Chlorine Use & Safety

Precaution

Prepared By : -
Umar Farooq
Chemist “A” Chemical Section
107301@se.com.sa
umar7325@yahoo.com
SEC Shuaibah Jeddah
Saudi Arabia 1
 Chlorine Usage

1. Chlorine is used in power plant for kill

microorganism in Cooling Water System .

2.Residual chlorine of 0.3-0.5 ppm is to be

maintained in the system just before the
TBS Intake and Outfall Water .

3.Chlorine existing in water as hypochlorus

and hypochlorus acid ion ( Hypochlorite )
Define as free available chlorine.

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 Chlorination
 HOCl <7 8> H + OCl
Hypochlorous Acid
 At the higher pH range as the ratio of Ocl
increase as the sterilization effect of chlorine
compound decrease.
 It is practically observed that the sterilization
force of Ocl is approximately 20 time less as that
of HOCl
 HOCl has significantly higher effect than Ocl

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 Chlorine compound
 Chlorine compound used for sterilization of
microorganism
 Chlorine gas Cl2
 Calcium hypochlorite Ca ( Ocl )2
 Sodium hypochlorite Naocl
 Cl2 + H2O HOCl +HCl
 Ca (Ocl )2+ H2O HOCl +Ca ( OH )2

 NaOcl + H2O HOCl + NaOH

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 Chlorine dioxide
 5Naclo2 + 4Hcl 4Clo2 +5Nacl +2H2o
 Chlorine dioxide use for potable water
disinfection
 To protect drinking water from disease causing
organisms, or pathogens
 Chlorine has been hailed as the savior against
cholera an acute infectious disease of the small intestine ,and
various other water-borne diseases
Chlorine dioxide

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Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH )

Original IDLH Value Revised IDLH Value

Substance
ppm ppm

Carbon Mono Oxide 1500 1200

Chlorine 30 10

Chlorine dioxide 10 05

Chloroform 1000 500

Hydrazine 80 50

Iodine 10 2

Ammonia 500 300

Bromine 10 3

50 20
Nitrogen dioxide

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 Chlorine Health Effects Table
Bulletin work safe Alberta CH 067-Chemical Hazards

Chlorine Concentration ppm Health Effect

0.03-0.04 Range of odor threshold

1-3 Mid irritation of the eyes, nose and throat

Stinging or burring in the eyes, nose and

3-6 throat, headache, watering eyes, sneezing,
coughing, breathing difficulty, bloody nose.
Severe irritation of the eyes, nose and
5-10
respiratory tract
Immediately dangerous to life and health
10 ( IDLH ) Concentration

10-25 May be fatal after 30 minutes of exposure.

Immediate breathing difficulty, build up of fluid

in the lungs ( pulmonary edema)possibly
>25
causing suffocation and death. Pulmonary
edema may be immediate or delayed
>1000 Fatal after a few breaths

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 Safety Precaution of Chlorine

 It is a very corrosive chemical

 It causes burns to skin and eyes
 It is harmful if ingested, inhaled
 it may cause skin irritation
 If it comes in contact with skin, immediately
wash the skin with plenty of water
 Flush the eyes if it comes in contact with the
eyes

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 Chlorine Effect On Respiratory System
External Effect
1. Directly attack to cilia
2. Na & K pump damage
3. Surfactant damage

Internal Effect
1. GHS activate nephritic factor
2. Capillary damage
3. Sensory nerve
4. Interstitium
Abbreviation
Alveoli
ASC Ascorbate
Surfactant defensive system to
prevent shrinking
X Secondary Intermediate
IL8 To digest to kill

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 Ifinhaled, the person should be
immediately removed to fresh air and
medical attention should be sought if signs
of suffocation
 Eyes should be protected
 Chlorine is corrosive to metallic material
 To avoid corrosion should be maintain
proper dosing

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 Acute Effects of Chlorine
 Tickling of the nose at 0.014 to 0.054(ppm);
 Tickling of the throat at 0.04 to 0.097 ppm;
 Tickling of the nose and cough, stinging, or
dryness of the nose and throat at 0.06 to 0.3
ppm;
 Burning of the conjunctiva and pain after 15
minutes at 0.35 to 0.72 ppm;
 Discomfort ranging from ocular and respiratory
irritation to coughing, shortness of breath, and
headaches above 1.0 ppm.
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Materials Causing Immediate and
Serious Toxic Effects
Characteristics

May cause immediate

death or serious injury if
inhaled, swallowed, or
absorbed through the skin

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 Chlorine Advantages
 Economical
 Traditional technology
 Chlorine kill microorganism by destroying
cell wall of the microorganism with there
oxidizing forces

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 The most Microbiology
prevalent
problems Glycocalyx
Outer Membrane
in Cytoplasm
Periplasmic
Cooling Space DNA Proteins

water Flagellum
Cell Membrane
systems Phospholipids Hydrophilic groups
Hydrophobic groups
are related
to
microbiolo Phospholipid molecules
gy Proteins

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 Bacteria

Typical Rods Slime Formers

Anaerobic Iron Depositing

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 Chlorine Disadvantages
 Slower kill at high pH
 Consumed by ammonia, sulfides, iron, manganese, &
hydrocarbons
 Volatile and easily stripped, thus high usage rates
 High feed rates and residuals can cause higher
corrosion rates
 Poor control (or slug treatment) leads to degradation of
water treatment compounds -- e.g. organic phosphate
and tolyltriazole
 Chlorinated organics, e.g., THM’s, are toxic, regulated,
and persistent in the environment
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Umar Farooq Chemist “ A “
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