Wells: 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM Page 1 of 55

WELLS
https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

Page 1 of 55
WHAT IS WELL?
WELL IS A HOLE DRILLED INTO THE GROUND TO ACCESS
WATER CONTAINED IN AN AQUIFER. A PIPE AND A PUMP
ARE USED TO PULL WATER OUT OF THE GROUND, AND A
SCREEN FILTERS OUT UNWANTED PARTICLES THAT COULD
CLOG THE PIPE. WELLS COME IN DIFFERENT SHAPES AND
SIZES, DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF MATERIAL THE WELL
IS DRILLED INTO AND HOW MUCH WATER IS BEING
PUMPED OUT.

Page 2 of 55
WHY ARE WELLS IMPORTANT?
➢supply of water for home uses
➢ irrigation
➢ industries

Page 3 of 55
WATER LEVELS IN WELLS
GROUNDWATER USERS WOULD FIND LIFE EASIER IF THE WATER LEVEL IN THE
AQUIFER THAT SUPPLIED THEIR WELL ALWAYS STAYED THE SAME. SEASONAL
VARIATIONS IN RAINFALL AND THE OCCASIONAL DROUGHT AFFECT THE "HEIGHT"
OF THE UNDERGROUND WATER LEVEL. WITHDRAWING WATER FROM A WELL
CAUSES THE WATER LEVELS AROUND THE WELL TO LOWER. THE WATER LEVEL IN
A WELL CAN ALSO BE LOWERED IF OTHER WELLS NEAR IT ARE WITHDRAWING
WATER.

Page 4 of 55
WELL CONTAMINATION
A WELL CAN EASILY BE CONTAMINATED IF IT IS NOT PROPERLY CONSTRUCTED
OR IF TOXIC MATERIALS ARE RELEASED INTO THE WELL. TOXIC MATERIAL
SPILLED OR DUMPED NEAR A WELL CAN LEACH INTO THE AQUIFER AND
CONTAMINATE THE GROUNDWATER DRAWN FROM THAT WELL. CONTAMINATED
WELLS USED FOR DRINKING WATER ARE ESPECIALLY DANGEROUS. WELLS CAN BE
TESTED TO SEE WHAT CHEMICALS, PATHOGENS AND OTHER CONTAMINANTS MAY
BE IN THE WELL AND IF THEY ARE PRESENT IN DANGEROUS QUANTITIES.

Page 5 of 55
THINGS YOU CAN DO TO PROTECT
YOUR GROUNDWATER AND WATER
WELL:
➢ MAINTAIN YOUR WELL
➢ KEEP HAZARDOUS MATERIALS AWAY FROM YOUR
WELL
➢ INSTALL A WELL CAP
➢ USE CAUTION AROUND YOUR WELL
➢ CONSERVE WATER
➢ LEARN MORE ABOUT WELL TESTING.

Page 6 of 55
WELL HYDROLOGY

Page 7 of 55
• GROUNDWATER ENGINEERING, ANOTHER NAME FOR HYDROGEOLOGY, IS A
BRANCH OF ENGINEERING WHICH IS CONCERNED WITH GROUNDWATER
MOVEMENT AND DESIGN OF WELLS, PUMPS, AND DRAINS. THE MAIN
CONCERNS IN GROUNDWATER ENGINEERING INCLUDE GROUNDWATER
CONTAMINATION, CONSERVATION OF SUPPLIES, AND WATER QUALITY.
• WELLS ARE CONSTRUCTED FOR USE IN DEVELOPING NATIONS, AS WELL AS
FOR USE IN DEVELOPED NATIONS IN PLACES WHICH ARE NOT CONNECTED TO
A CITY WATER SYSTEM. WELLS MUST BE DESIGNED AND MAINTAINED TO
UPHOLD THE INTEGRITY OF THE AQUIFER, AND TO PREVENT CONTAMINANTS
FROM REACHING THE GROUNDWATER.

