TEACH YOURSELF BOOKS NORWEGIAN The student will not find it dificult to acquire a working knowledge of modern Norwegian. The grammar very easly grasped, English an Norwegian faving developed along paral ines. But because the correct tse of the spoken and written word in Norway 1 harder, this book has been carefully prepared to help the reader overcome all the problems that he's likely to meet,TEACH YOURSELF BOOKS NORWEGIAN ‘A book of Self-Instruction in the Norwegian INGVALD MARM Sometime Lecturer in Norldegian in the University of London ALF SOMMERFELT Formerly Professor of General Linguistics in the University of Oslo Completely Revised and enlarged by INGVALD MARM ‘TEACH YOURSELF BOOKS ST PAUL'S HOUSE WARWICK LANE LONDON ECy ytFirst Printed 3043 New Edition 1067 This Impression 197 | ponreaee Introduction ix PART I This Edition Chapter 1 ‘The Sounds in Norwegian 3 Copyright © 1967, x07" Tho Norwegian Alphabet B Iniversitics Press Pronunciation The English Universities Press Ltd ao ‘Aiights reserved. No pst ofthis publcatin sy be Biolonge Rey'GE Eanmlted In any form or by shy Bie Contest Frftat roue o inechanica ncuding BRoIGeODy sector any taormation Storage and retricral State Consonant car aaa dae aie Se oe system, without Perms Intonation PUBLISHER’S NOTE | PART IL ve comma GRAMMAR « Tntrodution was written by the late De Sommer Toe Tne Sao dion by Mr Mam, The phone Chapter It The Noun-—Gendere ” sod there of ae te ave hove alu peacial Peto ny teanaciption iinet erie se at ee 0 Be fete see Pape, a ea eh ptem adopted int sty homage | chapter 111 Plural of Nouns : aeetn Bi ea Pr aes BEE, care ots, dim a as aan, aot dom ISBN 0 340 05800 9 Chapter IV. The S-Genitive 6 | yon FETED ID BONAR URED, wen Chapter V ‘The Verb z Recs ae a Gass 11: the ste Class Notes on spilie—teke ‘Notes on Kjenne—vitoChapter VI Chapter VIT Chapter VIII Chapter IX, Chapter X, CONTENTS regular Weak Verbs with diferent ‘TeGiels io tho Past Tense and Past Parieole cass I! te ES IV: to ‘Ths Verbs tence, tro, mene, synes The yelatwe promouasom'= ¥2, which Preliminary Notes on Word Order BrStrong oe lregular Verbs Glass 3 Chass 3 Gian Siac ‘Rentcring of the English Continuous “Teneo How to form Questions in ‘Norwegian Negative Sentences ering Words in Norwegian PRESSE ke. aod) ia” Subordinate Ciasses ‘The Passive Voice Passive in English—i rurther Homasis on the S-forms Prepostion av = by Comments on Passive Deter = iis, there is ‘The Adjective The Indefinite Declension The Deinite Decision Some Details on Adjectives Shortening of Vowel before the Neutar Indeclinable Adjectives Using the Adjective as a Noun Comparison of Adjectives Some Irroguariie nthe Comparison Cimparison by mer and mest eretine Comparative and Superative 50 53 56 63 ” Chapter XI Chapter XII Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Chapter XV contents vi Numerals 8 The Cardinals The Ordinal Sipe Sans iden_-tme, Navn pa maneder o arstider ca : rastions (broker), Collective Nam ers, ther Note ‘The Adverb fa ‘A. Those formed from Adjectives Comparison of Adverbs B. Tadependent Adverbs ‘Aaverbe with Double Forms (hjem= ‘hjemme, ut-ute, inn-inne, eto) Some Adverbs aa Sentence Modiders ‘Ga, vel, nd, te.) Inversion caused by Adverbs ‘Compound Verbs ” ‘Modal Auxiliaries 9 ‘The Future Tenses ekal og vil—Futare ‘Perfect Future in the Past ‘Moce on skal and vil Other Auxiliaries: kan, ma, bor, tor, i, 1a Pronouns and Pronominal Adjectives: 108, Personal Pronouns ‘The Reflexive Pronoun seg— "Reflexive Verbe ‘The Possessives ‘The Reflexive Possesive sin—eitt—sine Demonstrative Pronouns ‘The Reciprocal Pronoans ‘The Interrogative Pronoun, The Relative Pronoune ‘The Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives Interrogatives as Indefinite Pronouns Chapter XVI The Present Participle 136Chapter XVIL Chapter XVII Chapter XIX Chapter XX Chapter XXI Chapter XXII Chapter XXII Chapter XXIV conTENTS Prepositions sitions before the Infinitive Tanuitive in English rendered by Sub- ‘ordinate Clanse in Norwegian Use of Articles Conjunctions is Conjunctions ‘Temporal Conjunctions staal Conjanctions, Conaitional Conjunctions ‘Concessive Conjunctions inal Conjane Consecutive Conjunctions Sappiementary Note on Subordinate Classes Word Order Tnversion 137 157 158 165 Inversion onsed by Subordinate Clauses Place of Adverbs Interjections and Exclamations Conventional Phrases Word Formation Punctuation Advanced Reading and Translating Exercises: PART Ir Key to Exercises List of Irregular Verbs Vocabulary: Norwegian-English English-Norwegian ur ry x8 38 183, x0r 227 230 258 INTRODUCTION Norwogian isa Teutonic language closely related to the other Scandinavian languages: in fact educated Norwegians, Swedes and Danes usually understand each other without such dificulty. Among the Teutoniclanguages Scandinavian is closet to English and Dutch; the tribes Who brought the English language to England came from those parts of North Germany which border upon Denmark. In Viking times Rorpemes and Eoglshmen lent to understand each other fairly easily and Norse and Danish words penetrated in large numbers into English, Pens = Even now an Englishman will not find it very difficult to acquit a reading knowledge of medem Norwegian, Norwe- ian grammar is very simple, English and Norwegian having Jeveloped along pale ines, But the conrect we of Cs spoken and written word in Norway is beset with some special dificulties not usually met with in the same degree in other European languages. In order to understand these ificultes some knowledge of Norwegian linguistic history is required, ‘The Viking Age brought the Latin alphabet and literature to Norway from England. Old Norte, the language of Norwegian and Icelandic administration, became towards the end of the medieval period more and more different from spoken Norwegian. It had therefore tobe kept up by scribal ‘tradition. In 3319 the Norwegian royal house became extinct and a Swedish king succeeded to the throne; towards the end of ‘the century Norway was united to Denmark under one king, 4 union which lasted to 1814. Norway had suffered terribly from the Black Death and ‘he subsequent epidemics and also from the German Hansa Which flesced the country. A large number of low German words penetrated into the three Scandinavian countries at this time. The literary life of Norway declined and the distance between the old literary language and the spoken dialect which developed along the same lines as Danish, Swedish and Middle English became so great that Old Norseee x INTRODUCTION was almost incomprehensible to the Norwegians of the six- Was century, The country had no powerful centre, the teem ert which could impose sell. No wonder, therefore, dae es which wasnot so very diferent from Norwegian, anette written om of Norway. The king and dhe eee? ahminstation were in Copenhagen and Denmark cea lenhmuch richer and more populous country than Norway. “Cay the Lutheran reformation Norway again got the enter of a terature; the Norwegian authors wrote beeing they used a numaber of Norwegian words and also aa ee chan grammatical forms. Danish, however did ‘er become the spoken language in Norway. Danish-bom not Deco jiom there were cain number, apoke Danish, But thelr ein used Norwegian tthe concent century, peop already inthe sevene teens Sinem form of speech arose in the south-east teenth doled fo spread, form from which the one of the Wu cto Norwesian languages, called the Ribs, is Etscended. Se vesuage of the townspeople of the southeast was con gat Uirce main layers On solemn occasions, eg epimposed nos pure Danish was usd, Ie was pronounced {he Pu othe Nenredian phonetic system, with occasional secon te ramnmavicalfors and with @ good number of Noreeiin Gords It was called hoidssprogt, ‘the solemn Noman he people. spoke a local vernacular, The sane gael the spall intermediate” or middle-class towrato ka med grammar and many more Norwegian langyagéan the solem language But there was no sharp semse se between these different standards. All classes of ein tear the vernactlar and Wed it or atleast form, ‘Cord and expressions fom it ot Xorbay and Denmark separated, the inflence of ane Bani wavten language became stronger for & short aa aerecount of the improvement of the schools which {ime sa grammars: But soon there was a reaction. The ase areca initiated a programme ofnorwogianizng the Poet Were punge The Nopwegan folictales by Asbjomnsen ae oe hg s8yo's used the Danish orthography and in wn Moos also the Danish grammatical forms, but they IntRoDUCTION xi Kept as close as possible to the original and retain many Norwegian words, The reslt‘was a simple, vigorous Style recalling that of the old Norse Sagas. Some people were, however, not content with a slow norwegianizing of the written standard. A philologist and author, Ivar Aasen, created in the middle of the century a holy Norwegian literary language, which he built mainly on the more conservative western dialects and which he termed Landsmal. This literary language gained official recognition in the 1880's and feveral famous ‘Norwegian authors have made use of it. The ‘solemn language’ and ie middle-class language merged in the south-east, in the sense ofthe century ino asuken mized Dano Norwegian idiom, which was continually norwegianized. In other parts of the’ country the language of the lowrgeoisie had more Tocal characte, in certain respects less influenced by the ritten nom, in others more, eg in Bergen. But the official orthography was not changed in many cases Norwegian ‘word-forms and also grammatical forms were used when ‘eading aloud the Dah writen fom, Danh basin ha tases d,g in intervocalic postions where Norwegian, has retained the old fk, One therefore wrote fds to run, to loat’, kage ‘cake’, gabe ‘to yawn’, but pronounced flyte, kake, gape. There were numerous alternating forms as the written. norm influenced the pronunciation of forms which had a more or less literary character; many of the abstract terms were alo Danish Thus, fr instance one sad ydende'fuent™ (Geom fly), bog [boxe] ‘book’, but plural [bstkar]. One also rote heste "horses, haved ‘threw’, but pronounced ester, Several Norwegian authors, among them Bjomstjerne Bjomson, adopted an orthography cles othe romance ion, and in 1907 the first reform of the offical literary standard was carried through. Now intervocalic p,t, were introduced according to the spoken language and many Norwegian grammatical forms were adopted, eg the plural ending in -r instead of e, and the prterite in ~tinstead -ede, The reform was based on the usage among educated Beppe in the south-east. The language ofthis cassis called iksmal, a term which was initiated by Bjarnson about x890, 4 Probably from Bogen (the Bool), ie, the Bible "nie man ‘stato language. Now he ofa names opera aes aR Landomil and Hpk ‘the BookeTanguage’ for Rik. et aa Fe wen Komal wn pce. 227 ane Fhe dan at of roy and pred he ra ae reps em wc wien Eatndl Ea OOM Moe Vowels and was regulated a ae Oe eat nue nany et Mts fds tea he Danna i ore ee ee emanation and ns Id wee yee acetng eth reerctin a retained only It ov inated by the wn Fe a it intend ofthe ler 2 ea aT ated nstoa of an ay 1h eae eel in opal fr, diphthongs ee ngs in pammatcal forms. ee ee ren sonard of he Landaa as AM the sane te th der to approniate io The hanged on ie Pad tothe Rikond oe sets of te ae a ed pon in 2538 wth the achatitl Ging wot ap the stmigamatn of te Oo scat at tal changes the Rikon were sae ne i ay fe cle es A, et Ce Pa pat ress a, te He Pn ee ofalonongineg eee ealst, BieSerting of in a fe cas re nos A gt otog of pin the ave ob UD ead, fu in ssthonge which previously bad bee Sonal Tecan comer, Sime, worms of onal beer pak commo aon ed emai yeh ee ee Pron nth a tends sevens svent, other ag ton fo > to al al whale optima so fem een were nadecompUsorY option ey en words, especialy the numerous inter ola, ert Sli each or Bags on, Meet eS ike ne le zor, ei ee re rer fr chee Aleady in the cat ee ptt taka 2007 3 tanh thesubsoyuent ret of 303% INTRODUCTION xxiii At present the two languages have equal status, In the school the pupils have to tear to read snd wae bath Innguagesvhileloal schol-boards haveto determine which af the twos tobe the chief language. The Londomdistnestly sed in the west and the conte and the Rhomd n the ontiveast and the north. Both languages have rch Hera, tures and mich of both literatures has a strong tegional character. Many Ritomdl writers use dialect words su forms, ‘specially in the dialogue, Place-names, of which formerly the general lements were written according to the forms of the Dano Norwegian and Inter the Rikon standard, are now subjected spectal Toles which usually eoinide with those of the Landomdl {ough some local Yariations are used in order not to mals {he written form too diferent from the Ioeal pronunciation, Therefore names on older maps ending in -¢ ‘sland’ now have ny (withthe artile oy or yt for older sen); other examples ae: eld "mountain, now fell; bak “oma Fiver, stream’, now Jeb; don ‘the river, how ~fa or =; -vand, ‘ean lake ow sates -paard, “gd farm now “gard. “The spoken language of the south-east excreises& power- fal inftence allover the country, though i has not fot the same social prestige as Southern English or Parisian French TUT fhe language ofthe capital and the chest and mont populous part of the country. All the main papers te the Telsmal and through the radio it penetrates everywhere, ‘hough the Landomal is, of couse, alo broaeast: The development of the Riksindl from being. a mixed Dano-Norweglan language into. a really: Norwegian one Which i now taking place as created a curiously iectuating Saudard which enals many pitfalls forthe foreign larnet Adiphthong, the use of the feminine or of certain verbal forms ince maaner of sve and sentiment whic cannot ‘sed comectly without @ really thorough knowlege of the langage. A foreigner ought, theron: to be eae ‘sing om snd sould fo gin with adopt rather cone Servative attitude. Th 1952 Parliament instituted a special body to serve as consultants to the Government on linguistic questions, Norwetan linguistic commission (Norsk spend). Ta this work the Commission isto further an amalgamation ofOS xiv ixropucrion thee langues, Te oma of me | tae eee dhe Gwe languages, representing linguists, thors ch te teachers of Norwegian, and the Norwegian State PART I joan Stern, In 3959 set of rules for the written | Broadens oUet in the schools was ised by the Com- Ein From a stily orthographic point of view thee mission Tanger irom the Tues of 