMSC_Prepare001: Midsurface, Extend, Imprint, and Spot Weld ............................................... 55
SCPREP2. VMSC_Prepare002: Volume Extract and Enclosure ................................................................... 57
SCPREP3. VMSC_Prepare003: Beam Create, Extract, and Orient ............................................................... 63
SCPREP4. VMSC_Prepare004: Remove Rounds, Interference, Faces, and Short Edges ................................ 65
SCREP1. VMSC_Repair001: Stitch, Gap, and Missing Faces ....................................................................... 69
SCREP2. VMSC_Repair002: Merge Faces, Small Faces, Simplify, Straighten ................................................ 71
SCREP3. VMSC_Repair003: Split Edges, Extra Edges, and Duplicates ........................................................ 77
III. Mechanical Application Descriptions .................................................................................................. 81
1. VMMECH001: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis ........................................................... 83
2. VMMECH002: Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Subjected to Tensile Loading ................................. 87
3. VMMECH003: Modal Analysis of Annular Plate .................................................................................... 89
4. VMMECH004: Viscoplastic Analysis of a Body (Shear Deformation) ...................................................... 93
5. VMMECH005: Heat Transfer in a Composite Wall ................................................................................. 95
6. VMMECH006: Heater with Nonlinear Conductivity .............................................................................. 97
7. VMMECH007: Thermal Stress in a Bar with Temperature Dependent Conductivity ................................ 99
8. VMMECH008: Heat Transfer from a Cooling Spine ............................................................................. 103
9. VMMECH009: Stress Tool for Long Bar With Compressive Load .......................................................... 107
10. VMMECH010: Modal Analysis of a Rectangular Plate ....................................................................... 109
11. VMMECH011: Large Deflection of a Circular Plate With Uniform Pressure ......................................... 111
12. VMMECH012: Buckling of a Stepped Rod ........................................................................................ 113
13. VMMECH013: Buckling of a Circular Arch ........................................................................................ 115
14. VMMECH014: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System ....................................... 117
15. VMMECH015: Harmonic Response of Two Storied Building Under Transverse Loading ..................... 119
16. VMMECH016: Fatigue Tool with Non-Proportional Loading for Normal Stress ................................... 121
17. VMMECH017: Thermal Stress Analysis with Remote Force and Thermal Loading .............................. 123
18. VMMECH018: A Bar Subjected to Tensile Load with Inertia Relief ..................................................... 125
19. VMMECH019: Mixed Model Subjected to Bending Loads with Solution Combination ....................... 127
20. VMMECH020: Modal Analysis for Beams ......................................................................................... 129
21. VMMECH021: Buckling Analysis of Beams ....................................................................................... 131
22. VMMECH022: Structural Analysis with Advanced Contact Options ................................................... 133
23. VMMECH023: Curved Beam Assembly with Multiple Loads ............................................................. 135
24. VMMECH024: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System for Beams ....................... 137
25. VMMECH025: Stresses Due to Shrink Fit Between Two Cylinders ...................................................... 139
26. VMMECH026: Fatigue Analysis of a Rectangular Plate Subjected to Edge Moment ........................... 143
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Workbench Verification Manual
27. VMMECH027: Thermal Analysis for Shells with Heat Flow and Given Temperature ............................ 147
28. VMMECH028: Bolt Pretension Load Applied on a Semi-Cylindrical Face ........................................... 149
29. VMMECH029: Elasto-Plastic Analysis of a Rectangular Beam ............................................................ 151
30. VMMECH030: Bending of Long Plate Subjected to Moment - Plane Strain Model ............................. 153
31. VMMECH031: Long Bar With Uniform Force and Stress Tool - Plane Stress Model .............................. 155
32.VMMECH032: Radial Flow due to Internal Heat Generation in a Copper Disk - Axisymmetric Model ... 157
33. VMMECH033: Spring Mass System Subjected to Enforced Motion with Displacement Base Excita-
tions ................................................................................................................................................... 161
34. VMMECH034: Rubber Cylinder Pressed Between Two Plates ............................................................ 163
35. VMMECH035: Thermal Stress in a Bar With Radiation ...................................................................... 165
36. VMMECH036: Thermal Stress Analysis of a Rotating Bar Using Temperature Dependant Density ....... 169
37. VMMECH037: Cooling of a Spherical Body ...................................................................................... 171
38. VMMECH038: Crashing Blocks Simulation with Transient Structural Analysis .................................... 173
39. VMMECH039: Transient Response of a Spring-Mass System ............................................................. 175
40. VMMECH040: Deflection of Beam using Symmetry and Anti-Symmetry ........................................... 177
41. VMMECH041: T-Stress Calculation for a Crack in a Plate Using Pre-Meshed Crack .............................. 179
42. VMMECH042: Hydrostatic Pressure Applied on a Square Bar Fully and Partially Submerged in a Flu-
id ....................................................................................................................................................... 181
43. VMMECH043: Fundamental Frequency of a Simply-Supported Beam .............................................. 183
44. VMMECH044: Thermally Loaded Support Structure ......................................................................... 185
45. VMMECH045: Laterally Loaded Tapered Support Structure .............................................................. 187
46. VMMECH046: Pinched Cylinder ...................................................................................................... 189
47. VMMECH047: Plastic Compression of a Pipe Assembly .................................................................... 191
48. VMMECH048: Bending of a Tee-Shaped Beam ................................................................................. 193
49. VMMECH049: Combined Bending and Torsion of Beam ................................................................... 195
50. VMMECH050: Cylindrical Shell Under Pressure ................................................................................ 197
51. VMMECH051: Bending of a Circular Plate Using Axisymmetric Elements .......................................... 201
52. VMMECH052: Velocity of Pistons for Trunnion Mechanism ............................................................... 205
53. VMMECH053: Simple Pendulum With SHM Motion .......................................................................... 207
54. VMMECH054: Spinning Single Pendulum ........................................................................................ 209
55. VMMECH055: Projector Mechanism - Finding the Acceleration of a Point ......................................... 213
56. VMMECH056: Coriolis Component of Acceleration (Rotary Engine Problem) .................................... 215
57. VMMECH057: Calculation of Velocity of Slider and Force by Collar ................................................... 217
58. VMMECH058: Reverse Four Bar Linkage Mechanism ........................................................................ 219
59. VMMECH059: Bending of a Solid Beam (Plane Elements) ................................................................. 221
60. VMMECH060: Crank Slot Joint Simulation with Flexible Dynamic Analysis ........................................ 223
61. VMMECH061: Out-of-Plane Bending of a Curved Bar ....................................................................... 227
62. VMMECH062: Stresses in a Long Cylinder ........................................................................................ 229
63. VMMECH063: Large Deflection of a Cantilever ................................................................................ 233
64. VMMECH064: Small Deflection of a Belleville Spring ........................................................................ 235
65. VMMECH065: Thermal Expansion to Close a Gap at a Rigid Surface .................................................. 237
66. VMMECH066: Bending of a Tapered Plate ........................................................................................ 239
67. VMMECH067: Elongation of a Solid Tapered Bar .............................................................................. 241
68. VMMECH068: Plastic Loading of a Thick Walled Cylinder .................................................................. 245
69. VMMECH069: Barrel Vault Roof Under Self Weight ........................................................................... 247
70. VMMECH070: Hyperelastic Thick Cylinder Under Internal Pressure ................................................... 249
71. VMMECH071: Centerline Temperature of a Heat Generating Wire .................................................... 251
72. VMMECH072: Thermal Stresses in a Long Cylinder ........................................................................... 255
73. VMMECH073: Modal Analysis of a Cyclic Symmetric Annular Plate ................................................... 259
74. VMMECH074: Tension/Compression Only Springs ........................................................................... 263
75. VMMECH075: Harmonic Response of Two-Story Building under Transverse Loading ........................ 265
76. VMMECH076: Elongation of a Tapered Shell With Variable Thickness ............................................... 267
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77. VMMECH077: Heat Transfer in a Bar with Variable Sheet Thickness .................................................. 269
78. VMMECH078: Gasket Material Under Uniaxial Compression Loading-3-D Analysis ........................... 271
79. VMMECH079: Natural Frequency of a Motor-Generator ................................................................... 275
80. VMMECH080: Transient Response of a Spring-Mass System ............................................................. 277
81. VMMECH081: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis ........................................................ 279
82. VMMECH082: Fracture Mechanics Stress for a Crack in a Plate .......................................................... 283
83. VMMECH083: Transient Response to a Step Excitation ..................................................................... 285
84. VMMECH084: Mullins Effect on a Rubber Tube Model Subjected to Tension Loading ........................ 289
85. VMMECH085: Bending of a Composite Beam .................................................................................. 291
86. VMMECH086: Stress Concentration at a Hole in a Plate .................................................................... 293
87. VMMECH087: Campbell Diagrams and Critical Speeds Using Symmetric Orthotropic Bearings ......... 297
88. VMMECH088: Harmonic Response of a Guitar String ....................................................................... 301
89. VMMECH089: Delamination Analysis of a Double Cantilever Beam Using Contact-Based Debond-
ing ..................................................................................................................................................... 303
90. VMMECH090: Delamination Analysis of a Double Cantilever Beam Using Interface Delamination ..... 305
91. VMMECH091: Unbalanced Harmonic Response of a Shaft Carrying Single Rotor with Damping ........ 307
92. VMMECH092: Convection Treatment Problem for a Hollow Cylinder with Fluid Flow ........................ 311
93. VMMECH093: C*-Integral Calculation for a Single-Edge Cracked Plate Using Pre-Meshed Crack ........ 313
94.VMMECH094: Residual Vector in Stand-Alone and Linked Mode-Superposition Harmonic Analysis .... 315
95. VMMECH095: 2-D Double Cantilever Beam Problem ....................................................................... 317
96. VMMECH096: 2-D Fracture Problem Under Thermal Loading ........................................................... 319
97. VMMECH097: Inclined Crack in 2-D Plate Under Uniform Tension Loading ....................................... 321
98. VMMECH098: 2-D End Notched Flexure Problem ............................................................................ 323
99. VMMECH099: Mode I Crack Growth Analysis of DCB Using Interface Delamination ........................... 325
100. VMMECH100: 3-D Acoustic Modal Analysis with Temperature Change ........................................... 327
101. VMMECH101: Natural Frequency of a Submerged Ring ................................................................. 329
IV. Design Exploration Descriptions ....................................................................................................... 331
1. VMDX001: Optimization of L-Shaped Cantilever Beam Under Axial Load ........................................... 333
2. VMDX002: Optimization of Bar with Temperature-Dependent Conductivity ....................................... 335
3. VMDX003: Optimization of Water Tank Column for Mass and Natural Frequency ................................ 337
4. VMDX004: Optimization of Frequency for a Plate With Simple Support at all Vertices ......................... 341
5. VMDX005: Optimization of Buckling Load Multiplier With CAD Parameters and Young's Modulus ...... 343
V. Explicit Dynamics Descriptions ........................................................................................................... 347
1. EXDVM2: Propagation of Shock and Rarefaction Waves in a Shock Tube ............................................ 349
1. EXDVM3: Flow of Gas Past an Infinite Two-Dimensional Wedge ......................................................... 353
1. EXDVM4: Regular and Mach Deflections Off a Two-Dimensional Wedge ............................................ 357
1. EXDVM6: 3-D Taylor Cylinder Impact ................................................................................................. 363
1. EXDVM7: 2-D Taylor Cylinder Impact ................................................................................................. 367
VI. Aqwa Descriptions ............................................................................................................................. 371
1. AQVM1: Hydrostatic Evaluation of a Floating Inverted Pyramid ......................................................... 373
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Introduction
The following topics are discussed in this chapter:
Overview
AIM Test Cases
Index of Test Cases
Overview
This manual presents a collection of test cases that demonstrate a number of the capabilities of the
Workbench analysis environment. The available tests are engineering problems that provide independent
verification, usually a closed form equation. Many of them are classical engineering problems.
The solutions for the test cases have been verified, however, certain differences may exist with regard
to the references. These differences have been examined and are considered acceptable. The workbench
analyses employ a balance between accuracy and solution time. Improved results can be obtained in
some cases by employing a more refined finite element mesh but requires longer solution times. For
the tests, an error rate of 3% or less has been the goal.
These tests using Microsoft Windows 7 Enterprise 64-bit . These results are reported in the test docu-
mentation. Slightly different results may be obtained when different processor types or operating systems
are used.
The tests contained in this manual are a partial subset of the full set of tests that are run by ANSYS
developers to ensure a high degree of quality for the Workbench product. The verification of the
Workbench product is conducted in accordance with the written procedures that form a part of an
overall Quality Assurance program at ANSYS, Inc.
You are encouraged to use these tests as starting points when exploring new Workbench features.
Geometries, material properties, loads, and output results can easily be changed and the solution re-
peated. As a result, the tests offer a quick introduction to new features with which you may be unfamil-
iar.
Some test cases will require different licenses, such as DesignModeler, Emag, or Design Exploration. If
you do not have the available licenses, you may not be able to reproduce the results. The Educational
version of Workbench should be able to solve most of these tests. License limitations are not applicable
to Workbench Education version but problem size may restrict the solution of some of the tests.
The archive files for each of the Verification Manual tests are available at the Customer Portal. Download
the ANSYS Workbench Verification Manual Archive Files. These zipped archives provide all of the necessary
elements for running a test, including geometry parts, material files, and workbench databases. To open
a test case in Workbench, locate the archive and import it into Workbench.
You can use these tests to verify that your hardware is executing the ANSYS Workbench tests correctly.
The results in the databases can be cleared and the tests solved multiple times. The test results should
be checked against the verified results in the documentation for each test.
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Introduction
ANSYS, Inc. offers the Workbench Verification and Validation package for users that must perform system
validation.
This package automates the process of test execution and report generation. If you are interested in
contracting for such services contact the ANSYS, Inc. Quality Assurance Group.
AIM Test Cases

A subset of test cases within this manual are supported by ANSYS AIM. These cases are divided into
ANSYS Mechanical and ANSYS AIM specific parts. The following test cases are supported by ANSYS AIM:
VMMECH001 (p. 83) - Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis

VMMECH002 (p. 87) - Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Subjected to Tensile Loading
VMMECH003 (p. 89) - Modal Analysis of Annular Plate
VMMECH005 (p. 95) - Heat Transfer in a Composite Wall
VMMECH007 (p. 99) - Thermal Stress in a Bar with Temperature Dependent Conductivity
VMMECH006 (p. 97) - Heater with Nonlinear Conductivity
VMMECH008 (p. 103) - Heat Transfer from a Cooling Spine
VMMECH018 (p. 125) - A Bar Subjected to Tensile Load with Inertia Relief
VMMECH025 (p. 139) - Stresses Due to Shrink Fit Between Two Cylinders
VMMECH026 (p. 143) - Fatigue Analysis of a Rectangular Plate Subjected to Edge Moment
VMMECH027 (p. 123) - Thermal Stress Analysis with Remote Force and Thermal Loading
VMMECH032 (p. 157) - Radial Flow due to Internal Heat Generation in a Copper Disk
VMMECH035 (p. 165) - Thermal Stress in a Bar with Radiation
VMMECH037 (p. 171) - Cooling of a Spherical Body
VMMECH050 (p. 197) - Cylindrical Shell Under Pressure
VMMECH062 (p. 229) - Stresses in a Long Cylinder
VMMECH067 (p. 241) - Elongation of a Solid Tapered Bar
VMMECH071 (p. 251) - Centerline Temperature of a Heat Generating Wire
VMMECH072 (p. 255) - Thermal Stresses in a Long Cylinder
VMMECH073 (p. 259) - Modal Analysis of a Cyclic Symmetric Annular Plate
Index of Test Cases

Test Case Number Solver Element Type Analysis Type Solution Options
VMMECH001 (p. 83) ANSYS Solid Static Linear
AIM Structural
ANSYS
Mechanical
AIM Structural
ANSYS
Mechanical
VMMECH003 (p. 89) ANSYS Solid Modal Free Vibration
Mechanical
VMMECH004 (p. 93) ANSYS Solid Structural Nonlinear,
Mechanical Viscoplastic
Materials
VMMECH005 (p. 95) ANSYS Solid Static Thermal Linear
AIM
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Index of Test Cases
ANSYS
Mechanical
VMMECH006 (p. 97) ANSYS Solid Static Thermal Nonlinear
AIM
ANSYS
Mechanical
VMMECH007 (p. 99) ANSYS Solid Static Nonlinear
Mechanical Structural Thermal Stress
VMMECH008 (p. 103) ANSYS Solid Static Thermal Linear
AIM
ANSYS
Mechanical
Mechanical Structural
VMMECH010 (p. 109) ANSYS Shell Modal Free Vibration
Mechanical
VMMECH011 (p. 111) ANSYS Shell Static Nonlinear,
Mechanical Structural Large
Deformation
VMMECH012 (p. 113) ANSYS Solid Buckling
Mechanical
VMMECH013 (p. 115) ANSYS Shell Buckling
Mechanical
VMMECH014 (p. 117) ANSYS Solid Harmonic
Mechanical
Mechanical
VMMECH016 (p. 121) ANSYS Solid Static Fatigue
VMMECH017 (p. 123) ANSYS Solid Static Linear Thermal
Mechanical Structural Stress
VMMECH018 (p. 125) ANSYS Solid Static Linear, Inertia
Mechanical Structural relief
VMMECH019 (p. 127) ANSYS Beam Static Linear
Shell
VMMECH020 (p. 129) ANSYS Beam Modal
Mechanical
VMMECH021 (p. 131) ANSYS Beam Buckling
Mechanical
VMMECH022 (p. 133) ANSYS Solid Static Nonlinear,
Mechanical Structural Contact
Introduction
VMMECH024 (p. 137) ANSYS Beam Harmonic
Mechanical
VMMECH026 (p. 143) ANSYS Shell Static Fatigue
VMMECH027 (p. 147) ANSYS Shell Static Linear Thermal
VMMECH028 (p. 149) ANSYS Solid Static
Mechanical Structural Plastic
Materials
VMMECH030 (p. 153) ANSYS 2-D Solid, Static
Mechanical Plane Strain Structural
VMMECH031 (p. 155) ANSYS 2-D Solid, Static
Mechanical Plane Stress Structural
VMMECH032 (p. 157) ANSYS 2-D Solid, Static Linear Thermal
Mechanical Axisymmetric Structural Stress
VMMECH033 (p. 161) ANSYS Solid Static Electromagnetic
Deformation
VMMECH035 (p. 165) ANSYS Solid Coupled
AIM (Static Thermal
ANSYS and Static
Mechanical Stress)
VMMECH036 (p. 169) ANSYS Solid Static Sequence
Mechanical Structural Loading
VMMECH037 (p. 171) ANSYS 2-D Solid, Transient
Mechanical Axisymmetric Thermal
VMMECH038 (p. 173) ANSYS Solid Transient Flexible
Mechanical Structural Dynamic
Spring
VMMECH040 (p. 177) ANSYS Beam Static
VMMECH041 (p. 179) ANSYS Solid Static Electromagnetic
VMMECH042 (p. 181) ANSYS Solid Static Hydrostatic
Mechanical Structural Fluid
VMMECH043 (p. 183) ANSYS Beam Modal
Mechanical
Index of Test Cases
VMMECH044 (p. 185) ANSYS Beam Static Linear Thermal
VMMECH045 (p. 187) ANSYS Shell Static
VMMECH047 (p. 191) ANSYS 2-D Solid, Static Nonlinear,
Mechanical Axisymmetric Structural Plastic
Materials
VMMECH050 (p. 197) ANSYS Axisymmetric Static
Mechanical Shell Structural
VMMECH052 (p. 205) ANSYS Multipoint Rigid Dynamic
Mechanical Constraint
VMMECH059 (p. 221) ANSYS 2-D Plane Static
Mechanical Stress Shell Structural
Multipoint
Constraint
VMMECH063 (p. 233) ANSYS Shell Static Nonlinear,
Deformation
Introduction
VMMECH065 (p. 237) ANSYS Solid Static Linear Thermal
Shell
AIM Structural
ANSYS
Mechanical
VMMECH068 (p. 245) ANSYS 2-D Solid, Static Nonlinear,
Mechanical Plane Strain Structural Plastic
Materials
VMMECH070 (p. 249) ANSYS 2-D Solid Static Nonlinear,
Deformation
VMMECH071 (p. 251) ANSYS 2-D Thermal Static Thermal
Mechanical Solid
VMMECH072 (p. 255) ANSYS 2-D Thermal Static Linear Thermal
Mechanical Solid Structural Stress
VMMECH073 (p. 259) ANSYS Solid Modal
AIM
ANSYS
Mechanical
VMMECH074 (p. 263) ANSYS Solid Rigid Body
Mechanical Dynamics
Spring
Mechanical
VMMECH077 (p. 269) ANSYS Thermal Shell Static Thermal
Mechanical
VMMECH078 (p. 271) ANSYS 3-D Solid Static
3-D Gasket
VMMECH079 (p. 275) ANSYS Pipe Modal
Mechanical
VMMECH080 (p. 277) ANSYS Spring Transient Mode-Superposition
Mechanical Dynamic
Mass
VMMECH081 (p. 279) ANSYS Pipe Modal
Mechanical
Index of Test Cases
Mass Spectral
VMMECH082 (p. 283) ANSYS Solid Static Fracture
Mechanical Structural Mechanics
VMMECH083 (p. 285) ANSYS Spring, Mass Transient Mode-Superposition
Mechanical Dynamic
Mechanical Structural Hyperelastic
VMMECH085 (p. 291) ANSYS Solid Static Composite
Mechanical Structural Material
Submodeling
(2D-2D)
VMMECH087 (p. 297) ANSYS Line Body Modal
Mechanical
Point Mass
Bearing
Connection
Mechanical Structural Perturbation
Modal
Harmonic
VMMECH089 (p. 303) ANSYS Solid Static Contact-Based
Mechanical Structural Debonding
VMMECH090 (p. 305) ANSYS Solid Static Interface
Mechanical Structural Delamination
VMMECH091 (p. 307) ANSYS Beam Harmonic
Mechanical
VMMECH092 (p. 311) ANSYS Coupled Static
Mechanical Thermal Pipe Structural
Thermal
Surface
Thermal Solid
VMMECH093 (p. 313) ANSYS Solid Static Pre-Meshed
Mechanical Structural Crack
VMMECH094 (p. 315) ANSYS Spring-Damper Modal
Mechanical
Structural Harmonic
Mass
Introduction
Part I: DesignModeler Descriptions
VMDM001: Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend Features
Overview
Feature: Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend
Drawing Units: Millimeter
Test Case
Create a Model using Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend features.
A polygonal area is extruded 60 mm. A rectangular area of 30 mm x 40 mm [having a circular area of