Page 8 of 55
• IN 1726, AN ITALIAN NATURALIST ANTONIO VALLISNIERI SHOWED
CONCLUSIVELY THAT WATER DISCHARGING FROM SPRINGS IS DEPENDENT ON
RAINFALL, IN THE LATER PART OF THE 17TH CENTURY, PIERRE PERRAULT AND
EDME MARIOTTE, INDEPENDENTLY SHOWED THAT THE ANNUAL DISCHARGE
OF THE SEINE RVER IN FRANCE, WAS LESS THAN 1/6 OF THE ANNUAL VOLUME
OF PRECIPITATION FALLING ON THE WATERSHED SURROUNDING THE RIVER
SO WHERE DID THE REMAINING WATER GO?. THE ONLY REAL ALTERNATIVE
WAS INTO THE GROUND.
• GROUNDWATER BECOMES CONTAMINATED AS CONTAMINANTS MOVE FROM A
SOURCE, THROUGH THE SOIL AND INTO THE GROUNDWATER.

Page 9 of 55
CLASSIFICATION OF WELLS
BASED ON AQUIFER TAPPED

Page 10 of 55
OPEN WELLS
• ALSO KNOWN AS DUG WELLS
• ARE POPULAR SINCE ANCIENT TIMES AND ARE THE
MOST CONVENIENT AND COST-EFFECTIVE WAY OF
HARNESSING GROUNDWATER PRESENT IN SHALLOW
AND LOW-YIELDING UNCONFINED AQUIFERS FOR
SMALL-SCALE WATER SUPPLY

Page 11 of 55
TYPES OF OPEN WELLS
• UNLINED AND LINED OPEN WELLS
OPEN WELLS DUG FOR PURELY TEMPORARY PURPOSES ARE NORMALLY NOT
PROTECTED BY LINING OF THEIR WALLS. THE DEPTH OF UNLINED OPEN
WELLS IS LIMITED TO ABOUT 6.5 M IN ORDER TO ENSURE STABILITY.
HOWEVER, OPEN WELLS DUG FOR PERMANENT PURPOSES IN LOOSE AND
UNCONSOLIDATED FORMATIONS REQUIRE LINING TO PREVENT THE
COLLAPSE OF SIDE WALLS AND ARE USUALLY LINED WITH DRY BRICKS OR
STONE MASONRY.

Page 12 of 55
• OPEN WELLS WITH PERVIOUS AND IMPERVIOUS
LINING,
IMPERVIOUS LINING SUCH AS

PERMANENT MASONRY LINING
(LAID IN CEMENT MORTAR) ARE
NORMALLY USED IN THE OPEN
WELLS CONSTRUCTED IN ALLUVIAL
FORMATIONS
Open well lined with permanent masonry lining

Page 13 of 55
• TUBEWELLS
- ARE WELLS CONSISTING OF PIPES
RANGING IN SIZE FROM 6 TO 45 CM
IN DIAMETER AND SUNK INTO AN
AQUIFER
- ARE CONSTRUCTED BY
INSTALLING A PIPE BELOW THE
GROUND SURFACE PASSING
THROUGH DIFFERENT GEOLOGICAL
FORMATIONS COMPRISING WATER-
BEARING AND NON-WATER-
BEARING STRATA.

Page 14 of 55
• CAVITY WELLS
• A SHALLOW TUBEWELL DRILLED IN AN
ALLUVIAL FORMATION. IF A
RELATIVELY THIN IMPERVIOUS
FORMATION CONSISTING OF STIFF CLAY,
CONGLOMERATE OR STONE IS
ENCOUNTERED AT A SHALLOW DEPTH
UNDERLAIN BY AN EXTENSIVE THICK
SANDY CONFINED AQUIFER, THEN IT IS
AN EXCELLENT LOCATION FOR
CONSTRUCTING A CAVITY WELL.

Page 15 of 55
REHABILITATION /IMPROVEMENT
OF EXISTING WELLS

Page 16 of 55
TYPICAL CAUSES FOR REDUCED WELL
YIELD
ADAPTED FROM THE WORLD BANK (2012)
• MECHANICAL BLOCKAGE (E.G. FINE-GRAINED SOIL MATERIALS, CORROSION BY-
PRODUCTS):
• FINE-GRAINED SOIL PARTICLES OR CORROSION BY-PRODUCTS ORIGINATING
FROM METALLIC WELL PARTS CAN ENTER THE WELL THROUGH THE SCREEN AND
REDUCE THE WATER FLOW FROM THE AQUIFER INTO THE WELL.
• CHEMICAL ENCRUSTATION (E.G. IRON/MANGANESE OXIDES,
CALCIUM/MAGNESIUM CARBONATES, SULPHATES):