3935, the rues dealing | BSinyth elation of he gramatial forms Theat | that the Commission is to further the amalgamation of the | that the Come"brought on an exacerbation of the linguistic fhe. i in 1964 the Government charged @ new commission Ft Neswhole linguist situation ofthe country pith a eport Png means of reducing the conflict which | inthe hope Chaequences, especially for th schools, a most | Tas ceo on thors do not observe the new rules, The RewopaPers 2 eport was submitted in Spring 1966, but was, Comms oy the Norwegian Parliament nt 1970, and not debated being awaited at the time of going to G ‘This book has tried to keep as near the 1938 Spelling er eas considered convenent from a pedagogical point | Of view. The phonetic description is based upon the pro- of wie on of educated people in Oslo and the south-east, anc emnain differences petwoen this standard and the Dt the, jon wo by speakers of Rikoma from other pasts Peer csemury are idicated. In Bergen educated speech ate coe ara from that of Oxo, not only in pro- Airs bat also grammar, Many forms which fe HOW aise the soutivesst are sill in use therePo CHAPTER I THE SOUNDS IN NORWEGIAN ‘The Norwegian Alphabet 1, The following twenty-nine letters are used in Norwe- gian. The phonetic transcription of the pronunciation of these letters is given in square brackets. ‘Small Prosuncia- ‘Small Pronncia- Capita Tetons how eters "tom Aue a “=P Boll q c © r Dia s Ee t Fut u Gig v Hoh w I i x 1 y K a L 2 M Pa 5, N ; a ° : PRONUNCIATION 2. ‘There is far less disagreement between spelling and pronunciation in Norwegian than in English. With a fair chance of success one should therefore be able to read the correct pronunciation out of the spelling after a short survey of the sounds. Words that do not comply with the ordinary rules for the pronunciation of written Norwegian will be specially marked in phonetics.4 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ‘The Vowels—Length 3. Norwegian long vowels are pure as in French and Italian, ‘and not diphthongized as in English. Norwegians also make ‘a clear distinction between long and short vowels and con- Sonants. A long vowel is expressed in the phonetic tran- scription used here by the sign z after the vowel. As a general rule stressed vowels are long in open syllables, ¢.6. {Tr let, of followed by a short (single) consonant, e.g. mat food,-short inclosed syllables, ie. before double consonants ‘or a consonant group, eg. katt cat, elg elk. In other words, Hf the consonant 4s short (single), the vowel is long; if on the other hand the vowel is short, the consonant must be long (double). Examine carefully these pairs: long vowel: short vowel: pen pretty, ‘penn pen tak root tak thanks Exception: ‘m is never written double when final, although the preced- ing vowel is usually short: Jam lamb or lame, Hjem home, ‘om room. 4. when long is pronounced almost like the English ain the word father, Norwegian far. Other examples: ja yes, yar funny, strange, male to paint. A word of warning! The Jong vowels must not be clipped off, make them really long! ‘a when short has no real counterpart in English, e.g. katt cat. The Ne sn.a in halt comes very near the sound of oglish u in cut and the American o in college and cotton, ‘That information may be of help to the beginner. Practise on these words: Long a in open syllables far father, bare only, rar funny, ‘strange. Note the ¥ must’be clearly pronounced in these words. Further: fale to speak, sak matter, sa said. Short a in closed syllables: mann man, Jand [lann] country, Jhatt, ot fake to thank, vaske to wash. Fo fits age ame ope a eg for summer, été. Special care should be tak nt diphthongiz teak ee, Spies ce as al ls Tag i ae, gh fon pet at, cml rs ach mers open pe ci at OR agar rman clmate th Eola ba nF Pherol gentnsn sore tert woeett) tron Ling Oo) fe) se 6. In unstressed syllables & is pronounced as [3 gate [gazt] stret, nase [ness] nose, Its alo gute acto) stress ("eis nose. Its alowered andre tracted ecoresponing fly well fo English in effort We have already met it in some words above: ake, tle to speak. The infinitive ending of mont Novesgan ale lo speak, The inne ding of mont Nore 7. i when long is tenser than its nearest Engl Tent in words ike see, be, tree, The tongue i mere tase and the corners of the lips are drawn well back. . Bxamples: sf to a ne to say, # ten, smil smile, fin fine, rik rich, When short the position of the t i ‘of the tongue i slightly lower: aie, ne to nd dite fo ray eid Wid’ wild fa mild, snill good, kind, sidke silk. . . 8. y isnot found al E i in normal English. Tt is an § pronounces itt rounded py pproximatlythe French in lune. tart with a long i sound, then round the lips gradually. Long y in by town, ny new, (inter) fel shame, sy to ipkke happiness fad,” "8 SPE MBI, mm thin,6 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 9, 8. This vowel is not found in English. It is an e pro- nounced with rounded lips. To an English ear it sounds very much like the sound of {2:] in word, heard, bird, and this, Sound can be used when a stronger rounding of the lips added to it. The German 6 or French eu in peur can besub- stituted. ‘Examples: Long in der door, sot sweet, short in nott nut, host autumn. 10, u. The Norwegian w is a difficult sound for foreigners, ‘because it is narrower and pronounced more to the front than is usual in most other languages. Tt corresponds fairly (wall to the English variety in few. The Englishman must fake care not to use his win words like foot or full. Examples: guél boy, uf out, Jur cunning, mur stone wall. 11, 0, Written © has two pronunciations in Norwegian, [oj or fo}. (@) The first is [0] which is very narrow and pronounced (in pursed lips—well rounded. Say 00—and then round {the lips as much as you can. ‘Examples: fot foot, bok book, tok took, god [g0:] good. The [0] ‘Sound is generally long. There are a number of exceptions, However, when it is short, especially in front of -rt, -St, =m and =nd, but no strict rules exist. Examples: bort away, port gate, ost cheese, rom room, omime pocket, ond [onn] bad, wicked. Tn some cases this sound is also written u, viz. in front of im, kk, mk and especially ng: dum stupid, drukket drunk, munk monk, ung [opy] Young. ‘Were the sound is always short. When the i sort its pronunciation reminds one of lish o in doll or Molly although it is placed higher in the mouth. ‘Examples: flv [toll] twelve, hlde [hollo] hold, Rot [kor{] short ‘or card. In some rare cases it spronounced long: sve [’sozva] to sleep, love ("Io3v9] to promise, doven [“dorvon] lazy. 12. & comes very near to the last-mentioned sound Which is named after it in the alphabet: the d-sound, It is Tr THE SOUNDS IN NORWEGIAN 7 voually long and its nearest equivalent i Yowelin ea although the Norwegian sun cghtly Examples: pd (prep,) on, fa get, hdr hair, bdt boat, 13, sm comesponds fy well tothe Engl 2. othe English ain itis alt tem open: I peas usualyin ent oh Long nore sto ete, oh are (es) io be cil re [vm to be, Short in: td (ed are Buore other consonant it's pronounced sist hel ed heck fal {feel] ugly, ™ Diphthongs ‘There are three important native diphthongs in Norwegian, ey a 14. et is easy, 28 Engrish as m ‘words ilk! hate, sayy vain, °° #8 ste sound Examples: vei road, stein stone, seig tough, reise to travel Beene lim epg She acat tae = 2 oe 16. ants pronounced (ou Examples: interjection of pa rap: onset pi, ag (hy sl sa To start with an Englishman will qui : ite natrly we i nearest native diptong ow in how in suchnane ‘Take therefore extra care aks therfore to pronounce the @ element quite8 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN The Consonants talking or reading Norwegian an Englishman aa ute most of his native consonant sounds such 28 by df SBS hard ey Ky my ty (Ue eters wand ¢ ‘efound i teniphabt bt are ted ony foreign words) Examples: bade bathe, fot foot, gate street, ha have, Eke ann man, mi now, Vents Venus. owever forthe voiced s in is, the j sound in joke or Fe ee a chim and this he will not and any counter part 19, On the other hand there are few consonant sounds dich an ogshman lacks oF whieh are not represented By any specie letter, fst of all the one writen ky in Honels writen) this sound will eed special attention. Phe has some smattering of German he is wel off, 26 Ki ronounced like the German eh sound in the pronoun eh. mer sound maybe obuve in Engh a he De ‘ning of words like hue, human, huge- a 2 oe sch words, taking hentia sound such tense. Note: When k precedes {and y we get asa result the same sound [¢ rill: Kjer dear Ajore drive Dell rte church hn check dss kiss Ayst coast srosponds to English y in yes, young, year. A few Fo ares rest in the same sound hy Bh H (only very few occurrences). Examples: ja, yes, giemme to hide, hj Tjome echo. wees . In front of i, y, or ef (very few examples): the @ is a emt na rae marr mn (bys) begin, ge [felt} goat. ra eed he di ht ke the ngs @ in gate ct, oat. —— : ea eer pronounced [p) as in many English words, jem home, hjul wheel, ‘a ‘THE SOUNDS IN NORWEGIAN 9 eg. ring, long-Norw. ring, lang. But whereas the English pro- nounce the @ in words like finger, longer the Norwegians do not. [Fipgor, lepyor]. 22. 1, Take care to use the I in letter and not the sort called “bottle’ 1 exemplified in full, bill. Note: In eastern Norway (and also in some northern of the country) there is another variant of I, the ‘thick’ 1 used in the dialects and very colloquial speech, but it is avoided in more guarded language, 23. _r requires special attention, In the eastern part of Norway the r is trlled, but not so strongly trilled as in those parts of the British Isles that still retain the trilled r, for instance Scotland, Note: People of south-western Norway use a uvular r simi- lar to that which is heard in Parisian French, Examples: rar funny, strange, ring ring, har hair, larm big noise. Before a voiceless consonant ther tends to become voiceless, e.g. skarp sharp. ‘The Combinations rt, rd, 21, 2 24, In such positions the r loses its trill and is assimilated with the t, 1, m and sometimes d. At the same time these dentals are retracted and pronounced just behind the upper ‘eeth-ridge. They are therefore in phonetic terminology galled eter, which indicated by adot undemeath them: bd ale The r in this case is similar to, but not identical with, the American one before dentals, Difierent degrees of assimilation of the two sounds may be heard in more careful speech, the r sometimes remains as aan untrilled sound, here written (r], sometimes the assimi- lation is complete, Examples: fart (kat) may erdig tea, “fet, ready, fart (tt poet fies issdy dort [bot awayx0 ‘TRACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Before ¥] and fp the vowel is always long. Karl (ka:*I] Charles arn [bata] child carlig (“ali} honest orn (ko: Sorlig sori} southerly rn [orn] eagle lAs already indicated d is less frequent than J and . The rronuneiation [rd] i common in words of a more or less literary character such as: ard [leerd} learned. ‘mord (mord] murder Note: South and West Norway does not use retroflex sounds. The Combinations sj, 8kj = English sh-sound 25. The sign used in the phonetic alphabet is (f). Examples: sip [for] sea shjeo [fer] oblique Safe sat Bone foray sie Belden feldg] seldom —_shjare (“fea to cut, shear ‘The symbol in [‘feldg) indicates that the consonant 1 there fimetions as a syllable. 26, sk before i, y, and the diphthong ay also gives st [] asa result, Shi [ft] ski, sky Uy] loud, skoyter (“foytor] skates, Other instances of sh-sound 27. (2) After r, 8 is, as a rule, pronounced [f] in the east, the x disappearing oF being reduced as before tI, n. norsk fnafk] Norwegian verst [vat] worst ters [ve] verse iporson {pe Jom] person Tars (Christian name) (8:5) ‘Also in juxtaposition as in for sent pronounced [197 fesnt] = too late. {@ In the combination 61 at the beginning of a word the becomes [f} in the east and the 1 > [I] Examples: slank [flank] slim, slik [ik] such, la [foe] beat. If the s and 1 belongs to different syllables ‘thick’ sl is the sie a popular speech, while educated speech would prefer ‘th rusle ("rasl) loiter, Oslo [Yosto}, vulgar (“ello Po THE SOUNDS IN NORWEGIAN 1" Mute Consonants 28, g is mute in adjectives an i 28 a adjectives and adverbs ending in -ig and stadig_(sta:di} constantly, arlig (“ext i wadig Cater) constantly, aig Cai] honest, dig Be tag it dof # Mord ter ya th sae ‘gard (gor) farm, building, hdrd [hore] ha 7 gig er fr building, hdd (hor) hard, ord (om earth, Very often after a long vowel. god [got] ep often after along vowel. god (g:} good, rd [red 30, 1d and as i 3, Ad and nd are usualy assimfated into Mand mnin the olde [“hollo|hold, keep, land [Jann] land. 31. _t is mute in the definite form of inite form of the nenter nouns: Juset ['huisa] the house, and in can ded doef Chose] the hows, and jn the neuter pronoun dat 32. his silent before J and v. om [jgmm] home, nom [vem] who (interop Hele ea] help, hoor (vox where > O™terPERES) 48. vis sient in afew words: sely (sell) s is ita cet insted (seve), alo Thal} hal, toto Stress 34, The stress signs used in this bo c 7 ss signs used in this book are ['] (in the of ‘single tone’) and ["] (in the case of ‘dot ) before fhe stfesed syllables. For the two tones’ see paragahs the st ‘paragraphs AAs in English the stress in Norwe ess in Norwegian lies norm: e frst ayllable of a word. But the staent will Ind’ it of exceptions to this rule, especially in connection with foreign,ma TEACH YOURSELY NORWEGIAN words and words with certain prefixes. First ofall those of German origin. Bx. be, ge, er [er), and to a certain extent for [fot te Ex. belale {be'tasls] to. pay, begynne [bs'jynns] to begin, gover (go/ vet] rifle, erfare [ser fara] to experience, forandre for andr] to change, orklare (fklasro] explain. However, it would take too long to list all the exceptions here, so the student is referred to the vocabulary, where words spelt in the ordinary way are sometimes given stress marks. BS ge may oe ee feed an on ee in na Baa Gefen interessant [int(a)ra’'sann] interesting restaurant (rast rang] restaurant eae a her ee pea ray aden Panera / Sn esment) regiment. With ant [ant or apy] ~ent [ent] =ment [ment or Feench pronunciation, eg. Geo) deparienent (depatts’mang] ministry, ieee gp a compen inne (“inne inne [ara ina) scioomisres, tne (inne) Gems [veninno) end (ema) ori [oi Bate (oki) bakery, meio meri] ae aber of verbs fia great namber of verbs rere Cexe] — Honfoer coer, leer deliver, band “og foe] teolog theologian, pyolg peychologist Tse fst social soctelist ot artist Gn ces) Ti fy feimitt[tekniki). technics polite {poltikk) polities, and a host of others With various foreign endings: -coite ppt appetite fase ass] batanse balance ‘THE SOUNDS IN NORWEGIAN 3 glen and grat elf, tera teephone, telegraph form, gr tur [tuxr] ultur, natur, temperatur culture, ma- ture, temperature or [o:r] direitor director (01 [(8is) demokrati democracy tot [test] universitet university, kvalitet quality Intonation The two ‘tones’ 36. A most peculiar and interesting feature about the Norwegian language is the existence of two various types of speech melody—the two ‘tones’, the Single Tone and the Double Tone, which it has in common with the Swedish language alone. The tones are used in combination with stress, 37. The single tone starts rather low, then rises to a high note towards the end of the word, diagrammatically repre ce wv. 7 naa eae ‘The single tone is first of all used in words of one syllable, but is also found in a great many words of several syllables, especially those ending in -el, -en, -er, like middet ['mid]} means, remedy; verden ['veetd] world, and the example above: ‘vakker. However, the so-called nomina agentis in-er indicating a profession, take the double tone, e.g. baker baker. Single tone occurs also in most loanwords, e.g. “kaffe coffee and certain compounds in which the first element is a single syllable noun ending in a vowel, e.g. skitur [/ixtuzt] skiing trip. 38. The double tone, which is chiefly found in words of two or more syllables, starts on a higher note than the single4 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN tone, falls about three tones, then rises again to a higher pitch than the start, something like: [kat -ko] cake [’vanskali) difficult 39. ‘The marking signs for tones are [’] for single tone and [1 for double tone placed at the beginning of the syllable in question. As tone and stress accompany each other the © same signs are used for both purposes. See para. 34. 