Machine Design II (ASSIGNMENT-2)

[“ Preparation of Working
Drawing for Manufacturing
of parts with reference to
tolerance and surface finish”]

 Prepared By:
Name Roll No.
 Prasanna Kumar 30
 Ribhu Shankar 40
 Nishant Raj 60
 Jinu U.J 20
 Amal C.V 10
 Shyamjith C.M 50
Working Drawing

• Working drawing is the final constructed drawing produced as a part of

design process or it’s the drawings from which a design is built.
• Working drawing are specialized engineering drawings that provide
information required to make the part or assembly of the final design.
• Working drawings rely on orthographic projection and many other
graphical techniques to communicate design information for production.

Characteristics
• It generally consists of elevation and plan with one of the side view but may
vary according to the complexity of object.
• It should be precise and as per the scale.
• Part list should be included.
• Dimension should be faint while arrows should be dark for dimensioning.
• Usually it is made on first angle projection.
• Generally six dimensions are used but it may vary.

Types
-Detail Drawing
-Assembly Drawing

Major components of a complete set of working drawings:

• An assembly or subassembly drawing showing all the standard and
nonstandard parts in a single drawing.
• Detail drawing of each nonstandard part.
• A bill of material (BOM) -- parts list.
• A title block.

Detail Drawing
It is a multi-view representation of a single part with dimensions and notes.
It conveys the information and instructions for manufacturing the part.

It carries following information

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. 1. General information

2. Part information
It consists of the following information
Shape description
 Orthographic Drawing
Size description
 Dimension and tolerance
Specification
 Number Required
 Material used
 Surface finish
General Information
 Company Name
 Title
 Unit, Scale
 Sheet No.
 Method of projection

Characteristics
• Each nonstandard part will receive a detail drawing showing how the part
looks when completed.
• It completely describe the part giving everything one needs to make it,
including shape, size, material, finish.
• The part number followed by the part name is given below each detail
drawing.
• Detail drawings are not needed for standard parts such as screws, threaded
fasteners, bushing and bearings.

ASSEMBLY DRAWING

Assembly drawing is a drawing of various parts of a machine or structure

assembled in their relative working positions.
• An assembly drawing shows how each part of a design is put together.
• If a design depicted is only part of a total assembly, it is referred to as a
subassembly.

It conveys
1. Completed shape of the product.
2. Overall dimensions.
3. Relative position of each part.
4. Functional relationship among various
components.

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Types
1. Exploded assembly drawings
(The parts are separately display, but they are aligned according to their
assembly positions and sequences.)
2. General assembly drawings.
(All parts are drawn in their working position.)
3. Detail assembly drawings
(All parts are drawn in their working position with a
Completed dimensions. )

Required Information for Assembly Drawing

1. All parts, drawn in their operating position.

2. Part list (or bill of materials, BOM)
 Item number
 Descriptive name
 Material, MATL.
 Quantity required (per a unit of machine), QTY.

3. Leader lines with balloons around part numbers.

4. Machining and assembly operations and critical
dimensions related to operation of the machine.

Components in an assembly drawing includes:

(1) All the parts, drawn in their operating position;
(2) A parts list or bill of materials (BOM);
(3) Leader lines with balloons, assigning each part a detail number, in
sequential order;
(4) Machining and assembly operations and critical dimensions related to
those functions.

Steps for creating Assembly Drawing

• Analyze geometry and dimensions of all parts
in order to understand the assembly steps and
overall shape of device or machine.
• Select an appropriate view.
• Choose major parts, i.e. parts that have
Several parts assembled on.
• Draw a view of major parts according to a
Selected viewing direction.
• Add detail view of the remaining parts at their
Working positions.
• Apply section technique where relative

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 Positions between adjacent parts are needed
To clarify.
• Add balloons, notes and dimensions (if any).
• Create BOM (Bills Of Material).