Page 17 of 55
• CHEMICAL ENCRUSTATION IS THE DEPOSITION OF MINERALS ON THE WELL
SCREEN OR GRAVEL PACK, WHICH ACT TO RESTRICT THE MOVEMENT OF WATER
INTO A WELL. CHEMICAL ENCRUSTATION IS CAUSED BY THE PRECIPITATION OF
MINERALS DISSOLVED IN THE GROUNDWATER DUE TO CHANGES IN FLOW
AND/OR PRESSURE CONDITIONS AT THE WELL.
• BACTERIOLOGICAL PLUGGING (E.G. IRON BACTERIA):
• MICROORGANISMS, SUCH AS BACTERIA, CAN CAUSE CLOGGING PROBLEMS IN
WELLS, PIPELINES, AND TREATMENT FACILITIES. THIS INCLUDES THE TYPES OF
IRON-RELATED BACTERIA, WHICH UTILISE DISSOLVED IRON AS AN ENERGY
SOURCE AND OTHERS, WHICH CAUSE IRON PRECIPITATION IN A SECONDARY
MANNER.

Page 18 of 55
WELL REHABILITATION IS TYPICALLY DONE
USING EITHER:
• A.) CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES I.E. USING VARIOUS TYPES OF

CHEMICAL TO DISSOLVE THE ENCRUSTING MATERIALS SO
THEY CAN BE REMOVED FROM THE WELL.
• B.) PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES SUCH AS HIGH PRESSURE
JETTING TO DISPLACE ANYTHING CLOGGING THE WELL.

Page 19 of 55
TYPES OF CHEMICALS USED FOR
REHABILITATION
• CHLORINE
• CAUSTIC SODA
• ACIDS
• MURIATIC, SULFAMIC, HYDROXYACETIC, OXALIC, CITRIC
• QUATERNARY AMMONIUM AND ORGANICALLY AVAILABLE CHLORINE
• HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
• CAUSTICS
• POLYPHOSPHATES

Page 20 of 55
PHYSICAL METHODS
• SURGE PUMPING AND BACKWASHING
• EXPLOSIVES
• SWABBING
• SURGE BLOCK
• COMPRESSED AIR SURGING
• LIQUID AND GASEOUS CARBON DIOXIDE AGITATION
• ULTRASONIC JETTING
• JETTING

Page 21 of 55
TYPES OF WELLS BASED ON DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION METHOD

Page 22 of 55
DRILLED WELLS
• MOST MODERN WELLS ARE DRILLED, WHICH REQUIRES A

FAIRLY COMPLICATED AND EXPENSIVE DRILL RIG. DRILL
RIGS ARE OFTEN MOUNTED ON BIG TRUCKS. THEY USE
ROTARY DRILL BITS THAT CHEW AWAY AT THE ROCK,
PERCUSSION BITS THAT SMASH THE ROCK, OR, IF THE
GROUND IS SOFT, LARGE AUGER BITS. DRILLED WELLS
CAN BE DRILLED MORE THAN 1,000 FEET DEEP. OFTEN A
PUMP IS PLACED AT THE BOTTOM TO PUSH WATER UP
TO THE SURFACE.

Page 23 of 55
DRIVEN WELLS
• CONSTRUCTED BY DRIVING A SMALL-DIAMETER PIPE INTO SHALLOW WATER-

BEARING SAND OR GRAVEL. USUALLY A SCREENED WELL POINT IS ATTACHED
TO THE BOTTOM OF THE CASING BEFORE DRIVING. THESE WELLS ARE
RELATIVELY SIMPLE AND ECONOMICAL TO CONSTRUCT, BUT THEY CAN TAP
ONLY SHALLOW WATER AND ARE EASILY CONTAMINATED FROM NEARBY
SURFACE SOURCES BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT SEALED WITH GROUTING
MATERIAL. HAND-DRIVEN WELLS USUALLY ARE ONLY AROUND 30 FEET DEEP;
MACHINE-DRIVEN WELLS CAN BE 50 FEET DEEP OR MORE.

