GROUP 2 WRITTEN REPORT

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF REGION 2 AND CARABALLO MOUNTAINS

Outline Original Summary/Paraphrase References

Language/Communication
 Agta The Agta groups speak eight distinct Agta - Orientation. (n.d.).
languages that, like those of their non- Retrieved from
Negrito neighbors, belong to the https://www.everyculture.com/
Austronesian Language Family. Most East-Southeast-Asia/Agta-
of these Agta languages are Orientation.html.
unintelligible to their agricultural
neighbors; thus they are not simply
dialects of those neighbors' languages,
as has frequently been suggested, but
separate languages.

 Kalanguya Coloquially, kalangoya is both Bigornia, M. (n.d.). The

(Ikalahan) derogatory and connotes laughable Ikalahan People. Retrieved
insinuations. When spoken in full, from
kalangoya would be “Kelay Ngo Ya?”, http://www.ethnicgroupsphilip
and would loosely translate as “What pines.com/2012/05/12/the-
in the world is that?” or “What the hell ikalahan-people/.
is the matter?”, an expression that non-
ethnic individuals “love” to vocalize
with mischievous intent.
 Itawes The Ibanag language is the mother Project, J. (n.d.). Itawit, Tawit
tongue of the Itawes. Itawes in Philippines. Retrieved from
communities are mostly found in towns https://joshuaproject.net/people
along the lower Chico and Matalag _groups/12279/RP.
Rivers in Cagayan. In many of these
towns, the Itawes live with the Ibanags
and speak Ibanag. They go through the
process of linguistic adaptation which
made the Ibanag and Itawes language
indistinguishable. The Itawes are
known with various alternate names
such as "Itawet", "Tawit", "Itawis",
Malaueg" and "Rizal". Linguists
classified "Malaueg" and "Rizal" as
dialects of Itawes language.

 Ivatan Ivatan (Chirin nu Ibatan) is a language Rubino, C. (n.d.). Retrieved

spoken by 30,000 people on the from
Batanes Islands, north of Luzon Island, http://iloko.tripod.com/Ivatan.h
Philippines, and south of Taiwan. tm.
There are also about 1,000 Ivatans
relocated on Mindanao near the
boundary of Bukidnon and Cotabato.
The genetic affiliation of Ivatan is still
questionable. It is tentatively classified
as a member of the Northern Philippine
family which comprises the languages
of the Batanes (Bashiic languages),
Cordilleran languages (such as Ibanag,
Ilocano, and Pangasinan), and those of
Northern Mindoro. Standard Ivatan is
 based on the Basco dialect. The three
main dialects are northern (Basco),
Itbayaten (Itbayat Island) and southern
(Sabtang Island).’

 Dumagat Casiguran Dumagat Agta is a Philipine Casiguran Dumagat Agta.

language spoken near the town of (n.d.). Retrieved from
Casiguran in Aurora Province in https://www.omniglot.com/writ
central Luzon in the Philippines. In ing/casiguran.htm.
1989 there were about 600 speakers.
The language is also known as
Dumagat Agta, Casiguran Agta,
Casiguran Nagtipunan Agta, or Agta,
and is closely related to Paranan.

 Ibanag The Ibanag language is spoken by (n.d.). Retrieved from

500,000 speakers in Cagayan Province http://iloko.tripod.com/Ibanag.
in Northeast Luzon, Philippines. It is a html.
prestigious Northern Cordilleran
language closely related to other
Cagayan Valley languages: Gaddang,
Itawis, Agta, Atta, Yogad, and Isneg.
The term "Ibanag" derives from the
root bannag "river." meaning "from the
river," as the original homeland of the
Ibanag people is along the banks of the
Cagayan River.
 Bugkalot Ilongot is a language of the indigenous
Bugkalot people of northern Luzon,
Philippines.
Revolvy, L. L. C. (n.d.).
"Ilongot language" . Retrieved
from
https://www.revolvy.com/page/
Ilongot-language.

 Isinai The Isinay language is a Central Rubino, C. (n.d.). ISINAY.