40. Sometimes words which otherwise sound identical nay be distinguished by the to tones, the clasial example ing: Single Double “onder armers “boimer beans ap G af: Aammer timber tomer present tense of tomme—to empty ‘hander bands (2) herder present tense of endef happen 41. A foreigner will need a good bit of ear-training to notice clearly the different cadences and considerable prac- tice to master them. So tostart with you ought not to bother too much about such fine technicalities. But do listen to Norwegian broadcasts to get used to the speech melody. As the two tones are also linked up with grammatical points ‘you will find more about this subject under the various Sections of grammar. PART II GRAMMARCHAPTER It THE NOUN—GENDERS 42. Before the last major spelling reform there were only two genders in, written Norwegian (as in Swedish and Danish), called ‘the common gender’ (comprising both the ld mascaline and feminine genders) and ‘the neuter gen der, rom now on abbreviated as c- and n, The new spelling reform, however, also gave a certain room for the feminine gender on account of its existence in all Norwegian dialects except that of Bergen, tis compulsory first ofall in words describing Norwegian country Ife and scenery. The student, however, had better assume only two genders: the common gender and the neuter gender, as he wil mest {hese in mest books and papers ‘and, apart fom afew nouns, in the speech of most ‘rikomdts-speaking’ people. Gnly'a few feminine forms will be used in this book. ‘The Articles The different genders are shown by the articles, the definite and the indefinite article. The Indefinite Article 43. Masculine Feminine Neuter en. ‘el (en) et Examples: en sfol a chair, ei (en) mark a field, ef hus a house. The Definite Article 44, This article, in Norwegian, is suffixed to the noun, in striking contrast to most other European languages. In the ‘masculine and neuter forms itis identical with the indefinite article.38 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Masculine Feminine Neuter sloben the chai marl-a the eld _hus-et the house Raken the cake —henathehen —_—_eple-t the apple i een Aha ann le re SE Ee el Heli dei Comoe snd ne no these ener ee pap bet ere erties es eee Naturally ma ing ot ee sec, Fe, te, Pa Hel bg ie ren orn ke ae and fem.). 46, In a compound word the last element determines the gender of the noun, Thos et pikenaon a giel’s name; pike is ommon g. and nam neuter g- CHAPTER IIT PLURAL OF NOUNS ‘The plural endings should not cause the foreigner too much ity, The following rough and ready le may be set ‘p inaly: ‘The Indefinite Plural 47. (2) Nouns of the common gender (and also feminine gende) take ver (or only =f alter unstresed. 6) in the dette plurals Examples: stoler chairs, Raker cake, inary felis, hone hens; but =e sheer spoons, deer cas, Because the es stressed. (2) To the neuter nouns there ace fo possible plural forms, Qeely dependent upon the numberof syllable in the wor (a) Aft Reuters consisting of two or more syllables follow ihe same rule as the Gommon gender, especially those nding in an unstressed eg. ele” apples a () Neu at natn onstayof ee aati, on i ee ae bo say xy Seng the al, a fas (ld Ea ear ‘The Definite Plural 48. The definite plural is the same for all e s the same for all genders, ~ene or me in words ending in an unstressed. <8. Examples: siobene the chair, Rakene the cakes, markene the Res shje-ne the spoons, idé-ene the id a ie eT ian nee by ‘The complete paradigm will then give this picture: c. gender on stol stolen stoler ——stolene sg ot tan a, ee < ii BE ES te ig ge oh pie m D & Note: Nouns ending in m double this final consonant in plural besides the definite form singular, eg. nt ‘Be en dam pond dammen — dammer dammene trom room rommet rom rommene Intonation: Onesylable nouns have single tone in all f inthe singular, the dente atte invng no induenee on {he intonation, In the pra, however they usally change One-yllable neuters are more unstable in this respect than apy fle sommon gender nouns dorne the animal tone legs, take single tone while husene the houses, landone ‘the countries, take the double, ee Exercise 1 (@) Decline the following nouns: 1 sia sea, et dy an animal, on gale a street, on vei a toa on gutta boy, on By a town, ate a bale" 8 FORTEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Numbers from x t07 on, melt = one = two 20 ing words: (©) Translate the following ve ates two boys, four girls, seven apples, two loaves, five fishes aloaf et bred fish = on fsk Irregular Plurals ; These details may conveniently be studied during the ve oo "aja a ievele Side, oe ohn, Fe i Sele “nna sommeren — somrer somrene Sniotnter winter intron” — under vntrene ie Se a pe sige, fee er ie fi ie etn eae ee ‘As for intonation see para. 37. (2) Shift of stress a . Words of foreign origin ending in -or or -tor change the stress in the plural, e.g. PLURAL oF Nouns ar motor (mostor], but motorer [ma0' tozrar] motorene brofessor [pro'lesor], but professorer(prots soo] profess- Change of Vowel in the Plural 50. (a) A number of words mostly monosyllabic modify their root vowel in the plural, at the same time Keeping the single tone all the way (because they had monosyllabic Plurals in Old Norse), except raft strength and stad city, and those mentioned under c. The commonest of these are; and £. duck ender endene tok book toker ——_batene Bor fines patch ter tone fit foot fier atone find hand, also hang ender end raf strength, power ejter__—_eftons (8 tone) nail night ster lene rand’ edge, border render Fondone stad (steed), lit. and arch, ‘ader Sedona (2 tone) city, hovedsad capital stand profession, class tender —_stendene sang pole, bar Senger Songene Strand t beach Sironder —Strondone tan £. tooth lemmer” —tennene tang f tongs, pliers longer tengene One two-syllabie: Bonde ["bonns] farmer bande bandene No ending in the indefinite plural: 45. goose jess [jess] _gjessone ann e. man ‘men Mennone nordmann (mormann] a Norwegian, nordmennene the ‘Norwegians, (8) The following monosyllables, ending in a stressed vowel, take only ~r and -ne with modification in the plural. glo f. ember gor glomne sf. cow yr or “huer “hoyrne or “huene22 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN raf naut. yard. rer rere Wf. toe ter terne (2) Some nouns denoting family relations have e in the indefinite plural, e far father fedre fedrene ‘mor mother ‘modre ‘modrene bor brother broare brodrene datter daughter ‘dotre (s. tone) ‘dotrene also soster sister sostre sostrene Intonation: In spite of being monosyllabic far, mor, bror take double tone in the definite form singular, faren, moren, broren. The reason is that they were two-syllabic in the older language—faderen, moderen, broderen, ‘On the other hand dotre daughters, take single tone in the plural being one-syllabic in old Norse. (@) Some nouns denoting persons belonging to a profession, trade or nationality, which in the singular end in ~er also take ~e in the indefinite plural. In the definite plural, how ever, they add only =ne. These nouns are usually derived from verbs, a8 are the corresponding formations in English. Terer teacher Larere Texrerne dbaker baker bakere bakerne ‘ameri haner ameri hanere ——_amerikanerne ‘American 51, Finally some words which take no ending at all in the plural deserve mention. sila f. herring ‘mus f. mouse feilc. exor dus f louse ting c. thing, orig. neuter shi f. ski gender sho 6. shoe, also shor in the plural ‘The lack of an ending is particularly frequent with words of measurement, e.g. for fot, to meter (/mextor] c., fuser hilo- ‘meter (Gilometar), ., ti (len) mil f, tre liter [stor] c. 20 mann (instead of mena), Alle mann om bord! all aboard!, 50 ore PLURAL OF NOUNS 23 (Nerv. coin) but drone (100 ore) has ordinary plora To kroner. i: ain ie 52, (1) A few nenters have a slightly irregular plural, e.g.: wet td rer treme ince Brer Errme Barm child Barnet bar Barna meeye aye er axon, yen Hed cioth —Hede ‘ar coties Blame the clothes Jn compounds the singular form is jst -Kle, e.. for apron, handle towel, ut in the pra foray, hdadhien (2) A few monosyllabic neuters take ~er in the plural, eg, Finn check innet——‘hinner "hin lem lim Temmet— lamer lemons werk Weary srk terlar™ aon sity) fund purr amen sted(ste(@)] sed teers ‘lace Terao] (3) In colloquial speech plural forms such as. brever, fer (maps) are very familiar and have also found ‘helt vay into waiting () Clearly foreign neuters ending in -ium/-eum take -er Pate lata gin cinm/-com take Gt mab soum — museet — user“ seone mse thn sudiel —studier 7 study course stione A fo neuters appear with fongn endings inthe plural, faim fabtumet fata fakta etleksikon leksikonet —_Iehsia leksiha dictionary24 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN et sontrum —sentret sentra/senter sentra/sentrene centre ‘They take single tone in all forms, ‘The Auxiliaries: 53, d vare (to be) 4 ha (to have) Present tense Ciel] er (ex} 1am jeg har (hatr] Thave ie el ouare de. youhave fen fhann) “eis fan» ethan Jan (hunn) shel am. she has 8 > weare wi, wehave dere (“dexr} ", youre dive", you have feds) theyre de” they have (Geter [der ar] = itis and there isfare) Past tense jeg var, du var ete. Lwas, you were ete. Jeg hadde, ds hadde ete. Thad, you had ete. Past participle: vat [vat] (been) hat! (had) The perfect: jegeete. har vert Ihave been Perot Htc har ha’ Thave hed “The pluperfect: jeg ete. hadde vert Thad been eee Tee etc. hadde hail I had had Vocabulary ‘eter con). of tilt, tll seg nt on, bat Norge Toons) Norway Seb col and pe RES Eze only selsd ange Emappe] many Be lem Wenn fend Exercise 2a Read and translate: Er han engelskmann eller nordmann? Han er nordmann, men moren er engelsk og faren amerikaner. Han har en saster. Hun er seks ar. Har du en sgster? Nei, men jeg har to bredre, Arne og Olaf. Arne har fem barn—to gutter og ‘ze piker. Olaf har to piker. De er fra Drammen, Det et PLURAL oF NOUNS 25 fem (norske] mil fra Oslo til Drammen. Har du vee i Norge? Ja, men bare i Oslo. Jeg har mange venner i Oslo, Exercise 2b iin vor [vort] where nd now Translate into Norwegian: My (min) father has two brothers and four sisters. Olaf is my brother and Marit my sister. We are from Norway, ut ‘we have many friends in England. Have you (sing.) been in England? ‘Yea, but only in London. Has your (din) sister many children? She has four children, “Where are the children now? They are in London, arm ¢. arm skog c. forest ben n. leg We have two arms, two hands, two legs and two feet, but wwe have ten fingers and ten toes. The forest has many frees, My (min) town has three bakers, but only one teacher. 