Page 24 of 55
DUG WELLS
• HISTORICALLY, DUG WELLS WERE EXCAVATED BY HAND SHOVEL TO BELOW THE
WATER TABLE UNTIL INCOMING WATER EXCEEDED THE DIGGERʼS BAILING RATE.
THE WELL WAS LINED WITH STONES, BRICKS, TILE, OR OTHER MATERIAL TO
PREVENT COLLAPSE, AND WAS COVERED WITH A CAP OF WOOD, STONE, OR
CONCRETE TILE. BECAUSE OF THE TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION, BORED WELLS
CAN GO DEEPER BENEATH THE WATER TABLE THAN CAN HAND-DUG WELLS.
DUG AND BORED WELLS HAVE A LARGE DIAMETER AND EXPOSE A LARGE AREA
TO THE AQUIFER. THESE WELLS ARE ABLE TO OBTAIN WATER FROM LESS-
PERMEABLE MATERIALS SUCH AS VERY FINE SAND, SILT, OR CLAY.
DISADVANTAGES OF THIS TYPE OF WELL ARE THAT THEY ARE SHALLOW AND
LACK CONTINUOUS CASING AND GROUTING, MAKING THEM SUBJECT TO
CONTAMINATION FROM NEARBY SURFACE SOURCES, AND THEY GO DRY
DURING PERIODS OF DROUGHT IF THE WATER TABLE DROPS BELOW THE WELL
BOTTOM.

Page 25 of 55
TESTS OF WELL
SUITABILITY

Page 26 of 55
WHY SHOULD I TEST MY WELL WATER?
• TESTING YOUR PRIVATE WELL'S WATER QUALITY ON A REGULAR BASIS IS AN

IMPORTANT PART OF MAINTAINING A SAFE AND RELIABLE SOURCE. THE TEST
RESULTS ALLOW YOU TO PROPERLY ADDRESS THE SPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF A
WATER SUPPLY. THIS WILL HELP ENSURE THAT THE WATER SOURCE IS BEING
PROPERLY PROTECTED FROM POTENTIAL CONTAMINATION, AND THAT
APPROPRIATE TREATMENT IS SELECTED AND OPERATING PROPERLY.
• IT IS IMPORTANT TO TEST THE SUITABILITY OF YOUR WATER QUALITY FOR ITS
INTENDED USE, WHETHER IT BE LIVESTOCK WATERING, CHEMICAL SPRAYING, OR
DRINKING WATER. THIS WILL ASSIST YOU IN MAKING INFORMED DECISIONS
ABOUT YOUR WATER AND HOW YOU USE IT.

Page 27 of 55
REGULAR TESTING IS IMPORTANT TO:
• IDENTIFY EXISTING PROBLEMS

• ENSURE WATER IS SUITABLE FOR THE INTENDED USE, ESPECIALLY IF USED FOR
DRINKING BY HUMANS AND ANIMALS
• TRACK CHANGES OVER TIME
• DETERMINE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A TREATMENT SYSTEM

Page 28 of 55
IS MY WATER SAFE TO DRINK?
• THE ONLY WAY TO TELL IF YOUR DRINKING WATER IS SAFE IS BY HAVING IT

TESTED AT A CERTIFIED LABORATORY. HARMFUL BACTERIA, PARASITES, AND
VIRUSES ARE INVISIBLE TO THE NAKED EYE, SO WATER WHICH LOOKS AND
TASTES GOOD MAY NOT NECESSARILY BE SAFE TO DRINK. THESE MICROBES CAN
EXIST IN SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER SUPPLIES, AND CAN CAUSE IMMEDIATE
SICKNESS IN HUMANS IF NOT PROPERLY TREATED.
• CERTAIN CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS THAT ARE SOMETIMES FOUND IN A WATER
SOURCE CAN CAUSE LONG TERM HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT TAKE YEARS TO
DEVELOP. FREQUENT WATER TESTING WILL IDENTIFY UNSAFE WATER AND
ENSURE THAT THE TREATMENT SYSTEM IS TREATING THE WATER TO A
SATISFACTORY LEVEL.