Cordilleran language spoken by around Retrieved from
6,000 speakers. 1975 Census data lists http://iloko.tripod.com/Isinay.h
4,851 speakers in Nueva Vizcaya, 2865 tml.
in Dupax del Sur, 1769 in Bambang,
and 217 in Aritao. The Isinay are
greatly outnumbered by Ilocano
speakers in the municipalities in which
they live, and in Aritao they no longer
have a community of their own.

Formal Isinay is based on the Dupax

dialect. Other dialects include Aritao
and Bambang. All three dialects share
the same phonemic inventory (18
consonants and 4 vowels) **Note
Constantino has five vowels in his
inventory but says there are only four.

 Gaddang Gaddang speakers are reported to Secrets of Nueva Vizcaya.

number around 30,000,[1] plus another
6,000[2] genetically related Ga’dang
speakers whose vocabulary is more
than 80% identical.
(2017, May 14). Retrieved
from
https://secretsofnuevavizcaya.
wordpress.com/2017/05/14/10
0/.
  Aggay

Physical Appearance They appear phenotypically different They are dark skinned, short, small of Agta - Orientation. (n.d.).
 Agta from other Filipinos because of their frame, kinky haired, snub nosed, and Retrieved from
Negroid features: dark skin, kinky hair, have big black eyes https://www.everycultureEast-
and small size. The height and weight Southeast-Asia/Agta-
averages for men are 153 centimeters Orientation.html.
(60 inches) and 45 kilograms (99
pounds). Women's averages are 144
centimeters (56 inches) and 38
kilograms (84 pounds).

 Kalanguya

 Itawes
Itawes are the early natives of Unknown. (1970, January 1).
Cagayan. Their mode of dress is Itawes-Itawit-Tawit. Retrieved
colorful, red being the dominant color. from
http://itawitnak.blogspot.com/2
012/04/itawesitawit.html.
 Ivatan
The Ivatans are of various physical Project, J. (n.d.). Ivatan in
types. The dominant one is the Malay. Philippines. Retrieved from
Others have physical characteristics https://joshuaproject.net/people
peculiar to the Ainus of Japan of short _groups/12291/RP.
stature, fair complexion and small slit
eyes.
 Dumagat
The Dumagats generally possess the Delfin, C. (n.d.). Living on
physical traits of the Negrito race, with mountain top, Dumagats
 dark brown to black complxions and
curly hair.
 Ibanag Ibanags often distinguish themselves
by the color of their elbows. "Kunnasi
kangisi' na sikum", meaning "How
dark is your elbow". Often it is joked
upon by Ibanags that their elbows tend
to be of darker complexion than the
rest of the Filipinos. In addition to this,
Ibanags tend to be taller in stock and
have a peculiar height on the bridge of
their noses.
The Bugkalots tend to be short in
 Bugkalot stature. Their skin color ranges from
fair to dark. Some of the sub-groups
possess features that can be described
as Mongolian, since their eyes are
narrow and slanting and their noses
aquiline.
 Isinai
finally connected to world of
letters. Retrieved from
https://www.gmanetwork.com/
news/news/regions/261580/livi
ng-on-mountain-top-dumagats-
finally-connected-to-world-of-
letters/story/.
Caraan, J. (2014, October 9).
Ibanag. Retrieved from
https://prezi.com/eo5bu3qxq5x
c/ibanag/.
Calantoc, W. D. (n.d.).
Bugkalot. Retrieved from
http://ge2powerful1.blogspot.c
om/2016/01/the-bugkalots-
bugkalotethnic-
community.html.
  Gaddang The Gaddang are easily distinguished
by their ensemble.Traditional attire for
Gaddang women includes the tapis, a
lengthly piece of cotton cloth wound
around the waistline down to he knees,
and a long sleeved, round-necked
collarless and waist-length blouse. The
cloth used for these costumes are
woven by the women themselves from
homegrown cotton, and dyed in bright
natural colors.
 Aggay
Culture
 Agta Traditional Agta houses are built in
clusters and made from indigenous
materials such as bamboo, wood,
talahib (cogon), coconut leaves, and
abaca bark. Agtas as young as 14 marry
the partner chosen by their parents.
Hunting is their main means of
subsistence. They use pointed sticks
called galud to kill birds, wild deer,
monkeys, and wild pigs. Agtas
exchange part of the meat and some
forest products for starchy food and
other goods with nearby farmers. Their
other traditional means of livelihood are
farming and fishing. Today, however,
many Agtas take on seasonal jobs, such
as copra and charcoal making, and gold
panning.
Alvarado, L. (2014, May 14).
GADDANG. Retrieved from
https://prezi.com/8kyt115gkzu
6/gaddang/.
The houses of Agta people are made Ethnic Groups of the
from aboriginal materials such as Philippines. (n.d). Agta,
bamboo, wood, talahib (cogon), Central Cagayan. Retrieved
coconut leaves, and abaca bark. When from
young Agtas turned 14 years old, their http://www.ethnicgroupsphilip
parents will be choosing their partner pines.com/people/ethnic-
for them. Hunting is the main support groups-in-the-philippines/agta-
for their daily living. They used central-cagayan/
“galud” a pointed sticks in order to
hunt for birds, wild deer, monkeys,
and wild pigs. Agtas trade their forest
products for other goods coming from
the farmers such as starchy ones.
Farming and fishing are the other
traditional means of their livelihood.
However, in today’s time, Agtas are
also now capable of doing seasonal
 jobs such as copra and charcoal
making, and gold panning.