54. Singular Phural Common den [denn]; Subject form de [diz] they Neuter det (dez] Object form dem [demm} = them Whenever you refer to a common gender noun directly the pronoua den [denn} must be used, but in the case of a eater dot [de] 1 the corect form. English uses “it” in th cases, ‘The plural forms are the same for all genders. Examples: biten the boat den er norsk ple the apple del or nora ven de er norske 55. Exception: If—and only if—a noun follows the ex- pression itis, theneuter form det for the English itis always ‘used, no matter what gender or number.26 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 68 Bede nob bit Gomman) bat dn of nrc Deb er et norsk eple (neuter), deter norsk Plural: Deter norske biter, eler, but deer norske. Pattern: Det er + noun (sg. or pl). CHAPTER IV THE S-GENITIVE 56. The s-genitive is formed by adding -s without any. apostrophe to all forms in the singular and plural of the nouns. man’s theman’s—men's._—_—_the men’s enmanns — mannens mens mennenes en stols slolens stolers _stolenes. ‘a chair’s barns barnets barns Barnones achild’s — (Fsounded) et ords ('o:f] ordets[‘orrats) ords ordenes (‘oxranas) a word's The second and third examples show that the s-genitive is used more freely in Norwegian than in English as it is used without any restrictions with inanimate objects as well. 82. {0) But in natural everyday language there a general tendency to employ expressions with a preposition, first of all tl (= belonging to) showing clear ownership, Here com- responding to English ‘of’. Example: barnets mor = moren {il barnet the mother of the child, Min brors hus = huset tl ‘min bror the house of my brother. Other prepositions that are often used are: ‘pd on, 4 in, av of. tens navn waonet pd gaten the name of the street, iusels farge = fargen pd huset the colour of the house. havens tran rome i haven the trees in the garden. Bokens innhold = innholdet av boken the contents of the book. Bilens cior = eieren av bilen the owner of the car. ‘THE S-GENITIVE 27 (2) Very often a compound word is used where English has s-genitive or construction with ‘of’, ext. en dameveske allady’s bag, ef bordben a leg of a'table or a table leg, bileieren ‘the owner of the car or the car owner, 58, The genliv can stand quit alone in Norwegian in Sentences like: Mit us er ible sd sor som naboos. Cor Fexponding to English: My house isnot so big as that of pedhbour: On the other hand Norwegian has no equivalent to genitive expresns ike: to go vo the chem faker’, et, ere « Norwegian would say:d gd fa (2 on) pole (aporesk, Hl baheron os. (— 0 Sider) 59. After the preposition ti? (to) many nouns still retain ‘the old genitive -s in certain expressions, e.g.: Ul shogs [skoks] into the wood Ail lands on land, Ul gs [foss] at sea, to sea ga til songs go to bed Exercise 3 ‘Translate into Norwegian: using (a) the s-genitive: redeel e homar Sere fd (ploughed fee fac fi fanny ag emis a, he fama’, thts of rag Me ann’ dog, the King’s clothes (popular name of ie nilitary uniform). G (@) using a prepositional phrase: kone f. wife ‘The name of the town, the son of the teacher, the men’s wives, the children’s mother. Note: if we translated Churchill's letter as brevet til Churchill it would be ambiguous, as fi! indicates not only ownership, but also direction. We had therefore better keep the genitive or use the preposition fra = from in this particular case., 8 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN | ! CHAPTER V | } THE VERB 60, The infinitive of Norwegian verbs end in ~e: stoppe stop, kaste throw, cast, komme come. This -e is Iacking in ‘monosyllabic verbs ending in a stressed vowel, e.g. bo live, ive. reside, ha have. The infinitive mark is & corresponding to English to, Examples: d bo to live, d vare to be. ‘The Present Tense—the Imperative 61, If we delete the ending -e of the infinitive, we get ‘what is generally called the stem; thus the infinitive stoppe, the stem being stopp. This stem happens to serve as the imperative form in Nor stopp! stop! kast! throw! Kom! (double m is reduced to single) come! 62, The various inflexional endings are tagged on to the stem, The present tense is formed by adding -er (or -r) to the stem in all persons singular and plural: stopper stops, aster throws, kommer comes, bor lives. Paradigm: Singular: jg Gel Y stopper stop, bor live has, en, den, det", D he, she, it Flor: sive m D de {ak they D D Note: Jeg bor renders in English: I live and I am living. Comments on personal pronouns: Besides du (object form deg [dei] we have a more polite form Dodi] (written witha capital D), which has an object form Dem, Further details about this in para. 178. THE VERB 29 ‘The Conjugation of Weak Verbs 63. Tnwritten English practically all weak verbs have the fame ending in the past and perfect tenses, © stopped, smiled, tried, lived. In Norwegian, howeves, not guite so simple The corresponding words would, in Norwegian, represent four diferent classes, each with their specie endings: @ selhcmme Stet amet ‘These two are the most numerous ones, Then there are: (3) frre try mode rood Q oir braae? Sea You would naturally ask: How am I to decide which class a certain weak verb belongs to? Well, in spite of the fact that we have tried to set up some rules to make matters easier, there are quite a number of cases where the different inflections simply must be learned by heart and inculcated by drill, as is done with the genders, There is one thing, however, the forms of all verbs in all tenses are identical in all persons singular and plural. 64. Class 1, the ~et class, includes verbs whore stems end in two or more consonants, e.g. (@) vakne awake, haste throw, miste lose, hoste cost, huske remember, merke notice, snakke talk, hoppe jump; @) also most'verbs whose stems end in a single dor g: lage make, edge dare, risk, jage chase, bade bathe and Paradigm: Inf, Present Past The Perfect Tenses sloppe jeg stopper jeg stoppet Jeg har (hadde) Soppet Jeg soppet expresses both: I stopped and I was stopping.30 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN “The perfect tenses: [Jeg har soppet = both: T have stopped and I have been stopping ‘Jog hadie soppet = bok: T had stopped and I-had been stopping. ots "Tooley pat tens fom, nd ry he pots and dramas NotI lt Fae wae spall ok ors te no Sow 201 at scoring to tho Inet Norwean rans, T hod Ye natod chat axcorsing tothe Iatst Nor Nat a2 Mahle et san ymehon ver of ts cee Frey take tho ending om. (adopted ror tho diatots) in, the Just tengo and the past participle, c.f. basa instead of kastt. Eafe efits wet. ‘Vocabulary skaffe (-et) provide, get atig [eis] early Bam pon hin frokost reakeast brother fokost'e [irotest] breakfast mi Dror my br hole (Sis! glorious ents Ca al ae exes Ikke Bot Brey an Seer” Boge cin mat Dare oat ‘men (steno Grad (gaa degree pean pea Exercise 4a “randate into English: st ue St tig dag, hadde fokort ule det fi, BSgpet st (en) ti soen. Det var herlg. Jeg badet ikke PP ete for ti) kal, bare feniten (1) grader cigs, men min one bade. ee in bor har skal meg en bok av Ten, Jog huskat min MnP eatt meget on (abou) ham pa iol, Min bror vere al brew fee meg, nen Jeg hat mistet pennen Je nade, Vocabulary eng f. bed Borsce Cot brash bite har my hair Yente pa wait for bite cae ES ik cou not Sten. stone seta Bort away ‘THE VERB Exerei Translate into Norwegian: ‘They saved him. He had bathed in the sea and could not swim (soomme). The boys threw stones into the water and chased the ducks away. He awakes early and jumps ‘out of the bed. I had not brushed my hair. She was waiting for me in the car, 4b 65. Class Il, the ~te class, is characterized by the ending te in the past and -t in the past participle. (2) Long vowel (or diphthong) as root vowel. Paradigm: Inf, Present Past The Perfect Tenses smile jeg smiler jeg smilte jeg har (hadde) synilt ‘The verbs of this type are those whose stems end in 1, n, sorr. Examples: dele divide, shan lend), hare hear, hjore drive, lave learn (also teach), lese ready reise travel, Ste eat, it show, To this cla also belong those numerous foreign verbs in -ere, eg. Levdre deliver, silére quote. fle feel, Idne borrow (also Vocabulary ake o. cake rail a eile ot ‘alli between deo (dato student Beoc. ‘ote (1) se erase ic'r/e] ganuge Hi utlandet abroad Serer Beod dont ‘vel e way, toad hhenne pron. hee Exercise 5a Read aloud and translate: Videlte kaken meliom oss, Jeg folte kulden. Jeg horte hva du sa, Han kjorte bilen inn i garasjen, Hun’ leste en bok om (about) Norge. Jeg lnte boken av henne. Jeg har studert norski over to ar. Desmilte av meg. Studenten sparte penger og reste tl utlandet. Han viste oss veien, Du har spist opp# TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Vocabulary svare answer avis [a'viss] ¢. newspaper Iver [vat] every Exercise 5b Fill in the blanks with the correct forms in the past and present perfect tense of these verbs: en bok av ham tse Ihtn ersen nver dag Kjore Far bien inn i garasjen here Barna barnetimen i radio svare Hun nel “ her De {hog huset tl din bror (0) Ina few verbs the long root vowel is shortened in the past tense and past participle: srute use trutte fruit smote mest motte smott Ijope bay jnpte Ijopt rope shout ropte rept tape lose tapte tpt Vocabulary foran in ot of, tate thank you thanks Hee eaity mal gave eit Fijor ast year hhyem who finterrog. pr.) fviegutt newspaper boy fotballkamap c. soccer match mot against, Versus ‘Klokeka to at tro o'elocle thover ten past bomst e. fower ‘fodselsdag c, bisthday Gratulerer! Congratulations! Exercise 6a ‘Translate into English: Har du mott min far? Nei. Det var rat (strange). Jeg skulle {Gas fa) mote ham her foran Radhuset Klokca to, og na er Sen ti over. Men der ser jeg ham. Han har kjept blomster fil mor, Hun har fodselsdag i dag. Gratulerer! Talek. Jeg hhar ogst Ijopt en gave til henne som jeg hiper hun vil like, Hun likte den jeg kjopte ifr. Hvem ropte? A, det var bare avisgutten, Norge har tapt fotballkampen mot Danmark. » THE VERB By Vocabulary fy glede e. for jo a Stasjonen the station sie fens] music fin soster my sister mange many. Bie epi eammofon (gramo'to:n} Puchi [ek sop piitee: here = record vor where Exercise 6b ‘Translate into Norwegian: like to read book. I read about Nansen yesterday. My sister likes to hear music, and has bought many records. She did not like the hat she bought yesterday, (Translate: She liked not, etc.) I have bought @ pipe. Show me the shop where you bought it, (0) Verbs whose stems terminate in mm, nn and Il usually belong to this class. N.B.—The double consonants are re- duced to single when the verb is conjugated. Infinitive Present Past Tense Past Participle glemme forget Jeg glemmer Jeg glemte Jog har (hadde) ‘glemt Other examples are: dromme dream shille separate, distinguish domme sentence, judge ie skjonne understand gjemme hide spille play, e.g. piano, oe ole es en | vetct Samlezm op who se a ee ‘Translate into English: Jes dramte i natt at jog badet i Temsen, Tyven hadde ijemt (sg) bak ct te, vor har du gjemt pengene? Gjemt34 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN cr ikke glemt (a common saying). Hva kaller duu en mann ‘som bor i Norge? Jeg kaller ham en nordmann, Hun Kalte ‘meg en tosk, Manin og konen arbeidet bestandig og skilte ikke mellom natt og dag. Gutten spilte piano hele dagen. Jeg skjonte godt hva han snakket om. Min bror skjante ingenting. 66, Notes on spille—leke (-te); both = play. As already mentioned, spille is used for playing an instrament and organized games. Du kan spille piano og dd han spille tonnis: but if you want to say that the children ‘were playing in the garden you have to use leke. Barna Tete + haven. Idioms: Han spilte en stor rolle 4 politikken. He played a ‘great role in politics. Dé spiller ingen rolle. It is of no importance. 67. Notes on kjenne—vite; both = know. (a) Kjenne means: 1x. to know, be acquainted with people, countries, ete. (French connaitre) Jeg bjente ham godt. Jog hjente ham igjon. I recognized him, 2, feel, be conscious of, notice. Han brakh bonct, men kjente (folte) ingen smerte, He ‘broke his leg, but felt no pain. (2) vite (irr) = to know, have knowledge of (French savoir). present vet, past visste, p.p. visst, Jeg vet ikke. T don't know. ‘Jeg visste det var galt (ga:lt]. I knew it was wrong. ‘The double s merely serves to avoid any confusion with, viste, vist (past tense and past participle of the verb vise show), in which the i is long. ‘Vocabulary ‘mene (-te) mean, but not —_—tenke (-te) think sigaty Yr eS THE VERB 38 re ee ee ‘The mother understood that (af) the boy was dreaming. | Be ate ttn af the oy mas ramig Mea ty ctr A I fool pat ean fe adorn bb) nay mean, I thought so (det). x a oer Van ae ‘rear ot ene aa a pe Se Seneca ee may of Cla cage in fours ek peal oe ke ie cates reo aoe solo cae Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle Joele choke alte oalt ‘sate set, place, put satie satt fell count fale also reg, tat ly ‘foridle relate fortlte Sethe hands pass ete oie ‘sirekke stretch strakte strakt uckhe arouse vakte vale oe Dut vekfe awoke vekt awoke bringing, trate brake velge choose, elect valgte[*valte v wwe Cel el sae isis? sole fot a fo jal fei low flgte [to] fut fl) smore smear, smurle [“smuztfa) _smurt (sm grease Spare ask ques: spurte [spss] spurt [spas] Further: ‘legge lay, put a (old form ——_lagh. . lagde) sisay, tell sa (old form sagt . _sagde) tgjore do ajorde [“joxe] fort (jot) nye36 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Note: The verbs sporre and gjore have shortened forms in the present tense, Fesp. spor and gjor (instead of the forms to be expected: oporrr and ore) 51 has sir sor] in the present tense from the older form siger. “tIva du gjor, gj fullt og helt og ikke stykkkevis' og det” (Ibsen). Vocabulary rok amoke ‘om morgenen [mm “m9:2] a uke, corn The morning phon qorget Boca thos). ete iterbage c.iteret pay konge e. king. mitt rad (roid) my advice ‘ine sko ©. pl my shoes Bonde c. farmer Smor [sinarr}n, butter Ssannhet uth igode nyheter e. pl. good nows, ‘ng: nyhet a plese of news Exercise 8 ‘Translate the following sentences, then change them into the past tense and the two perfect tenses. 1. Roken kveler ham, 2. Hun legger duken pa bordet. 3. Fiona legger egg. 4. Han setter stolen i hjgrnet. 5. Dere teller til hundre. 6. Mor forteller eventyr. 7. Far rekker meg et eple. 8, Jeg strekker meg om morgenen. 9. Det vekker Stor interesse, 10, Mor vekker meg tidlig om morgenen, tly es oll ‘skade e harm AL. De velger en konge. 12. Folger du mitt rid? 13. Hva ‘spor du om? 14, Jeg smorer mine sko. 18. Bonden selger smor. 16, Du sie? ikke sannheten. 17. Hun bringer gode nyheter. 18. Ulven gjor stor skade. 69. Class IIT, the -de class, consists of verbs with -de in the past tense and -d in the past participle. Formerly these verbs went like Class I, and there are still a great ‘many people who persistently use the older forms, But the “de ening is constantly gaining ground, both in the written and spoken language. ‘The long vowel in the infinitive is generally shortened in the past tense and the past participle. ‘piecemeal rar vexs 37 ‘Paradigm: Inf. Present Past ‘The Perfect Tenses prove ey Jeg prover Jeg provde Jog har (hadde) prov In this class we find verbs whose stems mostly end or in the diphthongs ei and ay. pf mey Examples: Jehove need, require, leve live (not reside) Sree strive, work hard seve float, gids Ga he i) oe practise, train, ‘An exception forms the useful verb love [“Lovs] promise ‘which follows class IT conjugation with Jove inthe past and Ine in the past participle, With diphthongs: ce own, have, aye bend, greie manage, beable to, plete be inthe habit of 74. ‘Eegrmime nth le Th oot tae Jo jt & Zire detisin English best ronderdl by: peneale do teat ede io Eog bt or ae ramp fled pie tes om camden, West Sob enn i legen Pens ala Vocabulary 8 fll go wrong, miss te Sle deca I venstre othe Tet fandte other pl. Ul hoyre to the ght foe n. poopit foreaette (con like faetia poor setts) continue Tomme f pocket Fett fram straight on stew Eitslute im sho ond Seining ¢. sentence furutre fr treo de fleste ineat people nesten almost Beto ci {a Toot (also ceting) Aeon Sannetig indeed Exercise 82 Read and translate: Sent en kved Kom jeg til byen vor min venn bode, ade hans adréas Sen var eke kjent J byen of vies ike vor hast bane ff, Det bate ade yore k tres Groot plier andre fall genes og ea en Sse Ee Be oer neo38 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN tna da jeg startet, var brukt opp. Jeg evde pi setningen: Kan Dest meg veien ti... Kan De st meg veien til De fleste skjomte hva jeg 6a og prowde & hjelpe meg, “Tror De jeg grier& finne huset?” spurte jeg, ‘A ja da’ svarte de Dek & Sb lett, si. De kan ikke ga fel” Men det var akkurat det jog giorde- Det begynte & bli markt ogst, Jeg dzeide til Venstre og je dreide til hayre—fortsattes& (en) ett fram, Sit do madd fortatt meg, men huset,hvor var huset? Var Get brent ned? Til slutt greide jog 4 finne det. To store furutrer gjemte det nesten helt, Jog var reddet, Jeg hadde ft tak over hodet, men sannelig hadde jeg strevd hardt. ‘nas oir ne fharde fia’ adv, bard snag, night Rope ope high Ser completely ae Sa dice peas {fom fens) asain cuore RE ‘usical filad {gia {fond of Exercise 8b Change the verbs in the following sentences into the past tense and the perfect. Then translate the piece, as it stands, into English: 1. Sangeren pver daglig. 