radius 6 mm subtracted] is extruded to 20 mm. Both resultant solids form one solid geometry. A rect-
angular area (24 mm x 5 mm) is subtracted from the solid. Two rectangular areas (40 mm x 10 mm) are
extruded 10 mm and subtracted from solid. Two rectangular areas (25 mm x 40 mm) are extruded 40
mm and subtracted from solid. A Chamfer (10 mm x 10 mm) is given to 4 edges on the resultant solid.
Four Oval areas are extruded and subtracted from Solid. Fillet (Radius 5 mm) is given to 4 edges using
Blend Feature.
Verify Volume of the resultant geometry.
Figure 1: Final Model after creating Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend
Calculations
1. Volume of Solid after extruding Polygonal Area: v1 = 264000 mm3.
2. Volume of rectangular area having circular hole: v2 = 21738.05 mm3.
Net Volume = V = v1 + v2 = 285738.05 mm3.
3. Volume of rectangular (24mm x 5mm) solid extruded 30mm using Cut Material = 3600 – 565.5 = 3034.5
mm3.
Net volume V = 285738.05 – 3034.5 = 282703.5 mm3.
4. Volume of two rectangular areas each 40mm x 10mm extruded 10mm = 8000 mm3.
VMDM001
Net volume V = 282703.5 – 8000 = 274703.5 mm3.
5. Volume of two rectangular areas 25mm x 40mm extruded 40mm = 80000 mm3.
Net volume V = 274703.5 – 80000 = 194703.5 mm3.
6. Volume of four solids added due to Chamfer = 4 x 500 = 2000 mm3
Net volume V = 194703.5 + 2000 = 196703.5 mm3.
7. Volume of four oval areas extruded 10 mm = 7141.6 mm3.
Net volume V = 196703.5 - 7141.6 = 189561.9 mm3.
8. Volume of 4 solids subtracted due to Blend of radius 5 mm = 429.2 mm3.
Hence Net volume of final Solid body = V = 189561.9 – 429.2 = 189132.7 mm3.
Results Comparison
Results Target DesignModeler Error (%)
3
Volume (mm ) 189132.7437 189132.7436 -3.158 x 10-8
Surface Area (mm2) 44261.61 44261.29 0.001
Number of Faces 52 52 0
Number of Bodies 1 1 0
VMDM002: Cylinder using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft
Overview
Feature: Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft
Test Case
Create a Model using Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft features.
A Rectangular area (100 mm x 30 mm) is revolved about Z-Axis in 3600 to form a Cylinder. A circular
area of radius 30 mm is swept 100 mm using Sweep feature. A circular area of radius 30 mm is extruded
100 mm. A solid cylinder is created using Skin-Loft feature between two coaxial circular areas each of
radius 30 mm and 100 mm apart.
Verify Volume of the resultant geometry.
Figure 2: Final Model after creating Revolve, Sweep, Extrude, and Skin-Loft
Calculations
1. Volume of Cylinder created after Revolving Rectangular area (100 mm x 30 mm) = v1 = 282743.3 mm3.
2. Volume of Cylinder created when a circular area (Radius 30mm) is swept 100 mm = v2 = 282743.3 mm3.
Net Volume = V = v1 + v2 = 282743.3 + 282743.3 = 565486.6 mm3.
3. Volume of Cylinder after extruding a circular area (Radius 30 mm) 100 mm = 282743.3 mm3.
Net Volume = V = 565486.6 + 282743.3 = 848229.9 mm3.
4. Volume of Cylinder created after using Skin-Loft feature between two circular areas of Radius 30 mm and
100 mm apart. = 282743.3 mm3.
Net Volume of the final Cylinder = 848229.9 + 282743.3 = 1130973.2 mm3.
VMDM002
Results Comparison
3
Volume (mm ) 1130973.36 1130973.36 2.585 x 10-8
Surface Area (mm2) 81053.09 81053.09 3.228 x 10-9
VMDM003: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep
Overview
Feature: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep
Test Case
Create a Model using Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep.
A rectangular area (103 mm x 88 mm) is extruded 100 mm to form a solid box. A circular area of radius
25 mm is revolved 900 using Revolve feature and keeping Thin/Surface option to Yes and 3 mm Inward
and Outward Thickness. A solid is subtracted using Skin-Loft feature between two square areas (each
of side 25 mm) and 100 mm apart. The two solid bodies are frozen using Freeze feature. A circular area
of radius 25 mm is swept using Sweep feature and keeping Thin/Surface option to Yes and 3 mm Inward
and Outward Thickness. Thus a total of 4 geometries are created.
Verify the volume of the resulting geometry.
Figure 3: Final Model after creating Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft and Sweep
Calculations
1. Volume of rectangular (103 mm x 88 mm) solid extruded 100mm = 906400 mm3.
2. Volume of solid after revolving circular area of Radius 25 mm through 900 = 29639.6 mm3.
Net Volume of solid box, Va = 906400 - 29639.6 = 876760.3 mm3.
3. Volume of additional body created due to Revolve feature = Vb= 11134.15 mm3.
4. Volume of the rectangular box cut after Skin-Loft between two square areas each of side 25 mm = 62500
mm3.
Net Volume of solid box becomes Va = 876760.3 – 62500 = 814260.3 mm3.
5. Volume of additional two bodies created due to Sweep feature:
VMDM003
• Vc = 47123.9 mm3 and Vd = 28352.8 mm3.
• And total volume that gets subtracted from box due to Sweep Feature = 75476.7 mm3.
• Hence Net volume of box, Va = 814260.3 - 75476.7 = 738783.6 mm3.
• Sum of volumes of all four bodies = Va+Vb+Vc+Vd = 738783.6 + 11134.15 + 47123.9 +28352.8 = 825394.4
mm3.
Results Comparison
3
Volume (mm ) 825394.4289 825394.4917 7.614 x 10-6
Surface Area (mm2) 101719.466 101719.951 4.773 x 10-4
VMDM004: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep
Overview
Feature: Extrude, Revolve, Skin-Loft, and Sweep
Test Case
Create a model using Sketch, Plane, Extrude, Revolve, and Loft features in walled conditions.
The total volume is created using the following procedures:
• Lofted volume (VL): a hexagon denoted as Sketch 1 with an area of 9038.6 mm2 is lofted through a circular
profile with an area of 5026.55 mm2 (Sketch 2) and finally through another circular profile with an area of
11309.7 mm2 (Sketch 3). This results in a lofted body with a volume of 1.3764 x 106 mm3.
• Shell volume (VS): a ring with an outer radius of 60 mm and an inner radius or 50 mm is extruded 60 mm
and connected to the lofted body. This results in a shell with a volume of 2.0735 x 105 mm3.
• Dome volume (VD): a circular arc that is oriented perpendicular to the extrusion is revolved 360 degrees to
create a dome with a hollow cylindrical cap in the middle, and this body is placed on top of the shell. This
results in a dome with a volume of 3.7913 x 105 mm3.
• Removed volume (VR): a cylindrical volume of 6.28319 x 104 mm3 is removed from the total body by placing
a circle centered at the X,Y origin and extruding it along the Z-axis.
Verify the volume of the resulting geometry.
Figure 4: Final Model After Creating Extrude, Revolve, and Loft Features in Walled Conditions
VMDM004
Calculations
1. Volume of dome (VD) = 3.7913 x 106 mm3
2. Volume of the shell (VS) = 2.0735 x 105 mm3
3. Volume of the loft (VL) = 1.3764 x 106 mm3
4. Volume of the removed cylinder (VR) = 6.28319 x 104 mm3
5. Total volume of solid body (VT) = 3.7913 x 106 + 2.0735 x 105 + 1.3764 x 106 - 6.28319 x 104 = 1.9001 x 106
mm3
Results Comparison
3
Volume of Loft (mm ) 1376268.34 1376421.068 0.011
Surface Area of Loft 80661.4953 80664.4587 0.004
(mm2)
Volume of Extrusion & 1583598.45 1583764.766 0.011
Loft (mm3)
Surface Area of 122130.078 122133.411 0.003
Extrusion & Loft (mm2)
Volume of Revolution, 1962720.78 1962889.52 0.009
Extrusion, and Loft
(mm3)
Surface Area of 153706.1303 153709.4544 0.002
Revolution, Extrusion,
and Loft (mm2)
Volume of Total Body 1899888.93 1900057.67 0.009
(mm3)
Surface Area of Total 165644.1824 165647.5065 0.002
Body (mm2)
Part II: SpaceClaim Descriptions
VMSC_Geometry001: Alter Model Using Sketch, Pull, and Fill
Overview
Feature: Sketch, Pull, and Fill
Test Case
A rectangular sketch of 50 mm x 35 mm and a circle with radius of 5 mm is drawn on the top face. The
sketches are pulled for a distance of 20 mm. A cylindrical hole of radius 5 mm and depth of 20 mm is
filled.
The result is verified after each step using surface area and volume validations.
Figure 5: Final Modal after Sketch, Pull, and Fill
VMSC_Geometry001
Figure 6: Original Model
Results Comparison
Figure 7: Model After Using Sketch
VMSC_Geometry001
Area of rectangle = 50 mm x 35 mm = 1750 mm2
Area of circle = x 5 mm x 5 mm = 78.5398 mm2
Result Target SCDM Error (%)

Area of rectangular 0.00175 0.00175 0.0
sketch (m2)
Area of circular sketch 7.8539 x 10-5 7.8540 x 10-5 0.0
(m2)
Figure 8: Model After Using Pull
Volume added by pulling rectangular sketch = 50 mm x 35 mm x 20 mm = 35000 mm3
Volume added by pulling circular sketch = x 5 mm x 5 mm x 20 mm = 1570.7963 mm3
Original volme = 68429.2037 mm3
Final volume = 68429.2037 + 35000 + 1570.7963 = 105000 mm3

3
Total volume (m ) 0.000105 0.000105 0.0
VMSC_Geometry001
Figure 9: Model After Using Fill
Volume added by filling cylindrical hole = x 5 mm x 5 mm x 20 mm = 1570.7963 mm3
Volume after pull = 105000 mm3
Final volume = 105000 + 1570.7963 = 106570.7963 mm3

3
Total volume (m ) 0.0001065707963 0.0001065707963 0.0
VMSC_Geometry002: Alter Model Using Split Face, Split Body and Mirror
Overview
Feature: Split Face, Split Body, Mirror
Test Case
The top face of a rectangular model is split using opposite corner edges as reference. The body is then
split into two using the central vertical face. The smaller body is removed using the Split Body tool. The
same face is used as a mirror plane to mirror the geometry.
The result is verified after each step using surface area or volume validations.
Figure 10: Final Model After Split Face, Split Body, and Mirror
VMSC_Geometry002
VMSC_Geometry002
Results Comparison
Figure 12: Model After Using Split Face
Area of triangle after Split Face operation = 0.5 mm x 50 mm x 35 mm = 875 mm2.

Area of triangular sketch 0.000875 0.000875 0.0
(m2)
VMSC_Geometry002
Figure 13: Model After Using Split Body
Volume removed by Split Body operation = 50 mm x 35 mm x 20 mm = 35000 mm3
Original volume = 105000 mm3
Final volume = 105000 - 35000 = 70000 mm3

3 -5 -5
Total volume (m ) 7 x 10 7 x 10 0.0
VMSC_Geometry002
Figure 14: Model After Using Mirror
Volume after Split Body operation = 70000 mm3
Volume added due to Mirror operation = 70000 mm3
Final volume = 70000 + 70000 = 140000 mm3

3
Total volume (m ) 0.00014 0.00014 0.0
VMSC_Geometry003: Alter Model using Linear, Circular, and Two-Dimensional
Patterns
Overview
Feature: Linear, Circular, and Two-Dimensional Patterns
Drawing Units: Millimeters
Test Case
A linear pattern of 7 protrusions is created. Next, a circular pattern with equidistant angles and a total
of 8 protrusions is made. Finally, a two-dimensional pattern with an x- and y-offset of 10 mm is made.
The result is verified after each step using volume validations.
Figure 15: Final Model After Using Linear, Circular, and Two-Dimensional Features
VMSC_Geometry003
VMSC_Geometry003
Results Comparison
Figure 17: Model After Using Linear Pattern
Volume added by linear pattern operation = 6 x 5 mm x 5 mm x 20 mm = 3000 mm3
Original volume of block (left) = 70500 mm3
Final volume = 70500 + 3000 = 73500 mm3

3 -5 -5
Total volume (m ) 7.35 x 10 7.35 x 10 0.0
VMSC_Geometry003
Figure 18: Model After Using Circular Pattern
Volume added by Circular Pattern operation = x 2.5 mm x 2.5 mm x 20 mm x 7 = 2748.8935 mm3
Original volume of circular block (middle) = 39662.2126 mm3
Final volume = 39662.2126 + 2748.8935 = 42411.106 mm3

3 -5 -5
Total volume (m ) 4.2411106 x 10 4.2411501 x 10 9.31 x 10-4
VMSC_Geometry003
Figure 19: Model After Using Two Dimensional Pattern
Volume added by Two Dimensional Pattern operation = 13 x 5 mm x 5 mm x 20 mm = 6500 mm3
Original volume of block (right) = 70500 mm3
Final volume = 70500 + 6500 = 77000 mm3

3 -5 -5
Total volume (m ) 7.7 x 10 7.7 x 10 0.0
VMSC_Geometry004: Alter Model Using Revolve, Chamfer, and Offset Faces
Overview
Feature: Revolve, Chamfer, Offset Faces
Test Case
The bottom face of a rectangular recess at the top-right of the model is revolved. A chamfer with sides
of 3 mm and 4mm each is made on the top-left portion of the solid. An offset condition is specified for
the protruding rectangular extrusions. They are pull for a distance of 20 mm to show the offset relation-
ship.
The result is verified after each stop using volume validations.
Figure 20: Final Model After Revolve, Chamfer, and Offset Faces
VMSC_Geometry004
VMSC_Geometry004
Results Comparison
Figure 22: Model After Using Revolve
Volume added by revolving rectangular face = = 15707.9632 mm3
Final volume = 148375 + 15707.9632 = 164082.9632 mm3

3
Total volume (m ) 0.0001640829632 0.0001640830254 0.0
VMSC_Geometry004
Figure 23: Model After Using Chamfer
Volume removed by Chamfer operation = (0.5 x 3 x 4 x 50) = 300 mm3
Volume at the end of Revolve operation = 164082.9632 mm3
Final volume = 164082.9632 - 300 = 163782.9632 mm3

3
Total volume (m ) 0.0001537829632 0.0001637826218 0.0
VMSC_Geometry004
Figure 24: Model After Using Offset Faces
Volume added by extruding protrusions = 2 x 15 x 15 x 20 = 9000 mm3
Volume at the end of the Chamfer operation = 163782.9632 mm3
Final volume = 163782.9632 + 9000 = 172782.9632 mm3

3
Total volume (m ) 0.0001727829632 0.001727833025 0.0
VMSC_Geometry005: Alter Model Using Blend and Project
Overview
Feature: Blend, Project
Test Case
A rectangular surface of 50 x 35 mm is blended into a face of the same dimension, making a solid block.
A circular surface is projected onto the face of the solid.
The result is verified after each step using either surface area or volume validations.
Figure 25: Final Model After Blend and Project
VMSC_Geometry005
VMSC_Geometry005
Results Comparison
Figure 27: Model After Using Blend
Volume added by pulling rectangular sketch = 50 x 35 x 20 = 35000 mm3
Final volume = 70000 + 35000 = 105000 mm3

3
Total volume (m ) 0.000105 0.000105 0.0
VMSC_Geometry005
Figure 28: Model After Using Project
Surface area of circular surface = x 5 x 5 = 78.5398 mm2

2 -5 -5
Surface area (m ) 7.85398 x 10 7.85398 x 10 0.0
VMSC_Geometry006: Alter Model Using Sheet Metal Tools and Operations
Overview
Feature: Junction-Specific Pull, Form, Bend, Split, Double Wall
Test Case
Import a model, pull the left edge by 30 mm after specifying the resulting junction to be sharp. Create
two forms, including one circular punch and one rectangular knock-out. Bend the sheet metal at 20
mm from the right-most edge. Split the created bend such that the edge length on the right is 20 mm.
Create a double wall on the left-most pulled face.
The result is verified after each step using volume or edge length calculations.
Figure 29: Final Model After Using Sheet Metal Tools and Features
VMSC_Geometry006
VMSC_Geometry006
Results Comparison
Figure 31: Model After Using Pull
Volume added by pulling edge = 31 x 50 x 1 = 1550 mm3
Final volume = 3500 + 1550 = 5050 mm3

3 -6 -6
Total volume (m ) 5.05 x 10 5.05 x 10 0.0
VMSC_Geometry006
Figure 32: Model After Using Form
Volume removed by circular punch = x 2.5 x 2.5 = 19.6349 mm3
Volume after Pull operation = 5050 mm3
Final volume = 5050 - 19.6349 = 5030.3650 mm3

3 -6 -6
Total volume (m ) 5.030365 x 10 5.030365 x 10 0.0
VMSC_Geometry006
Figure 33: Model After Using Bend
Volume added due to bend = 117.81 - (50 x 2) = 17.81 mm3
Volume after Form operation = 5030.3550 mm3
Final volume = 5030.3650 + 17.81 = 5048.175 mm3

3 -6 -6
Total volume (m ) 5.048175 x 10 5.048184 x 10 0.2
VMSC_Geometry006
Figure 34: Model After Using Split
Edge length of the shorter split region = 20 mm

Edge length (m) 0.02 0.02 0.0
VMSC_Geometry006
Figure 35: Model After Using Double Wall
Volume added by double wall feature = 78.54 + 1550 = 1628.54 mm3
Volume after Split operation = 5048.175 - (0.1 x 19) - (0.2375) = 5046.0375 mm3
Final volume = 5046.0375 + 1628.54 = 6674.5775 mm3

3 -6 -6
Total volume (m ) 6.6745775 x 10 6.6745469 x 10 0.5
VMSC_Prepare001: Midsurface, Extend, Imprint, and Spot Weld
Overview
Feature: Midsurface, Extend, Imprint, and Spot Weld
Test Case
A solid model is midsurfaced and then the solid is hidden (midsurface thickness should be equal to
solid thickness). 8 midsurface bodies are created. 5 untouched small midsurfaces are extended (surface
area made larger). 3 of the extended midsurfaces are imprinted and 2 are spot welded onto the largest
midsurface.
Verify the existence of the midsurfaces and spot welds, and verify the geometry change due to the ex-
tending and imprinting operations.
Note
The target and SCDM values of surface area are measured from within SCDM. The target
values of surface area are measured before extending the midsurfaces, and the SCDM values
of surface area are measured after extending them. This part of the verification is to make
sure the surface area does increase after the Extend operation.
VMSC_Prepare001
Figure 36: Final Model After Midsurface, Extend, Imprint and Spot Weld Operations
Results Comparison
Results Target SCDM Error
(%)
Number of Midsurface Bodies 8 8 0
Thickness of Midsurfaces 12.7 12.699999998851515 0.00000001
Surface Area of Midsuface4 after extending > 5008.05794534485 -
4536.02590874
4449.17233383
4296.94659955
4076.50156109
3715.85600571
Edge Count of Misdurface2 after 13 13 0
imprinting
Number of SpotWelds 2 2 0
Number of Points for Each SpotWeld 8 8 0
VMSC_Prepare002: Volume Extract and Enclosure
Overview
Feature: Volume Extract and Enclosure
Test Case
This test case is divided into several scenarios, with results for each.
Scenario 1
Extract volume from an oil pan model, and verify the existence of the extracted volume.
Figure 37: Extract Volume from Oil Pan
Scenario 2
Modify the oil pan model by enlarging an internal cylindrical surface, then update the extracted volume.
Verify the updated surface area of the counterpart of the cylindrical surface on the extracted volume.
The target value is measured from the cylindrical surface of the oil pan model and the SCDM value is
measured from the updated cylindrical surface (mating surface) of the extracted volume.
VMSC_Prepare002
Figure 38: Updated Extracted Volume
Scenario 3
Create an enclosure volume from the cooling block object, then verify the existence of the enclosure
volume. The target surface count is counted using the cooling block object and the SCDM surface count
is counted using the enclosure volume.
VMSC_Prepare002
Figure 39: Enclosure Volume from the Cooling Block Object
Scenario 4
Modify the cooling block object by cutting a cylindrical voume from the bottom base. Update the en-
closure volume, verifying extra surfaces of the update volume. The target surface area is measured from
the cooling block object and the SCDM surface area is measured from the enclosure volume (mating
surfaces).
VMSC_Prepare002
Figure 40: Enclosure Volume from the Cooling Block Object
Results Comparison
Scenario 1
(%)
Name of the extracted Volume Volume N/A
volume
Is it a closed body True True N/A
Scenario 2
(%)
Surface area of the changed cylindrical 7964.59 7964.5892573257434 9.32E-6
surface
Scenario 3
(%)
Name of the Enclosure Enclosure Enclosure N/A
volume
VMSC_Prepare002

(%)
Number of Face Count 44 44 0
Scenario 4
(%)
Type of the 1st new surface on Enclosure volume Plane Plane N/A
Surface area of the planar surface 28.27 28.274333882308154 1.53E-2
Type of the 2nd new surface on Enclosure volume Cylinder Cylinder N/A
Surface area of the cylindrical surface 9.05 9.0477868423385 2.21
VMSC_Prepare003: Beam Create, Extract, and Orient
Overview
Feature: Beam Create, Extract, and Orient
Test Case
Scenario 1
Create beams with circular profile and extract beams from existing solid. Verify the existence of the
extracted volume.
Figure 41: Created Beams and Extracted Beams
Scenario 2
Orient one beam by changing its Section Anchor to Location, then move the section toward Y direction
for 99.64 mm. Verify the section location of the oriented beam.
VMSC_Prepare003
Figure 42: Orient Beam
Results Comparison
Scenario 1
(%)
Number of SketchCurve with Beam properties 8 8 0
Number of Beams with section name of Circle 4 4 0
Number of Beams with section name of Extracted Profile1 1 1 0
Scenario 2
(%)
Anchor Location of Oriented 99.64 99.64 0
Beam
VMSC_Prepare004: Remove Rounds, Interference, Faces, and Short Edges
Overview
Feature: Remove Rounds, Interference, Faces, and Short Edges
Test Case
Scenario 1
Remove the rounds as shown in the figure, then verify the absence of these round faces.
Figure 43: Remove Rounds
Scenario 2
Remove the interference volume from the smaller object, then verify the cylindrical surface area and
the circular edge length. The target values are measured from the larger object before removing inter-
ference, the SCDM values are measured from the mating feature of the smaller object after removing
interference.
VMSC_Prepare004
Figure 44: Remove Interference Volume from Smaller Objects
Scenario 3
Remove the round faces by using the Remove Faces tool, then verify the existence of the edge loop.
VMSC_Prepare004
Figure 45: Enclosure Volume from the Cooling Block
Scenario 4
Remove the tiny edge using the Short Edge tool, then verify the absence of the tiny edge.
Figure 46: Remove the Tiny Edge
VMSC_Prepare004
Results Comparison
Scenario 1
(%)
Number of box selected round 0 0 0
faces
Scenario 2
(%)
Surface area of the cylindrical surface on the 7206.06 7206.0553515527412 6.45E-5
changed object
Edge length of the circular edge on the changed 39.906007969873911 39.906007969873911 0
object
Scenario 3
(%)
Number of newly created 30 30 0
edges
Scenario 4
(%)
Number of box selected 0 0 0
edges
VMSC_Repair001: Stitch, Gap, and Missing Faces
Overview
Feature: Stitch, Gap, and Missing Faces
Test Case
Use the Stitch tool to stitch all the surface bodies into one single surface body, then use the Missing
Faces tool to generate missing faces, then use the Gap tool to fill the gaps. Finally, the surface body
will be solidified into a solid body. Verify the existence of the solid body.
Figure 47: Solidify Surface Bodies into a Single Solid Body
Results Comparison
(%)
Number of solid 1 1 0
body
Is it a closed body True True N/A
VMSC_Repair002: Merge Faces, Small Faces, Simplify, Straighten
Overview
Feature: Merge Faces, Small Faces, Simplify, Straighten
Test Case
Scenario 1
Merge adjacent faces together, then verify the absence of the merged (removed) faces.
Figure 48: Merge Faces into Adjacent Faces
Scenario 2
Use the Small Faces tool to detect any small faces to remove, then verify the absence of the previous
small faces.
VMSC_Repair002
Figure 49: Detect and Fix Small Faces
Scenario 3
Use the Simplify tool to simplify the red face only (see the figure below). The Spline face is simplifed
into a Sphere face. Verify the Surface Type of the simplified face.
VMSC_Repair002
Figure 50: Simplify the Red Face
Scenario 4
Straighten the faces that are not exactly perpendicular to the adjacent faces, then verify the length of
the face edges. The target value (baseline) was interactively measured in SCDM after confirming the
straighten operation created perpendicular faces.
Figure 51: Straighten the Highlighted Faces
VMSC_Repair002
Figure 52: Baseline Measurement After Confirming Straighten Operation (Right Edge)
Figure 53: Baseline Measurement After Confirming Straighten Operation (Left Edge)
VMSC_Repair002
Results Comparison
Scenario 1
(%)
faces
Scenario 2
(%)
faces
Scenario 3
(%)
Surface Type of the simplified Sphere Sphere N/A
face
Scenario 4
(%)
Vertical edge length on both 0.1778 ≈0.1778 ≈0
sides
Note
In SC journal files, you will find edge length in meters. The values are all very close to the
interactively measured baseline.
VMSC_Repair003: Split Edges, Extra Edges, and Duplicates
Overview
Feature: Split Edges, Extra Edges, and Duplicates
Test Case
Scenario 1
Use the Split Edges tool to find and fix the edges that are supposed to be combined together, thus
reducing the edge numbers. Verify the edge count after using the tool. The target value was measured
before the fix, so the SCDM value after the fix should be smaller.
Figure 54: Find and Fix the Split Edges
Scenario 2
Use the Extra Edges tool to detect and remove the extra eduge, then verify the removal. The target
value was measured before the fix, so the SCDM value after the fix should be smaller.
VMSC_Repair003
Figure 55: Detect and Fix the Extra Edge
Scenario 3
Use the Duplicate tool to find and remove duplicate surfaces. Verify the number of surface bodies after
the fix to be zero.
VMSC_Repair003
Figure 56: Find and Remove Duplicate Surfaces
Results Comparison
Scenario 1
(%)
Number of edges after < 1338 N/A
fix 1348
Scenario 2
(%)
Number of edges after < 1337 N/A
fix 1338
VMSC_Repair003
Scenario 3
(%)
Number of solid bodies after fix 4 4 0
Number of surface bodies after 0 0 0
fix
Part III: Mechanical Application Descriptions
VMMECH001: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis
Overview
Reference: S. Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 1, Elementary Theory
and Problems, 3rd Edition, CBS Publishers and Distributors, pg.
22 and 26
Solver(s): ANSYS AIM
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Linear Static Structural Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
An assembly of three prismatic bars is supported at both end faces and is axially loaded with forces F1
and F2. Force F1 is applied on the face between Parts 2 and 3 and F2 is applied on the face between
Parts 1 and 2. Apply advanced mesh control with element size of 0.5”.
Find reaction forces in the Y direction at the fixed supports.
Material Properties Geometric Properties Loading

E = 2.9008e7 psi Cross section of Force F1 =
ν = 0.3 all parts = 1” x -1000 (Y
ρ = 0.28383 lbm/in3 1” direction)
Length of Part Force F2 = -500
1 = 4" (Y direction)
Length of Part
2 = 3"
Length of Part
3 = 3”
Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes for ANSYS Mechanical

The following figure shows the finite element model in ANSYS Mechanical:
VMMECH001
Figure 57: ANSYS Mechanical Schematic
Results Comparison for ANSYS Mechanical

Results Target Mechanical Error (%)
Y Reaction Force at Top 900 901.14 0.127
Fixed Support (lbf )
Y Reaction Force at Bottom 600 598.86 -0.190
Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes for ANSYS AIM

The following figure shows the finite element model in ANSYS AIM:
VMMECH001
Figure 58: ANSYS AIM Schematic
Results Comparison for ANSYS AIM

Results Target AIM Error (%)
Y Reaction Force at Top 900 901.09 0.121
Y Reaction Force at Bottom 600 598.91 0.182
VMMECH002: Rectangular Plate with Circular Hole Subjected to Tensile Loading
Overview
Reference: J. E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw-Hill, 1st
Edition, 1986, Table A-23, Figure A-23-1, pg. 673
Solver(s) ANSYS AIM
ANSYS Mechanical
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A rectangular plate with a circular hole is fixed along one of the end faces and a tensile pressure load
is applied on the opposite face. A convergence with an allowable change of 10% is applied to account
for the stress concentration near the hole. The Maximum Refinement Loops is set to 2 and the Refinement
mesh control is added on the cylindrical surfaces of the hole with Refinement = 1.
Find the Maximum Normal Stress in the x direction on the cylindrical surfaces of the hole.

