Title: Enthalpy

Objective: 1. To determine the enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.

2. To determine the quality and direction of the heat transfer in the dilution of a
salt.

Introduction

A chemical or physical change involves heat involves is known as Thermochemistry. While

reaction that release energy is called exothermic reaction, and the reaction that absorbs energy
from its surroundings is called endothermic reaction. Calorimeter is a device uses to measure
a quantity of heat transferred in the thermochemistry reaction, which undergoes chemical or
physical change. The heat transferred in a chemical reaction is defined quantitatively as
enthalpy (heat) of the reaction, ∆H at a constant pressure. The ∆H is negative if the reaction
are exothermic and positive for endothermic reactions. The specific heat of a substance is
known as the amount of heat required to raise its temperature for 10C of one gram substance.

amount of heat
Specific heat =
mass of substance X temperature change

The unit of specific heat is Jgx10C-1

The enthalpy of neutralization involves acid base reaction and for strong acid and base, the
reaction is exothermic.

∆Hn is determined by

∆Hn = -specific heat H2O x total mass acid-base x ∆T

The unit of ∆Hn is KJ/mol of acid and base reacted. Mass (g) of solution is the total of acid
and base in solution.

The enthalpy of solution is produced when a salt dissolve in water. Energy is absorb and
releases. KI dissolves in water:

KI(s) → K+ (aq) + I- (aq)

The lattice energy (enthalpy) of salt, ∆HLE and hydration energy (enthalpy), ∆Hhid will
determined whether heat is absorbed or released when 1 mole of salt dissolves in water. The
enthalpy of solution and dilution; ∆Hs is total of ∆HLE and ∆Hhid . salt dispersion enthalpy, ∆Hs
is determined experimentally with the combination of heat loss from salt and water whenever
both of them are mixed.

∆Hs = (-heat loss H2O) + (-heat loss salt)

−specificheat H2O x mass H2O x ∆T H2O −specific heat salt x mass salt x ∆T salt
∆Hs =( )+( )
mol H2O mol salt

Chemical

1.0 M HCl solution

1.0 M NaOH solution
1.0 M HNO3 solution
Salt

Apparatus

Styrofoam cup with lid a tiny hole for thermometer

Thermometer

Measure cylinder

100 mL beaker.

Procedures

a. Heat of neutralization of acid and base.

The 50.0 mL of 1.0 M HCl was measured by using measuring cylinder and initial temperature was
recorded.

The 50.0 Ml of 1.0 M NaOH standard solution was measured and poured into a dry Styrofoam cup. The
initial of temperature was recorded.

The acid and base was mixtured in the Styrofoam cup and covered properly to prevent any lost of the
heat. The mixture was stirred and temperature was recorded for every 10 – 20 seconds until reach to a
constant temperature changing.
 A graph for ∆T(0C) vs t (s) was plotted to determine the maximum temperature for the neutralization
reaction.

By using reaction of NaOH and HNO3-, the experiment was repeated to find ∆Hn and the result was
compared with the ∆Hn first the neutralization reaction.

b. Heat of salt solution.

The mass for 5.0 of NaCl salt and dry Styrofoam cup was measures and recorded the data.

The initial temperature of 20ml distilled water was recorded.

Result

a. Table of data to plot graph

Enthalpy heat of neutralization acid base Enthalpy heat of the salt

solution
HCl – NaOH HNO3 – NaOH Trial 1 Trial 2
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
15 27.0 15 26.0 15 26.0 15 27.0 15 20.0 15 22.0
30 27.0 30 26.0 30 26.0 30 27.0 30 20.0 30 22.0
45 27.0 45 26.0 45 26.0 45 27.0 45 20.0 45 22.0
60 27.0 60 26.0 60 26.0 60 27.0 60 20.0 60 22.0
75 26.5 75 25.5 75 26.0 75 27.0 75 20.0 75 22.0
90 26.5 90 25.5 90 25.5 90 26.5 90 21.0 90 22.0
105 26.5 105 25.5 105 25.5 105 26.5 105 21.0 105 22.0
120 26.5 120 25.5 120 25.5 120 26.5 120 21.0 120 22.0
135 26.5 135 25.5 135 25.5 135 26.5 135 21.0 135 22.0
150 26.5 150 25.5 150 25.5 150 26.5 150 22.0 150 23.0
165 26.5 165 25.5 165 25.5 165 26.5 165 22.0 165 23.0
180 26.5 180 25.5 180 25.5 180 26.5 180 22.0 180 23.0
195 26.5 195 25.5 195 25.5 195 26.5 195 22.0 195 23.0
210 26.5 210 25.5 210 25.5 210 26.5 210 22.0 210 23.0
225 26.5 225 25.5 225 25.5 225 26.5 225 22.0 225 23.0

