Alexander Kerensky

Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky (/ˈkɛrənski, kəˈrɛnski/ KERR-ən-skee, kə-

Alexander Kerensky
REN-skee; Russian: Алекса́ ндр Фёдорович Ке́ренский, IPA: [ɐlʲɪkˈsandr
ˈkʲerʲɪnskʲɪj]; original spelling: Александръ Ѳедоровичъ Керенскій; 4 Алекса́ ндр Ке́ ренский
May [O.S. 22 April] 1881 – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and
revolutionist who was a key political figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917.
After the February Revolution of 1917, he joined the newly formed Russian
Provisional Government, first as Minister of Justice, then as Minister of War,
and after July as the government's second Minister-Chairman. A leader of the
moderate-socialist Trudovik faction of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, he
was also vice-chairman of the powerful Petrograd Soviet. On 7 November, his
government was overthrown by the Lenin-led Bolsheviks in the October
Revolution. He spent the remainder of his life in exile, in Paris and New York
City, and worked for the Hoover Institution.

Contents
Early life and activism Minister-Chairman of the Russian
Rasputin Provisional Government
Russian Provisional Government of 1917 In office
October Revolution of 1917 21 July 1917 – 7 November 1917
Personal life [8 July – 26 October 1917 Old Style]

Works Monarch Vacant

In popular culture Preceded by Georgy Lvov
See also Succeeded by Office abolished
References (Vladimir Lenin as
Further reading Chairman of the
External links Council of People's
Commissars)

Minister of War and Navy of the

Early life and activism Russian Provisional Government
In office
Alexander Kerensky was born in Simbirsk (now Ulyanovsk) on the Volga
18 May 1917 – 14 September 1917
River on 4 May 1881 and was the eldest son in the family.[1] His father, Fyodor
[5 May – 1 September 1917 Old Style]
Mikhailovich Kerensky, was a teacher[1] and director of the local gymnasium
and was later promoted to Inspector of public schools. His maternal grandfather Prime Minister Georgy Lvov
was head of the Topographical Bureau of the Kazan Military District. His Himself
mother, Nadezhda Aleksandrovna (née Adler),[2] was the granddaughter of a Preceded by Alexander Guchkov
former serf who had managed to purchase his freedom before serfdom was
Succeeded by Aleksandr
abolished in 1861. He subsequently embarked upon a mercantile career, in
Verkhovsky
which he prospered. This allowed him to move his business to Moscow, where
Minister of Justice of the Russian
he continued his success, and became a wealthy Moscow merchant.[3][4]
Kerensky's father was the teacher of Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin), and members Provisional Government
of the Kerensky and Ulyanov families were friends. In 1889, when Kerensky In office
was eight, the family moved to Tashkent, where his father had been appointed 16 March 1917 – 1 May 1917
the main inspector of public schools (superintendent). Alexander graduated [3 March – 18 April 1917 Old Style]
with honours in 1899. The same year he entered St. Petersburg University, Prime Minister Georgy Lvov
where he studied history and philology. The next year he switched to law. He
Preceded by Office established
earned his law degree in 1904 and married Olga Lvovna Baranovskaya, the
Nikolai Dobrovolsky as
daughter of a Russian general, the same year.[5] Kerensky joined the Narodnik
Minister of Justice of
movement and worked as a legal counsel to victims of the Revolution of 1905.
the Russian Empire
At the end of 1904, he was jailed on suspicion of belonging to a militant group.
Afterwards he gained a reputation for his work as a defence lawyer in a number Succeeded by Pavel Pereverzev
of political trials of revolutionaries.[6] Personal details

