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The Formula in Getting The Great Circle Distance Is As Follows
The Formula in Getting The Great Circle Distance Is As Follows
The Formula in Getting The Great Circle Distance Is As Follows
A = |Longitude 2 – Longitude1|
b = 90° - Latitude 1
c = 90° - Latitude 2
Conversion factor:
1° = 60 nautical mile
Computations:
A = |LongitudeA – LongitudeB|
A = |120°76’18” - 120°46’05”|
A = 0°30’13”
b = 90° - latitudeA
b = 90° - 14°83’67”
b = 74°35’53”
c = 90° - latitudeB
c = 90° - 15°05’38”
c = 74°54’22”
a = 64km
C = |Longitude A – Longitude B|
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑩−𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑨
𝒚−𝒙 𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟐
)
𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑩+𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑨)
𝟐
𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑩−𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑨
𝒚+𝒙 𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( 𝟐
)
𝒕𝒂𝒏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕 ( )
𝟐 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑩+𝑳𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒕𝒖𝒅𝒆 𝑨)
𝟐
𝒚+𝒙 𝒚−𝒙 𝒚+𝒙 𝒚−𝒙
𝑿= − ; 𝒀= −
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Where:
C = difference of the longitudinal coordinates of the sites in a hop
X = the compound coordinate of the first site
Y = the computed coordinate of the second site
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Antenna Orientation Calculation
Computations:
c = |120°76’18” - 120°46’05”|
c = 0°30’13”
LatitudeB − LatitudeA
𝑋−𝑌 c 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {[𝑐𝑜𝑡 ] [ LatitudeB+ LatitudeA
]}
2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠
2
LatitudeB − LatitudeA
𝑋+𝑌 c 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {[𝑐𝑜𝑡 ] [ ]}
2 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 LatitudeB+ LatitudeA
2
𝑋−𝑌
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [(227.54)(2.78𝑥10−3 )]
2
𝑋−𝑌
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.633) = 32.33
2
𝑋+𝑌
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [(918.2625)(3.8)]
2
𝑋+𝑌
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (864.654) = 89.93
2
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
𝑋−𝑌
= 32.33 ; 64.66 + Y = 0 (1)
2
𝑋+𝑌
= 89.93 ; (2)
2
64.66 + Y + 𝑌
= 89.9
2
Y = 57.6 = 57°36’0”
X = 122°15’36”
Site A:
= N(90° - X)E
= N(90° - 122°15’36”)E
= N(-32°15’36”)E
Site B:
=S(Y - 90°)W
= S(57°36’0” - 90°)W
= S(-32°24’0”)W
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Antenna Height Calculation
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75𝑘
Where:
eb = earth bulge
𝑑1 = distance of the first site to the obstruction
𝑑2 = distance of the second site to the obstruction
k = earth bulge radius factor
ℎ0 = 𝑒𝑏 + 𝑒𝑜 + 𝑇𝐺
Where:
ℎ0 = height of obstruction
eb = earth bulge
𝑒𝑜 = elevation of the obstruction above the sea level
TG = tree growth
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐹1 = 17.3 √
𝐹𝐷
Where:
𝐹1 = First Fresnel Zone
𝑑1 = distance of the first site to the obstruction
𝑑2 = distance of the second site to the obstruction
F = frequency
D = total distance
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