b. Heat of neutralization

Item HCl + NaOH HNO + NaOH

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
1. acid volume (mL) 50 50 50 50
2. acid temperature (0C) 22 21 21 21.5
3. NaOH volume mL 50 50 50 50
4. NaOH temperature (0C) 22 21 21 22
5. NaOH concentration (molL-1) 1.0 1.0
6. maximum temperature from 27 27 26 27
graph

c. calculation of the heat of neutralization

Item HCl + NaOH HNO + NaOH

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2
1.average initial temperature of acid and 22 21 21 21.8
base (0C)
2.temperature change, ∆T (oC) 5 6 5 5.2
3.volume of final volume (mL) 100 100 100 100
4.mass of final mixture (mL) 100 100 100 100
5.specific heat of the mixture 4.18 Jg-1℃ 4.18 Jg-1℃
6.yielded heat (j) 2090 2508 2090 2173.6
7.amount of OH- reacted (g) 1.95 1.95 1.95 1.95
8.amount of H2O produced (g) 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
9.yielding heat per mole H2O ∆H -41.80 -50.16 -41.80 -43.47
 10.average ∆H (kJmol-1 H2O) -45.98 -42.64

d. Heat of salt solution

Salt: NaCl

Item Trial 1 Trial 2

1. Mass of salt (g) 5.002 5.005
2. Mole of salt (mol) 0.0856 0.0856
3. Mass of cup and water (g) 21.500 21.054
4. Mass of Styrofoam cup (g) 2.659 2.280
5. Mass of water (g) 18.841 18.774
6. Initial temperature of water (0C) 22 22
7. Initial temperature of water (0C) from 22 22
graph

From Trial 1 :
Mole of salt = Mass ÷ Atomic mass
= 5.002 ÷ (22.990 + 35.453)
= 5.002 ÷ 58.443
= 0.0856 mole
Mass of cup and water = 21.500 g
Mass of Styrofoam cup = 2.659 g
Mass of water = 21.500 – 2.659 = 18.841 g

e. Calculation for heat of salt solution

Item Trial 1 Trial 2

1. Temperature change, ∆T (0C) 5 5
2. Water heat released (J) 393.78 392.38
3. Salt heat released (J) 104.54 104.60
4. Total enthalpy change (∆H) 498.32J 496.98
5. Amount of OH- reacted (g) 1.55 1.55
6. Amount of H2O produced (g) 1.55 1.55
 7. ∆Hs (kJ/mol salt) NaCl + 5.79 + 5.78
8. Average ∆Hs (kJ/mol salt) + 5.785

Quations

1. Show your calculations for Trial 1 (in Section C)

HCl and NaOH
Volume of HCl = 50 ml
Temperature of HCl = 22 ℃
Volume of NaOH = 50 ml
Temperature of NaOH = 22 ℃

Calculations:
(22 + 22) ℃
Average initial temperature of acid and base = = 22 ℃
2
Temperature change = 27 – 22 = 5 ℃
Volume of final mixture = 50 ml HCl + 50 ml NaOH = 100 ml
Mass of final mixture = Density × Volume = (1.00 g/ml)(100 ml) = 100g
Specific heat of the mixture (Given) = 4.18 Jg-1℃

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2 O

mol NaOH = MV = 0.05 L × 1.0 M = 0.050 mol

Molar mass of NaOH = 22.990 + 15.999 + 1.008 = 38.997
Amount of NaOH is used = 0.050 mol × 38.997 g/mol = 1.95 g NaOH
Amount of NaOH is used = Amount of OH- reacted = 1.95 g

Yielded heat = Specific heat H2O × Total mass of acid and base × ∆T
= (4.18) (100 g) (5℃)
= 2090.6 J or 2.09 kJ

1 mol NaOH reacted will produce 1 mol H2O.

Molar mass of H2O = 2(1.008) + 15.999 = 18.015
 Amount of H2O produced = 0.050 mol × 18.015 = 0.90 g H2O
Yielded heat per mole H2O (∆Hn ) = - 2.592 kJ / 0.05 mol OH = - 41.8 kJ/mol.