Page 29 of 55
WHAT TESTS SHOULD I HAVE DONE?
• BASIC WATER POTABILITY
INCLUDE TESTS FOR COLIFORM BACTERIA, NITRATES, PH, SODIUM,
CHLORIDE, FLUORIDE, SULPHATE, IRON, MANGANESE, TOTAL
DISSOLVED SOLIDS, AND HARDNESS.
• COLIFORM BACTERIA
INDICATE THE PRESENCE OF MICROORGANISMS IN THE WATER THAT
ARE POTENTIALLY HARMFUL TO HUMAN HEALTH.
• NITRATE
A COMMON CONTAMINANT FOUND MAINLY IN GROUNDWATER. HIGH
NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS CAN BE PARTICULARLY DANGEROUS FOR
BABIES UNDER SIX MONTHS, SINCE NITRATE INTERFERES WITH THE

Page 30 of 55
• SULFATE
EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF SULFATE CAN HAVE A LAXATIVE EFFECT OR CAUSE
GASTROINTESTINAL IRRITATION.
• FLUORIDE
FLUORIDE IS AN ESSENTIAL MICRO-NUTRIENT, BUT EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS CAN
CAUSE DENTAL PROBLEMS.
• TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
REPRESENT THE AMOUNT OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES (I.E. SODIUM, CHLORIDE,
SULPHATE) THAT ARE DISSOLVED IN THE WATER. HIGH TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
(TDS) CAN REDUCE THE PALATABILITY OF WATER.
• ADDITIONAL TESTING
OTHER TESTS MAY BE APPROPRIATE IF A PARTICULAR CONTAMINANT IS
SUSPECTED IN THE WATER. FOR INSTANCE, GROUNDWATER SOURCES ARE
SOMETIMES TESTED FOR ARSENIC, SELENIUM, AND URANIUM. BOTH SURFACE AND
GROUNDWATER SOURCES MAY ALSO BE TESTED FOR PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION.

Page 31 of 55
HOW OFTEN SHOULD I TEST MY WELL
WATER?
• PRIVATE WELL WATER SHOULD BE TESTED A MINIMUM OF ONCE PER YEAR.
DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES OBTAINED FROM SHALLOW WELLS AND SURFACE
WATER SOURCES SHOULD BE TESTED MORE FREQUENTLY (I.E. SEASONALLY), AS
THEY ARE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO CONTAMINATION.
• IT IS IMPORTANT TO TEST YOUR DRINKING WATER AT THE TAP AND AT THE
SOURCE. TESTING BOTH WILL HELP YOU DETERMINE IF YOUR TREATMENT
SYSTEM IS PERFORMING CORRECTLY, AND IF THE QUALITY OF YOUR SOURCE
WATER HAS CHANGED.

Page 32 of 55
WHERE CAN I GET MY WELL WATER
TESTED?
• CONTACT YOUR LOCAL OR STATE HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES DEPARTMENT.
THEY WILL BE ABLE TO REFER YOU TO A CERTIFIED LABORATORY IN YOUR
AREA. IN ADDITION, MANY COMMUNITIES OFFER FREE SCREENINGS, CALLED
"TEST YOUR WELL" EVENTS. GET STARTED IN YOUR COMMUNITY.

Page 33 of 55
WELL SITE SELECTION

Page 34 of 55
• LOW-LYING AREAS ARE MORE FAVOURABLE AS COMPARED TO SLOPY AREA AND
HIGHLANDS FOR SINKING WELLS
• VEGETATION FLOURISHES WHERE THE GROUNDWATER IS AVAILABLE AT
SHALLOW DEPTHS. THUS, THE OCCURRENCE OF THICK VEGETATION INDICATES
LARGE GROUNDWATER STORAGE AT SHALLOW DEPTH. HOWEVER, THE
PRESENCE OF VEGETATION LIKE DESERT PLANTS INDICATES THE SCARCITY OF
GROUNDWATER AT SHALLOW DEPTHS.

Page 35 of 55
• AREAS COMPRISING THICK SOIL OR ALLUVIUM COVER AND WEATHERED,
FRACTURED, JOINTED, AND FAULTED ROCKS INDICATE GOOD STORAGE OF
GROUNDWATER, AS THESE SUPPORT INFILTRATION OF GROUNDWATER
RECHARGE. HOWEVER, FINE-GRAINED SOILS LIKE CLAY CANNOT SUPPORT
INFILTRATION OF GROUNDWATER. BALD ROCKY AREAS LACK SUCH
FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS AS THEY DO NOT PERMIT INFILTRATION OF WATER.
• SURFACE WATER BODIES LIKE TANKS, PONDS, LAKES, STREAMS, RESERVOIRS
AND RIVERS SERVE AS SOURCES OF RECHARGE TO THE NEARBY AREAS.
• THE STUDY OF EXISTING WELLS IN THE VICINITY OF THE PROPOSED WELL SITES
WITH RESPECT TO SOIL COVER, ROCK TYPES AND THEIR STRUCTURAL
CONDITIONS DEPTH TO WATER TABLE AND WELL YIELD IS ESSENTIAL TO HAVE A
CLEAR PICTURE OF THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF AN AREA.