E = 1000 Pa Length = 15 m Pressure = -100
ν=0 Width = 5 m Pa
Thickness = 1
m
Hole radius =
0.5 m

VMMECH002

Maximum Normal X Stress 312.5 314.8 0.736
(Pa)


Maximum Normal X Stress 312.5 310.755 -0.559
(Pa)
VMMECH003: Modal Analysis of Annular Plate
Overview
Reference: R. J. Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape,
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, Table 11-2, Case
4, pg. 247
Solver(s) ANSYS AIM
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Free Vibration Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
An assembly of three annular plates has cylindrical support (fixed in the radial, tangential, and axial
directions) applied on the cylindrical surface of the hole. Sizing control with element size of 0.5” is applied
to the cylindrical surface of the hole.
Find the first six modes of natural frequencies.

E = 2.9008e7 psi Inner diameter
ν = 0.3 of inner plate =
ρ = 0.28383 lbm/in3 20"
Inner diameter
of middle plate
= 28"
Inner diameter
of outer plate =
34"
Outer diameter
of outer plate =
40"
Thickness of all
plates = 1"

VMMECH003

1st Frequency Mode (Hz) 310.911 310.14 -0.25
2nd Frequency Mode (Hz) 318.086 315.54 -0.80
3rd Frequency Mode (Hz) 318.086 315.59 -0.78
4th Frequency Mode (Hz) 351.569 346.79 -1.36

VMMECH003

VMMECH004: Viscoplastic Analysis of a Body (Shear Deformation)
Overview
Reference: B. Lwo and G. M. Eggert, "An Implicit Stress Update
Algorithm Using a Plastic Predictor". Submitted to Computer
Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, January
1991.
Solver(s) ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Nonlinear Structural Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A cubic shaped body made up of a viscoplastic material obeying Anand's law undergoes uniaxial shear
deformation at a constant rate of 0.01 cm/s. The temperature of the body is maintained at 400°C. Find
the shear load (Fx) required to maintain the deformation rate of 0.01 cm/sec at time equal to 20 seconds.
Figure 63: Schematic

Ex (Young's Modulus) = h = 1 cm Temp = 400°C
60.6 GPa thickness = 1 = 673°K
(Poisson's Ratio) = cm Velocity
0.4999 (x-direction) =
So = 29.7 MPa 0.01 cm/sec @
Q/R = 21.08999E3 K y = 1 cm
Time = 20 sec
A = 1.91E7 s-1
= 7.0
m = 0.23348
ho = 1115.6 MPa
= 18.92 MPa
= 0.07049
a = 1.3
VMMECH004
Results Comparison
Fx, N -845.00 -791.76 -6.3
VMMECH005: Heat Transfer in a Composite Wall
Overview
Reference: F. Kreith, Principles of Heat Transfer, Harper and Row Publisher,
3rd Edition, 1976, Example 2-5, pg. 39
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Linear Static Thermal Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A furnace wall consists of two layers: fire brick and insulating brick. The temperature inside the furnace
is 3000°F (Tf) and the inner surface convection coefficient is 3.333 x 10-3 BTU/s ft2°F (hf). The ambient
temperature is 80°F (Ta) and the outer surface convection coefficient is 5.556 x 10-4 BTU/s ft2°F (ha).
Find the Temperature Distribution.

Fire brick wall: k = Cross-section =
-4 1" x 1"
2.222 x 10 BTU/s
ft °F Fire brick wall
Insulating wall: k = thickness = 9"
Insulating wall
2.778 x 10-5 BTU/s
thickness = 5"
ft °F


Minimum Temperature (°F) 336 336.68 0.202
Maximum Temperature (°F) 2957 2957.2 0.007
VMMECH005


Minimum Temperature (°F) 336 336.68 0.202
VMMECH006: Heater with Nonlinear Conductivity
Overview
Reference: Vedat S. Arpaci, Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley Book
Series, 1966, pg. 130
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Type(s): Nonlinear Static Thermal Analysis
Element Type(s): Solid
Test Case
A liquid is boiled using the front face of a flat electric heater plate. The boiling temperature of the liquid
is 212°F. The rear face of the heater is insulated. The internal energy generated electrically may be as-
sumed to be uniform and is applied as internal heat generation.
Find the maximum temperature and maximum total heat flux.

k = [0.01375 * (1 + 0.001 T)] Radius = 3.937” Front face
BTU/s in°F Thickness = 1” temperature =
Temperature Conductivity 212°F
(°F) (BTU/s in°F)
Internal heat
32 1.419e-002 generation = 10
1000 2.75e-002 BTU/s in3

VMMECH006

Maximum Total Heat Flux 10 9.9998 -0.002
(BTU/s in2)


Maximum Total Heat Flux 10 9.914 -0.858
(BTU/s in2)
VMMECH007:Thermal Stress in a Bar with Temperature Dependent Conductivity
Overview
Reference: Any basic Heat Transfer book
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Nonlinear Thermal Stress Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A long bar has thermal conductivity that varies with temperature. The bar is constrained at both ends
by frictionless surfaces. A temperature of T °C is applied at one end of the bar (End A). The reference
temperature is 5°C. At the other end, a constant convection of h W/m2 °C is applied. The ambient
temperature is 5 °C. Advanced mesh control with element size of 2 m is applied.
Find the following:
• Minimum temperature
• Maximum thermal strain in z direction (on the two end faces)
• Maximum deformation in z direction
• Maximum heat flux in z direction at z = 20 m
Temperature at a distance z from rear face is given by:
Thermal strain in the z-direction in the bar is given by:
Deformation in the z-direction is given by:
Heat flux in the z-direction is given by:
VMMECH007

E = 2 x 1011 Pa Length = 20 m Rear face
ν=0 Width = 2 m temperature T
Breadth = 2 m = 100 °C
α = 1.5 x 10-5 / °C
Film Coefficient
k = 0.038 * (1 +
0.00582 * T) W/m h = 0.005 W/m2
°C °C
Ambient
Temperature Conductivity
temperature =
(°C) (W/m °C)
5 °C
5 3.91 x 10-2 Reference
800 0.215 temperature =
5 °C


VMMECH007
Figure 69: ANSYS AIM Structural Schematic
Figure 70: ANSYS AIM Thermal Schematic
VMMECH007

Minimum Temperature (°C) 38.02 38.014 -0.016
Maximum Thermal strain (z 0.000495 0.0004952 0.042
= 20) (m/m)
Maximum Thermal strain (z 0.001425 0.001425 0.000
= 0) (m/m)
Maximum Z Deformation 0.00232 0.002341 0.905
(m)
Maximum Z Heat Flux (z = 0.165 0.16507 0.042
20) (W/m2)

Results Target AIM Error
(%)
Minimum Temperature (°C) 38.02 38.009 -0.029
Maximum Thermal strain (z = 20) 0.000495 0.0004951 0.0272
(m/m)
Maximum Thermal strain (z = 0) (m/m) 0.001425 0.001425 0.0
Maximum Z Deformation (m) 0.00232 0.00234 1.11
Maximum Z Heat Flux (z = 20) (W/m2) 0.165 0.1652 0.172
VMMECH008: Heat Transfer from a Cooling Spine
Overview
Reference: Kreith, F., Principles of Heat Transfer, Harper and Row, 3rd Edition,
1976, Equation 2-44a, pg. 59, Equation 2–45, pg. 60
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Linear Static Thermal Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A steel cooling spine of cross-sectional area A and length L extend from a wall that is maintained at
temperature Tw. The surface convection coefficient between the spine and the surrounding air is h, the
air temper is Ta, and the tip of the spine is insulated. Apply advanced mesh control with element size
of 0.025'.
Find the heat conducted by the spine and the temperature of the tip.
VMMECH008
Figure 72: Model Setup for ANSYS AIM

E = 4.177 x 109 psf Cross section = Tw = 100°F
ν = 0.3 1.2” x 1.2” Ta = 0°F
Thermal L = 8”
h = 2.778 x 10-4
conductivity k =
-3 BTU/s ft2 °F
9.71 x 10 BTU/s ft
°F

Temperature of the Tip (°F) 79.0344 79.078 0.055
-3
Heat Conducted by the 6.364 x10 6.3614 x -0.041
Spine (Heat Reaction) 10-3
(BTU/s)
VMMECH008

Temperature of the Tip (°F) 79.0344 79.08 0.055
-3 -3
Heat Conducted by the 6.364 x 10 6.361 x 10 -0.041
Spine (Heat Reaction)
(BTU/s)
VMMECH009: Stress Tool for Long Bar With Compressive Load
Overview
Reference: Any basic Strength of Materials book
Solver(s): ANSYS Mechanical
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A multibody of four bars connected end to end has one of the end faces fixed and a pressure is applied
to the opposite face as given below. The multibody is used to nullify the numerical noise near the
contact regions.
Find the maximum equivalent stress for the whole multibody and the safety factor for each part using
the maximum equivalent stress theory with tensile yield limit.
Material Properties
Material E (Pa) ν Tensile Yield
(Pa)
Part 1 1.93e11 0 2.07e8
Part 2 7.1e10 0 2.8e8
Part 3 2e11 0 2.5e8
Part 4 1.1e11 0 2.8e8
Geometric Properties Loading

Part 1: 2 m x 2 Pressure = 2.5e8
mx3m Pa
Part 2: 2 m x 2
m x 10 m
VMMECH009
Part 3: 2 m x 2
mx5m
Part 4: 2 m x 2
mx2m
Results Comparison
Maximum Equivalent Stress 2.5e8 2.5e8 0.000
(Pa)
Safety Factor for Part 1 0.828 0.828 0.000
Safety Factor for Part 3 1 1 0.000
VMMECH010: Modal Analysis of a Rectangular Plate
Overview
Reference: Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, Table 11-4, Case 11,
pg. 256
Analysis Free Vibration Analysis
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A rectangular plate is simply supported on both the smaller edges and fixed on one of the longer edges
as shown below. Sizing mesh control with element size of 6.5 mm is applied on all the edges to get
accurate results.
Find the first five modes of natural frequency.

E = 2e11 Pa Length = 0.25
ν = 0.3 m
ρ = 7850 kg/m3 Width = 0.1 m
Thickness =
0.005 m
Results Comparison
VMMECH010

5th Frequency Mode (Hz) 3366.48 3350 -0.489
VMMECH011: Large Deflection of a Circular Plate With Uniform Pressure
Overview
Reference: Timoshenko S.P., Woinowsky-Krieger S., Theory of Plates and
Shells, McGraw-Hill, 2nd Edition, Article 97, equation 232, pg.
401
Analysis Nonlinear Structural Analysis (Large Deformation On)
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A circular plate is subjected to a uniform pressure on its flat surface. The circular edge of the plate is
fixed. To get accurate results, apply sizing control with element size of 5 mm on the circular edge.
Find the total deformation at the center of the plate.

E = 2e11 Pa Radius = 0.25 Pressure =
ν = 0.3 m 6585.18 Pa
Thickness =
0.0025 m
Results Comparison
Total deformation (m) 0.00125 0.0012344 -1.248
VMMECH012: Buckling of a Stepped Rod
Overview
Reference: Warren C. Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress & Strains, McGraw
Hill, 6th Edition, Table 34, Case 2a, pg. 672
Analysis Buckling Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A stepped rod is fixed at one end face. It is axially loaded by two forces: a tensile load at the free end
and a compressive load on the flat step face at the junction of the two cross sections. To get accurate
results, apply sizing control with element size of 6.5 mm.
Find the Load Multiplier for the First Buckling Mode.

E = 2e11 Pa Larger diameter Force at free
ν = 0.3 = 0.011982 m end = 1000 N
Smaller Force at the flat
diameter = step face =
0.010 m -2000 N
Length of Both forces are
larger diameter in the z
= 0.2 m direction
Length of
smaller
diameter = 0.1
m
VMMECH012
Results Comparison
Load Multiplier 22.5 22.748 1.102
VMMECH013: Buckling of a Circular Arch
Overview
Reference: Warren C. Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress Strains, McGraw
Hill, 6th Edition, Table 34, Case 10, pg. 679
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A circular arch of a rectangular cross section (details given below) is subjected to a pressure load as
shown below. Both the straight edges of the arch are fixed.
Find the Load Multiplier for the first buckling mode.

E = 2e5 MPa Arch Pressure = 1
ν=0 cross-section = MPa
5 mm x 50 mm
Mean radius of
arch = 50 mm
Included angle
= 90°
Results Comparison
Load Multiplier 544 546.07 0.4
VMMECH014: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System
Overview
Reference: Any basic Vibration Analysis book
Analysis Harmonic Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
An assembly where four cylinders represent massless springs in series and a point mass simulates a
spring mass system. The flat end face of the cylinder (Shaft 1) is fixed. Harmonic force is applied on the
end face of another cylinder (Shaft 4) as shown below.
Find the z directional Deformation Frequency Response of the system on the face to which force is
applied for the frequency range of 0 to 500 Hz for the following scenarios using Mode-Superposition.
Solution intervals = 20.
• Scenario 1: Damping ratio = 0
• Scenario 2: Damping ratio = 0.05
Material Properties
Material E (Pa) ν ρ (kg/m3)
Shaft 1 1.1 x 1011 0.34 1 x 10-8
Shaft 2 1.1 x 1011 0.34 1 x 10-8
Shaft 3 4.5 x 1010 0.35 1 x 10-8
Shaft 4 4.5 x 1010 0.35 1 x 10-8

Each cylinder: Force = 1 x 107 N
Diameter = 20 mm (Z-direction)
Length = 50 mm
VMMECH014
Point Mass =
3.1044 Kg
Results Comparison
Maximum Amplitude 0.1404 0.1412 0.5698
without damping (m)
Phase angle without 180 180 0.000
damping (degrees)
Maximum Amplitude with 0.14 0.14078 0.557
damping (m)
Phase angle with damping 175.6 175.58 -0.011
(degrees)
VMMECH015: Harmonic Response of Two Storied Building Under Transverse
Loading
Overview
Reference: W. T. Thomson, Theory of Vibration with Applications, 3rd Edition,
1999, Example 6.4-1, pg. 166
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A two-story building has two columns (2K and K) constituting stiffness elements and two slabs (2M and
M) constituting mass elements. The material of the columns is assigned negligible density so as to make
them as massless springs. The slabs are allowed to move only in the y direction by applying frictionless
supports on all the faces of the slabs in the y direction. The end face of the column (2K) is fixed and a
harmonic force is applied on the face of the slab (M) as shown in the figure below.
Find the y directional Deformation Frequency Response of the system at 70 Hz on each of the vertices
as shown below for the frequency range of 0 to 500 Hz using Mode-Superposition. Use Solution intervals
= 50.
Material Properties
Block 2 2e18 0.3 7850
Shaft 2 4.5e10 0.35 1e-8
Block 1 2e18 0.3 15700
Shaft 1 9e10 0.35 1e-8
VMMECH015
Geometric Loading
Properties Force = -1e5 N (y
Block 1 and 2: direction)
40 mm x 40 mm x
40 mm
Shaft 1 and 2:
20 mm x 20 mm x
200 mm
Results Comparison
Maximum Amplitude for 0.20853 0.2118 1.568
vertex A (m)
vertex B (m)
VMMECH016: Fatigue Tool with Non-Proportional Loading for Normal Stress
Overview
Reference: Any basic Machine Design book
Analysis Fatigue Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A bar of rectangular cross section has the following loading scenarios.
• Scenario 1: One of the end faces is fixed and a force is applied on the opposite face as shown below in
Figure 80: Scenario 1 (p. 121).
• Scenario 2: Frictionless support is applied to all the faces of the three standard planes (faces not seen
in Figure 81: Scenario 2 (p. 121)) and a pressure load is applied on the opposite faces in positive y- and
z-directions.
Find the life, damage, and safety factor for the normal stresses in the x, y, and z directions for non-
proportional fatigue using the Soderberg theory. Use a design life of 1e6 cycles, a fatigue strength factor
or 1, a scale factor of 1, and 1 for coefficients of both the environments under Solution Combination.
Figure 80: Scenario 1
Material Properties
E = 2e11 Pa
ν = 0.3
VMMECH016
Material Properties
Ultimate Tensile Strength = 4.6e8 Pa
Yield Tensile Strength = 3.5e8 Pa
Endurance Strength = 2.2998e6 Pa
Number of Alternating Stress
Cycles (Pa)
1000 4.6e8
1e6 2.2998e6
Geometric Loading
Properties Scenario 1: Force
Bar: 20 m x 1 m = 2e6 N
x 1m (y-direction)
Scenario 2:
Pressure = -1e8 Pa
Analysis
Non-proportional fatigue uses the corresponding results from the two scenarios as the maximum and
minimum stresses for fatigue calculations. The fatigue calculations use standard formulae for the
Soderberg theory.
Results Comparison
Results Target Mechanical Error
(%)
Stress Component - Component Life 3335.1049 3329.9 -0.156
X Damage 299.8406 300.31 0.157
Safety 0.019 0.019025 0.132
Factor
Stress Component - Component Life 14765.7874 14653 -0.764
Y Damage 67.724 68.247 0.772
Safety 0.04569 0.045378 -0.683
Factor
Stress Component - Component Life 14765.7874 14766 0.001
Z Damage 67.724 67.725 0.001
Safety 0.04569 0.045696 0.013
Factor
VMMECH017: Thermal Stress Analysis with Remote Force and Thermal Loading
Overview
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Linear Thermal Stress Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A cylindrical rod assembly of four cylinders connected end to end has frictionless support applied on
all the cylindrical surfaces and both the flat end faces are fixed. Other thermal and structural loads are
as shown below.
Find the Deformation in the x direction of the contact surface on which the remote force is applied. To
get accurate results apply a global element size of 1.5 m.

E = 2 x 1011 Pa Diameter = 2 m Given temperature
ν=0 Lengths of (End A) = 1000°C
cylinders in Given temperature
α = 1.2 x 10-5/°C
order from End (End B) = 0°C
A: 2 m, 5 m, 10 Remote force = 1
m, and 3 m. x 1010 N applied
on the contact
surface at a
distance 7 m from
end A.
Location of remote
force = (7,0,0) m

VMMECH017

Maximum X Deformation 0.101815 0.10025 -1.5
(m)


Maximum X Deformation 0.101815 0.10237 0.546
(m)
VMMECH018: A Bar Subjected to Tensile Load with Inertia Relief
Overview
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Linear Static Structural Analysis (Inertia Relief On)
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A long bar assembly is fixed at one end and subjected to a tensile force at the other end as shown
below. Turn on Inertia Relief.
Find the deformation in the z direction
Analysis
where:
L = total length of bar

A = cross-section
m = mass

E = 2 x 1011 Pa Cross-Section = Force P = 2 x 105
ν = 0.3 2mx2m N (positive z
Lengths of bars
ρ = 7850 kg/m3 direction)
in order from
End A: 2 m, 5
m, 10 m, and 3
m.

VMMECH018

-6
Maximum Z Deformation 2.5 x 10 2.5043 x 0.172
(m) 10-6


-6
Maximum Z Deformation 2.5 x 10 2.4757 x -0.968
(m) 10-6
VMMECH019: Mixed Model Subjected to Bending Loads with Solution Combination
Overview
Type(s):
Element Beam and Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A mixed model (shell and beam) has one shell edge fixed as shown below. Bending loads are applied
on the free vertex of the beam as given below. Apply a global element size of 80 mm to get accurate
results.
• Scenario 1: Only a force load.
• Scenario 2: Only a moment load.
Find the deformation in the y direction under Solution Combination with the coefficients for both the
environments set to 1.

E = 2e5 Pa Shell = 160 mm Force F = -10 N (y
ν=0 x 500 mm x 10 direction)
mm
VMMECH019

Beam Moment M =
rectangular -4035 Nmm @
cross section = z-axis
10 mm x 10
mm
Beam length =
500 mm
Analysis
where:
I = total bending length of the mixed model

I = moment of inertia of the beam cross-section
Results Comparison
Maximum Y-Deformation -7.18742 -7.2542 0.929
(mm)
VMMECH020: Modal Analysis for Beams
Overview
Analysis Modal Analysis
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
Two collinear beams form a spring mass system. The density of the longer beam is kept very low so
that it acts as a massless spring and the smaller beam acts as a mass. The end vertex of the longer
beam (acting as a spring) is fixed. The cross section details are as shown below.
Find the natural frequency of the axial mode.
Figure 88: Cross Section Details for Both Beams
Material Properties
Spring 1.1e11 0.34 1e-8
Mass 2e11 0 7.85e5
VMMECH020

Spring beam length =
500 mm
Mass beam length = 5
mm
Results Comparison
Natural Frequency of Axial 1188.6 1190.5 0.160
Mode (Hz)
VMMECH021: Buckling Analysis of Beams
Overview
Reference: Warren C. Young, Roark's Formulas for Stress and Strains, McGraw
Hill, 6th Edition, Table 34, Case 3a, pg. 675
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
A beam fixed at one end and is subjected to two compressive forces. One of the forces is applied on
a portion of the beam of length 50 mm (L1) from the fixed end and the other is applied on the free
vertex, as shown below.
Find the load multiplier for the first buckling mode.

E = 2e11 Pa L1 = 50 mm Force on L1 =
ν = 0.3 Total length = -1000 N (x
200 mm direction)
Rectangular Force on free
cross section = vertex = -1000 N (x
10 mm x 10 direction)
mm
Results Comparison
Load Multiplier 10.2397 10.198 -0.407
VMMECH022: Structural Analysis with Advanced Contact Options
Overview
Reference: Any basic Strength of Material book
Analysis Nonlinear Static Structural Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
An assembly of two parts with a gap has a Frictionless Contact defined between the two parts. The end
faces of both the parts are fixed and a given displacement is applied on the contact surface of Part 1
as shown below.
Find the Normal stress and Directional deformation - both in the z direction for each part for the following
scenarios:
• Scenario 1: Interface treatment - adjust to touch.
• Scenario 2: Interface treatment - add offset. Offset = 0 m.
• Scenario 3: Interface treatment - add offset. Offset = 0.001 m.
• Scenario 4: Interface treatment - add offset. Offset = -0.001 m.
Validate all of the above scenarios for Augmented Lagrange and Pure Penalty formulations.

E = 2e11 Pa Gap = 0.0005 m Given
ν=0 Dimensions for displacement = (0,
each part: 0.1 0, 0.0006) m
m x 0.1 m x
0.5m
VMMECH022
Results Comparison
The same results are obtained for both Augmented Lagrange and Pure Penalty formulations.
Results Target MechanicalError

(%)
Adjust To Touch Maximum directional z 6e-4 6e-4 0.000
deformation Part 1 (m)
Maximum directional z 6e-4 5.9786e-4 -0.357
Maximum normal z stress 2.4e8 2.4e8 0.000
Part 1 (Pa)
Maximum normal z stress -2.4e8 -2.3915e8 -0.354
Part 2 (Pa)
Add Offset. Offset = 0 m Maximum directional z 6e-4 6e-4 0.000
Maximum directional z 1e-4 0.99644e-4 -0.356
Part 1 (Pa)
Maximum normal z stress -4e7 -3.9858e7 -0.355
Part 2 (Pa)
Add Offset. Offset = Maximum directional z 6e-4 6e-4 0.000
0.001 m deformation Part 1 (m)
Maximum directional z 1.1e-3 1.0961e-3 -0.355
Part 1 (Pa)
Maximum normal z stress -4.4e8 -4.3843e8 -0.357
Part 2 (Pa)
Add Offset. Offset = Maximum directional z 6e-4 6e-4 0.000
-0.001 m deformation Part 1 (m)
Maximum directional z 0 0 0.000
Part 1 (Pa)
Maximum normal z stress 0 0 0
Part 2 (Pa)
VMMECH023: Curved Beam Assembly with Multiple Loads
Overview
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
An assembly of two curved beams, each having an included angle of 45°, has a square cross-section. It
is fixed at one end and at the free end a Force F and a Moment M are applied. Also, a UDL of "w " N /
mm is applied on both the beams. Use a global element size of 30 mm to get accurate results. See the
figure below for details.
Find the deformation of the free end in the y direction.
Equivalent Loading:

Beam 1: For each beam: Force F = -1000 N
E1 = 1.1e5 MPa Cross-section = (y direction)
ν1 = 0 10 mm x 10 Moment M =
mm -10000 Nmm
(about z-axis)
VMMECH023

ρ1 = 8.3e-6 Radius r = 105 UDL w = -5 N/mm
kg/mm 3 mm (y direction) on
Beam 2: Included angle both beams
E2 = 2e5 MPa = 45° This UDL is applied
as an edge force
ν2 = 0
on each beam
ρ2 = 7.85e-6 with magnitude =
kg/mm3 -5 (2 x 3.14 x 105)
/ 8 = -412.334 N
Analysis
The deflection in the y direction is in the direction of the applied force F and is given by:
where:
δ = deflection at free end in the y direction

I = moment of inertia of the cross-section of both beams
Results Comparison
Minimum Y Deformation -8.416664 -8.4688 0.619
(mm)
VMMECH024: Harmonic Response of a Single Degree of Freedom System for
Beams
Overview
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
Two collinear beams form a spring-mass system. The density of the longer beam is kept very low so
that it acts as a massless spring and the smaller beam acts as a mass. The end vertex of the longer
beam (acting as a spring) is fixed. A Harmonic force F is applied on the free vertex of the shorter beam
in z direction. Both beams have hollow circular cross-sections, as indicated below.
• Scenario 1: Damping ratio = 0
• Scenario 2: Damping ratio = 0.05
Find the z directional deformation of the vertex where force is applied at frequency F = 500 Hz for the
above scenarios with solution intervals = 25 and a frequency range of 0 to 2000 Hz. Use both Mode
Superposition and Full Method.
Material Properties
Material E ν ρ
(Pa) (kg/m3)
Spring 1.1e11 0.34 1e-8
Mass 2e11 0 7.85e5

Cross-section of Harmonic force F
each beam: = 1 e6 N
Outer radius = (z-direction)
10 mm
VMMECH024

Inner radius =
5 mm
Length of
longer beam =
100 mm
Length of
shorter beam =
5 mm
Results Comparison
(%)
Mode-Superposition
Maximum z directional 4.11332 4.078 x -0.859
deformation without damping x 10-3 10-3
(m)
deformation with damping (m) x 10-3 10-3
Full Method Maximum z directional 4.11332 4.1132 x -0.003
deformation without damping x 10-3 10-3
(m)
deformation with damping (m) x 10-3 10-3
VMMECH025: Stresses Due to Shrink Fit Between Two Cylinders
Overview
Reference: Stephen P. Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 2 - Advanced
Theory and Problems, 3rd Edition, pg. 208-214
ANSYS Mechanical
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
One hollow cylinder is shrink fitted inside another. Both cylinders have length L and both the flat faces
of each cylinder are constrained in the axial direction. They are free to move in radial and tangential
directions. An internal pressure of P is applied on the inner surface of the inner cylinder. To get accurate
results, apply a global element size of 0.8 inches.
Find the maximum tangential stresses in both cylinders.