PARTS LIST
Part list is a very important feature of working drawing .In this list all the parts
are listed with the used material and finish applied parts to assemble one
complete unit.
It contains the following:
(1) Part number
(2) Part name
(3) Number of parts required
(4) Material
(5) Description

Sample Diagram

DIMENSION, TOLERANCE & SURFACE FINISH

Dimension is numerical value expressed

In appropriate units of measure and
Indicated on a drawing along with lines,
Symbols and notes to define the
Size/geometric characteristics of a part.

Variations in the part size comes from

Manufacturing processes

Tolerance – The limit of the allowed Variation.

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There are two types of tolerance.

(a) Bilateral Tolerance

(b) Unilateral Tolerance

Tolerance Vs Cost analysis

Tolerance has significance in manufacturing as

• No manufacturing process is perfect.

• Nominal dimension (the "d" value) cannot be achieved exactly.
• Without tolerance we lose the control and as a consequence cause functional or
assembly failure.
• By the graph it’s clear that increasing tolerance limit reduces cost of overall
manufacturing.

Surface Finishing

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Surface Texture

• Surface texture is one of the important factors that control friction and transfer
layer formation during sliding.

• Each manufacturing process/ machining produces a surface texture. The process

is usually optimized to ensure that the resulting texture is usable.

• If necessary, an additional process (viz. be grinding (abrasive cutting), polishing,

lapping, abrasive blasting, honing, electrical discharge machining (EDM),
milling, lithography, industrial etching/chemical milling, laser texturing, or other
processes) will be added to modify the initial texture.

• Manufacturing processes involve energy which alters the part surface.

• The altered layer may result from work hardening (mechanical energy), or
heating (thermal energy), chemical treatment, or even electrical energy.

• Surface integrity includes surface texture as well as the altered layer beneath

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 Surface Texture Features

Elements of surface texture

 Lay
 Roughness
 Waviness
 Flaws

LAY

Lay is the direction of the predominant surface pattern ordinarily determined by the
production method used.

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Surface roughness

Surface roughness commonly shortened to roughness, is a measure of the finely spaced

surface irregularities. In engineering, this is what is usually meant by "surface finish".

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Waviness
Waviness is the measure of surface irregularities with a spacing greater than that of
surface roughness. These usually occur due to warping, vibrations, or deflection during
machining.

Flaws
-It’s the irregularities that occur occasionally on the surface and

– Includes cracks, scratches, inclusions, and similar defects in the surface

– Although some flaws relate to surface texture, they also affect surface
integrity

Surface Roughness Equation

Arithmetic average (AA) is generally used, based on absolute values of deviations,

and is referred to as average roughness

Lm
y
Ra  L
0 m
dx

Where Ra = average roughness; y = vertical deviation from nominal surface

(absolute value); and Lm = specified distance over which the surface deviations are
measured

Surface Finishing
Many factors contribute to the surface finish in manufacturing. In machining the
interaction of the cutting edges and the microstructure of the material being cut both
contribute to the final surface finish.

In general, the cost of manufacturing a surface increases as the surface finish improves.
Any given manufacturing process is usually optimized enough to ensure that the resulting
texture is usable for the part's intended application

Just as different manufacturing processes produce parts at various tolerances, they are
also capable of different roughness. Generally these two characteristics are linked:
manufacturing processes that are dimensionally precise create surfaces with low
roughness.

Processes noted for providing superior finishes include honing, lapping, polishing, and
super finishing.

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Factors affecting surface finish
• Mechanical changes

– Metallurgical changes
– Metal forming
– Residual stresses in subsurface layer
– Cracks - microscopic and macroscopic

• Chemical changes

– Intergranular attack
– Chemical contamination
– Absorption of certain elements such as H and Cl in metal surface
– Corrosion, pitting, and etching
– Dissolving of micro constituents
– Alloy depletion and resulting hardness changes

• Electrical changes

– Changes in conductivity and/or magnetism

– Craters resulting from short circuits during certain electrical processing
techniques.

• Thermal changes

– Recrystallization
– Joining (Welding, Brazing etc.)
– Heat treatment

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