In 1912, Kerensky became widely known when he visited the goldfields at the Born Alexander
Lena River and published material about the Lena Minefields incident.[7] In the Fyodorovich
same year, Kerensky was elected to the Fourth Duma as a member of the Kerensky
Trudoviks, a moderate, non-Marxist labour party founded by Alexis Aladin that 4 May 1881
was associated with the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, and joined a Freemason Simbirsk, Simbirsk
society uniting the anti-monarchy forces that strived for the democratic renewal Governorate,
of Russia.[8][9][10] In fact, the Socialist Revolutionary Party bought Kerensky a Russian Empire
house, as he otherwise wouldn't be elective for the Duma, according to the Died 11 June 1970 (aged
Russian property-laws. He then soon became a significant Duma member of the 89)
Progressive Block, which included several Socialist Parties, Mensheviks, and New York City, New
Liberals - but not the Bolsheviks.[11] He was a brilliant orator and skilled York, United States
parliamentary leader of the socialist opposition to the government of Tsar Resting place Putney Vale
Nicholas II. Cemetery, London,
England
On 28 May 1914, Kerensky appealed to Rodzianko with a request from the
Council of elders to inform the Tsar that to succeed in war he must: 1) change Nationality Russian
his domestic policy, 2) proclaim a General Amnesty for political prisoners, 3) Political party Socialist
restore the Constitution of Finland, 4) declare the autonomy of Poland, 5) Revolutionary
provide national minorities autonomy in the field of culture, 6) abolish (Trudovik
restrictions against Jews, 7) end religious intolerance, 8) stop the harassment of Parliamentary
legal trade union organizations.[12] breakaway group)
Children Oleg Kerensky,
Kerensky was an active member of the irregular Freemasonic lodge, the Grand
Gleb Karensky
Orient of Russia's Peoples,[13] which derived from the Grand Orient of France.
Kerensky was Secretary General of the Grand Orient of Russia's Peoples and Education Saint Petersburg
stood down following his ascent to government in July 1917. He was State University
succeeded by the Menshevik, Alexander Halpern. Profession Lawyer, politician
Signature
Rasputin
In response to bitter resentments held against the imperial favourite Grigori
Rasputin in the midst of Russia's failing effort in World War I, Kerensky, at the opening of the Duma on 2 November 1916, called
the imperial ministers "hired assassins" and "cowards", and alleged that they were "guided by the contemptible Grishka
Rasputin!"[14] Grand Duke Nikolai Mikhailovich, Prince Lvov, and general Mikhail Alekseyev attempted to persuade the
emperor Nicholas II to send away the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, Rasputin's steadfast patron, either to the Livadia Palace in
Yalta or to England.[15] Mikhail Rodzianko, Zinaida Yusupova (the mother of Felix Yusupov), Alexandra's sister Elisabeth,
Grand Duchess Victoria and the empress's mother-in-law Maria Feodorovna also tried to influence and pressure the imperial
couple[16] to remove Rasputin from his position of influence within the imperial household, but without success.[17] According to
Kerensky, Rasputin had terrorised the empress by threatening to return to his native village.[18]

Monarchists murdered Rasputin in December 1916, burying him near the imperial residence in Tsarskoye Selo. Shortly after the
February Revolution of 1917, Kerensky ordered soldiers to re-bury the corpse at an unmarked spot in the countryside. However,
the truck broke down or was forced to stop because of the snow on Lesnoe Road outside of St. Petersburg. It is likely the corpse
was incinerated (between 3 and 7 in the morning) in the cauldrons of the nearby boiler shop[19][20][21] of the Saint Petersburg
State Polytechnical University, including the coffin, without leaving a single trace.[22]

Russian Provisional Government of 1917

When the February Revolution broke out in 1917, Kerensky - together with
Pavel Milyukov - was one of its most prominent leaders. As one of the Duma's
most well-known speakers against the monarchy and as a lawyer and defender of
many revolutionaries, Kerensky became a member of the Provisional Committee
of the State Duma and was elected vice-chairman of the newly formed Petrograd
Soviet. These two bodies, the Duma and the Petrograd Soviet, or - rather - their
respective executive committees, soon became each other's antagonists on most
matters except regarding the end of the Tsar's autocracy.

Kerensky as Minister of War (sitting

The Petrograd Soviet grew to include 3000 to 4000 members, and their meetings
second from the right)
could drown in a blur of everlasting orations. At the meeting of 12 March [O.S.
27 February] 1917 to 13 March [O.S. 28 February] 1917 the Executive
Committee of the Petrograd Soviet or Ispolkom formed - a self-appointed committee, with (eventually) three members from
each of the parties represented in the Soviet. Kerensky became one of the members representing the Social Revolutionary party
(the SRs).[23]