Both cylinders Inner Cylinder: P = 30000 psi
are made of ri = 4”
the same ro = 6.005”
material Ri = 6”
E = 3 x 107 psi Ro = 8”
ν=0 Length of both
ρ = 0.28383 cylinders = 5”
lbm/in3

VMMECH025
Note
Tangential stresses can be obtained in the Mechanical application using a cylindrical coordin-
ate system.
To simulate interference, set Contact Type to Rough with interface treatment set to add offset
with Offset = 0.

VMMECH025

Maximum normal y stress, inner 35396.67 35758 1.020802
cylinder (psi)
Maximum normal y stress, outer 42281.09 42297 0.037629
cylinder (psi)
Note
Here y corresponds to θ direction of a cylindrical coordinate system.

(%)
Maximum Normal Y Stress, Inner Cylinder (psi) 35396.67 35824.9 1.210
Maximum Normal Y Stress, Outer Cylinder 42281.09 42327.45 0.110
(psi)
VMMECH026: Fatigue Analysis of a Rectangular Plate Subjected to Edge Moment
Overview
Reference: Any standard Machine Design and Strength of Materials book
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Fatigue Analysis
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A plate of length L, width W, and thickness T is fixed along the width on one edge and a moment M
is applied on the opposite edge about the z-axis.
Find the maximum Bending Stress (Normal X Stress) and maximum Total Deformation of the plate. Also
find the part life and the factor of safety using Goodman, Soderberg, & Gerber criteria. Use the x-stress
component. Consider load type as fully reversed and a Design Life of 1e6 cycles, Fatigue Strength factor
of 1, and Scale factor of 1.
Figure 96: Schematic for ANSYS Mechanical
VMMECH026
Figure 97: Schematic for ANSYS AIM

E = 2 x 1011 Pa Length L = 12 x Moment M = 0.15 Nm
-3 (counterclockwise @ z-axis)
ν = 0.0 10 m
Ultimate tensile Width W = 1 x
strength = 1.29 x 109 10-3 m
Pa Thickness T = 1 x
Endurance strength = 10-3 m
8
1.38 x 10 Pa
Yield Strenth = 2.5 x
108 Pa
No. of Alternating
Cycles Stresses (Pa)
1000 1.08 x 109
1 x 106 1.38 x 108

(%)
Maximum normal x-stress (Pa) 9 x108 9 x 108 0.000
Maximum total deformation (m) 6.48 x 6.4984 x 0.284
10-4 10-4
SN-Goodman Safety factor 0.1533 0.15333 0.020
Life 1844.3 1844.4 0.005
VMMECH026

(%)
SN-Soderberg Safety factor 0.1533 0.15333 0.020
Life 1844.3 1844.4 0.005
SN-Gerber Safety Factor 0.1533 0.15333 0.020
Life 1844.3 1844.4 0.005

(%)
Maximum normal x-stress (Pa) 9 x108 9 x 108 0.000
Maximum total deformation (m) 6.48 x 6.4976 x 0.272
10-4 10-4
VMMECH027:Thermal Analysis for Shells with Heat Flow and Given Temperature
Overview
Reference: Any standard Thermal Analysis book
Analysis Thermal Stress Analysis
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A plate of length (L), width (W), and thickness (T) is fixed along the width on one edge and heat flow
(Q) is applied on the same edge. The opposite edge is subjected to a temperature of 20 °C. Ambient
temperature is 20 °C. To get accurate results, apply a sizing control with element size = 2.5e-2 m.
Find the maximum temperature, maximum total heat flux, maximum total deformation, and heat reaction
at the given temperature.

E = 2e11 Pa Length L = 0.2 Heat flow Q = 5 W
ν = 0.0 m Given Temperature
Coefficient of Width W = 0.05 = 20°C
thermal m
expansion α = Thickness T =
1.2e-5/°C 0.005 m
Thermal
conductivity k
= 60.5 W/m°C
Analysis
Heat Reaction = -(Total heat generated)
Heat flow due to conduction is given by:
VMMECH027
where:
Th = maximum temperature
T1 = given temperature
Total heat flux is:
Temperature at a variable distance z from the fixed support is given by:
Thermal deformation in the z-direction is given by:
Results Comparison
(%)
Maximum Temperature (°C) 86.1157 86.116 0.000
2
Maximum Total Heat Flux (W/m ) 2e4 2e4 0.000
Maximum Total Deformation (m) 7.93386e-5 7.9958e-5 0.781
Heat Reaction (W) -5 -5 0.000
VMMECH028: Bolt Pretension Load Applied on a Semi-Cylindrical Face
Overview
Reference: Any standard Strength of Materials book
Analysis Static Structural Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A semi-cylinder is fixed at both the end faces. The longitudinal faces have frictionless support. A bolt
pretension load is applied on the semi-cylindrical face. To get accurate results, apply sizing control with
element size of 0.01 m.
Find the Z directional deformation and the adjustment reaction due to the bolt pretension load.

E = 2e11 Pa Length L = 1 m Pretension as
ν = 0.0 Diameter D = preload = 19.635
0.05 m N (equal to
adjustment of 1e-7
m)
Analysis
The bolt pretension load applied as a preload is distributed equally to both halves of the bar. Therefore
the z-directional deformation due to pretension is given by:
VMMECH028
Results Comparison
(%)
Minimum z-directional deformation -5.00E-08 -5.0002E-080.004
(m)
Maximum z-directional deformation 5.00E-08 4.9502E-08 -0.996
(m)
Adjustment Reaction (m) 1.00E-07 1.00E-07 0.000
VMMECH029: Elasto-Plastic Analysis of a Rectangular Beam
Overview
Reference: Timoshenko S., Strength of Materials, Part II, Advanced Theory
and Problems, Third Edition, Article 64, pp. 349
Analysis Static Plastic Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A rectangular beam is loaded in pure bending. For an elastic-perfectly-plastic stress-strain behavior,
show that the beam remains elastic at M = Myp = σypbh2 / 6 and becomes completely plastic at M =
Mult = 1.5 Myp. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 0.5 inches.
Figure 100: Stress-Strain Curve

E = 3e7 psi Length L = 10” M = 1.0 Myp to 1.5
ν = 0.0 Width b = 1” Myp
σyp = 36000 psi Height h = 2” (Myp = 24000 lbf -
in)
VMMECH029
Analysis
The load is applied in three increments: M1 = 24000 lbf-in, M2 = 30000 lbf-in, and M3 = 36000 lbf-in.
Results Comparison
M/Myp Target Mechanical Error
(%)
State Equivalent State Equivalent
Stress (psi) Stress (psi)
1 fully 36000 fully 36059 0.164
elastic elastic
1.25 elastic-plastic 36000 elastic-plastic 36288 0.800
1.5 plastic solution not plastic solution not -
converged converged
VMMECH030: Bending of Long Plate Subjected to Moment - Plane Strain Model
Overview
Analysis Plane Strain Analysis
Type(s):
Element 2D Structural Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A long, rectangular plate is fixed along the longitudinal face and the opposite face is subjected to a
moment of 5000 lbf-in about the z-axis. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element
size to 0.5 inches.
Find X normal stress at a distance of 0.5 inches from the fixed support. Also find total deformation and
reaction moment.

E = 2.9e7 psi Length L = Moment M = 5000
ν = 0.0 1000” lbf-in
Width W = 40”
Thickness T =
1”
Analysis
Since the loading is uniform and in one plane (the x-y plane), the above problem can be analyzed as
a plane strain problem. Therefore, the moment applied will be per unit length (5000/1000 = 5 lbf-in).
Analysis takes into account the unit length in the z-direction.
VMMECH030
Figure 103: Plane Strain Model (analyzing any cross section (40” x 1”) along the length)
Results Comparison
Normal Stress 30 30 0.000
Maximum Normal Stress in 30 30 0.000
the X-Direction (psi)
Maximum Total Deformation 0.1655e-2 0.16553e-2 0.018
(in)
Reaction Moment (lbf-in) -5 -5 0.000
VMMECH031: Long Bar With Uniform Force and Stress Tool - Plane Stress Model
Overview
Analysis Type(s): Plane Stress Analysis
Element Type(s): 2D Structural Solid
Test Case
A long, rectangular bar assembly is fixed at one of the faces and the opposite face is subjected to a
compressive force. To get accurate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 1 m.
Find the maximum equivalent stress for the whole assembly and safety factor, safety margin, and safety
ratio for the first and last part using the maximum equivalent stress theory with Tensile Yield Limit.
Material Properties
Material E (Pa) ν Tensile Yield (Pa)
Part 1 1.93e11 0 2.07e8
Part 2 7.1e10 0 2.8e8
Part 3 2e11 0 2.5e8
Part 4 1.1e11 0 2.8e8

Part 1: 2 mx2mx Force = 1e9 N in
3m the negative
Part 2: 2 mx2mx x-direction
10 m
Part 3: 2 mx2mx
5m
Part 4: 2 mx2mx
2m
VMMECH031
Analysis
Since the loading is uniform and in one plane, the above problem can be analyzed as a plane stress
problem. Analysis is done considering thickness of 2 m along z-direction
Figure 105: Plane Stress Model (Analyzing any cross section along Z)
Results Comparison
Maximum Equivalent Stress (Pa) 2.5e8 2.5e8 0.000
Part 1 Safety Factor 0.828 0.828 0.000
Safety Margin -0.172 -0.172 0.000
Safety Ratio 1.207 1.2077 0.058
Part 4 Safety Factor 1.12 1.12 0.000
Safety Margin 0.12 0.12 0.000
Safety Ratio 0.892 0.89286 0.096
VMMECH032: Radial Flow due to Internal Heat Generation in a Copper Disk -
Axisymmetric Model
Overview
Reference: Any basic Heat Transfer book
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Axisymmetric Analysis
Type(s):
Element 2D Structural Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A copper disk with thickness t and radii Ri and Ro is insulated on the flat faces. It has a heat-generating
copper coaxial cable (of radius Ri) passing through its center. The cable delivers a total heat flow of Q
to the disk. The surrounding air is at a temperature of To with convective film coefficient h. To get ac-
curate results, set the advanced mesh control element size to 0.002 m.
Find the disk temperature and heat flux at inner and outer radii.

E = 1.1 x 1011 Pa Ri = 10 mm Q = 100 W (Internal
ν = 0.34 Ro = 60 mm Heat Generation =
Thermal t = 8 mm 39788735.77 W/m3)
conductivity k = Film coefficient h =
401.0 W/m-°C 1105 W/m2-°C
Surrounding
temperature To =
0°C
VMMECH032

Because the geometry and loading are symmetric about the y-axis, the above problem can be analyzed
as an axisymmetric problem in ANSYS Mechanical.
Figure 107: Axisymmetric Model

Figure 108: Model in ANSYS AIM

Maximum Temperature (°C) 38.9 38.896 -0.010
Minimum Temperature (°C) 30 30.007 0.023
VMMECH032

2
Maximum Heat Flux (W/m ) 198943 197840 -0.554
2
Minimum Heat Flux (W/m ) 33157 33151 -0.018

(%)
Maximum Disk Temperature 38.9 38.895 -0.011
(C)
Minimum Disk Temperature 30.0 30.007 0.022
(C)
Maximum Heat Flux (W/m2) 198943 198913 -0.015
Minimum Heat Flux (W/m2) 33157 33147 -0.031
VMMECH033: Spring Mass System Subjected to Enforced Motion with
Displacement Base Excitations
Overview
Reference: Thompson, W.T., Theory of Vibration with Applications, 3rd
Edition, Chapter 3, pp. 63-65, 1999
Type(s):
Element Spring-Damper
Type(s): Surface
Test Case
A vehicle has a mass of 500 kg (applied as distributed mass) and the total spring constant of its suspen-
sion system is 19600 N/m. The profile of the road is approximated as a sine wave of amplitude 10 mm
and a wavelength of 1.5 m. Determine the amplitude of oscillations of the mass:
• When driven at critical speed and having damping factor of 0.5
• When driven at 50 km/h and having damping factor of 0.4

E = 1 x 1013 Pa Mass of vehicle, m = Sinusoidal base excitation of
-20 3 500 kg amplitude Y = 10 mm and
= 1 x 10 kg/m
wavelength = 1.5 m
VMMECH033

Stiffness of spring, K =
19600 N/m
Analysis
Natural circular frequency of the system,

Critical damping coefficient,
Damping ratio,
Circular frequency of forced vibration,
Absolute amplitude of vibration,
Relative amplitude of vibration,
Absolute phase angle,
Relative phase angle,

where
m = mass of vehicle
V = speed of vehicle
Y = amplitude of sine wave
= wavelength
C = damping coefficient
Results Comparison
= 14.142 mm = 14.142 mm 0%
Critical speed ( =
0.99647 Hz), damping 0%
= -45° or 135° = -45°
factor ( ) of 0.5
= 10.00 mm = 10.00 mm 0%
= -90° or 90° = -90° 0%
50 km/h ( = 9.26 Hz), = 0.876 mm = 0.875 mm 0%

damping factor ( ) of = -87.32° or -92.68° = -92.68° 0%
0.4
= 10.079 mm = 10.079 mm 0%
-4.98° or -175.02° = -175.03° 0%
VMMECH034: Rubber Cylinder Pressed Between Two Plates
Overview
Reference: T. Tussman, K.J. Bathe, "A Finite Element Formulation for
Nonlinear Incompressible Elastic and Inelastic Analysis",
Computers and Structures, Vol. 26 Nos 1/2, 1987, pp. 357-409
Analysis Nonlinear Static Structural Analysis (Large Deformation ON)
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A rubber cylinder is pressed between two rigid plates using a maximum imposed displacement of δmax.
Determine the total deformation.

Solid1: Solid1: Displacement in Y direction
= -0.1 m
E = 2 x 1011 Pa 0.05 m x 0.01 m x 0.4
ν = 0.3 m
ρ = 7850 kg/m3
Solid2: Mooney-Rivlin Constants Solid2: Quarter Circular Cylinder
C10 = 2.93 x 105 Pa Radius = 0.2 m

Length = 0.05 m
C01 = 1.77 x 105 Pa
Incompressibility
Parameter D1 1/Pa = 0
VMMECH034
Analysis
Due to geometric and loading symmetry, the analysis can be performed using one quarter of the cross
section.
• Frictionless supports are applied on 3 faces (X = 0, Z = 0 and Z = 0.05 m).
• Given displacement of 0.1 m is applied on the top surface.
• The bottom surface of Solid1 is completely fixed.
• Frictionless Contact with Contact stiffness factor of 100 is used to simulate the rigid target.
• Augmented Lagrange is used for Contact formulation.
Results Comparison
Total Deformation (m) 0.165285 0.16528 -0.003025
VMMECH035: Thermal Stress in a Bar With Radiation
Overview
Reference: Any Basic Heat transfer and Strength of Materials book
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Coupled Analysis (Static Thermal and Static Stress)
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
Heat of magnitude 2500 W and Heat Flux of magnitude 625 W/m2 is flowing through a long bar (2 x 2
x 20) m in an axial direction, and radiating out from the other face having emissivity 0.3; Ambient
temperature is maintained at 20 °C. Find the following:
• Temperatures on End Faces.
• Thermal strain and Directional deformation and Normal Stress in Z direction if both the end faces have
frictionless supports and Reference temperature of 22°C.
Analysis
(Heat flowing through body) Q = (Heat Flow) + (Heat Flux * Area) = 5000 W
(Heat flowing through body) = (Heat Conducted through body) = (Heat Radiated out of the Surface)
i.e. Q = Qr =QC = 5000 W.
Heat Radiated out of the body gives T2 = 260.16 °C.
Heat Conducted through the body gives T1 = 673.38 °C.
Thermal strain is given by:
The compressive stress introduced is given by:
Temperature at a distance z from the face with higher temperature is given by:
Only half-length is considered for calculating deformation, since deformation is symmetric:
VMMECH035

E = 2.0 x 1011 Pa Part 1: 2 mx2mx Heat Flow = 2500W on Part
v=0 2m 4
Part 2: 2 mx2mx Heat Flux = 625 W/m2 on
α = 1.2 x 10-5 1/°C
5m Part 4
k = 60.5 W/m°C
Part 3: 2 mx2mx Radiation = 20 °C, 0.3
10 m
Part 4: 2 mx2mx
3m

Figure 111: Schematic in ANSYS Mechanical

Temperature on Part 4 (°C) 673.38 673.49 0.016
Temperature on Part 1 (°C) 260.16 260.15 -0.004
Maximum Thermal Strain 7.81656 x 7.8179 x 0.017
(m/m) 10-3 10-3
Minimum Thermal Strain 2.85792 x 0.0028578 -0.004
(m/m) 10-3
Normal Stress in Z direction -1.067448 x -1.0183 x -4.6
(Pa) 109 109
Directional Deformation in -0.0123966 -0.012572 1.4
Z direction (m)
VMMECH035

Figure 112: Schematic in ANSYS AIM

Temperature on Part 4 (°C) 673.38 673.48749 -3.730 x 10-4
Temperature on Part 1 (°C) 260.15 260.26 0.044
Maximum Thermal Strain 7.81656 x 7.8179 x 0.017
(m/m) 10-3 10-3
Minimum Thermal Strain 2.85792 x 0.0028592 0.044
(m/m) 10-3
Directional Deformation in -0.0123966 -0.012562 1.334
Z direction (m)
VMMECH036: Thermal Stress Analysis of a Rotating Bar Using Temperature
Dependant Density
Overview
Reference: Any Basic Strength of Materials book
Analysis Static Stress Analysis (Sequence Loading)
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A Bar (2 m x 2m x 20m) with one end fixed and with a rotational velocity about X axis at location (1, 1,
0) is subjected to a Uniform Temperature (Thermal Condition Load) in three steps. For all the steps,
Reference Temperature is 0°C. Frictionless Support is applied on all the longitudinal faces.
Material Properties Geometric Loading

Properties
E = 1 x 106 Pa Part 1: Rotational Velocity (rad/s) in
-5 2mx2 steps:
α = 1 x 10 1/°C
m x 20
ν=0 1. (1, 0, 0)
m
Temperature °C Density kg/m3
2. (0.5, 0, 0)
50 30
100 60 3. (0.25, 0, 0)
150 90
Thermal Condition °C
1. 50°C
2. 100°C
3. 150°C
VMMECH036
Analysis
Results Comparison
Equivalent Stress (Pa) Step 1 6500 6502.6 0.040
Step 2 4000 4001.3 0.032
Step 3 2625 2625.5 0.019
Total Deformation (m) Step 1 0.09 0.09 0
Step 2 0.06 0.06 0
Step 3 0.045 0.045 0
VMMECH037: Cooling of a Spherical Body
Overview
Reference: F. Kreith, "Principles of Heat Transfer", 2nd Printing, International
Textbook Co., Scranton, PA, 1959, pg. 143, ex. 4-5.
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Transient Thermal Analysis
Type(s):
Element Plane
Type(s):
Test Case
Determine the temperature at the center of a spherical body, initially at a temperature T0, when exposed
to an environment having a temperature Te for a period of 6 hours (21600 s). The surface convection
coefficient is h.
• Initial temperature, T0 = 65 °F
• Surface temperature, Te = 25°F
• Convection coefficient h = 5.5556e-4 BTU/s-ft2-°F
• Time, t = 21600 seconds
• Radius of the sphere ro = 2 in = 1/6 ft

K = (1/3) BTU/hr-ft-°F Quarter Circular lamina Convection applied
3 Radius = 0.16667 ft on Edge =
ρ = 62 lb/ft
c = 1.075 Btu/lb-°F 5.5556e-4
BTU/s-ft2-°F
Ambient
Temperature for
Convection = 25°F

Since the problem is axisymmetric, only a 2-D quarter model is used in ANSYS Mechanical.
VMMECH037


Temperature at the center 28 28.688 2.457
of body after 21600s (°F)

(%)
Temperature at the center of body after 21600s 28 28.5 1.79
(°F)
VMMECH038: Crashing Blocks Simulation with Transient Structural Analysis
Overview
Reference: Any basic kinematics book
Analysis Flexible Dynamic Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
Three blocks are resting on a base. A left block of mass 2.355 x 10-4 kg is given a constant initial velocity
of 100 mm/sec to collide with a middle block of mass 1.1775 x 10-4 kg. Frictionless supports are applied
as shown in the figure and also on the bottom faces of the left and middle blocks. The right block is
fixed using a fixed support and the base is fixed by applying a fixed joint.
Find the velocity of both the moving blocks after impact.

E = 2 x 105 MPa Left block = 3 mm x 2 Left block initial
ν = 0.3 mm x 5 mm velocity = 100
Middle block = 2.5 mm mm/s (X direction)
ρ = 7.85 x 10-6 kg/mm3
x 2 mm x 3 mm
VMMECH038

Right block =3 mm x 6
mm x 4 mm
Base = 3 mm x 8.607
mm x 75.15 mm
Analysis
For a perfectly elastic collision between the blocks, the following equations are true:
(1)
where:
and = mass of the left and middle blocks in kg

and = initial and final velocity of the left block in mm/sec
= initial velocity of the middle block in mm/sec
= final velocity of the middle block after impact in mm/sec
Results Comparison
Velocity of the left block 33.3 33.635 1.006
after impact (mm/sec)
Velocity of the middle block 133.4 132.73 -0.502
after impact (mm/sec)
VMMECH039: Transient Response of a Spring-Mass System
Overview
Reference: R. K. Vierck, Vibration Analysis, 2nd Edition, Harper & Row
Publishers, New York, NY, 1979, sec. 5-8.
Type(s):
Element Solid and Spring
Type(s):
Test Case
A system containing two masses, m1 and m2, and two springs of stiffness k1 and k2 is subjected to a
pulse load F(t) on mass 1. Determine the displacement response of the system for the load history
shown.