2. Jeg strever hardt, men lerer ite, 3. Omen svever hoyt oppe i luften. 4. Eleven prover 4 lare diktet utenat. 5, Du behover ikke & betale. Exercise 8 ‘Translate into Norwegian: She plays very well. She practises both day and night. I twed'to play (the) violin once, but I have forgotten it completely now and T dare not try again, T am not very ‘musical, Dut I like to hear music, { am very fond of Grieg. 71. Class IV, the -dde class, is made up of verbs which in the infinitive end in a stressed vowel. Po a ‘Paradigm: - Inf. Present Past ‘The Perfect Tenses we at. MOS Examples: one syllable: iro believe, think, ro row, sw turn, gro grow, shje happen, occur, sir strew, spa prophesy. ‘With two syllables: be'ty mean (i.e. signify), be'vo pd depend a_i tines may sho inca tha ena save) in spite of its somewhat anomalous past firm hate et acts Inf. Present Past ~The Perfect Tenses ha Jeg har. Jeg hadde Jeg har (hae) hatt 73. tenke, tro, mene, syncs. The above synonyms will give the student of Norwegian a litle trouble. To.a very large extent they can be rendered by the single verb “think in English fn other word, the various meanings and nuances of ‘think’ represent Tour separate words in Norwegian, atleast tenke (te) "x= to think, ie. use the brain, Piken satt og tonkte. The gic sat thinking. aaa 2 = think used in a more vague sense = pres 7 sume, sup pose = Kommer han snarl? Will he soon be here? Ja, eg loner det. Yes, T think so. oe Jae tro (-dde) ‘r= believe (trust) in its original and full meaning. Jeg tror fag ale you, Porn toads the 0 0S oa (gulien sa. The father did not believe a word of what the boy said. 2 used in a loose sense = believe, think, and is in this capacity a little more frequent than tenke (2). mone (te) does not always correspond to its names English ‘mean’. mamesei in0 TEACH YOURSELY NORWEGIAN Instances whee it does comepond es 1 toexpress the contents of one’s thoughts. Jeg mener Toa jeg sier, Tmean what T say. Han mente det ikke Sik: le did not mean it like that. a refer to, Norw. ‘site til, Mener dw meg? Do you Tnean me? Si hem du mener. Tell whom you mean. 43 = intend. Min bror mener d reise i morgen. My brother means to leave tomorrow. Instances where ‘mene’ does not correspond to ‘mean’. 1 Mone in Norwegian can never mean: to signify. For Tnisase bety (cdde) is the right word. Eleven visste Thi We beds betydde. The student did not know what Tee dont meant, Hoa skal dette Bly? What does this mean? " = mmaintain, hold, be of the opinion, think. In a dis- 2 = Maasion: Jee mener at Norge ‘tke han ware neytralt fe muy opinion Norway canmot be neutral. 4, mon Jeg moner det motsatte, Bat T hold the opposite view. Armnaner de andre? What do the others think? Like fenke and to, mene can also have a weakened s Tuppose, Soldaten mener han vil fd per- ie soldier thinks he will get leave. Turisten waste Bergen var hovedstaden i Norge, The tourist ‘Thought that Bergen was the capital of Norway. synes, syntes, syncs. This originally reflexive verb has a very "uth Reaeney in Norwegian, Fe is used to express one's ‘private opinion, how one feels about a certain matter. Tt Corresponds to ‘think’ in most cases, but also to find, feel. (@) Jeg synes det er Raldt her. 1 think it is cold here. Hod synes du? What do you think? Jeg synes at piken ar ganske pen. I think that the girl i8 quite pretty. Det gynes abke jeg. 1 don’t think so. synes om = think of. Hoa synes du om det bildet? What do you think of that picture? - (6) seem to, have a feeling (you are not quite certain). ‘Tog syntes sf tydelig at jeg horte noe. I cleatly seemed to hhear something. rF . 7 THE VERB a Exercise 9 Sentences for practice (main verbs only to be translated), forstyrre [is ftyrr] (-et) disturb 1, Do you think he will come? 2 L think she is one of the sweetest girls I have seen. 43, Has he gone? No, I don’t think so. 4, Don't disturb him. He is thinking. 5. I think we had better go. 6. We think you ought to come, or what do you think yourself? 7. I thought I saw a man in the room. 8. She thought I was fifty. I am only forty. 9. This is rather strange, I think. 10. This i dificult to believe. 11, That! means war (krig c.). 42,1 don't lleve fm miracles miele = mabe! ‘razkal} m.). ‘The Relative Pronoun som = who, which 74, The most common relative pronoun in Norwegian is fom, which may reer to both persons and things, Example: Mannen som... the man who; Bi : the book which . . . hen som Preliminary Notes on Word Order 75. Although there is great similarity between Norwegian and English word order there are two special points where the two languages differ substantially: (1) The use of inversion, i.e. when the subject and the main ‘verb of the sentence change places. There are examples of this phenomenon in English, too, of the type: Hardly had hie... Here comes the bride, but they are far less frequent than in Norwegian, Here the rule is: When an adverb, or any other element of the sentence for that matter, apart 1 Det (etressed).2 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN from conjunctions, precedes the subject, subject and verb change places. Examples: Dit &r for sent nd, but Na or det for sont, In English: Ttis ‘This role also applies when a subordinate clause precedes principal clase, His bye 4, side Eng lsh: If the wind started to bow, we turned, (2) The position of adverbs. ‘Watch these sentences: (@) Vi raide ofte, We often rowed. Vi ndide alltid. We always reached. Vi tapte aldri, We never lost. (@) Jeg har alltid vart. I have always been. 1 postion of the adverbs (eg. off alltid, adi) Be eel alter tho verb (rod often the simple sn Get and pat foe), afer the analy i the compound tenses, ike English. Remember that file only applies to the principal clauses. Vocabulary anal imi) «family hende (-dte) kappen, ose famille (Eopcpenicns'atoliday en'vakker dag one fe day ae See Beat anno Sees h ree Bos iigetan we Seba feciclrme BPs eta oy f island i seaae SEE ita este Be en oe Oe ater saree seas ae Ju ton nienp AD etme Bi cicre ge SCE etree Selv om [selon] con) although vis THE VERB s Exercise 10a Min familic er meget glad i sjsen og ferierte hver sommer pi Sorlandet. Vi bodde i en liten Koselig hytte som mine foreldre lide. Vi rodde ofte ut tl en ay for & bade, fiske og same skjell, som lé strodd langs stranden, Hvis det begynte 4 bldse, snudide vi og rodde hjemover igjen, Vi nadde allid land, og det skjedde aldri noen ulykke, selv om mor spidde at noe ville hende en vakker dag. Hun fk nesten (almost) rett, Vi rodde ut en morgen i fint, stille vaer—ileke en sky himmelen, ingen vind, ingen bale Vi skallefiske torsi. im ettermiddagen begynte det & blise, og min bror som rodde, blest redd at han miset en dre Bet var bare Gn tag 4 gjare—rope om (for) hjelp. Vi vittet med armene og topte Hjelp! Hjelp! Far horte oss heldjgvis. Han sprang i en bat, og rodde av alle krefter for 4 nd oss. Han greide det fint Vi var reddet, men det kunne let ha skjedd en ulykke hvis ingen pa stranden hadde hort oss da vi ropte. Ordsprak: Nar enden er god, er allting godt. ‘Vocabulary pp flellet in the mountains (it, turist [u'riet] o. tourist ‘on the) Bropaginda tuft. alr ike Heh, com ‘hati c. nature, scenory ‘dot dem prom. a. that a vit yea wall Iyve ses be lying skutte et) dissppeimt Exercise 10b ‘Are you fond of the sea? No, I like to spend my holidays in the mountains. I have a cosy little cottage, not far (angi) from Lillehammer. Is Lillehammer a big (slor) town? No, fortunately not. I do not like (trans, I like not, etc.) bi (store) towns, I cannot live there. I have heard that the ait & (eons. Ad, lit, on) Lillehammer is go fine, Yes, that is right—and the scenery! T call that tourist propaganda. Call it what you will. It is true (sant). Come and see if you think Tam lying. You will not be (=éii) disappointed.“ TEACH YOURSELY NORWEGIAN Vocabulary oka syy at sven dock bukee [bolts] £ pair of Seng fea ‘rome i scram cocking Bada at ‘sa then — af is Stipe, to EHRs Eat, oly faite teat fulle adv. fully akledd dressed (pé—on) ed (snc! prep. with Elopsie (e, part) ravenous petite c. appe ‘abtid always avis (a'vis| c, newspaper ‘mens con). while Exercise 11a tndertey n. underwear sorte [Jor] f. shire ariel Fm a uu hes mg gts re er, Hl ea dregeana hi a as pe Eee fs etl Bee say ri, kt a oh gr fa pt eo et evict ne tie Vocabulary : allerede (ala"re:4) already Somme mend ‘eldig morsome great fun pa engelsie in English Sim sommeren inthe summer palengelsk in English este var next spring ae desoke (te) vie sprikp. lan sang e-Scte: time (occasion) Bere (losry soverat Ser Casvor) across. ord.m word Exercise 11 said you haa-a Norwegian ftiend. Yes, that is true Toa ii lived in Oslo but used to go (ris) to England in er eee enid he could (nme) not live there, but ited to travel in England. THE VERB 6 I shall (skal) go to Norway next spring. I have bought a Norwegian book which cost Zo shillings. T am learning to rend and speak the language, T have lent several words already. Itis great fun. I can say: God morgen. That means {good morning in English, and God afte, which corresponds to: good evening. My friend likes rowing and fishing. T have visited him several times. We rowed across the river. Special Note: My friend likes rowing and fishing is best dered in Norwegian: Min enn ke droop fk Rule: The English verbal nouns here—rowing and fishing. are in Norwegian generally replaced by the ordinary infi- tive, although here you could say: roing og fishing. Strong or Irregular Verbs 76. (2) In striking contrast to the weak or regular verbs, the strong or verbs take no ending in the past tense. Notice also that the infinitive vowel almost’ in- variably changes in the past tense and past participle. Infinitive Past Past Participle English: sing sang. sung. Norwegian: synge sang sunget It should be noted that a great many of those verbs which are strong in English are also strong in Norwegian. In the course of time, however, these verbs have undergone great changes, being constantly influenced by the weak classes. Therefore many analogous forms have sprung into existence. Some verbs have gone to the weak classes, others have weak forms besides the strong ones. (Similar develop- ‘ments are found in English. Ci.: show, showed, shown, knit or knitted in the past tense.) 2) Throughout there has been a marked tendency to intro- duce the infinitive vowel into the past participle, ‘The strong verbs in Norwegian today give one a rather confused impression, and to facilitate the task of the student they have therefore been arranged alphabetically in a list, at the end of the book, ee /rr ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGTAN In spite of this apparent confusion, however, one may dis- ccern certain fixed patterns, as will be seen in the list below. fat therefore the verbs in the three main forms over ‘and over again so as to impress the general run of the vowel variations on the ear. to observe that whereas 77. Intonation. Ut is interestis 1e past participle of two- the forms in the infinitive and syllable verbs have double tone (as might be expected) the forms in the present tense have singlo—the reason being that the latter were monosyllabic in Old Norse (6yngr, bit). . — Inf. [bie] Pres. (Ditorl ‘Take care not to clip off the vowel in words like bite, and the long consonant sound in synge, fe (find), etc. 78. (2) @ eft shrive write shrev shrevet Further examples: ipe seize rep arepet Site ey, soream Sivek Socket bite bite et itt bli get, become Be lit Exercise 12 Translate: (oy eg erp gotten armen, Sennen shy breyhjem hver (0S re ee scr en kom nc. anden (he eaten ence og gt stake 79. @) 9 © om Irype creep hep ropet Farther examples: inyte break. trot srt ste shoot shot shut figs feene res ross ajerde n, [“jezr9] fence Pr - THE VERB Translate: od (®) Tyven krop lange gjerdet. Du har brut ditt lofte (ue'n. = promise) Jeyeren (= the sportsman) bat tn lg og et rev (= fn) Vannet hae eect a EE @ aft . drake drukket (“drokkat) stihke put, i y =I ae g she tot a ialp “hy an ‘julpet olpot] (9 Han drake bare to glass, Har du funnet fant den da jeg stake hinden llommen (ome, “pocket Galttenbjalp piken med ktpen (hdpec. cou, Pk 81. (4) axfer 5 & bare bear, carry bar ae Further examples: shjere cut shar shele steal hal wae ‘Transia (@) Han bar henne over bekken (bekko. ; = bro, got meg i fingeen: Han sj iw do ike Oe oa Os fattige /alig = poor). Lo aa /ds ife Further examples: cee) ait Git] iis ™ a ma Translate: rec eee (Ere ae tg, Ad he te at om store syne, Min soster har ligget syk i tre dager.8 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 83. (6) ais « aa ta take bok tatt Further examples: “hat dra pull; depart drole) a ie ioe tat 4, By itself: sae sla strike, beat slo sla sid stand sto(d) ‘stat Te laugh o leda ‘Translate: tole min hatt og sa farvel. De lot meg gl. Klokka i (0. Beaton noe tower slo akieorat toe fol (22). Video tl Feeds Colanal med iy. Vilo og sang hele vien. Hun 38 Patna pp klacka afte (8) ver dag. Den som le sist, Ter bet (2 cmomon saying) 85. (7) The same vowel all through: Fromme come hom Rommet Further examples: hholde hold, keep ——aldt holat lope ran op opt sive (soxv9] sleep 500 save By itself: 1 go, walk ith Like] gt ia get, reosive fit fie Note: Gd in Norwegian never means ‘travel’, which is reise. Pi‘ often used as an ausiliary and in many idiomatic Combinations which we shall deal with later. ip thet gir. Jeg fi ikke sove i Fiyet kom til Fomebu fyplas i gt. Jeg fk ikke sove i (0 Serve hola mee woken eat Tegstod op og nt (meg) en lang tur, Min venn gikk til London i gir. Nei, Set gjorde han ike. Tan vest til London. 