On 14 March [O.S. 1 March] 1917, without any consultation with the government, the Ispolkom of the Soviet issued the
infamous Order No. 1, intended only for the 160,000-strong Petrograd garrison, but soon interpreted as applicable to all soldiers
at the front. The order stipulated that all military units should form committees like the Petrograd Soviet. This led to confusion
and "stripping of officers' authority"; further, "Order No. 3" stipulated that the military was subordinate to Ispolkom in the
political hierarchy. The ideas came from a group of Socialists and aimed to limit the officers' power to military affairs. The
socialist intellectuals believed the officers to be the most likely counterrevolutionary elements. Kerensky's role in these orders are
unclear, but he participated in the decisions. But just as before the revolution he had defended many who disliked the Tsar, he
now saved the lives of many of the Tsar's civil servants about to be lynched by mobs.[24]

Additionally, the Duma formed an executive committee which eventually became the so-called Russian Provisional Government.
As there was little trust between Ispolkom and this Government (and as he was about to accept the office of Attorney General in
the Provisional Government), Kerensky gave a most passionate speech, not just to the Ispolkom, but to the entire Petrograd
Soviet. He then swore, as Minister, never to violate democratic values, and ended his speech with the words "I cannot live
without the people. In the moment you begin to doubt me, then kill me." The huge majority (workers and soldiers) gave him great
applause, and Kerensky now became the first and the only one who participated in both the Provisional Government and the
Ispolkom. As a link between Ispolkom and the Provisional Government, the quite ambitious Kerensky stood to benefit from this
position.[25]
After the first government crisis over Pavel Milyukov's secret note re-committing Russia to its original war-aims on 2–4 May,
Kerensky became the Minister of War and the dominant figure in the newly-formed socialist-liberal coalition government. On 10
May (Julian calendar), Kerensky started for the front and visited one division after another, urging the men to do their duty. His
speeches were impressive and convincing for the moment, but had little lasting effect. Under Allied pressure to continue the war,
he launched what became known as the Kerensky Offensive against the Austro-Hungarian/German South Army on 1 July [O.S.
18 June] 1917. At first successful, the offensive soon met strong resistance and the Central Powers riposted with a strong counter-
attack. The Russian army retreated and suffered heavy losses, and it became clear from the many incidents of desertion, sabotage,
and mutiny that the army was no longer willing to attack.

The military heavily criticised Kerensky for his liberal policies, which included
stripping officers of their mandates and handing over control to revolutionary-
inclined "soldier committees" (Russian: солдатские комитеты,
romanized: soldatskie komitety) instead; the abolition of the death penalty; and
allowing revolutionary agitators to be present at the front. Many officers
jokingly referred to commander-in-chief Kerensky as the "persuader-in-chief"

On 2 July 1917 the Provisional Government's first coalition collapsed over the
question of Ukraine's autonomy. Following the July Days unrest in Petrograd (3–
Kerensky in May 1917 7 July [16–20 July, N.S.] 1917) and the official suppression of the Bolsheviks,
Kerensky succeeded Prince Lvov as Russia's Prime Minister on 21 July [O.S. 8
July] 1917. Following the Kornilov Affair, an attempted military coup d'état at
the end of August, and the resignation of the other ministers, he appointed himself Supreme Commander-in-Chief as well.

On 15 September Kerensky proclaimed Russia a republic, which was contrary to the non-socialists' understanding that the
Provisional Government should hold power only until a Constituent Assembly should meet to decide Russia's form of
government, but which was in line with the long-proclaimed aim of the Socialist Revolutionary Party.[26] He formed a five-
member Directory, which consisted of himself, Minister of Foreign Affairs Mikhail Tereshchenko, Minister of War General
Aleksandr Verkhovsky, Minister of the Navy Admiral Dmitry Verderevsky and Minister of Posts and Telegraphs Aleksei Nikitin.
He retained his post in the final coalition government in October 1917 until the Bolsheviks overthrew it on 7 November [O.S. 26
October] 1917.

Kerensky faced a major challenge: three years of participation in World War had
exhausted Russia, while the provisional government offered little motivation for a victory
outside of continuing Russia's obligations towards its allies. Russia's continued
involvement in the war was not popular among the lower and middle classes, and
especially not popular among the soldiers. They had all believed that Russia would stop
fighting when the Provisional Government took power, and subsequently felt deceived.
Furthermore, Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party were promising "peace, land, and
bread" under a communist system. The Russian army, war-weary, ill-equipped, dispirited
and ill-disciplined, was disintegrating, with soldiers desertiing in large numbers. By
autumn 1917, an estimated two million men had unofficially left the army.