E = 2 x 1011 Pa 2 Blocks = 2 m x 2 m x F0 = 50 N
γ = 0.3 2m td = 1.8 sec
Length of L1 spring =
ρ = 0.25 kg/m3
6m
k1 = 6 N/m
Length of L2 spring =
k2 = 16 N/m 7m
m1 = 2 kg
VMMECH039

m2 = 2kg
Analysis Assumptions and Modeling Notes

The step drop is modeled as F0 = 50 N @ t = 1.8 sec and F0 = 0 N @ t = 1.80001 sec.
Results Comparison
Y1, m (@ t = 1.3s) 14.48 14.335 -1.001
Y2, m (@ t = 1.3s) 3.99 3.915 -1.885
Y1, m (@ t = 2.4s) 18.32 18.51 1.037
Y2, m (@ t = 2.4s) 6.14 6.194 0.879
VMMECH040: Deflection of Beam using Symmetry and Anti-Symmetry
Overview
Reference: Any Basic Strength of Materials Book
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
A long bar 1m X 1m X 24m with simply supported ends is subjected to lateral load of 1000 N at a distance
of 8m from one end. Find Deformation at the 8m from simply Supported end.
Scenario 1: Considering Symmetry
Scenario 2: Considering Anti-Symmetry

E = 2e11 Pa Bar = 1m x 1m x 24m Force = -1000 N
γ=0 (Y-direction) at 8m
ρ = 0.001 kg/m3 from Simply
Supported end
Analysis
Scenario 1: Considering Symmetry
Scenario 2: Considering Anti-Symmetry
VMMECH040
Results Comparison
Scenario 1: Directional -2.569e-5 -2.5695e-5 0.019
Deformation in Y-direction
(m)
Scenario 2: Directional -1.70662e-6 -1.7383e-6 1.856
Deformation in Y-direction
(m)
VMMECH041: T-Stress Calculation for a Crack in a Plate Using Pre-Meshed Crack
Overview
Reference: Fett, T., Stress Intensity Factors, T-Stresses, Weight Functions, Institute of Ceramics in Mechanical
Analysis Type(s): Static Analysis
Test Case
A rectangular plate with a center crack is subjected to an end tensile load . Symmetry boundary con-
ditions are considered and T-Stress is determined using Pre-Meshed Crack.
Figure 119: Two-Dimensional Fracture Problem Sketch

Young's Modulus (E) = 207000 MPa a = 10 mm Tensile stress ( ) = 100
Coefficient of friction ( ) = 0.3 a / W = 0.2 MPa
H / W = 0.75
VMMECH041

The problem is solved using 2-D solid elements with plane-strain behavior. A one-quarter plate is
modeled and symmetric boundary conditions are considered. The crack tip nodes and the number of
paths surrounding the crack tip nodes are defined using Pre-Meshed Crack. The plate is subjected to a
tensile stress and the T-Stress is computed for the crack tip nodes. The crack front and the path sur-
rounding the crack front are defined using Pre-Meshed Crack.
Results Comparison
Result Target Mechanical Error (%)
T-Stress -110 -110.760 -0.691
VMMECH042: Hydrostatic Pressure Applied on a Square Bar Fully and Partially
Submerged in a Fluid
Overview
Reference: Any Basic Strength of Materials Book
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
Long bar 20m x 2m x 2m is immersed in a fluid and is fixed at one end. Fluid density is 1000 kg/m3
and Hydrostatic acceleration is 10 m/s2 in negative Z direction. Hydrostatic pressure is applied on a
longitudinal face normal to X-axis at different locations as given in the scenarios below. Find normal
stress in Z direction of square bar.
Scenario 1: Square bar is partially immersed in the fluid up to 15 m in Z direction from the fixed support.
Scenario 2: Square bar is fully immersed in the fluid up to 25 m in Z direction from the fixed support

E = 2e11 Pa Long bar = 20m x 2m Hydrostatic
γ=0 x 2m Pressure
ρ = 7850 kg/m3 Acceleration = -10
m/s2 (Z direction)
Surface Location:
VMMECH042

Scenario 1: (2,1,5)
m
Scenario 2: (2,1,-5)
m
Analysis
Scenario 1: Partially Submerged (Pressure distribution in triangular form)
Pressure distribution on square bar in triangular form, one end is maximum and other end is zero
Pressure on square bar = P = ρ x g x h
Load per meter is w = P x L
Maximum bending moment =
Normal stress = Bending stress = Maximum bending moment / Sectional Modulus
Scenario 2: Fully Submerged (Pressure distribution in trapezoidal form)
Maximum bending moment =
where:
W1 = Maximum Load per meter (@ 25m)

W2 = Minimum Load per meter (@ 5m)
Normal stress = Bending stress = Maximum bending moment / Sectional Modulus
Results Comparison
Normal Stress (Partially 8.4375e6 8529300 -1.088
Submerged) (Pa)
Normal Stress (Fully 3.50e7 3.5241e7 0.689
Submerged) (Pa)
VMMECH043: Fundamental Frequency of a Simply-Supported Beam
Overview
Reference: W. T. Thompson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd Printing,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg. 18, ex. 1.5-1
Analysis Modal Analysis
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
Determine the fundamental frequency f of a simply-supported beam of length = 80 in and uniform
cross-section A = 4 in2 as shown below.

E = 3 x 107 psi = 80 in
ρ=0.2836 lb/in3 A = 4 in2
h = 2 in
I = 1.3333 in4
Results Comparison
Frequency (Hz) 28.766 28.613 -0.532
VMMECH044: Thermally Loaded Support Structure
Overview
Reference: S. Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part I, Elementary Theory
and Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York,
NY, 1955, pg. 30, problem 9.
Analysis Linear Thermal Stress Analysis
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
An assembly of three vertical wires has a rigid horizontal beam on which a vertically downward force
Q is acting. Length of the wires is 20 in, the spacing between the wires is 10 in and the reference tem-
perature is 70 °F. The entire assembly is subjected to a temperature rise of ΔT. Find the stresses in the
copper and steel wire of the structure shown below. The wires have a cross-sectional area of A.

VMSIM044_material_rigid: A = 0.1 in2 Q = 4000 lb (Y
direction)
Er = 3e16 psi ΔT = 10 °F
νr = 0
VMSIM044_material_copper:
Ec = 1.6e7 psi
νc = 0
αc = 9.2e-6 / °F
VMSIM044_material_steel:
VMMECH044

Es = 3e7 psi
νs = 0
αs = 7e-6 / °F
Results Comparison
Stress in steel (psi) 19695 19695 0.00
Stress in copper (psi) 10152 10152 0.00
VMMECH045: Laterally Loaded Tapered Support Structure
Overview
Reference: S. H. Crandall, N. C. Dahl, An Introduction to the Mechanics of
Solids, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1959, pg. 342,
problem 7.18.
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A cantilever beam of thickness t and length has a depth which tapers uniformly from d at the tip to
3d at the wall. It is loaded by a force F at the tip, as shown. Find the maximum bending stress at the
mid-length (X = ).

Es = 3 x 107 psi = 50 in F = 4000 lb (Y
νs=0 d = 3 in direction)
t = 2 in
Results Comparison
Bending stress at mid length (psi) 8333 8309.1 -0.2868
VMMECH046: Pinched Cylinder
Overview
Reference: R. D. Cook, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element
Analysis, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York,
NY, 1981, pp. 284-287
H. Takemoto, R. D. Cook, "Some Modifications of an

Isoparametric Shell Element", International Journal for
Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol. 7 No. 3, 1973.
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A thin-walled cylinder is pinched by a force F at the middle of the cylinder length. Determine the radial
displacement δ at the point where F is applied. The ends of the cylinder are free edges. A one-eighth
symmetry model is used. One-fourth of the load is applied due to symmetry.

Es = 10.5e6 psi = 10.35 in F = 100 lbf (Y
ν s = 0.3125 r = 4.953 in direction)
t = 0.094 in
VMMECH046
Analysis
Due to symmetrical boundary and loading conditions, one-eighth model is used and one-fourth of the
load is applied.
Results Comparison
Deflection (in) -0.1139 -0.11391 -0.00878
VMMECH047: Plastic Compression of a Pipe Assembly
Overview
ex. 5.1.
Analysis Plastic Structural Analysis
Type(s):
Element Axisymmetric
Type(s):
Test Case
Two coaxial tubes, the inner one of 1020 CR steel and cross-sectional area As, and the outer one of
2024-T4 aluminum alloy and of area Aa, are compressed between heavy, flat end plates, as shown below.
Determine the load-deflection curve of the assembly as it is compressed into the plastic region by an
axial displacement. Assume that the end plates are so stiff that both tubes are shortened by exactly
the same amount.

VMSIM047_CR_steel: = 10 in 1st Load step: δ =
Steel: -0.032 in
Es = 26,875,000 psi 2nd Load step: δ =
σ(yp)s = 86,000 psi Inside radius = -0.05 in
1.9781692 in
VMMECH047

VMSIM047_T4_aluminum alloy: Wall thickness = 0.5 3rd Load step: δ =
in -0.10 in
Ea = 11,000,000 psi Aluminum:
σ(yp)a = 55,000 psi
ν = 0.3 Inside radius =
3.5697185 in
Wall thickness = 0.5
in
Analysis
as an axisymmetric problem.
Results Comparison
6
Load, lb for Deflection @ 0.032 in 1.0244 x 10 1033700 0.907
6
6
VMMECH048: Bending of a Tee-Shaped Beam
Overview
ex. 7.2.
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
Find the maximum tensile and compressive bending stresses in an unsymmetrical T beam subjected
to uniform bending Mz, with dimensions and geometric properties as shown below.

E = 3e7 psi b = 1.5 in Mz = 100,000 lbf-in
h = 8 in (Z direction)
y = 6 in
Area = 60 in2
Iz = 2000 in4
Results Comparison
StressBEND, Bottom (psi) 300 300 0
VMMECH048

StressBEND, Top (psi) -700 -700 0
VMMECH049: Combined Bending and Torsion of Beam
Overview
NY, 1955, pg. 299, problem 2.
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
A vertical bar of length and radius r is subjected to the action of a horizontal force F acting at a distance
d from the axis of the bar. Determine the maximum principal stress σmax.
Figure 127: Problem Sketch

E = 3e7 psi = 25 ft F = 250 lb (Y
ν = 0.3 r = 2.33508 in direction)
d = 3 ft M = 9000 lbf-in (Z
direction)
VMMECH049
Results Comparison
Principal stressmax (psi) 7527 7515.5 -0.153
VMMECH050: Cylindrical Shell Under Pressure
Overview
and Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New
York, NY, 1955, pg. 45, article 11.
A. C. Ugural, S. K. Fenster, Advanced Strength and Applied

Elasticity, Elsevier, 1981.
ANSYS Mechanical
Type(s):
Element Axisymmetric Shell element
Type(s):
Test Case
A long cylindrical pressure vessel of mean diameter d and wall thickness t has closed ends and is sub-
jected to an internal pressure P. Determine the axial stress σy and the hoop stress σz in the vessel at
the mid-thickness of the wall.
An axial force of 5654866.8 lb ((Pπd2)/4) is applied to simulate the closed-end effect.

E = 3e7 psi t = 1 in P = 500 psi (radial
ν = 0.3 d = 120 in direction)
VMMECH050

The following figure shows the finite element model for ANSYS Mechanical:

The following figure shows the finite element model for ANSYS AIM:
VMMECH050

Stressy (psi) 15000 15000 0
Stressz (psi) 30000 30002 0.007

(%)
Stressy 15000 15000 0.0
(psi)
Stressz 30000 30002 0.00650
(psi)
VMMECH051: Bending of a Circular Plate Using Axisymmetric Elements
Overview
Reference: S. Timoshenko, Strength of Material, Part II, Elementary Theory
NY, 1956, pp. 96, 97, and 103.
ANSYS Mechanical
Type(s):
Element Axisymmetric Shell element
Type(s):
Test Case
A flat circular plate of radius r and thickness t is subject to various edge constraints and surface loadings.
Determine the deflection δ at the middle and the maximum stress σmax for each case.
Case 1: Uniform loading P, clamped edge

Case 2: Concentrated center loading F, clamped edge

E = 3e7 psi r = 40 in Case 1:
ν = 0.3 t = 1 in
P = 6 psi
Case 2:
F = -7539.82 lb (y
direction)

as an axisymmetric problem.
VMMECH051
Case 1:
Case 2:

The following figure shows the finite element model for ANSYS AIM:
VMMECH051

Case 1: Deflection (in) -0.08736 -0.087114 -0.282
Stressmax (psi) 7200 7212.8 0.178
Case 2: Deflection (in) -0.08736 -0.088025 0.761
Stressmax (psi) 3600 3607.9 0.219

(%)
Case Deflection -0.08736 -0.08711 -0.281
1: (in) 7200 7212.8 0.178
Stressmax
(psi)
Case Deflection -0.08736 -0.088802 0.761
2: (in) 3600 3608 0.219
Stressmax
(psi)
VMMECH052: Velocity of Pistons for Trunnion Mechanism
Overview
Reference: Any Basic Kinematics book
Analysis Rigid Dynamic Analysis
Type(s):
Element Multipoint Constraint Element
Type(s):
Test Case
The Trunnion mechanism has the following data (all distances are center-to-center distances):
• Crank radius OA = 100 mm and is oriented at 30 deg to Global Y Axis
• AB = 400 mm
• AC = 150 mm
• CE = 350 mm
• EF = 300 mm
• Constant Angular Velocity at Crank = 12.57 rad/s
• Center of Trunnion is at distance of 200 mm from line of stroke of Piston B horizontally and 300 mm
vertical from Center of Crank
• Find the Velocity of Piston (F) at the 180 deg from Initial Position
• Find the Velocity of Piston (B) at the 180 deg from Initial Position
VMMECH052

E = 2e11 Pa AB = 400 mm Constant angular
ν = 0.3 AC = 150 mm velocity at crank =
CE = 350 mm 12.57 rad/s
EF = 300 mm
Analysis
Analysis done using graphical solution.
Consider the Space Diagram, Velocity Diagram at the 180° from Initial Position.
Results Comparison
Velocity of Piston (F) mm/s 501.8 497.04 -0.949
Velocity of Piston (B) mm/s 955 959.72 0.494
VMMECH053: Simple Pendulum With SHM Motion
Overview
Type(s):
Type(s):
Test Case
A simple pendulum as shown in Figure 137: Schematic (p. 207) has a SHM motion about its hinged point
given by the following equation:
θ = 1.571*sin (0.5235*t) rad
The hinge point coordinates are:
1. Hinge point = (0, 0, -35.56) mm
Find the relative angular acceleration of pendulum after t = 3s.

E = 2000000 MPa Hinge point = (0, 0, Rotation θ =
ν = 0.3 -35.56) mm 1.571*sin (0.5235*t)
rad
Analysis
The pendulum is having SHM motion in X-Z plane about the hinge.
Angular acceleration of pendulum:
VMMECH053
Results Comparison
Relative angular acceleration -0.433 -0.43054 -0.568
of pendulum after t = 3s
(rad/s2)
VMMECH054: Spinning Single Pendulum
Overview
Type(s):
Type(s):
Test Case
A uniform bar A is connected to a vertical shaft by a revolute joint. The vertical shaft is rotating around
its vertical axis at a constant velocity Ω. A point mass M is attached at the tip of the bar in the figure
below. The length of bar A is L. Its mass is m, its rotational inertia to its principal axis are Jx, Jy, Jz.
The angle of the bar A to the vertical axis is denoted as . The motion equation has been established
as follows.
The problem is solved for during the first second of motion. The WB/Mechanical results are compared
to a fourth order Runge-Kutta solution.
VMMECH054

= tan-1(1,2) L= 2.2361 m Ω = 17.1522
=0 m = 551.45 kg
M = 100.0 kg
Jx = 229.97 kg-m2
Jy = 2.7293 kg-m2
Jz = 229.97 kg-m2
Results Comparison
at 0.5 sec -1.3233 -1.3233 0.0
at 0.5 sec 116.1368 116.1368 0.0
at 1.0 sec -2.6755 -2.6755 0.0
VMMECH054

at 1.0 sec 119.8471 119.8471 0.0
Figure 139: Plot of from 0 to 1 sec
Figure 140: Plot of from 0 to 1 sec
VMMECH055: Projector Mechanism - Finding the Acceleration of a Point
Overview
Type(s):
Type(s):
Test Case
The mechanism shown in figure is used to pull a movie through a projector. The mechanism is driven
by the drive wheel rotating at a constant -58.643 rad/s. The link lengths of all the links are constant as
given below.
• Link AB length r1 = 18mm
• Link BC length r2 = 48mm
• Length BX = x = 45 mm and CX = y = 28 mm
The horizontal distance between A and C is length=34 mm. Determine the acceleration of point C with
a change of angle of link AB (θ 1) from 0 to 60° in counter clockwise direction.
VMMECH055

E = 2e11 Pa r1 = 18 mm Constant rotational
ν = 0.3 r2 = 48 mm velocity = -58.643
x = 45 mm rad/s
y = 28 mm
Analysis
Linear acceleration of point C is given by
Results Comparison
Relative acceleration (θ 1 = -12.06 -12.043 -0.141
10) mm/s2
Relative acceleration (θ 1 = 1.317 1.3168 -0.015
30) mm/s2
Relative acceleration (θ 1 = 6.739 6.7386 -0.006
60) mm/s2
VMMECH056: Coriolis Component of Acceleration (Rotary Engine Problem)
Overview
Type(s):
Type(s):
Test Case
Kinematics diagram of one of the cylinders of a rotary engine is shown below. OA is 50mm long and
fixed at point o. The length of the connecting rod AB is 125mm. The line of stroke OB is inclined at 50°
to the vertical. The cylinders are rotating at a uniform speed of 300 rpm in a clockwise direction, about
the fixed center O.
Find Angular acceleration of the connecting rod.

E = 2e11 Pa Connecting rod AB is Constant rotational
ν = 0.3 125mm Crank OA is velocity = 300 rpm
50mm long
OB is inclined at 50° to
the vertical.
VMMECH056
Analysis
Angular acceleration of the connecting rod is given by:
Results Comparison
Angular acceleration 294.52 294.53 0
(radian/s2)
VMMECH057: Calculation of Velocity of Slider and Force by Collar
Overview
Reference: Beer-Johnston ‘Vector Mechanics for Engineers’ Statics &
Dynamics (In SI Units), 7th Edition, TATA McGRAW HILL Edition
2004, Problem 13.73, Page No: 793
Type(s):
Type(s):
Test Case
A 1.2 Kg collar is attached to a spring and slides without friction along a circular rod in a vertical plane.
The spring has an undeformed length of 105 mm and a constant K = 300 N/m. Knowing that the collar
is at rest at "C" and is given a slight push to get it moving.
Length OP = 75 mm.
Length OB = 180 mm.
Determine the force exerted by the rod on the collar as it passes through point "A" and "B".
VMMECH057

E = 2e11 Pa Spring: Gravitational
ν = 0.3 acceleration =
Undeformed length =
-9.8066 m/s2 (Y
105 mm
Direction)
Stiffness K = 300 N/m
Results Comparison
At point A (N) 14.88 14.992 0.753
At point B (N) -23.6 -23.667 0.3
VMMECH058: Reverse Four Bar Linkage Mechanism
Overview
Reference: Results are simulated using MATLAB
Type(s):
Type(s):
Test Case
The figure (below) shows a reverse four bar linkage consisting of uniform rigid links PQ, QR, and RS and
ground PS.
Link PQ is connected with revolute joints to links QR and PS at points Q and P, respectively. Link RS is
connected with revolute joints to links QR and PS at points R and S, respectively.
The link lengths of all the links are constant as given below.
• Fixed Link PS length r1 = 0.5 m
• Crank Link PQ length r2 = 0.15 m
• Link QR length r3 = 0.4 m
• Link RS length r4 = 0.45 m
• Gravity g = 9.81 m/sec2
Determine the angular accelerations, angular velocity and rotation of link RS at joint R.
VMMECH058

E = 2 x 1011 Pa Link PS length r1 = 0.5 Gravitational
ν = 0.3 m acceleration =
Link PQ length r2 = -9.8066 m/s2 (Y
0.15 m Direction)
Link QR length r3 = 0.4
m
Link RS length r4 = 0.45
m
Analysis
Results are obtained using MATLAB.
Results Comparison
2
Angular Acceleration (rad/s ) 39.6 39.336 -0.667
Angular Velocity (rad/sec) -5.16 -5.1247 -0.7
Rotation (rad) -0.36 -0.36255 0.7
VMMECH059: Bending of a Solid Beam (Plane Elements)
Overview
Reference: R. J. Roark, Formulas for Stress and Strain, 4th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1965, pp. 104, 106.
Type(s):
Element 2-D Plane Stress Shell element
Type(s):
Test Case
A beam of length and height h is built-in at one end and loaded at the free end with:
• a moment M
• a shear force F
For each case, determine the deflection δ at the free end and the bending stress σBend at a distance d
from the wall at the outside fiber.
Case 1:
Case 2:
VMMECH059

E = 30 x 106 psi = 10 in Case 1:
ν = 0.3 h = 2 in
d = 1 in M = 2000 ibf-in (Z
direction)
Case 2:
F = 300 lb (Y
direction)
Analysis
Since the loading is uniform and in one plane, the above problem can be analyzed as a plane stress
problem.
Results Comparison
Case 1: Deflection (in) 0.00500 0.00500 0
StressBend (psi) -3000 -3000 0
Case 2: Deflection (in) 0.00500 0.0051233 2.466
StressBend (psi) -4050 -4051.7 0.042
VMMECH060: Crank Slot Joint Simulation with Flexible Dynamic Analysis
Overview
Reference: Mechanical APDL Multibody Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid and Multipoint Constraint Element
Type(s):
Test Case
The figure shows crank slot model consists of a base and two rods. The two rods are attached to each
other and the base with three bolts. The base of the model is fixed to the ground via a fixed joint and
Bolt3 connected with slot joint to base. Define Rod1 and Rod2 as a flexible body and run the crank slot
analysis using a Flexible Dynamic Analysis.
Determine the Equivalent (von Mises) Stress for both flexible rods.

E = 2 x 105 MPa Rod1 length = 75 mm Constant angular
ν = 0.3 Rod2 length = 115 mm acceleration at base
to Bolt1 = 25 rad/s2
VMMECH060
Analysis
Figure 147: Contour Plot
Figure 148: Equivalent (von Mises) Stress
Figure 149: Total Force at Base to Bolt1
Results Comparison
Equivalent (von Mises) Stress 0.398 0.40591 1.987
(MPa)
VMMECH060

Force @ Bolt1 (N) 7.67 7.6813 0.147
VMMECH061: Out-of-Plane Bending of a Curved Bar
Overview
NY, 1955, pg. 412, eq. 241.
Type(s):
Element Beam
Type(s):
Test Case
A portion of a horizontal circular ring, built-in at A, is loaded by a vertical (Z) load F applied at the end
B. The ring has a solid circular cross-section of diameter d. Determine the deflection δ at end B and the
maximum bending stress σBend.

E = 30 x 106 psi r = 100 in F = -50 lb (Z
ν = 0.3 d = 2 in direction)
θ = 90°
VMMECH061
Results Comparison
Deflection (in) -2.648 -2.655 0.264
StressBend (psi) 6366.0 6399.2 0.522
VMMECH062: Stresses in a Long Cylinder
Overview
NY, 1956, pg. 213, problem 1 and pg. 213, article 42.
ANSYS Mechanical
Type(s):
Element Axisymmetric Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A long thick-walled cylinder is initially subjected to an internal pressure p. Determine the radial displace-
ment δr at the inner surface, the radial stress σr, and tangential stress σt, at the inner and outer surfaces
and at the middle wall thickness. Internal pressure is then removed and the cylinder is subjected to a
rotation ω about its center line. Determine the radial σr and tangential σt stresses at the inner wall and
at an interior point located at r = Xi.

E = 30 x 106 psi a = 4 in Case 1:
ν = 0.3 b = 8 in
Xi = 5.43 in Pressure = 30,000
ρ = 0.281826 lbm/in3 psi (radial direction)
Case 2:
Rotational velocity
= 1000 rad/s (Y
direction)
VMMECH062

as an axisymmetric problem in ANSYS Mechanical.
Case 1:
Case 2:

VMMECH062

Case 1: Displacementr, in (r 0.0078666 0.0076267 -3.05
= 4 in) -30000. -29988 -0.04
Stressr, psi (r = 4 in) -7778. -7775.3 -0.035
Stressr, psi (r = 6 in) 0 0.79611 --
50000. 49988 -0.024
Stresst, psi (r = 8 in)
27778. 27775 -0.011
Stresst, psi (r = 4 in) 20000. 19999 -0.005
Case 2: Stressr, psi (r = 4 in) 0 6.5483 --
Stresst, psi (r = 4 in) 40588. 41672 2.671
Stressr, psi (r = 5.43 4753. 4933.7 3.802
29436. 29719 0.961
in)
Stresst, psi (r = 5.43
in)

Case 1: Displacementr, 0.0078666 0.0078692 0.0331
in (r = 4 -30000 -29997 -0.01
in) 0 0.1972 --
VMMECH062

Stressr, psi 50000 49996.9 -0.0062
(r = 4 in) 20000 19999.8 -0.001
Stresst, psi
(r = 8 in)
Stressr, psi
(r = 4 in)
Stresst, psi
(r = 8 in)
Case 2: Stressr, psi 0 1.666 --
(r = 4 in) 40588 41710 2.764
Stresst, psi
(r = 4 in)
VMMECH063: Large Deflection of a Cantilever
Overview
Reference: K. J. Bathe, E. N. Dvorkin, "A Formulation of General Shell
Elements - The Use of Mixed Interpolation of Tensorial
Components”, International Journal for Numerical Methods in
Engineering, Vol. 22 No. 3, 1986, pg. 720.
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A cantilever plate of length , width b, and thickness t is fixed at one end and subjected to a pure
bending moment M at the free end. Determine the true (large deflection) free-end displacements and
the top surface stress at the fixed end using shell elements.

E = 1800 N/mm2 = 12 mm M = 15.708 N-mm
ν = 0.0 b = 1 mm (Y direction)
t = 1 mm
Analysis
Large deformation is used to simulate the problem.
VMMECH063
Results Comparison
Directional Deformation -2.9 -2.9273 0.941
X-direction (mm)
Z-direction (mm)
Normal Stress X-direction 94.25 94.121 -0.137
(N/mm2)
VMMECH064: Small Deflection of a Belleville Spring
Overview
NY, 1956, pg. 143, problem 2.
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
The conical ring shown below represents an element of a Belleville spring. Determine the deflection y
produced by a load F per unit length on the inner edge of the ring.

E = 30 x 106 psi a = 1 in Line pressure =
ν = 0.0 b = 1.5 in -100 lb/in (Y
t = 0.2 in direction)
β = 7° = 0.12217 rad
Results Comparison
Y-direction (in)
VMMECH065: Thermal Expansion to Close a Gap at a Rigid Surface
Overview
Reference: C. O. Harris, Introduction to Stress Analysis, The Macmillan Co.,
New York, NY, 1959, pg. 58, problem 8.
Analysis Static Thermal Stress Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid and Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
An aluminum-alloy bar is initially at a temperature of 70 °F. Calculate the stresses and the thermal strain
in the bar after it has been heated to 170 °F. The supports are assumed to be rigid. Use a global mesh
size of 0.25 in.

6
E = 10.5 x 10 psi = 3 in. Δt = 170 °F - 70 °F
VMMECH065

α = 1.25 x 10-5/°F δ = 0.002 in.
ν = 0.0
Results Comparison
Normal Stress Y (psi) -6125 -6122.4 -0.042
-3 -3
Thermal Strain Y (in/in) 1.25 x10 1.25 x 10 0
VMMECH066: Bending of a Tapered Plate
Overview
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A tapered cantilever plate of rectangular cross-section is subjected to a load F at its tip. Find the max-
imum deflection δ and the maximum principal stress σ1 in the plate. Use a global mesh size of 0.75 in.