𝐻 = 60%(𝐹1 )
Where:
H = Fresnel Clearance
𝐹1 = First Fresnel Zone
Parameters
𝑑1 = 12.61km 𝑒0 = 30m
𝑑2 = 16.36km 𝑒1 = 25m
D = 28.97km 𝑒2 = 21m
TG = 18m 𝐹𝐺𝐻𝑍 = 5GHz
Computations:
Earth Bulge
𝑑1 𝑑2 (12.61)(16.36)
𝑒𝑏 = = 4
12.75𝑘 12.75( )
3
𝒆𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝒎
Height of Obstruction
ℎ0 = 12.135 + 30 + 18
𝒉𝟎 = 60.135m
First Fresnel Zone
(12.61)(16.36)
𝐹1 = 17.3 √ 5(28.97)
𝑭𝟏 = 20.64m
Fresnel Clearance
H = 60%(𝐹1 )
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
= 0.6(20.64)
H = 12.387m
12.61[(21+ 𝑎2 )−(25+ 𝑎1 )
12.387 = − (60.135) + (25 + 𝑎1 )
28.97
𝒂𝟏 = 𝒂𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟓𝟑𝟗𝒎
ℎ1 = 𝑒1 + 𝑎1
= 25 + 49. 539
𝒉𝟏 = 74.539m
ℎ2 = 𝑒2 + 𝑎2
= 21+ 49. 539
𝒉𝟐 = 70.539m
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Transmission Calculation
𝑷𝑻 = 𝑷𝟏
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝑻 − 𝑻𝑳𝑳𝑻𝑿
𝑷𝟑 = 𝑷𝟐 − 𝑨𝑮𝑻𝑿
𝑷𝟒 = 𝑷𝟑 − 𝑭𝑺𝑳
𝑷𝟓 = 𝑷𝟒 + 𝑨𝑮𝑹𝑿
𝑷𝟔 = 𝑷𝟓 − 𝑻𝑳𝑳𝑹𝑿 = 𝑹𝑺𝑳
𝑭𝑴 = 𝑹𝑺𝑳 − 𝑰𝑻
Parameters
F = 6GHz PT = 5kW
Bft = 5ft 𝑇𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑋 = 0
D = 28.94km IT = -84.4
Computations:
5𝑥103
𝑃𝑇 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 10−3 ) = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟕𝒅𝑩𝒎
4𝜋𝐷 4𝜋(28.94)
FSL = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 | | = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 | 3𝑥108
| = 𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝒅𝑩
𝜆 ( )
5𝑥109
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝑻 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟕𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑃2 = 56.9897 − 0
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟓𝟔. 𝟗𝟖𝟗𝟕𝒅𝑩𝒎
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
𝑃3 = 56.9897 + 37.05
𝑷𝟑 = 𝟗𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟕𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑃4 = 94.0397 − 104.34
𝑷𝟒 = −𝟏𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟏𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑃5 = −10.301 + 37.05
𝑷𝟓 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑃6 = 26.749 − 0
𝑷𝟔 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝟒𝟗𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐹𝑀 = 26.749 − (−84.4)
𝑭𝑴 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟒𝟗𝒅𝑩
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Interpolation:
110 0.99999
111.149 R
120 0.999999
0.149 𝑅−0.99999
= ; R = 99.99899754%
10 9𝑥10−6
System Unavailability
U = (1 – A)
365𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 24ℎ𝑟𝑠 60𝑚𝑖𝑛
= (1 – 0.99999)( ) ( 1𝑑𝑎𝑦 ) ( )
1𝑦𝑟 1ℎ𝑟
U = 5.256min/year
Parameters
F = 5GHz a=1
FM = 111.149dB b = 0.25
D = 28.97km
5
𝑈𝑁𝐷𝑃 = 2.5(1)(0.25)(5)(28.97)3 (10 − ) (10−6 )
10
𝑼𝑵𝑫𝑷 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
𝑅 = (1 − 𝑈𝑁𝐷𝑃 ) 𝑥 100
= (1 − 0.72) 𝑥 100
𝑹 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟏%
Reflection Point
Parameters
ℎ1 = 74.539𝑚 = 244.55𝑓𝑡
ℎ2 = 70.539𝑚 = 231.427𝑓𝑡
𝐷 = 28.97𝑘𝑚 = 18𝑚𝑖
ℎ1 244.55
𝑋= 2
= = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓𝟒𝒇𝒕/𝒎𝒊𝟐
𝐷 182
ℎ2 231.427
𝑌= 2= = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝒇𝒕/𝒎𝒊𝟐
𝐷 182
Reflection Point
1 1
ƞ= =
𝑌 0.714
1 + √𝑋 1 + √0.754
ƞ = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎𝟔𝟖