 Kalanguya Hi-gatayon Kalanguya. (n.d).

Kalanguya Culture. Retrieved
To the Kalanguya tribe, it is taboo to To the Kalanguya tribe, it is prohibited from
marry a blood relative no matter how far to marry a blood relative no matter https://www.kalanguya.com/en
in the lineage he or she may be. For as how far the degree he or she may be. /kalanguya-culture
long as it is established that two people It is said to be discouraged and
are somehow related to each other by forbidden in their culture. If happen to
blood, marriage is definitely out of the found out that married couples are
picture. To marry someone knowing blood related, they will have to
that he or she is related to you by blood perform a series of Cañao, in order to
is strongly discouraged and prohibited conciliate the ancestral spirits.
in the culture. Married couples who Meanwhile, the marriages between
have been found out later to be relatives fourth cousins downwards now is
will have to perform a series of Cañao tolerated. However, their community
to appease the spirits especially the still have a bad opinion towards it.
ancestral spirits. Nowadays, marriages
between fourth cousins downwards is
tolerated but not without sour comments
and derisive stares from the community. Literature Dreamers. (2017,
 Itawes March 10). A Voyage to the
Itawes Culture. Retrieved from
In traditional Itawes society, marriage https://literaturedreamers.word
was contracted through parental The marriage in traditional society of press.com/2017/03/10/a-
arrangement (Llamzon 1978:46). Itawes must be done with the parents’ voyage-to-the-itawes-culture/
arrangement.