E = 30 x 106 psi L = 20 in F = 10 lbf
ν = 0.0 d = 3 in
t = 0.5 in
VMMECH066
Results Comparison
Maximum Principal Stress 1600 1614.5 0.906
(psi)
Directional Deformation Z -0.042667 -0.04275 0.195
(in)
VMMECH067: Elongation of a Solid Tapered Bar
Overview
ANSYS Mechanical
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A tapered aluminum alloy bar of square cross-section and length L is suspended from a ceiling. An
axial load F is applied to the free end of the bar. Determine the maximum axial deflection δ in the bar
and the axial stress σy at mid-length (Y = L/2). Use a global mesh size of 0.5 in.

E = 10.4 x 106 psi L = 10 in F = 10000 lbf
ν = 0.3 d = 2 in
VMMECH067


Directional Deformation Y 0.0048077 0.0048215 0.287
(in)
Normal Stress Y at L/2 (psi) 4444 4463 0.428

VMMECH067

Directional Deformation Y 0.0048077 0.0048215 0.288
(in)
Normal Stress Y at L/2 (psi) 4444 4463 0.428
VMMECH068: Plastic Loading of a Thick Walled Cylinder
Overview
NY, 1956, pg. 388, article 70.
Analysis Static, Plastic Analysis (Plane Strain)
Type(s):
Element 2-D Structural Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A long thick-walled cylinder is subjected to an internal pressure p (with no end cap load). Determine
the radial stress, σr, and the tangential (hoop) stress, σt, at locations near the inner and outer surfaces
of the cylinder for a pressure, pel, just below the yield strength of the material, a fully elastic material
condition. Determine the effective (von Mises) stress, σeff, at the same locations for a pressure, pult,
which brings the entire cylinder wall into a state of plastic flow. Use a global mesh size of 0.4 in along
with a mapped face meshing.
VMMECH068

E = 30 x 106 psi a = 4 in pel = 12,990 psi
σyp = 30,000 psi b = 8 in pult = 24,011 psi
ν = 0.3
Analysis
This problem is modeled as a plane strain problem with only a quarter of the cross-section as shown
in the above figures. Symmetry conditions are used on the edges perpendicular to X and Y axes. Load
is applied in two steps as shown in the above table. The stresses are calculated at a distance of r = 4.4
in and 7.6 in, w.r.t a cylindrical coordinate system whose origin is same as that of the global coordinate
system.
Results Comparison
(%)
Fully Elastic Stressr, psi (X = 4.4 in) -9984 -9948.8 -0.353
Stresst, psi (X = 4.4 in) 18645 18609 -0.193
Stressr, psi (X = 7.6 in) -468 -469.1 0.235
Stresst, psi (X = 7.6 in) 9128 9129.1 0.012
Fully Plastic Stresseff, psi (X = 4.4 in) 30000 30000 0
Stresseff, psi (X = 7.6 in) 30000 30000 0
VMMECH069: Barrel Vault Roof Under Self Weight
Overview
Reference: R. D. Cook, Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis,
2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1981, pp.
284-287.
Analysis Static Analysis
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A cylindrical shell roof of density ρ is subjected to a loading of its own weight. The roof is supported
by walls at each end and is free along the sides. Find the x and y displacements at point A and the top
and bottom stresses at points A and B. Express stresses in the cylindrical coordinate system. Use a
global mesh size of 4 m.
VMMECH069

E = 4.32 x 108 N/m2 t = 0.25 m g = 9.8 m/s2
ν = 0.3 r = 25 m
= 50 m
ρ = 36.7347 kg/m3
Θ = 40°
Analysis
A one-fourth symmetry model is used. Displacements, UX and UY, and the longitudinal rotation, ROTZ,
are constrained at the roof end to model the support wall.
Results Comparison
Directional Deformation Y -0.3019 -0.30908 2.378
@ A, m
Directional Deformation X -0.1593 -0.1627 2.134
@ A, m
Stressz, Top @ A, Pa 215570 223680 3.762
Stressz, Bottom @ A, Pa 340700 350100 2.759
Stressangle, Top @ B, Pa 191230 184290 -3.629
Stressangle, Bottom @ B, Pa -218740 -211000 -3.538
VMMECH070: Hyperelastic Thick Cylinder Under Internal Pressure
Overview
Reference: J. T. Oden, Finite Elements of Nonlinear Continua, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1972, pp. 325-331.
Analysis Static, Large Deflection Analysis
Type(s):
Element 2-D Structural Solid Elements
Type(s):
Test Case
An infinitely long cylinder is made of Mooney-Rivlin type material. An internal pressure of Pi is applied.
Find the radial displacement at the inner radius and the radial stress at radius R = 8.16 in. Use a global
mesh size of 1 in along with a mapped face meshing.
VMMECH070

Mooney-Rivlin material ri = 7.0 in Pi = 150 psi
coefficients: ro = 18.625 in
C10 = 80 psi
C01 = 20 psi
D1 = 0 /psi
Analysis
Because of the loading conditions and the infinite length, this problem is solved as a plane strain
problem. A one-fourth symmetry model is used. The total pressure is applied in two load increments
90 and 150 psi. Stress and Deformation are expressed in cylindrical coordinate system.
Results Comparison
Deformation at inner radius 7.18 7.1819 0.026
in radial direction, in
Radial Stress at r = 8.16 in, -122 -122 0
psi
VMMECH071: Centerline Temperature of a Heat Generating Wire
Overview
Reference: W. M. Rohsenow, H. Y. Choi, Heat, Mass and Momentum Transfer,
2nd Printing, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1963, pg.
106, ex. 6.5.
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Thermal Analysis
Type(s):
Element 2-D Thermal Solid Elements
Type(s):
Test Case
Determine the centerline temperature TcL and the surface temperature Ts of a bare steel wire generating
heat at the rate Q. The surface convection coefficient between the wire and the air (at temperature Ta)
is h. Also, determine the heat dissipation rate q. Use a global mesh size of 0.02 ft along with a mapped
face meshing.

k = 3.6111 x 10-3 ro = 0.03125 ft h = 1.3889 x 10-3
Btu/s-ft-°F Btu/s-ft2-°F
Ta = 70°F
Q = 30.92 Btu/s-ft3

Because of the symmetry in loading conditions and in the geometry, this problem is solved as an
axisymmetric problem in ANSYS Mechanical. The solution is based on a wire 1 foot long.
VMMECH071

VMMECH071

Centerline Temperature, °F 419.9 419.94 0.01
Surface Temperature, °F 417.9 417.85 0.012
Heat dissipation rate, BTU/s -0.094861 -0.094861 0.00

(%)
Maximum Centerline Temperature, 419.9 419.8 -0.0225
°F
Maximum Surface Temperature, °F 417.9 417.72 -0.0436
VMMECH072: Thermal Stresses in a Long Cylinder
Overview
and Problems, 3rd Edition, D. Van Nostrand Co, Inc., New York,
NY, 1956, pg. 234, problem 1.
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Thermal Stress Analysis
Type(s):
Element 2-D Thermal Solid Elements
Type(s):
Test Case
A long thick-walled cylinder is maintained at a temperature Ti on the inner surface and To on the outer
surface. Determine the temperature distribution through the wall thickness. Also determine the axial
stress σa and the tangential (hoop) stress σt at the inner and outer surfaces Edge sizing is used for all
edges and edge behavior is defined as hard.

E = 30 x 106 psi a = 0.1875 in Ti = -1 °F
-5 b = 0.625 in To = 0 °F
α = 1.435 x 10 /°F
ν = 0.3
k = 8.333 x 10-4
Btu/s-in-°F

Because of the symmetry in loading conditions and in the geometry, this problem is solved as an
axisymmetric problem in ANSYS Mechanical. The axial length is arbitrary and it is taken has 0.1 in.
Nodal coupling is used in the static stress analysis. Model is used for the thermal and stress solutions.
VMMECH072
Figure 168: Schematic in ANSYS Mechanical

VMMECH072
Figure 169: Schematic in ANSYS AIM

Thermal Analysis Target Mechanical Error (%)
T,°F (at X = 0.1875 in) -1 -1 0
T,°F (at X = 0.2788 in) -0.67037 -0.67054 0.025
T,°F (at X = 0.625 in) 0 0 0
Static Analysis Target Mechanical Error (%)

Stressa, psi (at X = 0.1875 in) 420.42 415.47 -1.177
Stresst, psi (at X = 0.1875 in) 420.42 404.97 -3.674
Stressa, psi (at X = 0.625 in) -194.58 -195.01 0.221
Stresst, psi (at X = 0.625 in) -194.58 -194.99 0.211

Thermal Analysis Target AIM Error (%)
T, °F (at X = 0.1875 in) -1 -1 0
T, °F (at X = 0.625 in) 0 0 0
VMMECH072
Static Analysis Target AIM Error (%)

Stressa, psi (at X = 420.42 414.78 -1.342
0.1875 in)
Stresst, psi (at X = 420.42 400.22 -4.805
0.1875 in)
Stressa, psi (at X = 0.625 -194.58 -195.1 0.267
in)
Stresst, psi (at X = 0.625 -194.58 -195.02 0.226
in)
VMMECH073: Modal Analysis of a Cyclic Symmetric Annular Plate
Overview
Reference: R. D. Blevins, Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape,
New York, NY, VanNostrand Reinhold Publishing Inc., 1979, PP.
246-247, 286-287.
ANSYS Mechanical
Analysis Mode-Frequency Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
The fundamental natural frequency of an annular plate is determined using a mode-frequency analysis.
The lower bound is calculated from the natural frequency of the annular plates that are free on the inner
radius and fixed on the outer. The bounds for the plate frequency are compared to the theoretical results.
Analysis
According to Blevins, the lower bound for the fundamental natural frequency of the annular plate is
found using the formula presented in Table 11-2 of the reference:
(2)
where:
λ2 = 4.80

5 2 Outside Radius (a) = 50
E = 7.1 x 10 kg/cm
ν = 0.3 cm
-9 Inside Radius (b) = 18.5
ρ = 2.79 x 10 kg/cm2
cm
γ = 1.415 x 10-6 Thickness (h) = 0.5 cm
kg-sec2/cm3 Sector Angle = 30°
VMMECH073


Frequency (Hz) 23.38 23.074 -1.306

VMMECH073

Frequency (Hz) 23.38 23.080 1.283
VMMECH074: Tension/Compression Only Springs
Overview
Reference: Rao, Singiresu S. Mechanical Vibrations. 4th ed. Singapore:
Prentice Hall, 2004. 20.
Analysis Rigid Body Dynamic Spring Analysis
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
This test calculates the elastic forces of both tension and compression only springs. A compression only
spring uses a negative (compressive) displacement. A tension only spring uses a positive (tensile) dis-
placement. Both spring types are analyzed in tension and compression loading. The detection of the
spring state being in tension or compression is determined by the non-linear solver.

k = 1.0e7 N/m Lo = 1 m
x1 = 0.5 m
x2 = -0.5 m
m = 7850 kg

Hooke’s Law:
Elastic Force = Spring Constant * Displacement

F = k*x
Spring 1: Compression Only spring
Spring 2: Tension Only spring
VMMECH074
Results Comparison
Tensile Displacement (x1)

Elastic Force (N) Spring 1 0 0 0
Elastic Force (N) Spring 2 5.0e6 5.0e6 0
Compressive Displacement (x2)

Elastic Force (N) Spring 1 -5.0e6 -5.0e6 0
Elastic Force (N) Spring 2 0 0 0
VMMECH075: Harmonic Response of Two-Story Building under Transverse Loading
Overview
Reference: W. T. Thomson, Theory of Vibration with Applications, 3rd Edition,
1999, Example 6.4-1, pg. 166
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A two-story building has two columns (2K and K) constituting stiffness elements and two slabs (2M and
M) constituting mass elements. Find the y directional deformation frequency response of the system
at 70 Hz on each of the vertices for the frequency range of 0 to 500 Hz using mode-superposition as
the solution method.
Material Properties
18
Block 2 2 x 10 0.3 7850
10
Shaft 2 4.5 x 10 0.35 1 x 10-8
Block 1 2 x 1018 0.3 15700
10
Shaft 1 9 x 10 0.35 1 x 10-8
Block 1 and 2: Force = -1 x 105 N (y direction)

40 mm x 40 mm x 40 mm
Shaft 1 and 2:
20 mm x 20 mm x 200 mm
VMMECH075

The material of the columns is assigned negligible density to make them as massless springs. The slabs
are allowed to move only in the y-direction by applying frictionless supports on all the faces of the
slabs in the y direction. The end face of the column (2K) is fixed and a harmonic force is applied on the
face of the slab (M) as shown in Figure 174: Schematic (p. 265).
Set the solution intervals to 50. Add the frictionless support and fixed support in a modal system, and
then link the modal system to a harmonic response system.
Note
There are frictionless supports on 8 faces of the geometry shown.
Results Comparison
Vertex A (m)
Vertex B (m)
VMMECH076: Elongation of a Tapered Shell With Variable Thickness
Overview
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A tapered aluminum alloy plate of length L with varying thickness across length is suspended from a
ceiling. An axial load F is applied to the free end of the plate. Determine the maximum axial deflection
δ in the plate and the axial stress σy at mid-length (Y = L/2). Use a global mesh size of 0.5 in with
mapped face meshing.

6 Tapered plate: F = 10000 lbf
E = 10.4 x 10 psi
ν = 0.3
L = 10 in
Base width = 2 in
Top width = 1 in
Thickness varying from
2 in to 1 in from base
to top.
VMMECH076
Results Comparison
Directional Deformation Y 0.0048077 0.0048137 -0.1248
(in)
Normal Stress Y at L/2 (psi) 4444 4454.6 -0.2385
VMMECH077: Heat Transfer in a Bar with Variable Sheet Thickness
Overview
Reference: For basic equation: Frank P. Incropera and David P. DeWitt,
Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002, 5th Edition
pg. 5.
Analysis Static Thermal Analysis
Type(s):
Element Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A 10 x 50 mm plate with a thickness varying from 1 mm to 4 mm is maintained at temperatures of 100
°C and 200 °C as shown below. Find the following:
• Temperatures at mid of the surface.
• Heat flow reactions on end edges.

E = 2.0 x 1011 Pa Plate Dimensions : 10 Temperature (T1)
v=0 X 50 mm. on edge (@ 1mm
Thickness Variation : 1 thickness) = 100 °C
α = 1.2 x 10-5 1/°C
mm to 4 mm
VMMECH077

k = 60.5 W/m°C Temperature (T2)on
edge (@ 4mm
thickness) = 200 °C
Analysis
Heat flow due to conduction is given by:
(3)
The area for conduction varies from A1 to A2. The area Ay at any distance y is given as:
(4)
Inserting Equation 4 (p. 270) in equation Equation 3 (p. 270) and integrating the equation from 0 to L,
(5)
Temperature at any point y is given as:
(6)
Results Comparison
Heat reaction at T1 (W) 2.618 2.6188 0.031
Heat reaction at T2 (W) -2.618 -2.6188 0.031
Temperature at mid of 166.083 166.09 0.004
surface (°C)
VMMECH078: Gasket Material Under Uniaxial Compression Loading-3-D Analysis
Overview
Reference: Any Nonlinear Material Verification Text
Analysis Static Analysis (ANTYPE=0)
Type(s):
Element 3-D Structural Solid Elements
Type(s): 3-D Gasket Elements
Test Case
A thin interface layer of thickness t is defined between two blocks of length and width l placed on top
of each other. The blocks are constrained on the left and bottom and back faces. The blocks are loaded
with pressure P on the top face. Determine the pressure-closure response for gasket elements.
VMMECH078
VMMECH078

E = 1.04728 x 106 Pa L=1m P1 = 44006400 Pa
ν = 0.21 T = 0.02 m P2 = 157147000 Pa
Analysis
A 3-D analysis is performed first using a mesh of 4 x 4 gasket elements. In order to simulate the loading-
unloading behavior of gasket material, the model is first loaded with a pressure P1 and unloaded and
then loaded with a pressure P2 and unloaded. The pressure-closure responses simulated are compared
to the material definition. Because of convergence issues, the model could not be unloaded to 0 Pa
and was instead unloaded to 100 Pa.
Results Comparison
Target Mechanical Error (%)
Gasket Pressure and Closure at End of 1st Loading:
GK-PRES -4.4006 x -4.4006 x 0
107 107
GK-CLOS -4.064 x 104 -4.064 x 104 0
Gasket Pressure and Closure at End of 2nd Loading:
GK-PRES -1.5715 x -1.5715 x 0
108 108
GK-CLOS -6.8327 x -6.8327 x 0
104 104
VMMECH079: Natural Frequency of a Motor-Generator
Overview
Reference: W. T. Thomson. “Vibration Theory and Applications”. 2nd Printing,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. pg. 10, ex. 1.3-3. 1965.
Analysis Mode-Frequency Analysis
Type(s):
Element Pipe Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A small generator of mass m is driven by a main engine through a solid steel shaft of diameter d. If the
polar moment of inertia of the generator rotor is J, determine the natural frequency f in torsion. Assume
that the engine is large compared to the rotor so that the engine end of the shaft may be assumed to
be fixed. Neglect the mass of the shaft also.

E = 31.2 x 106 psi d = .375 in
= 8.00 in
m = 1 lb-sec2/in
J = .031 lb-in-sec2
Results Comparison
Lower Order F, Hz 48.781 48.781 0
Higher Order F, Hz 48.781 48.781 0
VMMECH080: Transient Response of a Spring-Mass System
Overview
Reference: R. K. Vierck. “Vibration Analysis”. 2nd Edition. Harper & Row
Publishers, New York, NY, 1979. sec. 5-8.
Analysis Transient Dynamic Mode-Superposition Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A system containing two masses, m1 and m2, and two springs of stiffness k1 and k2 is subjected to a
pulse load F(t) on mass 1. Determine the displacement response of the system for the load history
shown.
Material Geometric Loading

Properties Properties
k1 = 6 N/m F0 =
50
k2 = 16 N/m N
m1 = 2 Kg
VMMECH080

m2 = 2 Kg td =
1.8
sec
Results Comparison
Y1 , m (@ t = 1.3s) 14.48 14.443 -0.256
Y2 , m (@ t = 1.3s) 3.99 3.963 -0.677
Y1 , m (@ t = 2.4s) 18.32 18.65 1.801
Y2 , m (@ t = 2.4s) 6.14 6.2595 2.946
VMMECH081: Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis
Overview
Reference: P.Bezler, M. Hartzman, and M. Reich. Dynamic Analysis of Uniform
Support Motion Response Spectrum Method, (NUREG/CR-1677),
Brookhaven National Laboratory, August 1980. Problem 2. Pages
48-80.
Analysis Modal analysis
Type(s): Spectral analysis
Element Elastic straight pipe elements
Type(s): Structural Mass element
Test Case
This benchmark problem contains three-dimensional multi-branched piping systems. The total mass of
the system is represented by structural mass elements specified at individual nodes. Modal and response
spectrum analyses are performed on the piping model. Frequencies obtained from modal solve and
the nodal/element solution obtained from spectrum solve are compared against reference results. The
NUREG intermodal/interspatial results are used for comparison.
This benchmark problem is also presented in VM-NR1677-01-2-a in the Mechanical APDL Verification
Manual.
VMMECH081

Pipe Elements: Straight Pipe: Acceleration response
spectrum curve
E = 27.8999 x 106 psi. Outer defined
Nu = 0.3 Diameter by SV and FREQ commands.
Density = 2.587991718 x = 2.375 in
Wall
10-10 lb-sec2/in4
Thickness
= 0.154 in
Mass Elements (lb-sec2/in):
(Mass is isotropic)
Mass @ node 1: M =
0.447000518 x 10-1
Mass @ node 2: M =
0.447000518 x 10-1
Mass @ node 3: M =
0.447000518 x 10-1
Mass @ node 4: M =
0.447000518 x 10-1
Mass @ node 5: M =
0.432699275 x 10-1
Mass @ node 6: M =
0.893995859 x 10-2
Mass @ node 7: M =
0.432699275 x 10-1
Mass @ node 8: M =
0.893995859 x 10-2
Mass @ node 9: M =
0.893995859 x 10-2
Mass @ node 10: M =
0.432699275 x 10-1
Mass @ node 11: M =
0.893995859 x 10-2
Mass @ node 12: M =
0.432699275 x 10-1
Mass @ node 13: M =
0.893995859 x 10-2
Mass @ node 14: M =
0.893995859 x 10-2
Results Comparison
1 8.712 8.7121 0.001
2 8.806 8.8091 0.035
3 17.510 17.509 -0.006
VMMECH081

4 40.370 40.368 -0.005
5 41.630 41.642 0.029
Results Node Target Mechanical Error (%)

UX at node6 0.46186 0.46186 0.00
UY at node8 0.0025747 0.0025747 0.00
UZ at node8 0.446591 0.44949 0.65
VMMECH082: Fracture Mechanics Stress for a Crack in a Plate
Overview
Reference: W.F.Brown, Jr., J.E.Srawley, Plane strain crack toughness testing
of high strength metallic materials, ASTM STP-410, (1966).
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A long plate with a center crack is subjected to an end tensile stress 0 as shown in problem sketch.
Symmetry boundary conditions are considered and the fracture mechanics stress intensity factor KI is
determined.
This problem is also presented in VM256 in the Mechanical APDL Verification Manual.
VMMECH082

E = 30 x 106 a = 1 in σ0 =
psi 0.5641895
b = 5 in psi
ν = 0.3
h = 5 in
t = 0.25 in
Results Comparison
Stress Intensity KI 1.0249 1.05 2.449
VMMECH083: Transient Response to a Step Excitation
Overview
Reference: W. T. Thomson, Vibration Theory and Applications, 2nd
Printing, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1965, pg.
102, article 4.3.
Analysis Mode-Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis
Type(s):
Element
Type(s):
Test Case
A spring-mass-damping system that is initially at rest is subjected to a step force change F acting on
the mass. Determine the displacement u at time t for damping ratio, ξ = 0.5.
VMMECH083
Material Loading
Properties
m = 0.5 F=
2 200
lb-sec /in
lb
k = 200 lb/in
The damping coefficient c is calculated as lb-sec/in for .
VMMECH083
Results Comparison
Total Def Max (ξ = 0.5) Time 1.1531 1.1544 0.113
= 0.20 sec
Figure 182: Maximum Deformation vs. Time (damped)
VMMECH084: Mullins Effect on a Rubber Tube Model Subjected to Tension Loading
Overview
Reference: .W.Ogden, et al., “A Pseudo-elastic Model for the Mullins
Effect in Filled Rubber", Royal Society of London
Proceedings Series A., (1989), pg: 2861-2877.
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
An axisymmetric rubber plate made of Neo-Hookean material is modeled with radius R and height H.
The model is subjected to cyclic displacement loading on the top surface. The axial stress obtained at
different load steps is compared against the reference solution.

Properties
Neo-Hookean Constants: R = 0.5m One cycle of
loading
µ = 8 MPa H = 1m
VMMECH084

Properties
Step 1: λ = 1.5
Ogden-Roxburgh Mullins
Constants: Step 2: λ = 2.0
r = 2.104 Step 3: λ = 3.0

m = 30.45
β =0.2 Step 4: λ = 2.0
Step 5: λ = 1.5
Step 6: λ = 1.0
Results Comparison
Results Axial Stress
(Pa)
Stretch λ Target Mechanical Error (%)
1.5 12.666 12.667 0.008
2.0 28.000 28.000 0.0
3.0 69.333 69.333 0.0
2.0 20.819 20.823 0.019
1.5 8.660 8.6704 0.12
1.0 0.000 0.0 0.0
Figure 184: Variation of Axial Stress
VMMECH085: Bending of a Composite Beam
Overview
Reference: R. J. Roark, W. C. Young, Formulas for Stress and Strain,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1975, pg.
112-114, article 7.2.
Type(s):
Element Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A beam of length and width w made up of two layers of different materials is subjected to a uniform
rise in temperature from Tref to To, and a bending moment My at the free-end. Ei and α i correspond to
the Young's modulus and thermal coefficient of expansion for layer i, respectively.
Determine the free-end displacement δ (in the Z-direction) and the X-direction stresses at the top and
bottom surfaces of the layered beam.

