SCHOOL OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
Academic year 2019-2020

NAME: RUCHIKA GARODE

COURSE: MICROBIOLOGY
ERP NO.19SUN0639
COURSE COODINATOR: MS. MOHINI GURAV

CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT RUCHIKA GARODE HAS
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HER PROJECT

COURSE TEACHER DEAN

MS.MOHINI

INDEX
• SIMILI
 • PROVERBS
• GERUND
• PRESENT PARTICIPAL

SIMILI
Simile Definition
A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing
similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile
draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as.” Therefore, it
is a direct comparison.
Common Examples of Simile
• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
• Her cheeks are red like a rose.
• He is as funny as a monkey.
• The water well was as dry as a bone.
• He is as cunning as a fox.
Simile introduces vividness into what we say. Authors and poets utilize
simile to convey their sentiments and thoughts through vivid word
pictures.
Short Examples of Simile in a Sentence
• The glow of the tube-light was as bright as the sunshine.
• In winter, when it rained, he climbed into bed and felt as snug as a
bug in a rug.
• At exam time, the high school student was as busy as a bee.
• The beggar on the road looked as blind as a bat.
Examples of Simile in Literature
Example #1: Lord Jim (By Joseph Conrad)
“I would have given anything for the power to soothe her frail soul,
tormenting itself in its invincible ignorance like a small bird beating about
the cruel wires of a cage.”
In these lines from Lord Jim, the helplessness of the soul is being
compared with a bird in a cage, beating itself against the merciless wires
to be free.

Example #2: To the Lighthouse (By Virginia Woolf)

“… impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow her
thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be taken
down by one’s pencil… “
In the above example of simile, Ms. Woolf makes the point that her
thoughts are difficult to follow, and cannot be written quickly enough.
Example #3: Lolita (By Vladimir Nabokov)
“Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like
towers of Pisa.”
This simile produces a humorous effect by comparing old women
leaning on walking sticks with the ancient leaning tower of Pisa.
PROVERBS
What is a proverb?

Proverbs and sayings are short statements of wisdom or advice that are
transmitted from generation to generation and have passed into general
use.
The advice given in proverbs is generally based on experience or a
traditionally-held truth.
Proverbs can be found in every language or culture, but it is more difficult
to interpret proverbs from other cultures.
500 commonly-used proverbs with their meaning are listed in
alphabetical order in the following pages.

Alphabetical lists of Proverbs

Proverbs From: "A bad excuse is better than none."

A To: " Ask me no questions, I'll tell you no lies."

Proverbs B From: "Bad beginnings lead to bad results."

To: " (A) burnt child dreads the fire."

Proverbs C From: "(A) calm sea does not make a skilled sailor."
To: "No cure no pay."

Proverbs From: "(A) danger foreseen is half avoided."

D To: "(A) dry March, a wet April and a cool May may fill the barn
 and cellar..."

Proverbs E From: "Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy,
wealthy and wise."
To: "Experience is the father of wisdom."

Proverbs F From: "Facts speak louder than words."

To: "Friendship is love with understanding."

Proverbs From: "Gardens are not made by sitting in the shade."

G To: "(A) guilty conscience needs no accuser."

Proverbs From: "Half a loaf is better than none."

H To: "(A) hungry wolf is fixed to no place."

Classifications of Proverbs:
proverbs expressing a general attitude.

• ethical proverbs.
• proverbs expressing a system of values.
• proverbs expressing general truths.
• humorous proverbs.
• miscellaneous proverbs.

GERUND
What are Gerunds?

Although the term might sound foreign, the gerund is a common part of
speech that most of us use every day, whether we know it or not. Here,
we’ll take an in-depth look at gerunds and provide you with several
examples of gerunds so you’ll feel comfortable using them in your
writing, and so that you will be able to recognize them when you see
them.
A gerund always acts as a noun. A present participle is always part of a
verb phrase. Examples: Sarah enjoys. In this example, “Sarah” is the
subject, “enjoys” is the verb, and “singing” is a noun acting as the direct
object of the sentence.

Identifying Gerunds in a Sentence

Let's take a look at some examples which will clarify these unique members
of the English language. Remember, in every instance below, the gerund is
working as a noun.
Gerunds as subjects:
• Reading is relaxing.
• Writing is an exchange of ideas.
Gerund phrases as subjects:
• Swimming laps is the most relaxing activity in the world.
• Filing papers can give you a paper cut.
Gerunds as direct objects:
• I love reading. (verb = love; love what? reading)
• Patrick likes photographing nature. (verb = likes; likes what?
photographing)
Gerund phrases as direct objects:
• I enjoy shopping with friends. (verb = enjoy; enjoy what? shopping with
friends)
• My friends anticipated our trying on new shoes. (verb = anticipated;
anticipated what? trying on new shoes)
Gerunds as indirect objects:
 • I never gave reading enough of a chance. (verb = gave; gave what?
reading)
• Last week, I made studying my priority. (verb = made; made what?
studying)
Gerund phrases as indirect objects:
• As part of her writing process, she began recording every detail. (verb =
began; began what? recording every detail)
• Once Tom gave the order, he started collecting all the evidence. (verb =
started; started what? collecting all the evidence)
Gerunds as objects of prepositions:
• My love for reading was immediate. (preposition = for)
• By reading, we can explore new worlds. (preposition = by)
Gerund phrases as objects of prepositions:
• Her joy in preparing for company was obvious. (preposition = in)
• Since completing his degree, his opportunities are endless. (preposition
= since)
For example:

• Eating is fun. (Gerund as subject.)

• I love eating. (Gerund as object.)
• I pray before eating. (Gerund as object of a preposition.)
• One of the basic needs is eating. (Gerund as subject complement.)

PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Definition of present participle
: a participle that typically expresses present action in relation to the
time expressed by the finite verb in its clause and that in English is
formed with the suffix -ing and is used in the formation of the
progressive tenses.

For example, eat is the base form of the verb to eat. The present
participle of eat is eating. Present participles always end in -ing.
Other examples of present participles include swimming, laughing,
and playing.

Common Use of Present Participle

• The crying girl took a long breath and laid down on the couch.
“Crying” tells what girl is doing, adding to the meaning of the
sentence.
• Garry entered the room with a bruised face, a fractured hand, and
a bleeding
Here, present participles describe the face, hand, and leg, which
are injured.
• Watching TV, he forgot everything else.
“Watching TV” is a participle clause, which has shortened the
clause and made it clear and precise.
• I really liked this bouncing ball.
The word “bouncing” is describing the ball.
• She is working.
Here, the present participle “working” is informing
the audience what the subject “she” is doing. Here it is working as
a verb.

The present participle for two actions at the same time

When two actions occur at the same time, and are done by the
same person or thing, we can use a present participle to describe
one of them.
The function of a present participle is to serve as an adjective, a
verb, or a gerund. However, it is mostly used as a verb and an
adjective to describes nouns and other verbs. Its use is more
important in writing than in speaking.