Ethnic Groups of the

 Ivatan Philippines. (n.d). Ivatan.
Retrieved from
http://www.ethnicgroupsphilip
 Culturally, the Ivatans have been
influenced by the climate of Batanes –
often times, exposed to high risks of
agricultural disruption, they adopted
strategies that ensured their survival.
Due
to the frequency of typhoons and
drought, they planted root crops that
were more resilient to the destructive
forces of the environment; these include
yam, sweet potato, taro, garlic, ginger,
 Dumagat and onion.
Dumagats before are nomadic people,
they stay for a while in a place, build
their temporary house and get their food
from natural resources around them
through hunting and gathering crops in
the wild. After the sources are depleted,
they move in another place to gather
again food in the wild. They don't know
how to cultivate soil for multi-cropping
and no sustainable living.
 Ibanag
The Ivatans have been affected by the pines.com/people/ethnic-
weather conditions prevailing in area groups-in-the-
of Batanes, they were too exposed to philippines/ivatan/
high dangers of agrarian disturbance,
they learned to adopt techniques that
guaranteed their survival. Because of
the recurrence of typhoons and dry
season, they planted root crops that
were stronger to the damaging powers
of the environment; these incorporate
yam, sweet potato, taro, garlic, ginger,
and onion
Dumagats before are roaming Go Philippines. (2011, August
individuals, they remain for some time 5). The Dumagat Tribe in
in a spot, manufacture their Luzon. Retrieved from
impermanent house and get their food https://noypicollections.blogsp
from resources around them through ot.com/2011/08/dumagat-tribe-
chasing and assembling crops in wild. in-luzon.html?m=1
After the sources are used, they move
in somewhere else to accumulate
again food in nature. They don't have
the foggiest idea how to develop soil
for multi-trimming and no feasible
living.
Ethnic Groups of the
Philippines. (n.d). Ivatan.
Retrieved from
http://www.ethnicgroupsphilip
 In pre-colonial times, the Ibanags
hunted for food, as evidenced by the
tools found in various archaeological
sites in Cagayan Valley. Today, farming
 Bugkalot continues to be their primary source of
income, although modernization has
opened other options for them.
The clothing of the Bugkalot is simple,
 Isinai but they are fond of accessories.
Children go around without clothes
until they reach puberty.
 Gaddang
The highlanders have maintained their
unique culture, including their
traditional costumes lavishly adorned
with beads and precious stones. For
instance, their ceremonial dress and
ornamentation are some of the most
elaborate and decorative; clothing of
Western cut and commercial fabric are
obtained from the lowland market.
They have a penchant for decorating
pines.com/people/ethnic-
groups-in-the-
philippines/ibanag/
The Bugkalots are into their clothing
accessories. Children go around
without their garments on until they
reach at adolescence.
Calantoc, W. (2016, January
30). The Bugkalots. Retrieved
from
http://ge2powerful1.blogspot.c
om/2016/01/the-bugkalots-
bugkalotethnic-
community.html
Ethnic Groups of the
Philippines. (n.d). Gaddang.
Retrieved from
http://www.ethnicgroupsphilip
pines.com/people/ethnic-
groups-in-the-
philippines/gaddang/
 their clothes with beads, shells, buttons,
and coins – sometimes covering
significant portions of the clothing with
 Aggay ornamentations. Everyday attire, on the
other hand, is simple, as evidenced by
the men who don G-strings either in the
homes or fields but don a pair of pants
over their loin cloths when going to
town. For ceremonies, men slip into
loincloths (dinega), a small beaded
jacket (koton), and cape (tapit).

Beliefs
 Agta

They believed that you anger the

 Kalanguya Marrying a blood relative is believed to spirits when you marry a blood Hi-gatayon Kalanguya. (n.d).
anger the spirits. relative. Kalanguya Culture. Retrieved
from
https://www.kalanguya.com/en
/kalanguya-culture

 Itawes
The Itawes practices on pregnancy and
childbirth reflect traditional animistic
beliefs (Llamzon 1978:47). According
to Minda Tanguilan, a native Itawes
from Peñablanca, Cagayan, when one of
the family members is pregnant, Itawes
make sure that visitors do not stand in
doorways and that no one sits on the
The itawes traditional animistic
beliefs reflects on the practices they
have on pregnancy and childbirth.
According to a native Itawes from
Peñablanca, Cagayan, named Minda
Tanguilan, if there is a pregnant
woman from the family members, the
visitors should not stand or stay in
Literature Dreamers. (2017,
March 10). A Voyage to the
Itawes Culture. Retrieved from
https://literaturedreamers.word
press.com/2017/03/10/a-
voyage-to-the-itawes-culture/
 stairway because they believe that it is a
bad luck for the pregnant woman
because she might have difficulty in
delivering the baby in her womb.
 Ivatan
“Kapayvanuvanua” which is a
ceremony, opening for the fishing
season, it is often referred as
“Ceremonial and Ritual Opening of a
fishing port to obtain the favor of the
spirit-dwellers of the sea” the ritual
came from the belief that some superior
beings own and control the sea and its
riches. Fishermen sacrifice “sadiew” of
the fishing port. How they bur the right
to use the seaport? There is a ritual
that’s need to be done, it is to sacrifice a
pig and let its blood spill into the water.
 Dumagat
 Ibanag
Be aware of your surroundings, it might
give you hint about your future. It has
been a part of the traditions of Ibanag
about believing into something
supernatural, they also believe in some
doorways, and must not sit in
stairways. It said to believed that it
will give misfortune for the pregnant
woman like difficulty in delivering the
baby.
Know about your environment, it may
give you indication about your future.
It has been a piece of the conventions
of Ibanag about accepting into
something otherworldly, they
Montilla, R. (2017, March 10).
Unraveling the beauty within
Ivatan’s Culture. Retrieved
from
https://ronamontilla.wordpress.
com/2017/03/10/unra%EF%B
B%BFveling-the-beauty-
within-ivatans-culture/
Ibanag Tribe. (n.d). Unveiling
the Treasured Culture of
Ibanags. Retrieved from
https://httpstudentblog.wordpre
ss.com/2017/03/09/unveiling-
 animals or insects that may cause them additionally have faith in certain the-treasured-culture-of-
harm. creatures or bugs that may cause them ibanags/
hurt.