2. Compare both ∆𝐇𝐧 values and give your opinion.

Based on the experiment, we got the average ΔHn between HCl and NaOH is 45.98
kJ/mol and the average ΔHn between HNO3 and NaOH is 42.64 kJ/mol.

Actually, they should have the same ∆Hn value because HCl and HNO3 are strong acids.
Strong acid and strong base will ionize completely in water and the actual ΔHn value
for strong acid and strong base is -57 kJ/mol. In my opinion, the major weakness of this
experiment is the lost of significant amount of heat to the surrounding. This causes
deviation of the experimental value of enthalpy change of neutralization from the
theoretical value.

3. Write down the balance thermochemistry equation for the neutralization.

I. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

II. HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

4. Show your calculation for Trial 1 (in Section E).

Temperature change = 27 – 22 = 5℃
Water heat released = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature
= m × s × ∆T
= (18.841) (4.18) (5℃)
= 393.78 J
Salt heat released = m × s × ∆T
= (5.002) (4.18) (5℃)
= 104.54 J
Total mass = mass of water + mass of salt
= 18.841 + 5.002
= 23.843 g
Total enthalpy change (q) = Total mass × s × ∆T
= 23.843 g × 4.18 × 5℃
= 498.32 J / 1000
 = + 0.498 kJ

𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥(𝐬) + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐥) → 𝐍𝐚+ (𝐚𝐪) + 𝐂𝐥− (𝐚𝐪) + 𝐇𝟐 𝐎(𝐥)

mol NaCl = mass NaCl ÷ Molar mass

= 5.002 g ÷ 58.44 g/mol
= 0.086 mol
Molar mass of NaCl = 22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 g/mol

1 mol NaCl reacted will produce 1 mol H2O.

Molar mass of H2O = 2(1.008) + 15.999 = 18.015
Amount of H2O produced = 0.086 mol × 18.015 g/mol = 1.55 g H2O
Amount of H2O produced = Amount of OH- reacted = 1.55 g

∆𝐻𝑠 , NaCl = q ÷ mol NaCl

= 0.498 kJ ÷ 0.086 mol
= + 5.79 kJ/mol

Average ∆𝐻𝑠 = (5.79 + 5.78) ÷ 2

= + 5.785 kJ/mol

5. Instead of using specific heat, what other formula can you use to calculate the heat
of reaction? Explain in what condition that formula can be applied.
We can use Hess’s Law which is used when you know equations and their ∆H values
and the equations can be added to get the equation you desire to know the ∆H for.

6. What is the appropriate name should be given to the Styrofoam cup as an

apparatus to measure heat of reaction?
Calorimeter.
Discussion

We make the assumption that strong acids and strong alkalis are fully ionised in
solution, and that ions behave independently of each other. For example, dilute hydrochloric
acid contains hydrogen ions and chloride ions in solution. Sodium hydroxide solution
consists of sodium ions and hydroxide ions in solution. The equation for any strong acid
being neutralised by a strong alkali is essentially just a reaction between hydrogen ions and
hydroxide ions to make water. The other ions present such as sodium and chloride are
spectator ions, taking no part in the reaction.

The full equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
solution is:

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(I)

but what actually happening is:

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(aq)

If the reaction is the same in each case of a strong acid and a strong alkali, it is not surprising
that the enthalpy change is similar. Based on the experiment, we got the average ΔHn between
HCl and NaOH is 45.98 kJ/mol and the average ΔHn between HNO3 and NaOH is 42.64
kJ/mol.
Actually, they should have the same ∆Hn value because HCl and HNO3 are strong acids. Strong
acid and strong base will ionize completely in water and the actual ΔHn value for strong acid
and strong base is -57 kJ/mol. In my opinion, the major weakness of this experiment is the lost
of significant amount of heat to the surrounding. This causes deviation of the experimental
value of enthalpy change of neutralization from the theoretical value.

Conclusion

As a conclusion, the heat of neutralization of HCl + NaOH and HNO + NaOH

experiment, the objective to determine the enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong
base and to determine the quantity and direction of the heat heat transfer in the dilution of a
salt were achieved.
References

https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/energetics/neutralisation.html

https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/energetics/neutralisation.html

http://www2.ucdsb.on.ca/tiss/stretton/chem2/enthal06.htm