86, When prefixed the strong verbs maintain the same conjugation? TO Yankomme artive —ankom otkomonet aa oD © ‘it forgive tgs tage | ‘gine tpeat——gptok git | Rendering of the English Continuous Tenses 87. Right from the start we saw that there were no equiva- lent forms to the so-called continuous tenses in English, like: He is coming. He was coming. In translation these forms have been rendered by ordinary simple tenses, cor- responding to English: He comes. He came. (See note, para. 02) In order to stress that the action is taking place at this very moment the following idiomatic expressions could be em- ployed: ‘holde pd (med)’ or: ‘drive pd med” (keep on with). Examples: Hoa holder du pa med? What are you doing? Jeg ler jn) see! oe. Yan (odd i writing a letter. Note conjugation of holde and drive: olde holt hotdt rice are arevet Vocabulary meget (mega ere) armed fine eles. pron. pl. his ‘ir nore con. fom morgenea in the morning Kespiagg o. pice of clothing fom kvelden [velo in the stoinygg, back ofa chair slokice {oki} (-te) put out erfor [score] therefore lye'n- light Universitet [onivafite:!] uni- akme (et) awaken ‘anngh ir. avoid a gangen Sat tke Exercise 13a Professoren i senga En meget laerd professor, la oss kalle ham N.N., fant aldri (igjen) kdzeme sine nar han skulle kle pa seg om morgenen, oo. kom defor alti or sent al mivertetet, Vor & unngt dette skrev wvor han vert Klesplagg om kvelden. = ne Han satt i senga og skrev: Strampene pi skoene, skoene under senga, skjorte, slips og jakke over stolryggen, undertayet pa stolen. Til shitt skrev50 TRACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN han: Professoren i senga, SA slokte han lyset, og ikke lenge etter sov han som en stein. ‘Da han vaknet neste morgen, grep han listen og fant alle Klierne der de skulle vere. Men—professoren i senga fant han ikke, Han kom for sent den gangen ogsi. Exercise 136 ‘Translate: , danza glass of beer before (for) he went to bed in the He dra Gs lays tode alone He ofered me only ten ponds or tn ca, Te el never fovgare him, Areal Eker es he saw it T have not found her, What did Cat sly?" He saids‘T came, Tsaw,T conquered (— won): CHAPTER VI HOW TO FORM QUESTIONS IN NORWEGIAN Firtweneedto et oqusnted with themain question words They aes —— 38) The interogative pronouns (ct. page 13) Be 8) To ie sel cut pon ony) Ave ane hanno p= wich (sed et eal a tin). ‘iva [var] = what (used about things). 0) eine ei _ aN yd foe When were you Born enn ae a et on gun ar du? How od are 5 ewe oe Miglin ose Bo ss [' voFledas] the weather? cael Hvordan vet du det? How do you owe or Cvorte] = why Hofor lor due Why are you a TD laughing? 2 For correct postion of adverb see pages 42 and 166, ‘Translate What said Caesar? a ; HOW TO FORM QUESTIONS IN NORWEGIAN 51 89. In some special cases English and Norwegian form ‘questions exactly in the same way, viz ) When dealing with auxiliary verbs (be, have, can, Gat, ee). uy vers (ey have, (2), When an interrogative pronoun is the subject of the sentence, ‘When an interrogative pronoun or adverb (ie. hoor Ge pare ofthe eubjoct Ge hor ‘Example (@) Are you hungry? Er du sulten? Have you seen him? Har du sett ham? Can you tell me? Kan du fortelle meg? (2) Who knows? Huem set? What comes next? Hoa kommer sd? (G) What train ishe coming by? Hoilft tog hommer han med? How many Norwegians lve in Ametia? Hoor mange 90. Otherwise the congruity does not exist any longer, as Norwegian has no equivalent to constructions with ‘to do’, but form questions in the same way as above (in 1), viz. by reversing the word order. Do you know him? Kjenner du ham? Did you see her? Sd du henne? What do I find here? Hea finner jog her? ‘Shakespeare could write: What find I here? So when form- jing questions in Norwegian the student should apply the pattern ‘have I’ or ‘can I’ Progressive forms: Present: Are you leaving today? Reiser du i dag? Past: Were you isting tothe radot ve pd radio? 91, Note: Sometimes questions may be formed by using 21 ordinary altrmative sentence. adding the expresion ‘ikke sant” (— is it not true?). Du har spit, Phe sand? You have eaten, haven't you? Han helte Per, ite sant? He was called Per, wasn't he? Oslo er hovedstaden 4 Norge, ikke san ‘Oslo is the capital of Norway, isn't it?52 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ‘Vocabulary teater (teartor] n. theatre ‘av of til ow and then, oceasion- SSgeu hasiee [amlo}is] «no all ‘hea 1% 8 aoderme {mcf medien gang at once Tinesiote hess cas Ze'gout it lok well foretrekke [ b:rvtrekio) pause 6. interval BA pA Konsert (kon'sa"y] c. 60 ‘wo a concert ssannelig adv. indeed Bukommelse memory Exercise Ida Translate: 1. Trafi du Per i gar? Ja, jeg sA ham i teatret. Visste du at han var der? Nei, jeg hadde ingen anelse. Kjente du ham igjen? Ja, med en gang. ‘Hvordan sf han ut? Han'sA meget godt ut. Snakket du mye med ham. Ja, {alle pausene Grau ofte i teatret? Jeg ser nesten alt som gar (which is on). ‘Gar du aldri pa konserter? Jo, av og til Fiva liker du best, moderne musikk eller Klassisk? Jeg foretrekker det siste. Spiller du noe instrument selv? Nei, dessverre, men du spiller piano, ikke sant? Ffusker du det ogsA? Du har sannelig en god hukommelse. 2, Make these sentences interrogative: Du bor i Oslo. Han horer ofte pa radio. Hun skrev brev til Kjeresten (kjereste ¢. sweetheart) sin Thver dag. Han er suidat [soldat]. Byen Narvik ligger i Nord-Norge. Bjornson de i Paris (pa’ris]. Deres (your) kone vil ha en kopp te til 3, Translate the following sentences: setninger: She is writing a letter. You are studying Norwegian, aren't fou? Heiis leaving tomorrow, isn't he? What are they doing? ‘Ave they playing bridge? another cup of tea). (Oversett folgende ‘Vocabulary 18 Gale i,t hd of ‘Kjedelig [“ce:d(o)] dul, boring Ditlett[bileit c ticket ‘eennis tans ‘held lucky mer more seeds Atte at cight o'clock Interessert {introse't) _in- ‘pile kore (kot) ay cards ‘rested jeg tymes 1 think, find fotball c. soccer HOW TO FORM QUESTIONS IN NORWEGIAN 53 Exercise 14 ‘Translate: Did you get (hold of tickets for (te. til) the conce for (tr. rt? Yes, T vas lucky. ‘When does the concert begin? It begins at eight d'lock. Do you like to play cards? No, T think itis boring Does your brother play tennis? No, he is more interested in CHAPTER VII NEGATIVE SENTENCES not = ikke 92. Here again we find similarities between the Iniguages as ar ao audlaries ae comeacal Lhave not (I haven't) har ikke pein et Hie ie uestions: Haven't I?/Have I not? Har jeg ikke? Can't hee Kean han ite? This i the patter used in Norwegian for express tive stat as construc ith "todo" heve ao fe saterfnt, a8 constructions with odo" have ho ‘Tdon’t know’ mast therefore be translated as: Jeg vi (Cf. Shakespeare: T know not) ieee! 1 didn’t know, as: Jog vsste thle. Questions: Doesn't he Know? Vet han ike? Dit he know? Vist han ithe? Paradigm: Inf. Present Past Perfect Tense ithe dite han et ike han vse ha har Gade) Tike " not to know hedossn't beiidn't —he'haget iow now (hadnt) Etowa eSMe s4 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Negative questions: Present Past Perfect Vet ha ithe? Vise han ithe? Har (had) ham ‘he vist? Doesn't he know? Didn't he know? Hasn't (adn) he known? English negative continuous forms are translated: You are not writing. Du serie, Aren't you writing? cer du 7 wa Du skrev ikke. ‘You were not writing. Weren't you writing? ‘The imperative: ‘Shrev du ikke? don't be afraid var ikkereddl or ithe var red? don't do it eg et Seo he or dtl don’t laugh ‘kkel or ikke lel Reflexive: cveransirong deg ikke! of ikke overanstreng degl Answering Words in Norwegian 93. These are: ja yes, but after a negative Jo. (cf. German: ja'and doch; French: owi and si.) met = no. Examples: Heter du Per? Ja (jeg hetor Per). Is.your name Per? Yes (my name is Pe) don't strain yourself but Heter dus ikke Per? Jo (jeg heter Per). on't your name Per? Yes (my name is Per). Er hun ikke sot? Jo. Isn't she sweet? Yes. 94. Note also these answers where the pronoun ‘det’ (dha) is added. Haveyoua car? Har du (en) bil? Yes, Lhave.Ja, det har jeg. Do you know him? Kjenner du ham? No, I don't. Nel, det Slot Jeb IAS chet? Fikk du billaton? Yes, Idi Ja 5 det gjorde fet. et Blonde Jey De ie ongelah? Yes, Lam, Jo, det er jeg. . oT NEGATIVE SENTENCES ‘55 re 95. In a subordinate clause ikke is nor before’ the verb. Note the divergence from Englatt tine ‘peculiarity also applies to other adverbs. ° hot tre. Du md siymde deg hots du ikke shal Romine for sont gia gn pot fale lon ber ete tn Sie eh eli me ae rece Vocabulary pA én dag in one day Bvelse c. practice 4 git pA kl to ski ‘sivsom asa fox eay, Sy ester o. master est ‘eC tonner sof [do"lnnofe) it Seid anag ot Provety or r tors (offi) careless ed “godt humor n, good- a cd -Sodt, humor a. good. Raerligha nara ot mows ‘peli slly Exercise 15a Translation: Ae gh pki erik et som en ror. H Nai jeg tor ikke. Du mn ikke Vere sti, Glan ia Pane sia dot te) Var ue ed ae ned gk gt. Tro he at Gn edt pen tg Decca tat. Mere ke ote! Nee ender Se Detling ste Be ; Exercise 156 [lc time van (van, divan pant abet mee pi rt you know thet Twas coming ase spe past ten oor awe wate tains tae Dalat ‘eb met Of couse, ut 1 dont Eaow bene torts Belen (a) you Tea seep aca’ aera fa56 ‘reACH YOURSELE NORWEGIAN > sleep in. Don't be silly You can sleep on a divan, Yes, 0 sen sue, tha is splendid. 1 have done that very ttn (trans). many times) CHAPTER VIII THE PASSIVE VOICE rassive is expresed in to ways in Norweia, Mae Ie Faee ary a il ble slit (become, ce) with the past participle of the main verb. in Present Past Perfect a han or (ha) to be praised he is praised he was praised he has been 7 ‘ nt and 1 ne was eught’ English can also say ‘he got caught Fer Reames very near the Norwegian construction. 497, ut Norwegian ike the other Scandinavian languages Mo as pasave forms ending in =®. Inf. Present Past arose shan roses han rostes tobe praised he is praised he was praised. is 8 exive sik, ‘This -s is actually a remnant of the Old Norse ref 7 jn modern Norwegian seg, (see page 111), which in course of time was reduced to -8 when tacked on to the verb. ves stnm ang 2. rants ets wb me be rues a Sree name os mn tte eat ce mt a og eta vertisements. 4 met [des] (etromed) dem. pron. Yr | ” eS THE PASSIVE VOICE * 7 Ehsamon () holies inert dr. Examinations are hed every year. Publikum anmodes om ikke d roke, The audience are Fequested not to smoke. () Constructions with bli are often used to denote isolated and limited actions. Huset blir bygd. 99. But on the whole the s-forms have a rather Zim trate tems es ihe eceehee thease aterm ro oe ire Set Ht re, ing ns tela betas hore Stree Berrie eae ae ee Sey og rican eee gate SLR castes meee The s-form is hardly ever used in the past tense of s verbs either. i pe aa 100, In forcible narrative style, which is closely related to everyday speech, the active Voice is generally used in pre~ fereice to the passive, Sentences like: Det sies [“sizas] ean be rendered by: Folk sier, or man sier. One says. Passive in English—Indicative in Norwegian 101, Insomeinstanoes English ses the passive vice where Norwegian would empioy te indiative eg. Hew drubneh, He was drowned, butt They drowned tne ea in Norwegian Bede een ie ran ad, he nes bat lown. Han skal gifte seg. He is going to be (get) married. Du tor helt fo der "oe quis mistaken tere, Hen tor irceeds a0 (dfn) She was nowhere to be san (a Sound). Det ord he. It to be hoped— 38 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 102. Sometimes a passive construction can be rendered by an active one in Norwegian with the indefinite pronouns man, en or de as subject, ie. He was thought to be dead. ‘Man trodde at han var dad, It is believed that . .. Mam tror at. Ttis said... Man sier or Det sies at... What is to be done? Hua er d gjare? or better: Hva skal man gjore? Further Remarks on the s-Forms 103. It should be observed that the student will meet with several s-forms, in writing as well as in ordinary conversa~ tion, which have no strictly passive meaning at all, and ‘which cannot therefore be replaced by the auxiliary bli. In some instances the form has a slightly different meaning from the original verb, as will be seen from the examples below. Most of them are not used in the perfect tenses. ores = sound. Det hores rart (uf). It sounds strange. Det ores (ut) som flolinmusikk, Tt sounds like violin music. Det hortes (ut) soni om han hadde gitt opp alt hdp. Tt sounded as it he had given up all hope. But: Dine ord hortes (ble hort). ‘Your words were heard. Kjennes = be noticed, be felt. Det hjonnes pa farten ndr Grane (navnet pa on best) legger i vei. (Pra Ibsens: Peer Gynt) ‘You can tell by the speed when Grane (the name of horse) starts off. (From Ibsen's ‘Peer Gynt'.) Det Rjentes (uf) som om hele hdnden vay frosset til is, Tt was as if the whole hand was frozen to ice. {oles = be felt, means more or less the same as kjennes. Hoordan foles (or kjennes) det d vare fri? What does it feel like to be free? Past tense: Det foes. ‘merkes = be noticeable. Det merkes ndr han har vert her. ‘You can (always) tell when he has been here. Det merkes ikke, Nobody will notice it. Past tense: Det meriles . . « ehoves,tronges = be necessary. Shal jeg Welpe? Nei, takh, det behoves “ikke. Shall I help? No, thank you, it isn’t Secessary. Past tense: det behasdes (irengtes) ihe, wndres = wonder, has reflexive meaning om han Rommer. i wonder it hei comings 26 "a" (8 fqynes ~ be apparent, noticeable, Dl syne ite. Tt does’ Show. Det syncs pod deg at du har lope One can soe chat fou have been running, But to express personal opinions [eg synes = I think—an expression of very high frequency. Jeg synes in or saber think she is beaut, Do pee Wejeg T don't think so. See page yo shilles = part, De shies som gode poner, Th good friends. De shal stiles, They are getting divorced. 