 Bugkalot

 Isinai

 Gaddang

 Aggay

Sprituality
 Agta The Agta are animists, although some of Countries and their Cultures.
their beliefs have been modified by (n.d). Agta - Religion and
Roman Catholicism and, more recently, Expressive Culture. Retrieved
by Protestant missionaries. from
https://www.everyculture.com/
East-Southeast-Asia/Agta-
Religion-and-Expressive-
Culture.html

 Kalanguya
 Itawes
Today, the Ivatan are basically Catholic.
 Ivatan Their religious devoutness can be
attributed to the persistent and dedicated
works of the early Dominican priests.
However, there are a growing number
of other Christian denominations
especially in the capital town.
Regardless of this, the Ivatan still
believe in the influence of the world of
the anyitus (ghosts or soul of dead
ancestors. Although they do not
worship them, they conduct rituals and
offerings to appease or placate an
anyitu.
 Dumagat
The Dumagats are animist. Practices
and beliefs differ from person to person.
Dumagat animism has less control over
the people's daily lives. In addition, they
have adopted some of the beliefs of their
National Commission for
Culture and the Arts. (2015,
April 30). The Batanes Islands.
Retrieved from
https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-
3/subcommissions/subcommiss
ion-on-cultural-communities-
and-traditional-arts-
sccta/northern-cultural-
communities/the-batanes-
islands/
Guia, J. (2012, June 25).
Dumagat Settlement. Retrieved
from
 Christian neighbors. Now, they hold to
a universal belief in a single God,
maybe a result of Christian influence.
Cultish groups are also working in the
 Ibanag area.
https://www.vigattintourism.co
m/tourism/articles/Dumagat-
Settlement

 Bugkalot

The BUGKALOT are traditionally an

animistic people with different names Bugkalot Tribe. (n.d).
for their gods: in the field he is called Background & Beginnings of
“ioma” (god in the field/farm), in the Bugkalot People. Retrieved
water “pi-ngit“, on the ground “idegin“, from http://bugkalot-
in the forest “igongot” and others. But tribe.com/about-
notably there is a higher being that they us/background-beginnings/
respect the most, they call him
“BINANGONAN” – existent before
they came into being, He is the ONE
that has no beginning – the God whom
they believe is their Creator.

The gods of the Bugkalots are Cain and Calantoc, W. (2016, January
Abal, 2 benevolent and omnipotent 30). The Bugkalots. Retrieved
brothers who are known to them as the from
creators and guardians of the world. http://ge2powerful1.blogspot.c
 Abal is the creator of the lowlanders om/2016/01/the-bugkalots-
while Cain is the creator of the upland bugkalotethnic-
people, including the Bugkalots. The community.html
Bugkalots pray to these gods as well as
 Isinai their messenger, Binangunan. They also
believe in good and bad spirits or anitos,
and worship heavenly bodies, the rain,
and their ancestors.

 Gaddang

 Aggay

Education
 Agta
 Kalanguya
 Itawes
 Ivatan
 Dumagat
 Ibanag
 Bugkalot
 Isinai
 Gaddang
 Aggay
Economic System
 Agta
 Kalanguya
 Itawes
 Ivatan
 Dumagat
 Ibanag
 Bugkalot
 Isinai
 Gaddang
 Aggay
Geographic Location
 Agta
 Kalanguya
 Itawes
 Ivatan
 Dumagat
 Ibanag
 Bugkalot
 Isinai
 Gaddang
 Aggay