Page 36 of 55
• SCANNING OF SUB-SURFACE HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS LIKE DEPTH OF
SOIL ZONE, WEATHERED ZONE, FRACTURED/JOINTED ZONE AND UNFRACTURED
ZONE FROM THE GROUND SURFACE IS ESSENTIAL.
• IT IS IMPORTANT TO MAINTAIN A DISTANCE OF 150–300 M IN ALLUVIAL AREAS
AND 75–150 M IN ROCKY AREAS BETWEEN TWO WELLS.
• FOR LARGE SCALE OF WELL-SINKING PROGRAMME, INTEGRATION OF SATELLITE
DATA WITH HYDROGEOLOGICAL DATA, CAN HELP IN MAKING RAPID SURVEY OF
AN AREA.

Page 37 of 55
DESIGNING A
DRILLED WELLS

Page 38 of 55
WELL DESIGN
• CONSISTS OF THOSE FEATURES OF THE WELL

ENVIRONMENT THAT MAKE UP THE CONDUIT
BETWEEN DRILLING RIG AND THE RESERVOIR.
A SUBSURFACE DEPARTMENT COMPRISING
GEOLOGISTS AND RESERVOIR ENGINEERS SET
WELL OBJECTIVES BASED ON GEOLOGY,
SEISMIC, AND OFFSET DATA.

Page 39 of 55
ASSESS DESIGN AND DRILLING
APPROACHES
• DEVELOP GENERALIZE DESIGN (DEPTH,

POTENTIAL WELL YIELD, DIAMETER, SEAL
LOCATIONS, SAND PACK OR NATURAL DESIGN)
• SELECT DRILLING METHOD BASED ON SOIL
CONDITIONS, WELL DEPTH, DESIGN, AND
COSTS
• PREPARE COST ESTIMATES AND REPLAN AS
NECESSARY

Page 40 of 55
● A DRILLED WELL CONSISTS OF A HOLE BORED
INTO THE GROUND, WITH THE UPPER PART
BEING LINED WITH CASING. THE CASING
PREVENTS THE COLLAPSE OF THE BOREHOLE
WALLS AND (WITH A DRIVE SHOE OR GROUT
SEAL) PREVENTS SURFACE OR SUBSURFACE
CONTAMINANTS FROM ENTERING THE WATER
SUPPLY. THE CASING ALSO PROVIDES A
HOUSING FOR A PUMPING MECHANISM AND
FOR THE PIPE THAT MOVES WATER FROM THE
PUMP TO THE SURFACE.

Page 41 of 55
WELL COMPONENTS
• WELL SEALS
• CASING/LINER
• DRIVE SHOE
• WELL SCREEN ASSEMBLY
• OPTIONAL SAND/GRAVEL PACK

Page 42 of 55
WELL DRILLING

Page 43 of 55
WELL DRILLING
• WELL DRILLING IS THE PROCESS OF DRILLING A HOLE IN THE
GROUND FOR THE EXTRACTION OF A NATURAL
RESOURCE SUCH AS GROUND WATER, BRINE, NATURAL GAS,
OR PETROLEUM,
• THE EARLIEST WELLS WERE WATER WELLS, SHALLOW PITS DUG
BY HAND IN REGIONS WHERE THE WATER TABLE APPROACHED
THE SURFACE, USUALLY WITH MASONRY OR WOODEN WALLS
LINING THE INTERIOR TO PREVENT COLLAPSE.
• MODERN DRILLING TECHNIQUES UTILIZE LONG DRILL SHAFTS,
PRODUCING HOLES MUCH NARROWER AND DEEPER THAN
COULD BE PRODUCED BY DIGGING.

