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Chapter 15 Respiratory System
Chapter 15 Respiratory System
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TRANS 15 Respiratory System
Pulmonary Veins
Right Bronchus Left Bronchus Freshly oxygenated blood from the respiratory
zones to the heart
Diameter Wider Narrower
Bronchial Arteries
Length Shorter Longer Oxygen – rich blood
Direction More Vertical Oblique Nourish lung tissue which arise from the aorta
Pleura
Bronchioles – 1mm diameter A thin, double – layered serosa
Terminal Bronchioles: Respiratory Bronchioles, Alveolar Ducts, Alveolar o Parietal Pleura – lines the thoracic wall and superior
Sacs aspect of diaphragm
Alveoli and Alveolar Sacs – bulk of gas exchange occurs o Visceral Pleura – cover the external lung surface
Produce Pleural Fluid
6 Layers of Respiratory Membrane
o Serous lubricating fluid; fills the slit-like pleural cavity
1. A thin layer of fluid lining the alveolus Pleurisy
2. The alveolar epithelium (simple squamous epithelium) o Inflammation of the pleura
3. The basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium o Caused by a decreased secretion of pleural fluid
4. A thin interstitial space
Mechanics of Breathing/ Ventilation
5. The basement membrane of the capillary endothelium
6. The capillary endothelium (simple squamous epithelium) 2 Phases:
1. Inspiration/ Inhalation
Respiratory Membrane
Movement of air into the lungs
Cell Types: An active phase
1. Type I Pneumocytes 2. Expiration/ Exhalation
- Walls of alveoli composed of simple squamous Movement of air out of the lungs
epithelium A passive phase
2. Type II Pneumocytes
Pressure Relationships in the Thoracic Cavity
- Secretes surfactant (decreases the surface tension on
the alveolar walls) Respiratory pressures are always given relative to
3. Alveolar Macrophages atmospheric pressure
- Dust cells Gases travel from an area of higher pressure to an area of
- Primary line of defense against inhaled dust, bacteria, lower pressure
foreign particles, etc.
Intrapulmonary Pressure – pressure within the alveoli of the
Lungs
lungs
Soft, spongy, elastic organs Intrapleural Pressure – pressure within the pleural cavity
Weighs 0.5kg each
Pressure Changes and Airflow
Occupies the entire thoracic cavity except the mediastinum
Each is suspended in its pleural cavity via its root, has a base, 1. Changes in Volume – change in pressure
an apex, and medial and costal surfaces 2. Air flows from an area of Higher pressure to an area of Lower
pressure
The greater the pressure difference, the greater the
Hillus rate of airflow
Found in the medial surface of each lung
Where blood vessels of the pulmonary and systemic Pulmonary Ventilation, Inspiration and Expiration
circulation enter and leave the lungs Inspiration
Diaphragm contracts, moves inferiorly and flattens
out increases of thoracic cavity
Right Lung Left Lung External intercostal muscles contract elevate rib
Lobes 3 2 cage, thrust sternum forward expand diameter
Fissures 1 horizontal 1 oblique of the thorax
1 oblique As thoracic dimension increase, lungs are stretched,
intrapulmonary volume increases
Cardiac Notch (-) (+)
intrapulmonary pressure drops 1mmHg relative to
Lingula (-) (+)
atmospheric pressure air rushes into the lungs
until the intrapulmonary pressure and atm
Blood Supply pressure becomes equal
During Deep or Forced Respiration
Pulmonary Arteries
o Diaphragm
Unoxygenated blood
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TRANS 15 Respiratory System
o External intercostals Gas Exchange in the Body
o Further increased by:
External Respiration
Scalene muscles
Pulmonary gas exchange
Sternocleidomastoid
Pectoral muscles Factors that influence movement of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory
Serratus anterior membrane:
Levator scapulae 1. Partial Pressure gradients and gas solubility
Expiration Partial pressure of O2 in pulmonary blood is lower
Passive process in healthy individuals than that of alveoli O2 diffuses rapidly from
Depends on the natural elasticity of the lungs than alveoli to pulmonary capillary bed
on muscle contraction 2. Thickness of the Respiratory Membrane
Inspiratory muscle relax rib cage descends Healthy lungs – efficient gas exchange – 0.5 to 1um
lungs recoil thoracic pressure and thick
intrapulmonary volumes decrease 3. Surface area
Compression of alveoli intrapulmonary pressure Alveolar surface when spread flat will cover around
rises to about 1mmHg above the atm pressure 140sqm
gas flows out of the lungs 4. Ventilation – Perfusion Coupling
During Forced Expiration Most efficient – precise match between ventilation
o Active process (amount of gas reaching the alveoli) and perfusion
o Muscles contracting: abdominal muscles, (blood flow in pulmonary capillaries)
internal intercostals, serratus posterior
inferior, latissimus dorsi Internal Respiration
o Further increase the intraabdominal Capillary gas exchange in the body tissues
pressure and depress the rib cage Transport of Respiratory Gases by Blood
Oxygen transport
Pulmonary Capacities Oxyhemoglobin – oxygen and hemoglobin
Functional Residual Capacity - major transport form of oxygen, about 97%
o 2300mL; ERV + RV Dissolved in plasma – about 3%
Inspiratory Capacity Carbon Dioxide Transport
o 3500mL; TV + IRV Dissolved in plasma – about 7 to 10%
Vital Capacity Carbaminohemoglobin – bound to Hgb (RBC): 20 to
o 4600mL; IRV + TV + ERV 30%
Total Lung Capacity As bicarbonate ion in plasma – 60 to 70%
o 5800mL; ERV + IRV + RV + TV - largest fraction of CO2
Pulmonary Volumes Carbon Dioxide Transport and Blood pH
Tidal Volume (TV) CO2 diffuses from cells into capillaries
500mL CO2 enters blood and is transported in plasma, comb, with
Volume of air inspired and expired with each breath blood proteins, bicarbonate ions
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid when forms H+
3000mL plus bicarbonate ions
Amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after Carbonic anhydrase (RBC) increases rate of CO2 reacting with
inspiration of the resting TV water
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) CO2 levels increase blood pH decreases
1100mL Rhythmic Ventilation
Amount of air that can be expired forcefully after
expiration of the resting TV Normal respiration rate is 12 to 20 resp. per minute (adults)
Controlled by neurons in medulla oblongata
Residual Volume (RV)
Rate is determined by number of times respiratory muscles
1200mL
are stimulated
Volume of air still remaining in the respiratory
passages and lungs after a maximum expiration Nervous Control of Breathing
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities Higher brain centers allow voluntary breathing
Emotions and speech affect breathing
Refer to the amount of air that is flushed in and out of the
Hering – Breuer Reflex:
lungs
inhibits respiratory center when lungs are stretched during
Varies; depending on the conditions of inspiration and
inspiration
expiration
Measured by Spirometer
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TRANS 15 Respiratory System