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Gas Exchange Processes: - Early EVO
Gas Exchange Processes: - Early EVO
Note that for typical passenger car engine, max piston speed is at ~70o from TDC
1
VVT technology –cam shifter
Toyota VVT-i
(SAE Paper 960579)
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• Residual gas
– Affected by:
Compression ratio
Exhaust gas temperature
Exhaust to intake pressure ratio
– Impact:
Volumetric efficiency
Charge composition
Charge temperature
2
Volumetric efficiency: quasi-static effects
(cont.)
Fig. 6.3
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3
Volumetric Efficiency: dynamic effects
Friction
– Component i pressure drop due to
friction:
Vi = Fluid velocity
i = Loss coefficient
2
Pi v
i i
Scaling :
AP
v i SP ; i
Ai Di
1 1
Pi ~ S2P 2.5
or S2P 5
Ai Di
Throttle loss
Fig. 13-15
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4
Volumetric Efficiency: dynamic effects
cont.
Ram effect
– Due to fluid inertia
– Intake and exhaust flow both exhibit effect
du
P p2 p1 d
dt
S AP
P
1 Aint ake
1
2N
2 AP
SP2
Aint ake L
SP Mean piston speed
Runner length
L Stroke
– a sound velocity
– runner length
– V volume V
• Application:
– V taken as Vt/2
– Correction factor k=2
a A 1
N
2 V K
5
Volumetric Efficiency: dynamic effects
cont.
Choking effect
– Velocity becomes sonic at “throat”
P2/P1
1
1
P2 2
P1 critical 1
0.528 for 1.4; increases with
6
Volumetric efficiency: summary
Fig. 6.9
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Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use.
7
Uniflow scavenging
process
Intake port area
Compressor pressure
Exhaust pressure
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8
2-stroke engine
sc gas exchange
Perfect
1 displacement
Perfect mixing sc 1 e
Short circuit
t 1
Perfect t
displacement Good Typical values
~ 1.2 to 1.4
1 Perfect mixing Bad sc ~ 0.7 to 0.85
1
t (1 e )
Short circuit Worst
9
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