Kerensky and the other political leaders continued Russia's involvement in World War I,
Kerensky in office
thinking that nothing but a glorious victory was the only road forward,[27] and fearing that
the economy, already under huge stress from the war effort, might become increasingly
unstable if vital supplies from France and from the United Kingdom ceased flowing. The dilemma of whether to withdraw was a
great one, and Kerensky's inconsistent and impractical policies further destabilised the army and the country at large.
Furthermore, Kerensky adopted a policy that isolated the right-wing conservatives, both democratic and monarchist-oriented. His
philosophy of "no enemies to the left" greatly empowered the Bolsheviks and gave them a free hand, allowing them to take over
the military arm or "voyenka" (Russian: Военка) of the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets. His arrest of Lavr Kornilov and other
officers left him without strong allies against the Bolsheviks, who ended up being Kerensky's strongest and most determined
adversaries, as opposed to the right wing, which evolved into the White movement.

October Revolution of 1917

During the Kornilov Affair, Kerensky had distributed arms to the Petrograd workers, and by November most of these armed
workers had gone over to the Bolsheviks. On 6–7 November [O.S. 25–26 October] 1917, the Bolsheviks launched the second
Russian revolution of the year. Kerensky's government in Petrograd had almost no support in the city. Only one small force, a
subdivision of the 2nd company of the First Petrograd Women's Battalion, also known as The Women's Death Battalion, was
willing to fight for the government against the Bolsheviks, but this force was overwhelmed by the numerically superior pro-
Bolshevik forces, defeated, and captured.[28] The Bolsheviks took less than 20 hours to seize the government.

Kerensky escaped the Bolsheviks and fled to Pskov, where he rallied some loyal troops for an attempt to re-take the city. His
troops managed to capture Tsarskoe Selo but were beaten the next day at Pulkovo. Kerensky narrowly escaped, and he spent the
next few weeks in hiding before fleeing the country, eventually arriving in France. During the Russian Civil War, he supported
neither side, as he opposed both the Bolshevik regime and the White Movement.

Personal life
Kerensky was married to Olga Lvovna Baranovskaya and they had two sons, Oleg and
Gleb, who both went on to become engineers. Kerensky's grandson (also named Oleg),
according to IMDb.com, played his grandfather's role in the 1981 film Reds. Kerensky and
Olga were divorced in 1939 and soon after he settled in Paris, and while visiting the
United States he met and married, in 1939, the Australian former journalist Lydia Ellen
"Nell" Tritton (1899–1946). The marriage took place in Martins Creek, Pennsylvania.

When Germany invaded France in 1940, they emigrated to the United States.[29] After the
Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, Kerensky offered his support to Joseph
Stalin.[30] When his wife Nell became terminally ill in 1945, Kerensky travelled with her
to Brisbane, Australia, and lived there with her family. She suffered a stroke in February
1946, and he remained there until her death on 10 April 1946. Kerensky then returned to
the United States, where he spent the rest of his life.[31]
Kerensky at the National
Kerensky eventually settled in New York City, living on the Upper East Side on 91st Press Club in 1938
Street near Central Park[32] but spent much of his time at the Hoover Institution at
Stanford University in California, where he both used and contributed to the Institution's
huge archive on Russian history, and where he taught graduate courses. He wrote and broadcast extensively on Russian politics
and history.

Kerensky died of arteriosclerotic heart disease[32] at St. Luke's Hospital in New York City[32] in 1970, one of the last surviving
major participants in the turbulent events of 1917. The local Russian Orthodox Churches in New York City refused to grant
Kerensky burial because of his association with Freemasonry, and because they saw him as largely responsible for the Bolsheviks
seizing power. A Serbian Orthodox Church also refused burial. Kerensky's body was flown to London, where he was buried at
the non-denominational Putney Vale Cemetery.[33]
Works
The Prelude to Bolshevism (https://archive.org/details/preludetobolsh
ev008537mbp) (1919). ISBN 0-8383-1422-8.
The Catastrophe (https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kerens
ky/1927/catastrophe/index.htm) (1927)
The Crucifixion of Liberty (1934)
Russia and History's Turning Point (1965)