Page 44 of 55
LOCATION
• WELLS SHOULD NOT BE CONSTRUCTED CLOSE TO POTENTIAL SOURCES
OF CONTAMINATION, E.G. PIT LATRINES, LIVESTOCK FARMING,
FUEL/PESTICIDE/ FERTILISER STORAGE, ETC.
• WELL SHOULD BE LOCATED IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE ACTUAL
POINT OF WATER USE
45

Page 45 of 55
a)
DRILLING TECHNIQUES
BASIC HAND-DRILLING TECHNIQUES
B) HIGH-TECH MACHINE-DRILLING 46

Page 46 of 55
BASIC HAND-DRILLING TECHNIQUES
Basic Hand-drilling Techniques

Page 47 of 55
AUGER DRILLING
• THE HAND AUGER consists of extendable
steel rods, rotated by a handle.
• A number of different steel augers can be
attached at the end of the drill rods
• The augers are rotated into the ground until they
are filled, and then lifted out of the borehole to
be emptied.

Page 48 of 55
PERCUSSION DRILLING
• MANUAL PERCUSSION uses a heavy

cutting or hammering bit attached to a rope
or cable and is lowered in the open bore hole
or inside a temporary casing.
• By moving the rope or cable up and down,
the cutting or hammering bit loosens the soil
or consolidated rock in the borehole, which
is then extracted later by using a bailer.

Page 49 of 55
JETTING
• JETTING is based on water circulation and

water pressure.
• As opposed to sludging, water is pumped down
the drilling pipes.
• The large volume of water has an erosive effect
at the bottom and the ‘slurry’ (water and
cuttings) are transported up between the drill
pipe and the borehole wall.

Page 50 of 55
JETTING
• A motor pump is used to achieve an adequate

water flow.
• The drill pipe may simply have an open end, or
a drill bit can be added and partial or full
rotation of the drill pipe can be used.

Page 51 of 55
SLUDGING
• SLUDGING uses water circulation to bring

the cuttings up to the surface.
• The drill pipes are moved up and down. On the
down stroke, the impact of the drill bit loosens
the soil and on the up stroke, the top of the
pipe is closed by hand (or valve), drawing up
the water through the pipe and transporting the
cuttings to the surface.

Page 52 of 55
SLUDGING
• On the next down stroke, the hand (valve)

opens the top of the pipe and the water squirts
into a pit, in front of the well.
• In this pit, the cuttings separate from the water
and settle out, while the water overflows from
the pit back into the well. The borehole stays
open by water pressure.

Page 53 of 55
MACHINE-DRILLING
Machine-drilling

Page 54 of 55
COMPLETION
COMPLETION OF A WELL INVOLVE CONSTRUCTION OF A:
• WELL CASING (PREVENTS THE WELL FROM

COLLAPSE AND SEEPAGE OF CONTAMINANTS).
• WELL SCREEN (HOLDS BACK SEDIMENTS WHILE
ALLOWING WATER TO INFILTRATE THE WELL)
• GRAVEL PACK (PREVENTS THE WELL SCREEN FROM
BECOMING CLOGGED)
• SANITARY SEAL & HEAD WORKS (PREVENTS
SURFICIAL CONTAMINATION)
55
Source: WATERAID (2008)

Page 55 of 55

Wells: 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM Page 1 of 55

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Wells: 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM Page 1 of 55

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wells: 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM Page 1 of 55

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WELLS

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

IMPERVIOUS LINING SUCH AS

Open well lined with permanent masonry lining

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

• A.) CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES I.E. USING VARIOUS TYPES OF

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

• MOST MODERN WELLS ARE DRILLED, WHICH REQUIRES A

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

• CONSTRUCTED BY DRIVING A SMALL-DIAMETER PIPE INTO SHALLOW WATER-

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

• TESTING YOUR PRIVATE WELL'S WATER QUALITY ON A REGULAR BASIS IS AN

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

• IDENTIFY EXISTING PROBLEMS

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

• THE ONLY WAY TO TELL IF YOUR DRINKING WATER IS SAFE IS BY HAVING IT

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

• CONSISTS OF THOSE FEATURES OF THE WELL

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

• DEVELOP GENERALIZE DESIGN (DEPTH,

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM

https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/WELLS.pptx?token=AWykNeyVFSMIeAX-2AvuZLxgCAtt…ksx4Ti_whzfRfykH9J10r4PTk0ArYoX_8yb5Cph0RWzwKFZZjf4eurKLphsJ7oyPvZGXeYRtl 22/09/2019, 2a45 PM