Properties
MAT1: = 8 in To =
100°F
E1 = 1.2 w = 0.5 in
x 106 psi Tref =
t1 = 0.2 in
α1= 0°F
1.8 x t2 = 0.1 in My =
10-4
10.0
in/in/°F
in-lb
VMMECH085

Properties
MAT2:
E2 = 0.4
x 106 psi
α2=
0.6 x
10-4
in/in/°F
Results Comparison
Displacement, in -0.832 -0.832 0.0
StressxTOP , psi 1730.6 1730.6 0.0
StressxBOT , psi 2257.6 2257.5 0.0
VMMECH086: Stress Concentration at a Hole in a Plate
Overview
Reference: R. J. Roark, Formulas for Stress and Strain, 4th Edition,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1965, pg. 384
Analysis Type(s): Static Structural, Submodeling (2D-2D)
Test Case
Determine the maximum stress at a circular hole cut into a rectangular plate loaded with uniform tension
P.
Figure 186: Plate Problem Sketch

E = 30 x 106 psi L = 12 in P = 1000 psi
υ = 0.3 d = 1 in
t = 1 in

Due to symmetry, only a quarter sector of the plate is modeled. The reference result is from an infinitely
long plate. Using a transferred load from the coarse model, the submodel result closely approximates
the fine model.
VMMECH086
Results Comparison
2D-2D Results
Fine Model Equivalent Stress - Max 3018 2933.3 -2.806
Coarse Model Equivalent Stress - Max 3018 3006 -0.398
Submodel Equivalent Stress - Max 3018 3025.8 0.258
Figure 187: 2D-2D Fine Model Equivalent Stress
Figure 188: 2D-2D Coarse Model Equivalent Stress
VMMECH086
Figure 189: 2D-2D Submodel Equivalent Stress
VMMECH087: Campbell Diagrams and Critical Speeds Using Symmetric Orthotropic
Bearings
Overview
Reference: Nelson, H.D., McVaugh, J.M., “The Dynamics of
Rotor-Bearing Systems Using Finite Elements”, Journal of
Engineering for Industry, Vol 98, pp. 593-600, 1976
Analysis Type(s): Modal Analysis
Element Type(s): Line Body
Point Mass
Bearing Connection
Test Case
A rotor-bearing system is analyzed to determine the forward and backward whirl speeds. The distributed
rotor is modeled as a configuration of six elements, with each element composed of subelements. See
Table 1: Geometric Data of Rotor-Bearing Elements (p. 297) for a list of the geometric data of the indi-
vidual elements. Two symmetric orthotropic bearings are located at positions four and six. A modal
analysis is performed on the rotor-bearing system with multiple load steps to determine the whirl speeds
and Campbell values for the system.
Figure 190: Rotor-Bearing Configuration
Table 1: Geometric Data of Rotor-Bearing Elements
Element Number Subelement Axial Distance to Inner Diameter Outer

number Subelement (cm) Diameter (cm)
1 1 0.00 1.02
2 1.27 2.04
VMMECH087
Element Number Subelement Axial Distance to Inner Diameter Outer

number Subelement (cm) Diameter (cm)
2 1 5.08 1.52
2 7.62 4.06
3 1 8.89 4.06
2 10.16 6.60
3 10.67 1.52 6.60
4 11.43 1.78 5.08
5 12.70 5.08
6 13.46 2.54
4 1 16.51 2.54
2 19.05 3.04
5 1 22.86 3.04
2 26.67 2.54
6 1 28.70 2.54
2 30.48 7.62
3 31.50 4.06
4 34.54 1.52 4.06

Shaft Refer to Rotational Velocity
Table 1: Geometric Data
E11 = 2.078 x 1011 Pa of Rotor-Bearing Spin (1) =
Elements (p. 297) 1000 RPM
G12 = 1.0 x 1014 Pa Spin (2) =
Density = 7806 kg/m3 20000 RPM
Spin (3) =
Mass Element 40000 RPM
Spin (4) =
Mass = 1.401 kg 60000 RPM
Polar inertia = 0.002 kg⋅m2 Spin (5) =
Diametral inertia = 0.00136 kg⋅m2 80000 RPM
Spin (6) =
Bearing Element 100000 RPM
Spring coefficients
K11 = K22 = 3.503 x 107 N/m
K12 = K21 = -8.756 x 106 N/m

A modal analysis is performed on the rotor-bearing system with QR Damp methods using pipe elements
(PIPE288) to determine the whirl speeds and Campbell values.
VMMECH087
A point mass is used to model the rigid disk (concentrated mass). Two symmetric orthotropic bearings
are used to assemble the rotor system. No shear effect is included in the rotor-bearing system. The
displacement and rotation along and around the X-axis is constrained so that the rotor-bearing system
does not have any torsion or traction related displacements.
Backward and forward whirl speeds for slope = 1 @ 100000 RPM are determined from the modal ana-
lysis.
Results Comparison
Backward and forward whirl speeds for slope = 1 @ 100000
RPM
RPM = Hz * 60
PIPE288
Mode 1 (BW) 10747 10770 0.214
Mode 2 (FW) 19665 19533.6 -0.668
Mode 3 (BW) 39077 39684.6 1.555
Mode 4 (FW) 47549 48216.6 1.404
Figure 191: Campbell Diagram for Rotor-Bearing System
VMMECH088: Harmonic Response of a Guitar String
Overview
Reference: Blevins, R.D., Formulas for Natural Frequency and Mode
Shape, Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY, 1979, pg. 90,
tab. 7-1
Analysis Type(s): Static Structural
Linear Perturbed Modal
Linear Perturbed Harmonic

Element Type(s): Beam
Test Case
A uniform stainless steel guitar string of length l and diameter d is stretched between two rigid supports
by a tensioning force F1, which is required to tune the string to the E note of a C scale. The string is
then struck near the quarter point with a force F2. Determine the fundamental frequency, f1. Also, show
that only the odd-numbered frequencies produce a response at the midpoint of the string for this ex-
citation.

E = 190 x 109 Pa l = 710 mm F1 = 84 N
c = 165 mm F2 = 1 N
ρ = 7920 kg/m3
d = 0.254 mm

Enough elements are selected so that the model can be used to adequately characterize the string dy-
namics. The stress stiffening capability of the elements is used. Linear perturbed harmonic analysis de-
termines the displacement response to the lateral force F2.
VMMECH088
Figure 192: Guitar String Problem
Results Comparison
Target Mechanical Error
(%)
Modal f, Hz 322.2 322.621 1.001
Frequency f1, (322.2 Hz) Response Response, 320 < f < -
Response 328
f2, (644.4 Hz) No Response No Response -
f3, (966.6 Hz) Response Response, 966 < f < -
974
f5, (1611.0 Hz) Response Response, 1611 < f < -
1619
Figure 193: String Midpoint Displacement Amplitude
VMMECH089: Delamination Analysis of a Double Cantilever Beam Using
Contact-Based Debonding
Overview
Reference: Alfano, G., Crisfield, M.A., “Finite Element Interface Models for the Delamination Analysis of La
Mechanical and Computation Issues”, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineerin
1701-1736, 2001
Test Case
A double cantilever beam of length l, width w, and height h with an initial crack of length a at the free
end is subjected to a maximum vertical displacement Umax at the top and bottom free end nodes. De-
termine the vertical reaction at point P, based on the vertical displacement using the contact-based
debonding capability.
Figure 194: Double Cantilever Beam Sketch

Composite l = 100 mm Umax = 10 mm
a = 30 mm
E11 = 135.3 GPa h = 3 mm
E22 = 9.0 GPa w = 20 mm
E33 = 9.0 GPa
G12 = 5.2 GPa
ν12 = 0.24
ν13 = 0.24
ν23 = 0.46
VMMECH089

Interface
C1 = 1.7 MPa
C2 = 0.28 N/mm
C5 = 1.0 x 10-5

A double cantilever beam is analyzed under displacement control using 2-D plane strain formulation
elements. An imposed displacement of Uy = 10 mm acts at the top and bottom free vertex. Contact
debonding is inserted at the interface.
Defined fracture-energy based debonding material is used to define the material for contact debonding.
Equivalent separation-distance based debonding material is also used for the contact debonding object.
Based on the interface material parameters used, results obtained using Mechanical are compared to
results shown in Figure 15(a) of the reference material.
Results Comparison
Max RFORCE and corresponding displacement using debonding
RFORCE FY (N) 50.619 50.619 0.999
DISP UY (mm) 1.50 1.50 1.000
RFORCE and corresponding displacement U = 10.0 using debonding
RFORCE FY (N) 24.543 24.543 1.000
DISP UY (mm) 10.00 10.00 1.000
VMMECH090: Delamination Analysis of a Double Cantilever Beam Using Interface
Delamination
Overview
Reference: Alfano, G., Crisfield, M.A., “Finite Element Interface Models for the Delamination Analysis of La
Engineering, Vol 50, pp. 1701-1736, 2001
Test Case
A double cantilever beam of length l, width w, and height h with an initial crack of length a at the free
end is subjected to a maximum vertical displacement Umax at the top and bottom free end nodes. De-
termine the vertical reaction at point P based on the vertical displacement for the interface model.
Figure 195: Double Cantilever Beam Sketch

Composite l = 100 mm Umax = 10 mm
a = 30 mm
E11 = 135.3 GPa h = 3 mm
E22 = 9.0 GPa w = 20 mm
E33 = 9.0 GPa
G12 = 5.2 GPa
ν12 = 0.24
ν13 = 0.24
ν23 = 0.46
Interface
C1 (maximum stress) = 25 MPa
VMMECH090

C2 (normal separation) = 0.004 mm
C3 (shear separation) = 1000 mm

A double cantilever beam is analyzed under displacement load using interface elements for delamination
and 2-D plane strain formulation elements. An imposed displacement of Uy = 10 mm acts at the top
and bottom free vertex.
An Interface Delamination object is inserted to model delamination.
Equivalent material constants are used for the interface material, as Mechanical uses the exponential
form of the cohesive zone model and the reference uses a bilinear constitutive model.
Results Comparison
Lower Order Results
Target Mechanical Error
(%)
Max RFORCE and corresponding DISP:
RFORCE FY 60.00 60.069 1.001
(N)
DISP UY 1.00 1.000 1.000
(mm)
End RFORCE and corresponding DISP
RFORCE FY 24.00 23.966 0.999
(N)
DISP UY 10.00 10.00 1.00
(mm)
Higher Order Results
Target Mechanical Ratio
Max RFORCE and corresponding DISP
RFORCE FY 60.00 60.063 1.001
(N)
DISP UY 1.00 1.000 1.000
(mm)
End RFORCE and corresponding DISP
RFORCE FY 24.00 23.966 0.999
(N)
DISP UY 10.00 10.00 1.00
(mm)
VMMECH091: Unbalanced Harmonic Response of a Shaft Carrying Single Rotor
with Damping
Overview
Reference: Any basic vibration analysis book.
Analysis Type(s): Harmonic
Element Type(s): Beam
Test Case
A disc with mass of 5 kg is mounted midway on a simply supported shaft of diameter 0.01 m and length
0.5 m. All bodies are cylindrical. The center of gravity of the disc is 5 x 10-3 m away from the geometric
center. The equivalent viscous damping at the center of the disc is 40 N⋅sec/m. The shaft rotates axially
at 740 RPM. Find the frequency response in the Y direction at the midpoint of the shaft.

E = 2 x 1011 Pa Length of shaft, Point Mass at
-14 3 L = 0.5 m midpoint of shaft,
ρ = 1 x 10 kg/m
Diameter of m = 5 kg
shaft, D = 0.01 m Rotating radius
(eccentricity), e =
5 x 10-3 m
VMMECH091

Rotating force, (m
x e) = 2.5 x 10-2
kg⋅m
Static deflection of shaft,

Weight of shaft,
Stiffness of shaft,
Critical speed,
Critical damping coefficient,
Damping ratio,
The amplitude of vibration is therefore:
where
= eccentricity
= speed of shaft
= damping coefficient
= mass of shaft
Results Comparison
(%)
Frequency response (Y) at the midpoint of the shaft @ 740 RPM (12.333 0.018024 0.018039 -0.083
Hz) (m)
VMMECH091
Figure 197: Bode Plot
VMMECH092: Convection Treatment Problem for a Hollow Cylinder with Fluid
Flow
Overview
Reference: Arpaci, V.S., Selamet, A., and Kao, S.H., “Introduction to Heat Transfer”, 2000, pp. 90-100
Element Type(s): Coupled Thermal Pipe
Thermal Surface
Thermal Solid
Test Case
A hollow cylinder is modeled with an inner radius of 0.01105 m, an outer radius of 0.02 m, and a length
of 0.1 m. Fluid is made to flow through the cylinder to simulate the convection problem. Surface effect
elements with film coefficients are used in between the fluid and cylinder to include the convection
loads. The inlet temperature of the fluid, mass flow rate of the fluid, and the bulk temperature at the
outer cylinder surface are defined. A static analysis is performed on the model to determine the nodal
temperature of the fluid elements.
VMMECH092

Fluid: Inner radius, r1 = Inlet temperature
Specific heat = 0.5474 J/(kg⋅C) 0.01105 m of fluid, Tinlet =
Thermal conductivity = 1.0 x 10-16 Outer radius, r2 = 700 °C
W/(m⋅C) 0.02 m Temperature at
Cylinder: Length, l = 0.1 m the outer cylinder
Thermal conductivity = 1000 W/(m⋅C) surface, Tbulk =
2000 °C
Film coefficients
for surface
element = 300
W/m2⋅C
Mass flow rate for
fluid = 7.2 kg/s

The line body model type is set to thermal fluid and the discretization type is set to upwind/exponential
in a 3-D steady state thermal analysis.
The existing convection is scoped to the inner face of the cylinder and is modified to consider fluid
flow with fluid flow edge(s) of line bodies.
The mass flow rate is applied using line body edge.
The problem is solved using MKS as the unit system. Results are evaluated at different locations on a
line body using nodal named selections.
Results Comparison
Result Target Mechanical Error
(%)
Temperature (°C) @ Y = 0.0 700 700 1.000
Temperature (°C) @ Y = 3.33 x 913.537 916.91 1.003
10-2
Temperature (°C) @ Y = 6.66 x 1091.999 1096.9 1.004
10-2
Temperature (°C) @ Y = 1.0 1241.147 1239.4 0.998
VMMECH093: C*-Integral Calculation for a Single-Edge Cracked Plate Using
Pre-Meshed Crack
Overview
Reference: Kanninen, M.F., Popelar, C.H., Advanced Fracture Mechanics, Oxford University Press, p. 550, 198
Analysis Type(s): Static Analysis
Element Type(s): 2-D Structural Solid Element
Test Case
A rectangular plate with an edge crack is subjected to a tensile load . The load is applied instantly
and held for 1000 hours. The C* integral is then determined using Pre-Meshed Crack and compared
against the reference solution.
Figure 199: Two-Dimensional Fraction Problem Sketch

E=200000 MPa L = 100 mm = 150 MPa
= 0.3 a = 2.5 mm
Parameters for strain hardening b = 20 mm
creep c = 17.5 mm
C1 = 5 x 10-12
C2 = 3
C3 = 0
VMMECH093

C4 = 0

The problem is solved using 2-D structural solid element with plane strain element behavior. One half
of the plate is modeled and symmetric boundary conditions are considered. The crack tip nodes and
the number of paths surrounding the crack tip nodes are defined using Pre-Meshed Crack. The compu-
tation is completed in two steps. In the first step, the instal loading is applied on the top edge. In the
second tep, the load is held for 1000 hours. The C* integral is computed for the crack tip nodes by av-
eraging the C* integral values from contour 2 to contour 9.
The reference value for the C* integral is determined using the following equation:
where
A = 5 x 10-12
a = 2.5
c = 17.5
C1 = 17.5
h1 = 8.57 (according to the reference material)
P = 3000
Results Comparison
C*-Integral 0.032 0.03312525 -3.5164
VMMECH094: Residual Vector in Stand-Alone and Linked Mode-Superposition
Harmonic Analysis
Overview
Reference: Dickens, J.M., Nakagawa, J.M., Wittbrodt, M.J., "A Critique of Mode Acceleration and Modal Tru
1997
Harmonic Analysis
Element Type(s): Spring-Damper
Structural Mass
Test Case
A mode-superposition harmonic analysis (stand-alone and linked) with an excitation frequency range
of 3-70 Hz and a force load along the X-direction is performed on a spring-mass model, extracting one
mode and residual vector. The spring-mass model is represented using Springs and Point Masses. Refer
to Mechanical APDL VM149 for more details.
Figure 200: Spring-Mass Model

String stiffness (K) = 1000 N/m Total length = 5 m Force along
Mass 1 = 1.0 kg X-direction at
Mass 2 = 0.5 kg node 4 = 1 N
Damping ratio = 2% Excitation
frequency: 3-70
Hz

The spring-mass model is represented using 2-D Spring-Damper and 2-D Structural Mass elements
without rotary inertia. The X and Y-axes of the spring model are inverted from the reference model to
model it along the global X-axis. The model is fixed at both ends, and the displacement along the Y-
direction is constrained on all nodes. In order to obtain four distinct modes, the mass at node 5 is set
to half the value of the other three masses defined at nodes 2, 3, and 4. A modal analysis is performed
VMMECH094
first using the Block Lanczos eigensolver. A mode-superposition harmonic analysis is then performed
with an excitation frequency range of 3-70 Hz and a force load along the X-direction at node 4. A constant
damping ratio of 0.02 (2%) is defined in the analysis.
Results Comparison
Standalone Results
UX_MAX (m) 0.00226 0.0022586 -0.0619
F_MAX (N) 10.05002 10.035565 -0.1438
Frequency @ UX_MAX 10.102 10.102 0
(Hz)
F_MAX2 (N) 4.72924 4.733585 0.0919
Linked Results
UX_MAX (m) 0.00226 0.0022586 -0.0619
F_MAX (N) 10.05002 10.035565 -0.1438
Frequency @ UX_MAX 10.102 10.102 0
(Hz)
F_MAX2 (N) 4.72924 4.733585 0.0919
VMMECH095: 2-D Double Cantilever Beam Problem
Overview
Reference: Madell, J.F., et al., "Prediction of Delamination in Wind Turbine Blade Structural Details", Journa
Element Type(s): 2-D Structural Elements
Test Case
A double cantilever beam is modeled with composite material. One end of the beam is fixed, and the
other end is loaded with two external forces of the same magnitude of the same magnitude but opposite
directions as shown in the problem schematic. G computation for the cracked tip is conducted for VCCT
using a pre-meshed crack object and compared with Equation 1 in the reference.
Figure 201: Problem Schematic

E = 210 GPa L = 100 P = 10 N
= 0.3 a = 60 mm
h = 5 mm
b = 1 mm

The problem is solved using 2-D element with plain strain element behavior. A pre-meshed crack object
is defined. The plate is subjected to vertical loading the middle. G values are computed for the crack
tip node.
Results Comparison
G 0.201 0.193 -4.5
VMMECH096: 2-D Fracture Problem Under Thermal Loading
Overview
Reference: Wilson, W.K., et al., "The Use of the J-Integral in Thermal Stress Crack Problems", International J
Test Case
An edge-cracked strip is modeled with its ends constrained. The strip is subject to a linear temperature
gradient through its thickness, starting at zero at the mid-thickness and reaching final value T0 at the
right edge. Stress intensity factor for the cracked strip is calculated and compared against the reference
value.
T0
0
-T0
Temperature Distribution

E = 1 x 105 Pa Crack length = 1 T0 = 10 °
= 0.3 mm
L = 4 mm
Thermal expansion, = 1 x 10-4
W = 2 mm

The problem is solved using 2-D structural elements with plain strain element behavior.
Results Comparison
Stress intensity, KI 126.604 128.633 1.602
VMMECH097: Inclined Crack in 2-D Plate Under Uniform Tension Loading
Overview
Reference: Anderson, T.L., "Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications", CRC Press, Boca Raton, F
Test Case
A 2-D plate with length L is subjected to uniform tension loading. An inclined crack of length 2a is
modeled with an angle of between the crack surface and loading direction. Stress intensity
factor is calculated and compared against analytical value.
2a
L

E = 210 GPa L = 0.3 m = 10 MPa
= 0.3 Crack length, 2a
= 0.09 m
= 30°

The problem is solved using 2-D elements with plain strain element behavior. The plate is constrained
along the X-direction at X = 0 and along the Y-direction at Y = 0. Stress intensity factors K1 and K2 are
computed using a Pre-Meshed Crack object and compared against the analytical value.
Results Comparison
KI_Right tip (Mode1) 2819957 2839875 0.706%
KII_Right tip (Mode2) 1628103 1647625 1.199%
VMMECH098: 2-D End Notched Flexure Problem
Overview
Reference: Mandell, J.F., et al., "Prediction of Delamination in Wind Turbine Blade Structural Details", Journ
Test Case
A beam is clamped at one end and contains a delamination of length a at the other end. A load P is
applied in the middle to cause crack growth. VCCT G result is computed using a Pre-Meshed Crack object
and compared against the analytical solution (equation 2 in reference).

P
a
2L
P/2 P/2

E = 210000 MPa L = 30 mm P = 10 N
= 0.3 a = 10 mm

The problem is solved using 2-D elements with plain strain element behavior.
Results Comparison
G 0.11338 0.11702 3.274 %
VMMECH099: Mode I Crack Growth Analysis of DCB Using Interface Delamination
Overview
Reference: Krueger, R., "Application of Benchmark Examples to Assess the Single and Mixed-Mode Static
Test Case
A double cantilever beam is fixed at one end and contains a crack of length a0 at the other end. Equal
and opposite displacements are applied to top and bottom vertices to cause crack growth.
Critical load and corresponding displacement values for Mode I failure are computed using the VCCT
method of interface delamination and compared against results shown in Figure 14 of the reference
material.

T300/1076 Unidirectional B = 25 mm d = 1.96 mm
Graphite/Epoxy Prepreg 2h = 3 mm
2L = 150 mm
E11 = 139 GPa a0 = 20 mm
E22 = 10.16 GPa
E33 = 10.16 GPa
= 0.3
= 0.3
= 0.436
GIc = 0.170 kJ/m2
GIIc = 0.494 kJ/m2
n (material constant) = 1.62
VMMECH099

The problem is solved using 2-D elements with plain strain element behavior. This problem is solved
using two methods of VCCT-based interface delamination, node matching, and matched meshing.
Results Comparison
VCCT (G1) Node 0.17 0.17061 0.359
Matching
VCCT (G1) Matched 0.17 0.17061 0.359
Meshing
VMMECH100: 3-D Acoustic Modal Analysis with Temperature Change
Overview
Reference: Oberg, C.L., Ryan, N.W., Baer, A.D., "A Study of T-Burner Behavior", AIAA Journal, Vol. 6, No. 6., pp
Test Case
A cylindrical region (single-ended T-burner) is filled with propellant. The temperature distribution in
the propellant is discontinuous, where 31% of the length is occupied by "cool" gas, with the remaining
volume filled with "hot" gas. Determine the ratio of the amplitudes of pressure at the two ends of the
T-burner.
Figure 206: Project Schematic

Cool Gas: R = 1.5 in Tc = 440.33 °F
L = 9 in Th = 4040.33 °F
= 1.1 x 10-7 lbf s2/in4
= 13200 in/s2
VMMECH100

Hot Gas:
= 2.2 x 10-8 lbf s2/in4

= 29516 in/s2
Reference pressure = 14.7 psi

The T-burner is represented as a cylindrical volume. The cool gas occupies 31% of the length at 440.3
°F, while the hot gas of 4040.3 °F occupies the remaining volume. The first non-zero mode is of interest,
and the mode is essentially 1-D in nature. Using the ideal gas relationship, the ratio of the temperatures
can be used to determine the ratio of the speed of sound and density:
The temperature is applied in the cool and hot regions with a discontinuity at 31% of the length. Based
on the reference, the relative amplitude at the hot end should be 0.45.
Results Comparison
(%)
Ratio of hot/cold amplitude with higher order tetrahedral mesh 0.450 0.4466 -0.745
VMMECH101: Natural Frequency of a Submerged Ring
Overview
Reference: Schroeder, E.A., Marcus, M.S., "Finite Element Solution of Fluid Structure Interaction Problems"
Test Case
A steel ring is submerged in compressible fluid (water). Determine the lowest natural frequency for x-
y plane bending modes of the fluid-structure system.
Material Properties Geometric Properties

Steel: a = 10 in
b = 30 in
E = 30 x 106 PSI t = 0.25 in
= 0.3
= 0.0089 slugs per cubic inch (per reference)
Water:
C = 57480 in/sec (speed of sound in water)

= 0.001156 slugs per cubic inch (per reference)
VMMECH101

The acoustic media (water) is assumed to extend to a radius of 30 inches. An acoustic pressure of zero
on the outer surface of the acoustic media is modeled with a negligible value of 1 x 10-6 PSI.
Results Comparison
(%)
Frequency, Hz (higher 10.20 10.327 1.245
order)
Frequency, Hz (lower 10.20 10.404 2.0
order)
Figure 208: Total Deformation of First Mode
Part IV: Design Exploration Descriptions
VMDX001: Optimization of L-Shaped Cantilever Beam Under Axial Load
Overview
Reference: From the Basic Principle
Analysis Goal Driven Optimization
Type(s):
Element 3-D Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
An L-shaped beam with dimensions 30 x 25 mm with 4 mm as the rib thickness and 300 mm in length
has the surface fixed at one end. A force of 10,000 N is then applied to the opposite end of the beam.
Input Parameters: Width, Height, and Length (CAD Geometry)
Response Parameters: Volume, Stress, and Deflection

E = 2e11 Pa Properties Fixed Support
ν=0 Width = 25 mm Force F =
ρ = 7850 kg/m3 Height = 30 10000 N (Z
mm direction)
Rib Thickness =
4 mm
Length = 300
mm
Parameter Type Limits Desired Value Importance

Width Input 20 mm W 30 No Preference High
mm
Height Input 25 mm H 35 No Preference High
mm
VMDX001

Length Input 250 mm L 350 No Preference High
mm
Volume Output n/a Minimum Possible Low
Stress Output n/a Minimum Possible High
Deflection Output n/a Minimum Possible High
Analysis
Beam volume:
Maximum axial deformation under load F:
Normal stress along Z-direction:
Combined objective function becomes:
Minimizing ϕ we get dimensions as:
L = Length = 0.250 m
W = Width = 0.030 m
H = Height = 0.035 m
Results Comparison
Results Target DesignXplorer Error (%)
3
Volume (V) 6.9e-5 m 6.9E-05 m3 0.0
Deformation (D) 4.5290e-5 m 4.5339E-05 0.10862
m
Stress (σ) 3.62319e7 3.623065E-07 0.00046
Pa Pa
VMDX002: Optimization of Bar with Temperature-Dependent Conductivity
Overview
Reference: From the Basic Principle
Type(s):
Element 3-D Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A long bar 2 X 2 X 20 m is made up of material having thermal conductivity linearly varying with the
temperature K = k0*(1 + a*T) W/m-°C, k0 = 0.038, a = 0.00582. The bar is constrained on all faces by
frictionless support. A temperature of 100°C is applied at one end of the bar. The reference temperature
is 5°C. At the other end, a constant convection coefficient of 0.005 W/m2°C is applied. The ambient
temperature is 5°C.
Input Parameters: Convection coefficient, coefficient of thermal expansion and length
Response Parameters: Temperature (scoped on end face), thermal strain