In popular culture The graves of Alexander Kerensky

(left), and of his first wife, Olga, and
Kerensky was portrayed in the 1971 film Nicholas and Alexandra by his son Oleg and Oleg's wife, Mary,
John McEnery.[34] at Putney Vale Cemetery, London,
In the 2008 film The Admiral, Kerensky is portrayed by Viktor 2014
Verzhbitsky.[35]
Kerensky can make an appearance in the grand strategy game
Hearts of Iron IV leading a Trudovik Russia should the Soviet Union change from its communist ideology. In the
game's Kaiserreich mod, he appears as the president of Russia, but is assassinated shortly after the game starts.
In the 2019 Netflix series "The Last Czars" Kerensky is portrayed by Kestutis Cicenas [36]

See also
Jailbirds of Kerensky

References
1. "Alexander Kerenski" (http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/kerenski.htm). First World War. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
2. N. Magill, Frank (5 March 2014). The 20th Century Go-N: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 8 (https://books.
google.com/books?id=I3sBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1944). Routledge. p. 1941. ISBN 978-1-317-74060-5.
3. "Александр Федорович Керенский" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140725092037/http://eternaltown.com.ua/%
D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8/2920/). Archived from the
original (http://eternaltown.com.ua/%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B
8%D0%B8/2920/) on 25 July 2014.
4. Encyclopedia of Cyril and Method (http://mega.km.ru/bes_2004/encyclop.asp?TopicNumber=31562&search=%E
A%E5%F0%E5%ED%F1%EA%E8%E9)
5. A Doomed Democracy (http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2001/janfeb/features/kerensky.html)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070311025735/http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2001/janf
eb/features/kerensky.html#) 11 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine Bernard Butcher, Stanford Magazine,
January/February 2001
6. Political Figures of Russia, 1917, Biographical Dictionary, Large Russian Encyclopedia, 1993, p. 143.
7. The Lena Goldfields Massacre and the Crisis of the Late Tsarist State by Michael Melancon [1] (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=ymYJfA3mx2kC&pg=PA112)
8. "Prominent Russians: Aleksandr Kerensky" (http://russiapedia.rt.com/prominent-russians/politics-and-society/alek
sandr-kerensky/). Russia: RT. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
9. Medlin, Virgil D. (1971). "Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051142/http://di
gital.library.okstate.edu/oas/oas_pdf/v51/p127_130.pdf) (PDF). Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of
Science. 51: 128. Archived from the original (http://digital.library.okstate.edu/oas/oas_pdf/v51/p127_130.pdf)
(PDF) on 4 March 2016.
10. "Grigori Rasputin: Belied Life - Belied Death" (http://www.omolenko.com/en/rasputin/tatyana-mironova-belied-life-
belied-death.htm). www.omolenko.com. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
11. TV-documentary "Russian Revolution seen from Russia" aired at Danish DR K 11.June.2018
12. "Alexander Kerensky. The Democrat in charge of Russia" (http://e-libra.ru/read/351855-aleksandr-kerenskij-demo
krat-vo-glave-rossii.html). Retrieved 20 January 2019.
13. "Noteworthy members of the Grand Orient of France in Russia and the Supreme Council of the Grand Orient of
Russia's People" (http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/texts/russia/russian_masons.html). Grand Lodge of British Columbia
and Yukon. 15 October 2017.
14. The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents, Volume 1, p. 16 by Robert Paul Browder, Aleksandr
Fyodorovich Kerensky [2] (https://books.google.com/books?id=LzWsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA16)
15. A. Kerensky (1965) Russia and History's turning point, p. 150.
16. "Alexandra Feodorovna and Romanov Russia, The Real Tsaritsa witten by Lili Dehn - Part One - Old Russia -
Chapter V" (http://www.alexanderpalace.org/realtsaritsa/1chap5.html). www.alexanderpalace.org. Retrieved
20 January 2019.
17. The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents, Volume 1, p. 18 by Robert Paul Browder, Aleksandr
Fyodorovich Kerensky [3] (https://books.google.com/books?id=LzWsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA18)
18. A. Kerensky (1965) Russia and History's turning point, p. 163.
19. Rasputin G. E. (1869–1916) (http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804023731?lc=en). A.G. Kalmykov in the Saint
Petersburg encyclopaedia.
20. Nelipa, pp. 454–455, 457–459.
21. Moe, p. 627.
22. "The boiler-building – Images of St Petersburg – National Library of Russia" (http://www.nlr.ru/petersburg/spbpcar
ds/photos/lo000000328_1_m.jpg). Retrieved 20 January 2019.
23. Richard Pipes,1995, "The Russian Revolution", p104-106,s Swedish ISBN 91-27-09935-0
24. Pipes, p.110
25. Pipes,p. 110
26. Party manifesto listed in McCauley, M Octobrists to Bolsheviks: Imperial Russia 1905‐1917 (1984)
27. Pipes p.121
28. "Women Soldiers in Russia's Great War" (http://russiasgreatwar.org/media/military/women_soldiers.shtml). Great
War. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
29. Armstrong, Judith. Australian Dictionary of Biography (http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/tritton-lydia-ellen-nell-118
79). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 20 January 2019 – via Australian
Dictionary of Biography.
30. Soviet's Chances (https://books.google.com/books?id=gEwEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA76). By Alexander
Kerensky. Life, 14 July 1941, pp. 76-78, 81.
31. "Lateline - 22/09/2003: The Half-Hearted Revolutionary In Paradise . Australian Broadcasting Corp" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20160731094019/http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2003/hc40.htm). www.abc.net.au.
Archived from the original (http://www.abc.net.au/lateline/content/2003/hc40.htm) on 31 July 2016. Retrieved
20 March 2017.
32. "Alexander Kerensky Dies Here at 89" (https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/12/archives/alexander-kerensky-dies-h
ere-at-89-alexander-kerensky-who-led-first.html?mcubz=3). New York Times.
33. Alexander Kerensky (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6532415) at Find a Grave
34. Canby, Vincent (14 December 1971). " ' Nicholas and Alexandra' Depicts Fall of Romanovs" (https://www.nytime
s.com/1971/12/14/archives/nicholas-and-alexandra-depicts-fall-of-romanovs.html). Retrieved 20 January 2019 –
via NYTimes.com.
35. "Admiral (2008)" (https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1101026/fullcredits). Retrieved 20 January 2019 – via
www.imdb.com.
36. " 'Actor Kestutis Cicenas - IMDb' " (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7499019/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t28).