404. A few other s-forms have reciprocal meanings: Infinitive Present Past Tense Past Participle slass ‘loss [Joss] sldss fight each ‘other ‘Spillerne sloss om ballen, The players fought for the ball Yi szes i morgen. We will ee each other tomorrow, Past Ferther examples are: mats or Js oF hefs mest ech ober. Vi tes oregon Bo dans. Wet te fst ne at 105. Finally there are some verbs of thi i not passive, but active meaning suchas) SEH MANE pts etczed, , ithe ssid, which alo hao past preform Tninitive Preset Past Tense Past Partie iyi ips iyhtes be ste . . ee mee thai ot seen a sap Remember, never Jeg es, uta : but always Dt yes ma. Mines remeaner rca, eminnes min brane ber my chil ny childhood: Past tense: mints. The plain verb inne emgMO 60 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Infinitive Present Past Tense _ Finnes (or fins) exist, be fantes: Dt fantes ike mat i huset, There was no food in the house. Infinitive Present Past Tense tres thrive, be comfortable, feel at home trivdes Han tries ihe tore Byer. We didnot fel at home in large cities Preposition ‘ay’ = by 7 The preposition used in connection withthe passive Win Norwegian, corresponding to by in English. De Ble trgepel wo fenden, Thay were attacked by the enemy. Tteteh tages‘ fatten, The food 's prepared by the cook, ‘Vocabulary ‘ro'man c. novel ‘om noen f8 dager in a few days reba Spode (ce tisowen detect are Co lure tRovel fikaral nevertheless Brepe (tt elerning fajenngy eine, $repe te )tedae]o.titor “evil dead ddod [o:d} ¢. death, Sere Cet punish fore (-te) lead take sstraiie (88) punish Exercise 16a Translation: ag leste 1 dag en roman, Helten narres ut i skogen, og ARI en fereder Ingen ser det. Men om noen fa dager ‘med dsden (by death). of the e-form. Vocabulary hhistorie (h’stosrio) e- story be’lonne (-et) reward Fedde (cet) save fattig (att) poor ‘lott [ptt] a. castle King tykkelig happily oppdages likevel ugjemingen. Forreederen fanges og straties Rewrite the above sentences using the auxiliary bli instead Brinmesse {prin-scas] princess gre til Konge make someone THE PASSIVE VoIcE ox Exercise 16b Use the 6-forms first and then the auxiliary bli. ‘The story is read by many children. The princess is saved by the hero, who is only a poor man, He is taken to the castle to be rewarded. He is made king, and they live happily ever after (for resten av live) Comments on Passive 407. An English-speaking person may be in doubt some- times how to translate sentences like: The house was wainted. He was punished. It is said, etc. Is he to translate: luset var or ble malf? Han var or ble straffet? Det er or blir sagt? Similarly: He is loved—han er ot blir elsket? Rule: When bli is used the stress is laid on the action. ‘When voere is used stress is laid on the result attained. If the verb ‘get’ or the continuous form can be used then bli js the correct auxiliary. If he was caught is identical with hhe got caught then the correct translation is Han ble fanget. Exercise 17 Insert the correct forms of vzere or bli in these sentences. 1, Hennes bror — drept i siste krig. Her brother was killed ts te lat oe 2, Jeg — si forbauset da jeg horte det. I was so surprised when T heard it. “pe 3. Da vi kom, — deren list. When we arrived the door was locked. 4, Tele’grammet — sendt i gir. The telegram was sent paca, Vit gh. We were mane yesterday 6. Jeg haper dere vil—Iykkelge. I hope you wll be happy. 4. Det tror jeg vi skal —. I think we shall. Pry 8, Man — elsket av sine venner. He was loved by his frends 9. Fant du pengene? Nei, de — stjilet. Did you find the money? No, it was stolen, 10. Det 2d ut som om han —— stukket av en veps. Tt looked as if he had been stung by a wasp.62 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Vocabulary barber fber’best]¢. barber tomat [to’mat)c, tomato hos barberen atthe barber's supe c.soup fe'eor hairdresser Hi'middag &, for dinner barbersalong barber's shop forbauset [for bousot] aston- fh ime) av seg got nd of ‘shed skjogg 9, beard ‘iskesuppe c. fish soup Kunde [ind] c.customer —_iffe. beet ‘ur e, Bore: torn ssyltetay a. jam Toke. onion Pudding c. pudding ‘tildessert[do’s2u] for dessert frukte. frat [sala] ., salad srkellg ['merkoll strange ikevel adv. afterall Exercise 18 Hos barberen/risoren ‘En mann gil inn i en barbersalong for 4 f4 av seg skjegget. Da (As) det var en fire-fem kunder for ham, matte han vente pa tor, Si roper barberen: “Vaer si god neste!’ Var mann Setter ‘seg opp i stolen, og barberen spor som vanlig: "Klippes eller barberes—?” “‘Barberes,’ svarer mannen. Etter en stund sier barberen, som er svat narsynt: ‘Har De spist tomatsuppe til middag i dag?" ‘Nei’ svarer ‘inden forbanset, eg har sist fskesuppe. ‘Og etter? ‘Bit.’ "Med syltetay til?” "Nei, med lok.’ ‘Har De, spist pudding med rod saus ti dessert?’ ‘Nei, fruktsalat.’ ‘Det Yar metkelig! Da mA jeg ha skiret Dem likevel.” ‘dot er’ = it is, there is, 108, Det er corresponds both to: (a) it is, and (2) there és (ar), in English, since the old form der has been almost entizely superseded by det. (g) Del te al, det sien. 1 not salt 2 er meget sannsynig (sann’syznli). Tt is very likely. Note ‘the difference in construction between Norwegian: Det er ‘annsynlig at han kommer, and English: Hes likely to come. 8) Det var mange dengang som trodde at det var helt umulig (Raat here were many at that time who thought that ‘sr 8h god here: please om voniig as usta! inippe ced) coe barbers (te) save ‘THE PASSIVE voIcE 6 it was absolutely impossible. By det noe Blak i Blekkhuset [[blekk(h)uso]? Is there any ink in the inkstand? There is and there was can in a good many cases be ren- dered by: Det fines (or ins) and Det fantes. See page 60. Dengang fantes det ingen biler. There were no cars in those days. (0 Det is further used in impersonal expressions like: Det ragner (reinar], It is raining. Det snor. It is snowing, ete. CHAPTER IX THE ADJECTIVE 109. You will already have come across adjectives scattered here and there in the book. But you have not learned to decline them as yet. The declension of adjectives in Norwegian is not very complicated, but it requires some practice. In English, where there are no genders in the nouns, the adjective remains unchanged. In Norwegian, however, as in French and German, the adjective agrees with the noun both in gender and’ number, There are two declensions which must be learned: (a) the Indefinite Declension and () the Definite Declension. ‘The Indefinite Declension « n pl 110, stor stort store Examples: stor guit big bo Sort hus big house store guiter, hus big boys, houses This type of declension is used when the adjective stands alone or isolated before the noun as in the examples above, ‘or is preceded by the indefinite article en, et, or the inde finite adjectives, The latter you have not met yet, so you had better be introduced to them. Those in question afe:64 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ©. a, ph. AA, noe [Ynozon] some, any noe oem ‘ingen no intel ingen (Gn)hver [vaexr] every, each (ef)hvert 112. Note ingen is equivalent to ike noen (not any), and iniet (rarely used in everyday language) to se noe, and ‘the plural ingen to ikke noen. Example en vakker dag, et langt brev, noen lange breo. ‘Han er ingen fin mann = ikke noen jin mann. hhver fri mans = every free man. Iiverd gront blad = every green leaf. 113. Note: The adjective also takes the same endings when used predicatively. Guilen er stor, Huset er stort, Gutlene, husene er store. Det blir markt, Tt is getting dark. De md ware rede. They must be red. Vinduet er dpent, The window is open. Vindwone er dpne. The windows are open. Exercise 19 Insert the correct forms of sor (big) and the article, where required, in the following examples: e — bok, e — barn, — bit. ‘noon — skip. — —epler. —menn. Jang (long): e — vei. — film. e — ord. ‘Shoone var Predicatively: Veien er —. Ordet var ‘The adjective hay (high, tall); e- — tre. — trax. ingen — fjell. Predicatively: Mannen er —. Huset er —. Prisene er for (too) —. Trane var blitt —. ‘The Definite Declension 114. This declension is very easy to master, as the adjec- tive here has the same ending throughout, viz. ~e, ic. the same ending as the indefinite declension in the plural. THE ADJECTIVE 65 & 0, pl store big store pe 115, This pattem is used when the adjective is preceded byte) don fe), det fa) pl do (> Enghh the) eh Nonweglan grains oie the dolinite sid of the ete Examples Don store bon) = The big town, tore use), pr de store byer (or byene), de store hus(ene). ae 6) The demonstrative adjective: iy ph dette this disse these dome oabre pakfen) this beatiful park fete gvonne bade) this green I tise grome tara) ‘These green tees The student wil have observed from the parentheses th ven the definite article of the noun can be use these Sie We cal that dale dfntion ihe big the Lown this green the lent). This construction fo very frequent i colloquial style. ao aoa (0) Possessive adjectives: . n, ph. min my mitt mine hans his ain your ite dine Jennes her ‘dr our vart vdre ‘These are fully treated on page 113. min mye hait my new hat ‘drt lille hus our little house hans fine hund his fine dog In colloquial speech the possessive adjective is very often placed after the noun with the latter ia the deft form, fos nye ton min (ek. gls, the new hat ‘of min) de Tile ‘ise er, den fine hunde ans.oe 66 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN (@ the s-genitive. Min hones nye hatt. My wife's new hat, Desember er drets jnorke maned. December is the dark month of the year. Note especially: Tn some eases the definite declension is used without any preceding determinative, 8.2 (¢) When the adjective forms part of a proper name, addin {2 aw Garnctervation ofthe latter, eg: Gamle Norge o Repay wae Hans little Hans, Vestre Aker (district near SaoN tinge fru Pedersen The young Mrs, B, Lille Evo fpisy’ by “ihaen). ‘These often contract into! one Praga itle boy (pet name), gamlemor grandma. (j) In exclamations and expressions of addres Sloe Gu, du store min, de store cerden! (All meaning: Good Sergoust, Further: arme mann! poor mant Hallo, gamle erat ielo ld frien In letters: Kjere wenn! Dear friend. {g) tna numberof expressions the definite article i omited (@) Jnamepositions the definite declension i stil retained. Examples: pd rate maten in the vight manner, i ele mitt PEE ng life ¢ hale dag all day. Note: hele dagen; ile 1 hue rite halt the kingdom; idl poyse dagen in broad daylight. IAs the defnite form of the adjective is identical with the A ne eatin he plural, what is said in the following sapautaphs about the latter also applies to the former. ‘Some Details on Adjectives (for later study) 116. x, Double consonants are reduced to single before the ending -t in the neuter: e. n ph. stygg ugly siyet sityege ran green, grant gronne ‘vil wild vill ville Exceptions: full full -fullt,viss certain -vist, to avoid con- fasion with other words with only one consonant in the ‘common gender. Yr ST tHe apyecrive % 2. Adjectives endingnunstressed el, -en or-er fn the paral and in the dete oom’ I tise peesod by a double consonant the latter vl be retuced fo single ° e 2 1. and def, trod Pret basy “tray sulen hungry sulient suline doven [“dowvan] lazy dovent dovne With reduction of double consonant in the pl ‘titer bitter ‘wit “ “elo pretty ‘eahhot “ah gamma old gammelt genie Bxamples: trae der busy times, den ulne nexy wel, live Pier beat is, gamledagr'n olden aps, 117. Special attention shou i nage LX, Spec attention shouldbe pedo th tr adetvs © a liten lite oma en liten mann elite hus——smd enn, hus ‘The definite form singular is y al) ple omd (de and’ mana * ee He mans) (cll also gen eget egne ‘This is the only adjective that keeps the indefinit ; ie singular when frocedee at Cees the indefinite form in min ego somminy own son Buk. mina eg sit eget arm ay own child ine ene bar 1, wn Came ci se Fee ie yay avbeid work. To this class belong the past participles of weak a Sera‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ciples of Class I change the -t into -d before the plural -¢: SIhtede fedre. When used predicatively, participles remain unchanged: Barna var elsket. () Adjectives ending in Chg errct fodig Huish, Example: et riktig soar, plural riktige svar. Jerdige hus, & ferdig.arbeid, ot lykkelig ar ‘couple. (6) Further, some words which end in -sk, often denoting Guionality: af norsk ord [ox], et engelsk ship, ot Brigersk folk a warlike people. ‘Exceptions: fersk [fk] fresh, and frisk healthy, also fresh, fash false, rask quick. (Furthermore ome adjectives ending in -d such as: glad (B.F glad, happy, and redé frightened, solid [soled] solid, strong, fremmed tnfariliar. Example: ef glad barn. Barnet er redd. et solid hus. et frommed ansift an unfamiliar face. (p) Tose ending dagligdags (“da:glidaks] daily, every. jameldags old-fashioned, tlfreds[til'rets] contented. Example: ef ilfreds folk a contented people. Plural: Lifredseborgeré contented citizens, /gammeldags us, Plural: igammeldagse mobler old-fashioned furniture Shortening of the vowel before the neuter -t 119, The following adjectives are aflected by this shorten ing: (a) Some adjectives ending in a stressed vowel. ‘The neuter {is doubled to show that the preceding vowel is short. bla blue—neuter Blatt, grd grey—neuter grdif, rd raw, also He talencuter rat, frt free—nenter fri, ny new neuter Tpit lo steady-—neter sta, The -¢ in the plural is often Jacking in some of these adjectives. Examples: bid himmel blue sky—n. Blatt hus— plural late) hus; n, grate hdr grey air—ptural: grd hdr; 1d frult + borger [bores]. citizen. 68 and -lig (g not pronounced): Iykhelig happy. Huset or ferdig. ‘a happy pair, THE aDyEcTIVE 69 fresh froit—n. rdié Rima (‘klizmal Seorfall a ratal attack, pluasl 12) poster potatoe] raw oral 9 ick, plural: rd(e)foteter (po'teztr] raw () Adjectives ending in a (0 Adiectives ending in aor a mute -d preceded by a Examples: Bet soft—n. Blatt, ph . Blatt, plural Blots. Further: whiten fo pla’ eco sweeten sa iio, Iid papir [pa'piz] white ceptions: dat it wd waatonn. bare TPMOMS! Met ya ‘With d (mute). rod red—redt, plural rade, dod dead—dedt, plural dade (d pronounced ir fe , ronounced in solemn speech). Note: god [gor] but n. godt [gott], plural gode [“goro]. » son ptjcb Adicctives iiectives of two or more syllables ending i = re Syllables ending in an un- see remain unchanged in every position. They are ‘lle quiet ‘ade desolate Se ightencd lerne [mo'de*na] modern These include the SS te at roe ws same thing applies to sme monosyables ending Thesaneth eadingin 1,0 snd 64. bra exelent, a stubborn fo fait, sa conning, ru Cex) sober. To these can be added ‘ry Fs at ost of than may sonnet san With Filly the following adjectives with the end indeclinablo: fellas Common, stalkars poor Weal in eed, Inlnbe: les eonmon, sls poo, Wn Sxl Exercise 20a Fill in the blank spaces in the following examples: toric. de siybhet. = Sc he adjective: vakker, d.... haven. d ... pikene. d. A— TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Exercise 20b restions; What is the form of denne in the neuter and {he plural? Insert the correct form of this pronoun as well fs the correct form of the adjective in the above examples. 