E = 2e11 Pa Properties Frictionless Support (on
ν=0 Breadth B = 2 all faces)
α = 1.5E-05/°C m Reference temperature
K = k0*(1 + a*T) Width W = 2 m = 5°C
W/m-°C Length L = 20 Temperature on end
k0 = 0.038 m face T = 100°C
a = 0.00582 Convection on other
end face
Convection coefficient
h = 5e-3 W/m2°C
Ambient temperature
Ta = 5°C
VMDX002

Length (l) Input 15 m l 25 m No Preference Low
2
Convection Input 0.004 W/m °C h No Preference Low
coefficient 0.006 W/m2°C
(h)
Coefficient Input 1.4e-5/°C α No Preference Low
of 1.6e-5/°C
temperature
expansion
(α)
Temperature Output n/a Minimum Possible High
(T)
Thermal Output n/a Minimum Possible High
strain (ε)
Analysis
Temperature:
Thermal strain:
Combined objective function becomes,
Minimizing ϕ we get input parameters as:
l = beam length = 25 m
h = convection coefficient = 0.006 W/m2°C
α = coefficient of thermal expansion = 1.4e-5/°C
Results Comparison
Length (l) 25 m 25 m 0
Convection coefficient (h) 0.006 0.006 0
W/m2°C W/m2°C
Coefficient of thermal 1.4e-5/°C 1.4e-5/°C 0
expansion (α)
Temperature (T) 29.6528°C 29.553°C -0.3278
Thermal strain (ε) 3.4514e-4 3.437e-4 -0.4115
m/m m/m
VMDX003: Optimization of Water Tank Column for Mass and Natural Frequency
Overview
Reference: S. S. Rao, Optimization Theory and Application Second edition,
example 1.10, page 28-30
Analysis Goal Driven Optimization with APDL
Type(s):
Element 3-D Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
A uniform column of rectangular cross section b and d m is to be constructed for supporting a water
tank of mass M. It is required to:
1. minimize the mass of the column for economy
2. maximize the natural frequency of transverse vibration of the system for avoiding possible resonance due
to wind.
Design the column to avoid failure due to direct compression (should be less than maximum permissible
compressive stress) and buckling (should be greater than direct compressive stress). Assume the max-
imum permissible compressive stress as σmax. The design vector is defined as:
where:
b = width of cross-section of column

d = depth of cross-section of column
Input Parameters: Width and Height
Response Parameters: Mass, Natural Frequency, Direct Stress, Buckling Stress
Material Geometric Properties Loading

Properties
E = 3e10 Pa Width, b = 0.4 m Mass of water tank M = 1000000
Kg
ρ = 2300 Depth, d =1.2 m
3 Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81
Kg/m
Length, I = 20 m
m/s2
σ max =
4.1e7 Pa
Sample Size: 10000
VMDX003

Width b 0.36102 m 0.36102 m 0.000
Depth d 1.3181 m 1.318137 m 0.002
Mass of column M 21890 kg 21889.77 kg –0.001
Natural frequency w 0.87834 0.87816 -0.020
rad/sec rad/sec
Direct stress 2.0386e7 Pa 2.0383e7 Pa -0.015
Buckling stress 6.1526e6 Pa 6.15174e6 -0.013
Pa
Analysis
Minimize:
Maximize:
Subject to constraints:
Required objective is obtained by having:
b = 0.36102 m
d = 1.3181 m
M = (minimum) = 21890 kg
W = (maximum) = 0.87834 rad/sec
Direct stress = 2.0386e7 Pa
Buckling stress = 6.1526e6 Pa
Results Comparison
Width b 0.36102 m 0.36102 m 0.000
Depth d 1.3181 m 1.318137 m 0.002807
Mass of column M 21890 kg 21890.1957 -0.00089
kg
Natural frequency w 0.87834 0.87816 -0.02074
rad/sec rad/sec
Direct stress 2.0386e7 Pa 2.0383e7 Pa -0.01277
VMDX003

Buckling stress 6.1526e6 Pa 6.15174e6 -0.0139
Pa
VMDX004: Optimization of Frequency for a Plate With Simple Support at all
Vertices
Overview
Reference: Blevins, Formula for Natural Frequency and Mode Shape, Van
Nostrand Reinhold Company Inc., 1979, pg. 269-271
Type(s):
Element 3-D Shell
Type(s):
Test Case
A square plate of side 250 mm and thickness 5 mm is simply supported on all its vertices.
Input Parameters: Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and density
Response Parameters: First natural frequency

E = 2e5 MPa Properties All vertices are
ν = 0.3 Length a = 250 simply
ρ = 7.850 e-6 mm supported
kg/mm3 Width b = 250
mm
Thickness h = 5
mm
Parameter Type Constraints Desired Value Importance

Young's Modulus E Input 1.8e11 Pa E No Preference Low
2.2e11Pa
Poisson's Ratio μ Input 0.27 μ 0.30 No Preference Low
VMDX004

3
Density ρ Input 7065 kg/m ρ No Preference Low
8635 kg/m3
First Natural Output N/a Minimum Possible High
Frequency w
Analysis
First Natural Frequency:
Objective function becomes:
Young's Modulus E = 1.8e11 Pa

Poisson's Ratio μ = 0.27
Density ρ = 8635 kg/m3
First Natural Frequency w = 124.0913 rad/s
Results Comparison
Young's Modulus E 1.8e11 Pa 1.8e11 Pa 0.00
Poisson's Ratio μ 0.27 0.27 0.00
3 3
Density ρ 8635 kg/m 8635 kg/m 0.00
First Natural Frequency w 124.0913 123.36 rad/s -0.5894
rad/s
VMDX005: Optimization of Buckling Load Multiplier With CAD Parameters and
Young's Modulus
Overview
Reference: Timoshenko, Strength of Materials, Part 2 (Advanced theory and
problems), pg. 167–168
Type(s):
Element 3-D Solid
Type(s):
Test Case
The cantilever bar of length 25 feet is loaded by uniformly distributed axial force p = 11 lbf on one of
the vertical face of the bar in negative Z-direction. The bar has a cross-sectional area A is 0.0625 ft2.
Input Parameters: Side of Square C/S , Length of Cantilever Bar and Young's Modulus
Response Parameters: Load Multiplier of the First Buckling Mode
Optimization Method: Genetic Algorithm
Sample Size: 200

E = 4.1771e 9 psf Properties Fixed support
ν = 0.3 Cross-section of on one face,
ρ = 490.45 lbm/ft3 square = 0.25 Force = 11 lbf
ft. x 0.25 ft. (Negative
Length of bar = Z-direction) on
25 ft. top face

Cross-section side Input 0.225 ft. a 0.275 No Preference N/A
ft.
VMDX005

Length Input 22.5 ft. l 27.5 ft. No Preference N/A
Young's Modulus Input 3.7594e9 psf E No Preference N/A
4.5948e9 psf
First buckling mode Output N/A Maximum Possible N/A
load multiplier
Analysis
Assuming that under the action of uniform axial load a slight lateral bucking occurs.
The expression for deflection is:
The critical load is given by,
where:
q = force per unit length
The first critical buckling load is:
The load multiplier is given by the ratio of critical load to applied load .
The first buckling multiplier is:
Combined objective function becomes:
Cross-section side a = 0.275 ft.

Length l = 22.5 ft.
Young's Modulus E = 4.5948e9 psf
Buckling load multiplier = 3083.32
VMDX005
Results Comparison
First buckling mode load 3083.32 3037.1 -1.499
multiplier
Part V: Explicit Dynamics Descriptions
EXDVM2: Propagation of Shock and Rarefaction Waves in a Shock Tube
Overview
Reference: Harlow, Francis H. et al., Fluid Dynamics – A LASL Monograph,
LA-4700, June 1971.
Analysis Autodyn 3D
Type(s):
Elements: Multi-material Euler Quad
Euler Ideal Gas Quad
Boundary Default Wall
Conditions:
Structural No
Interactions:
Fluid-Structure No
Interactions:
Bonds: No
Materials: Ideal Gas
Test Case
A 1000 mm (1000 element) shock tube is divided into two sections be a diaphragm at its midpoint.
Initially, gas is at rest on both sides. To the left of the diaphragm, the gas is initially at a higher density
and pressure than on the right . Both sides of the diaphragm have the same internal
energy .
At t = 0, the diaphragm is removed and the gas in the tube is observed. A shock is observed moving
from left to right, as well as a a contact discontinuity moving from the left to the right, and a rarefaction
wave moving from the right to the left.
There is no significant length to the system. The appearance of the system at a later time is a magnific-
ation of an earlier appearance (similarity solution).

Heat capacity ratio, Length of shock tube = 1000
Density of gas on left of diaphragm, mm
g/mL
Density of gas on right of column,
g/mL
Pressure of gas on left of diaphragm,
MPa
Pressure of gas on right of column,
MPa
Internal energy, J/kg
EXDVM2

Two identical 1000 mm shock tubes are modeled using 1000 elements for each tube. One tube uses
the Multi-Material Euler solver and the other uses the Ideal Gas (Blast) solver. Because of a limitation
on creating Euler inflow boundary conditions, two interacting parts are modeled, one with Euler inflow
properties and the other with Ideal Gas properties.
The calculation is run to t = 0.8 ms, the time at which the shock front nears the right boundary.
Results Comparison
Applying the theoretical solution to the initial conditions used for the simulation, the following values
are obtained:
Final pressure in tube, MPa

Density of gas on left of diaphragm, g/mL
Density of gas on right of diaphragm, g/mL
Continuous pressure, MPa
Comparing 28 profiles of pressure and density along the length of the shock tube at t = 0.8 ms show
that these theoretical values are closely matched by the simulation. The results using the Ideal Gas
(Blast) solver show steeper rise times for the shock and density discontinuity, reflecting the more accurate
2nd order solution calculated by this solver.
Figure 213: Pressure Along the Shock Tube at t = 0.8 ms
EXDVM2
Figure 214: Density of Gas Along the Shock Tube at t = 0.8 ms
EXDVM3: Flow of Gas Past an Infinite Two-Dimensional Wedge
Overview
LA-4700, June 1971.
Analysis Autodyn 2D, Planar Symmetry
Type(s):
Boundary Euler Inflow, Euler Outflow
Conditions:
Structural No
Interactions:
Fluid-Structure Yes, fully coupled
Interactions:
Bonds: No
Test Case
Perform a dynamic flow analysis of a Mach 2 gas flowing past a 2-D wedge until a steady-state config-
uration is obtained. An attached shock is formed, the angle of which is determined by the flow conditions.
Since the appearance of the configuration is independent of magnification, there is no significant length
to the system.
EXDVM3
Figure 215: Model of Ideal Gas Flowing Past a Two-Dimensional Wedge

Properties
Heat capacity ratio, Angle of wedge = 25
°
Density of gas,
g/mL
Pressure of gas,
MPa
Internal energy,
J/kg
Flow velocity,
m/s

Two 200 x 200 mm square regions are modeled using two 200 x 200 element Euler Parts. One part uses
the Euler Multi-Material solver, the other part uses the Ideal Gas (Blast) solver. Single element fixed
Lagrange parts are superimposed on top of each Euler part to impose a 25 degree wedge on the flow.
EXDVM3
An inflow boundary condition is applied to the left boundary and an outflow boundary condition is
applied to the right boundary of the Euler parts. The default wall boundary condition is maintained
elsewhere.
The calculation is run for 3000 cycles, by which time a steady-state condition is achieved.
Results Comparison
The sound speed of the gas is given by m/s. The incoming flow Mach number is
therefore . According to the reference document, the angle of the detached shock is approx-
imately 49 °.
Figure 216: Pressure of the Gas in Steady-State Condition
EXDVM3
Figure 217: Density of the Gas in Steady-State Condition
EXDVM4: Regular and Mach Deflections Off a Two-Dimensional Wedge
Overview
LA-4700, June 1971.
Analysis Autodyn 2D, Planar Symmetry
Type(s):
Boundary Euler Inflow, Euler Outflow
Conditions:
Structural No
Interactions:
Fluid-Structure Yes
Interactions:
Bonds: No
Test Case
Perform a dynamic flow analysis of a Mach 1.1 shock reflection off a 45 ° wedge, and a Mach 2 shock
reflection off a 25 ° wedge. The first analysis should produce a regular reflection, and the second a Mach
reflection.
Since the appearance of the configuration is independent of magnification, there is no significant length
to the system.
EXDVM4
Figure 218: Mach 1.1 and Mach 2.0 Problem Sketches for the Ideal Gas Solver and Multi-Material
Euler Solver

Properties
Initial Conditions Mach 1.1 Flow
Angle of wedge
Heat capacity ratio, = 45 °
Density of gas, Mach 2.0 Flow

g/mL Angle of wedge
Pressure of gas, = 25 °
MPa
Internal energy,
J/kg
Mach 1.1 Flow
Velocity of gas,
m/s
Pressure of gas,
MPa
Density of gas,
g/mL
Internal energy,
J/kg
EXDVM4

Properties
Mach 2.0 Flow
Velocity of gas,
m/s
Pressure of gas,
MPa
Density of gas,
g/mL
Internal energy,
J/kg

Four Euler parts are creating, two using the Euler Multi-Material solver and two using the Ideal Gas
(Blast) solver. Single element fixed Lagrange parts are superimposed on top of each Euler part to impose
a wedge on the flow. Two of the wedges have a 45 degree angle, and two have a 25 degree angle.
An inflow boundary condition is applied to the left boundary of each Euler part.
Mach 1.1 flow conditions are used for the parts containing the 45 ° wedge, and Mach 2.0 flow conditions
are used for the parts containing the 25 ° wedge.
The calculation is run for 0.85 ms, by which time the shock has progressed almost to the right edge of
the Euler parts.
Results Comparison
Results shown below are from the end of the simulation (t = 0.85 ms). Both plots are from the same
result, but have the pressure scales adjusted to show good resolution of the desired reflection.
EXDVM4
Figure 219: Regular Reflection Off the 45 ° Wedge
EXDVM4
Figure 220: Mach Reflection Off the 25 ° Wedge
EXDVM6: 3-D Taylor Cylinder Impact
Overview
Reference: No theoretical solution, experimental results and
code-comparisons are available:
Taylor, G.I., “The Use of Flat Ended Projectiles for

Determining Yield Stress, Part I: Theoretical
Considerations,” Proceedings of the Royal Society
(London), Vol. 194, pp. 289-299, 1948
Lacy, J.M., Novascone, S.R., Richins, W.D., and Larson,
T.K., “A Method for Selecting Software for Dynamic
Event Analysis II: The Taylor Anvil and Dynamic
Brazilian Tests,” Proceedings of the 16th International
Conference on Nuclear Engineering, INL/CON-08-13727,
Idaho National Laboratory, 2008
Analysis Autodyn 3D
Type(s):
Elements: 8-Node Linear Interpolated Reduced Integration Hex
Boundary Fixed Constraint
Conditions:
Structural Yes, trajectory contact
Interactions:
Fluid-Structure No
Interactions:
Bonds: No
Materials: Copper
Test Case
The Taylor cylinder impact test uses a right circular cylinder of a test material which impacts a theoret-
ically rigid target. In this test, an OHFC copper cylinder, 0.762 cm in diameter and 2.54 cm in length,
impacts a rigid plate at 19000 cm/s.
EXDVM6
Figure 221: Finite Element Model of Copper Taylor Cylinder with 1/4 Symmetry

Cylinder material = Diameter of cylinder Impact velocity = 190
copper = 0.762 cm m/s
Length of cylinder =
2.54 cm

Two parts are created to model the copper cylinder and the rigid plate. Quarter symmetry is used to
reduce simulation time.
Material data for copper is obtained from the Explicit Materials data source in Engineering Data. This
data is the same as the material data used in the code comparison reference.
A 0.2 mm element size is used to mesh the cylinder. The rigid plate is modeled with a single element.
Trajectory contact is used to compute the impact of the cylinder on the plate. The initial velocity of the
cylinder is 190 m/s and the simulation is run for 8 x 10-5 s.
Results Comparison
The final cylinder profile is similar to the profile shown for the Autodyn results shown in the code
comparison reference. The cylinder radius in the impact plane agrees well with the experimentally ob-
tained values, as well as with other simulation programs. The final cylindar length in this simulation is
greater than the experimental value, but agrees well with the length computed by the other simulation
programs using the same material model for copper. The plot below shows the final share of the de-
formed copper cylinder at the end of the simulation, compared to the original shape (semi-transparent).
EXDVM6
Figure 222: Final Deformed Shape of the Taylor Cylinder
Figure 223: Profile of Final Deformed Shape of Taylor Cylinder With Scale
EXDVM7: 2-D Taylor Cylinder Impact
Overview
Reference: No theoretical solution, experimental results and
code-comparisons are available:
Taylor, G.I., “The Use of Flat Ended Projectiles for

Determining Yield Stress, Part I: Theoretical
Considerations,” Proceedings of the Royal Society
(London), Vol. 194, pp. 289-299, 1948
Lacy, J.M., Novascone, S.R., Richins, W.D., and Larson,
T.K., “A Method for Selecting Software for Dynamic
Event Analysis II: The Taylor Anvil and Dynamic
Brazilian Tests,” Proceedings of the 16th International
Conference on Nuclear Engineering, INL/CON-08-13727,
Idaho National Laboratory, 2008
Analysis Autodyn 2D
Type(s):
Elements: 4-Node Hex
Boundary Fixed Constraint
Conditions:
Structural Yes, proximity-based contact
Interactions:
Fluid-Structure No
Interactions:
Bonds: No
Materials: Copper
Test Case
The Taylor cylinder impact test uses a right circular cylinder of a test material which impacts a theoret-
ically rigid target. In this test, an OHFC copper cylinder, 0.762 cm in diameter and 2.54 cm in length,
impacts a rigid plate at 19000 cm/s.
EXDVM7
Figure 224: Finite Element Model of a Copper Taylor Cylinder with 2-D Axial Symmetry

Cylinder material = Diameter of cylinder Impact velocity = 190
copper = 0.762 cm m/s
Length of cylinder =
2.54 cm

Two parts are created to model the copper cylinder and the rigid plate. 2-D axial symmetry is used to
reduce simulation time.
Material data for copper is obtained from the Explicit Materials data source in Engineering Data. This
data is the same as the material data used in the code comparison reference.
A ~0.15 mm element size is used to mesh the cylinder. The rigid plate is modeled with a single element.
Proximity-based contact is used to compute the impact of the cylinder on the plate. The initial velocity
of the cylinder is 190 m/s and the simulation is run for 8 x 10-5 s.
Results Comparison
The final cylinder profile is similar to the profile shown for the Autodyn results shown in the code
comparison reference. The cylinder radius in the impact plane agrees well with the experimentally ob-
tained values, as well as with other simulation programs. The final cylindar length in this simulation is
greater than the experimental value, but agrees well with the length computed by the other simulation
programs using the same material model for copper. The plot below shows the final share of the de-
formed copper cylinder (rotated through 360 °) at the end of the simulation.
EXDVM7
Figure 225: Final Deformed Shape of the Taylor Cylinder (Rotated Through 360 °)
Figure 226: Profile of Final Deformed Shape of Taylor Cylinder With Scale
Part VI: Aqwa Descriptions
AQVM1: Hydrostatic Evaluation of a Floating Inverted Pyramid
Overview
Reference: Floating Structures: a guide for the design and analysis, Ed. N.D.P.
Barltrop, Oilfield Publications Ltd., 1998
Analysis Hydrostatic
Type(s):
Test Case
An inverted pyramid is floating in static equilibrium in a large body of water with a density of 1025
kg/m3. Calculate the hydrostatic properties for this model.
Figure 227: Problem Sketch of a Floating Inverted Pyramid
AQVM1
Figure 228: Finite Element Mesh of a Floating Inverted Pyramid

Density of water = 1025 Center of gravity at Z = Acceleration due to
kg/m3 0 gravity = 9.8 m/s2
Results Comparison
Target Aqwa Ratio
3
Waterplane Aw 2000 2.000 x 10 1.0
area
Displaced ∇ 13333.333 1.33333 x 104 1.0
volume
Center of Bx 25.0 25.000 1.0
buoyancy By 10.0 10.000 1.0
Bz -5.0 -5.000 1.0
Center of LCF 33.333 33.333 1.0
floatation TCF 13.333 13.333 1.0
6 6
Waterplane 1.1613 x 10 1.161 x 10 1.0
inertia
1.2757 x 105 1.276 x 105 1.0
AQVM1
Target Aqwa Ratio

12.7317 12.732 1.0
Metacenters BMX 9.5677 9.568 1.0
BMY 87.0975 87.099 1.0
Metacentric GMX 4.5677 4.568 1.0
heights GMY 82.0975 82.099 1.0
7 7
Restoring Roll 1.0677 x 10 1.068 x 10 1.0
moment MCT 1.9191 x 10 8
1.919 x 10 8
1.0
7 7
Stiffness K33 2.0090 x 10 2.009 x 10 1.0
matrix K34, K43 6.6966 x 10 7
6.697 x 10 7
1.0
8 8
K35, K53 -1.6742 x 10 -1.674 x 10 1.0
9 9
K44 1.3393 x 10 1.339 x 10 1.0
9 9
K45 1.6742 x 10 1.674 x 10 1.0
10 10
K55 1.1887 x 10 1.189 x 10 1.0

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AIM Test Cases

VMMECH001 (p. 83) - Statically Indeterminate Reaction Force Analysis

Index of Test Cases

A polygonal area is extruded 60 mm. A rectangular area of 30 mm x 40 mm [having a circular area of

Verify Volume of the resultant geometry.

Figure 1: Final Model after creating Extrude, Chamfer, and Blend

2. Volume of rectangular area having circular hole: v2 = 21738.05 mm3.

Net Volume = V = v1 + v2 = 285738.05 mm3.

Net volume V = 285738.05 – 3034.5 = 282703.5 mm3.

Net volume V = 282703.5 – 8000 = 274703.5 mm3.

Net volume V = 274703.5 – 80000 = 194703.5 mm3.

6. Volume of four solids added due to Chamfer = 4 x 500 = 2000 mm3

Net volume V = 194703.5 + 2000 = 196703.5 mm3.

7. Volume of four oval areas extruded 10 mm = 7141.6 mm3.

Net volume V = 196703.5 - 7141.6 = 189561.9 mm3.

8. Volume of 4 solids subtracted due to Blend of radius 5 mm = 429.2 mm3.

Verify Volume of the resultant geometry.

Net Volume = V = v1 + v2 = 282743.3 + 282743.3 = 565486.6 mm3.

Net Volume = V = 565486.6 + 282743.3 = 848229.9 mm3.

Net Volume of the final Cylinder = 848229.9 + 282743.3 = 1130973.2 mm3.

Verify the volume of the resulting geometry.

Net Volume of solid box, Va = 906400 - 29639.6 = 876760.3 mm3.

Net Volume of solid box becomes Va = 876760.3 – 62500 = 814260.3 mm3.

5. Volume of additional two bodies created due to Sweep feature:

• Vc = 47123.9 mm3 and Vd = 28352.8 mm3.

• Hence Net volume of box, Va = 814260.3 - 75476.7 = 738783.6 mm3.

The total volume is created using the following procedures:

Verify the volume of the resulting geometry.

2. Volume of the shell (VS) = 2.0735 x 105 mm3

3. Volume of the loft (VL) = 1.3764 x 106 mm3

4. Volume of the removed cylinder (VR) = 6.28319 x 104 mm3

Figure 5: Final Modal after Sketch, Pull, and Fill

Figure 6: Original Model

Area of rectangle = 50 mm x 35 mm = 1750 mm2

Area of circle = x 5 mm x 5 mm = 78.5398 mm2

Result Target SCDM Error (%)

Figure 8: Model After Using Pull

Volume added by pulling rectangular sketch = 50 mm x 35 mm x 20 mm = 35000 mm3

Volume added by pulling circular sketch = x 5 mm x 5 mm x 20 mm = 1570.7963 mm3

Original volme = 68429.2037 mm3

Final volume = 68429.2037 + 35000 + 1570.7963 = 105000 mm3

Result Target SCDM Error (%)

Figure 9: Model After Using Fill

Volume added by filling cylindrical hole = x 5 mm x 5 mm x 20 mm = 1570.7963 mm3

Volume after pull = 105000 mm3

Final volume = 105000 + 1570.7963 = 106570.7963 mm3

Result Target SCDM Error (%)

Figure 11: Original Model

Area of triangle after Split Face operation = 0.5 mm x 50 mm x 35 mm = 875 mm2.

Result Target SCDM Error (%)

Figure 13: Model After Using Split Body

Volume removed by Split Body operation = 50 mm x 35 mm x 20 mm = 35000 mm3

Original volume = 105000 mm3

Final volume = 105000 - 35000 = 70000 mm3

Result Target SCDM Error (%)

Figure 14: Model After Using Mirror

Volume after Split Body operation = 70000 mm3

Volume added due to Mirror operation = 70000 mm3

Final volume = 70000 + 70000 = 140000 mm3