Further reading
 Abraham, Richard (1987). Kerensky: First Love of the Revolution (https://archive.org/details/alexanderkerensk00
abra_0). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-06108-0.
Lipatova, Nadezhda V. "On the Verge of the Collapse of Empire: Images of Alexander Kerensky and Mikhail
Gorbachev." Europe-Asia Studies 65.2 (2013): 264-289.
Thatcher, Ian D. "Post-Soviet Russian Historians and the Russian Provisional Government of 1917." Slavonic &
East European Review 93.2 (2015): 315-337. online (https://www.academia.edu/download/37716650/slaveasteur
orev2.93.2.0315.pdf)
Thatcher, Ian D. "Memoirs of the Russian Provisional Government 1917." Revolutionary Russia 27.1 (2014): 1-
21.

External links
Works by or about Alexander Kerensky (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kerensk
y%2C%20Alexander%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Alexander%20Kerensky%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22K
erensky%2C%20Alexander%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Alexander%20Kerensky%22%20OR%20creator%3
A%22Kerensky%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Alexander%20Kerensky%22%20OR%20descriptio
n%3A%22Kerensky%2C%20Alexander%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Alexander%20Kerensky%22%29%2
0OR%20%28%221881-1970%22%20AND%20Kerensky%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29) at
Internet Archive
Alexander Kerensky Archive (https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/kerensky/) at marxists.org
An account of Kerensky at Stanford in the 1950s (https://web.archive.org/web/20070311025735/http://www.stanf
ordalumni.org/news/magazine/2001/janfeb/features/kerensky.html)
Alexander Kerensky (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0449292/) on IMDb
Newspaper clippings about Alexander Kerensky (http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/009425) in the 20th
Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Political offices
Succeeded by
Vladimir Lenin
Minister-Chairman of the Russian (Chairman of the Council of
Preceded by
Provisional Government People's Commissars)
Georgy Lvov
21 July 1917 – 8 November 1917 Lev Kamenev
(Chairman of the All-Russian
Central Executive Committee)

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