70 Using the Adjective as a Noun 421. In English the adjective can serve as a noun only ‘hen sein general sense; the Good meaning eter (2) weything that ts good, goodness = Norwegian det gode, ot {the good people — Norwegian de gode; further examples: the dead de dade, the poor de fattige. ‘if individual persons or things are meant, a nqun must Bat ada pont of OO ee be added cond This is not necessary in Norwetan owing Wethe genders, so. we got den gamle, den syhe, dow Tile (Gesle), de fire siore the four big ones. ‘Which apple do you prefer? T prefer the red one, Tn Nor- Wan: Withee eple foreirekher du (oil du helt ha)? Jeg foreirehvr (il helst ha) det rode. ‘Vi ga den fattige noen penger. We gave the poor man some vee ae dose ego oor on ris The fst thing saw was mpig Det encte jeg hacker, oa eg var old red Te only SEAS Premember is that i was terribly frightened. ‘The adjectives used in this way may also take -s in the Toe 2) by gums jaleaftn. The old people's Christmas Eve. Vocabulary seperttente fie ay ‘Seoy 20) ere Hong, or “good CREERE haan tele tte ce a i, EEG win now me ghee cereals eee con ee eee Geonames Reena traiaa Hr dressed Baigomnldeakt cr national oe pL clothes ‘ime eaedalng fargerik richly coloured, pic i in fled] 6 oct ‘sion a = ‘turesque | THE ADJECTIVE fe bec, curve, bend ae eee Siar pan art, beloved, hed thee i oer Bprabpr sie eaheae BE sic BES oe Bee see dia ESE cay serie 2a Nags oa Den syttende mai er Norges nasonaldag, o lode over he landct den logon Det o ea Betts suse Ese det lange toget med alle de glade barna som ‘narsitee, gjentom atone All barr ends Gabeeromedne meee oe ae ‘er Kledd i sine (their) beste kler for anledningen, T Oddo ec bametogetantig langt. Du kan ft He act tg. Du han st Ge) to ver skolehar sit eget musik-korp, som hele tiden sp : som hele tden sper nasjonale marsjer og sanger. Du kan hore de iiske tem Piling avstand. Gutiene‘r kicdd tne ose tae ane daktr (here: uniforms), og smapikene fine nasjonaldrak- ter, Det fagente ager mkajre co ec fet vakre slottet. a Nordmennenes avholate konge, Olav den fet, Patan o hil de a aro ble Se a Eis Gray we wr ete age gtr at videre (on) nedover tot den munte b Da Sex norake agg of norsk larger overalt og du mitt fue rer a rte oS gl f otk kaller perichamse® (pele Talle Norges fra nord ti ner Vi Z le Norges byer il sor finner vi den samme glede Piru rar ea meta ad fan es gma ee oy ee SP Silat el 2 RC cers oy aeTEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN rice little girl. 9. These Norwegian apples are too small. vice ve bought some very fine strawberries in the town (eicawbenry © jordbar {yorba''] m). 11, The weather vas Gee That was a fine word for it. 13. This brown hat wr very expensive (expensing = db dear). 14. She Was 2 long etter to her (= sin father. 15. The pres have Wrote 8 too high (price — pris.) 16.1 saw some big ships in Meekr on) the harbour (harbour = haon c).17- He gave (t; Ptign anywer (Coolish = dum, tapelig). 18. The big ees a setad (here = rdfen). 19, T can't see any’ red house, 20. Is that clear? CHAPTER X COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES 122. Most Norwegian adjectives form the comparative by Uiding Wath the inte of in Rime 2 Ee i bin Further Notes Difference in number: I det x9de og 2ode arhundre (snguar, compared with Buglish: In the 2th and oth Senturies (plural). Further: To og on hale mated (Singular), English: Two and a half months (plural). Heor gammel er fi Hw old are you? Jeger eno fue dr (min spit of dr88 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN CHAPTER X11 THE ADVERB ‘The adverbs fall into two main categories: ‘A, Those formed from adjectives. B, Independent adverbs. ‘A. Those formed from Adjectives 143. The neuter form of the adjective (ending in -t) serves ‘as adverb as well. Refer back to para. 118, paying special attention to when the -t is omitted. Adjectives Aves ce ‘ ong or Foe core ea bad st Gc pra, 116) cotbaon late a Waenapoy ‘yd (ee para. 128) Examples: Det var scart pent gjort. That was very nicely done. Det var Beer ton That wee badly done. Vihar gat lang dag. We hhave walked far today. Du Rommer sent som vanlig. You are Coming late as usual. Hun var Iybheig gift. She was happily married. Vocabulary fue fo nnabo c. neighbour ‘t Sveive (et) inn wind in fal wrong, incorest En hi'storie (story) En dame som hadde vert pa fisketur sammen med sin mann, forteller naboen om turen: ‘Jeg gjorde allting gall. Jeg snakleet for hoyt, jeg brukte gal flue, jeg sveivet inn for jort, fg det verste av alt jeg fk mer fis enn han Comparison of Adverbs 144, Adverbs derived from adjectives form their compara five and superlative in the same way as the corresponding adjectives. Pr lh THE ADVERR 89 penere Per skriver pent, men sesteren shriver enda (still) pencre. pent nicely — styt badly sggere . iphielig happily Dyhicigere Be Irregular: od, ve el "ede best cpposite to: onde) paint dinis\ Badly, ‘vere verst fe "J baaty long far 1 TengeS long, long time “ener Jongst N.B—The corresponding adjective has the form ‘Tongre ‘the comparative (see para. 125 (3)). form “Tongro in 15. A fow adverbs that are not deriv i Gan ao have degrees of comparison, =) "0m adetives oft (tts) often ofere oftener Germe eso “hellr rather wlngly ort (fF) quickty), has the same form both as ajc and as adverb, It is compared fort—forlerefortest. Hos tannlgen. At the dentist Idiom: sort engrt = much longer Tangle Cor det sna Dose? Pte: At rss oe gat aba, Wel, i B. Heda of da na Bow it now? dria tal, jeg syns det ir corre og vere jo lenger De ‘older pa. Honestly, Ute) i i getting worse and Worse the longer you are carrying on 7, Dat sha ite wre lnge nd won't at lang now Varer det stort loner sir jg het t's ong fo ast pe ong chi iy = De burke gd oftere til tannlgen, You ought to go more ‘often to tie aca. “Me™ You ought to + After a negation and in itelanses. ‘oftest oftenest halst preferableFO ° Each YOURSELY NORWEGIAN DJ jeg wet ded meget godt, mn det rllere sagt onn gor eA ow it very well but itis more easily said than done. B. Independent Adverbs 146, These form a lage and varied group of words which M6. Tiyided actading to tet diferent meanings. You ny cyened to memorize them all at once, Pick out a Fe net Sarton actually need and then go back for more 147. Degree—to express a fairly high degree the following are used: ganske quite, right. temmelig rather, fommelig haldt rather cold. ‘noksd fairly, rather. Hoordan har du del? How is life. Jo, Jake, noksd bra. Not too bad, thank you. riktig quite, almost very, and thus a litle stronger than {he ones above, Det var riktig int. That was quite To express a high degree: for — too, En er for liten og en er for stor. One is too small ‘and one is too big, Still stronger: ‘altfor = far too, much too; alffor stor far too big. sveert and meget = very. Han or meget farlig. He is Sangerous. Det blir svart vanskelig. That will be very difi- cult, Higher still: fover’mate exceedingly, ytterst, overordentlig [over Prati extremely, used’vanlig unusually. In colloquial pooch veldig is widely used. Hun er overmate popw ler. She extremely popular, common: veldig popw'ler. Besides there are: aldeles [al/deslas), helt, fall'stendig completely, entirely, sith aldcls (helt, fullstendig) gal? Are you completely mad? Finally we have @ lot of nonsensical intensifier like: for'ferdelig = awfully, fryktelig —frightfully, | skrek- Kelig = terribly. Hun or shrekkelig sot (sweet), forferdeli ‘pon, frgktelig stor, etc. ganske bra quite good, ganske riktig quite sa tine nggttt oven o 48, Time. da—then, Here lurks a pitfall. ‘Then’ ice mesnings in Engh) a tat tne hereto responds to Norwegian da; () after that, afirwande sot seen, whee conespond to Norwegian she camples: Jeg var meget ung da (= r soaps st at tine) ap pele mi ook ‘ut en tur. First we had dinner = fra tre went fora walk. Get ths pone quite cleans te) enda, enna still, yet. Han er ennd i ii Fee dt ay pee at a spices Nannie Coe Ho peterson seer on ene a He ae it i rier Be for hae haw sagt det for an fl dad om. No soonet iad he said this than he fell to the id dead. Sooner cre foie neat pone folder ce et os Coreponting fo Enalsht Fst come fet sca” Note specially Fast 4 gdr fikh jeg vite at du var kommet, Ne a (only) yesterday did hear that you had arrived, Not aettopp, alkku'rat just, exactly. Var det Hansen du stod remy ube ch Pe ey netoph (al era, Hes exactly. ‘Min bror har netiop rea ioe em oe ta sei ee Cee tds ig et, Lo ig te Putseli brétt suddenly. Det hommer ad plaslig ft comes so suddenly. aches eee . es semeclonm, oes ot ft eine ae arule T go to the cinema, Y* Ost Bér Jeg pa Bina, As Pee se ome, sna. enn ata \ ry TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Tenge tong, a long time. Ver ikke lenge! Don't be long! For Tonge siden, Long time ago, but Deter lenge siden. That is a 1enb ime ago, About distance the form lange is used = far, Ep det langl d ga? Ts it far to g0? ssiden later, since then (also conj., see pages 260 and 16x), Vout til siden! Wait tll later! Har du hort noe fra ham siden? Have you heard from him since? Vi ikke rev. Siden har vi fife hort noe. Since then we haven't heard anything. faldri never, Du skal aldri si aldri, You ought never to say sae aldrt é livet never in my life, ldri pd en sondag never ‘on a Sunday. Gnder‘tiden, stundom [“stundom}, somme tider, av og padertioually, sometimes. Somme tider spiller vi hort. Sy oiiaes we play cards. Roker De? Ja, av og til. Do you smoke? Yes, occasionally. etterpA afterwards, si then (ee pageor),deretter after that, Gerph thereupon: Og sf var det dans etterpd. Afterwards there was dancing (a slangish saying). ym Kongen, sd Serouprinsen, derpa Statsministeren, og sd en lag rekke (med) fine fat, og tl slut (il sis) hom stakhars Wile ja ‘nh now, Skal jeg gjore det nd? (see also para. 156(3)). Jalltid, be'standig, stedt (og stadig) always, constantly. ‘Huan Rage alti, Destandig, stodt, He is always complaining, alle rede already. riylig, nyss recently, lately. Snart soon. Jeg kommer snart. Tam coming soon, I'l soon be there. fremdeles. [frem'dé bachelor. poensinne, noen gang ever. Har du noensinne (wen gag) tert sjosyke Have you ever been seasick? igjen (1) again. Kom igjen. Come again. (2) left. Jeg har ingenting igjen. Nothing left. Yenidlertid however, but. Imidlertid hom taleren for sent, However, the speaker came too late. 149. Uncertainty and supposition ans perhaps, kan Rende may? ‘muligens possibly, ‘ihnsynligvis probably, visstnok it is true, I dare say. 1] still. Fremdeles unghar still a rue apvens 150, Admission: ° rikgno its tre, ad addy, Han ign " venn av r, men likeve le is ist ficnd of mine, bu athe same. amet @ good 151. Manner: iso, slik such, siledes like that, hvor inde sre nsdn one the avers derived rom adjectives. Ham hjorerlangsomt. He dives slowly. 152. Negation ikke, ef not, El is uged only i ek of not we ony few Bed passe se Kap ry PE ea a Fr terme Ute as a negative has no equivalent in English. Hon er Tie ries aie es inee Pay much interested in the little, litt interessert a little ine 153. Place: her here, der there, where hvor, ‘derfra thence, hes fom here hence” “T® fom thew ‘derfra og dit from here to there. una away, in expressions like: ld Tyeon hom Seg wna The thet eseapeds "4 RP 8 154, Contrast: ellers [elo] otherwise, or else vise, vellers Otherwise Fa al ihn eas Gor om ene do tell you, or else. Noe elle rythin, cle? De Sane som els. The same as asual nS 8? Det Adverbs with Double Forms 155. Some very common adverbs : verbs of pla¢ eS ‘ common ady place have two forms, ‘one signifying direction (wt, inn) th a final oe, ie) Seating rem” On one wits = ‘es a — Peer eg tie Hie Tee at home. Gd dit! Go (over) there! (from the speaker). Sitti ee ee en ee ‘Han er reistbort (= bortreist).. He has gone away. Han er borte. He is away. ut—ate | Onkel har gatt ut i haven, ‘Uncle has gone out into the garden. Vi skal spise middag we i dag. We are inn—inne nepithinn spiesuen, The. guests went into the eal i dining-room. ing out today. inne stun, Mother was siting nthe Mor sat inne aot Er Per inne? ier opp—oppe Mle he ast htop # He wa trom ih oP In oc ee rte” weds yt ope i The cgi ws soaring High fi Some a: ned—nede Ships nd ‘The ship went down, ‘The farmer lives down in the Bonden bor nede i dalen. fam fram—framme Vi hom fram (frem) til sist, We got there in the end. (fgg Ma Se son be ee — © em teak demain hen—henne sam ox Br) ham. They wet up tos Dee em cet hort” ‘The capa stands ov ‘the corner. Instead of hen—henne, bort—borte is’ more common. Expressions: fog hay lt Bde oppo og nee. have searched both high and low. Hoa han sier, gr inn av (ad) det ene oret og u av det andre, What he says goes in at one ear and out at the other. Hun visste hverken ut eller inn, Meaning: She was at her wits’ end. Borte er godt, men hjemme er best. some Adora Sete Mier sh, cata vay cn ae ane ey Iai ma ce ere a Cea er ih ae a ulin Fe min cos 1, da, 2, vel, 3. na, 4. nok, 5. visst, 6. jo. (dase Meson dem Sin Sr son eg aa cae eg sm (0) vel dtc ssn Beg gt nyse te Ce i a ae SLATED wip Ot at gi he Spken dn’ Do you thine il borrow your bet (hyn tie tee om GIST eas a fae (a hot en ta it wn cone Matai apse shht anon sales ce a Sarde that, you know. ones is tke W) nok modifies a command or an assurance. Isa ies ty Yet ter oi yo, Pub mieten ent aten ee estat Fete fad ma Ts ste wn tab bst acm an tatednee 96 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN weet — apparent, ae Beh He bil agave ar va es Her i Rs Meat re ne (6) jo almost = as you know. . Klokka er jo alt fem. It is already five o'clock, you know. For place of adverbs see page 166. Inversion caused by Adverbs 157, When an adverb comes before the subject the result is inverted word order. Examples: Likevel biker jee dt still Tike it. octoary ce ti pe a ant ere (i ee myereetig [yore or (50 iisje tine Tart cordial rn aa as Bee ce = ott c. walking tour seit an lutte Cet) close, end TESST « cute Exercise ha Holmenkollen, den 28. 966 jer foreldre! ak for brevet, Jeg Kk det aura fr en time sien Take een liner all hast. Jeg ar det aes OF Settet, ewe nar det elder (as regard) mat og {sk ihe g badet, Son ar ar hele familon ate pa Byy og badet TERE Som asl Dt regner vist ale her a war full a folk over, unge o gue, som badet of Bee cpa Vannel var tee vara El ile ok eke jog ha viget & gh wi (a). | Etter drat of kate ph stranden og okte en sigarett ler to THE ADVERB ” ‘Jeg har ikke fatt noe (any) brev fra Ola enda, men han akriver nok snart, antar jeg. Hjertelig hilsen Rolf, Exercise 266 Oslo, asth August, 1966. Dear friend, ‘Thank you for your last letter which I got exactly a week ago. I must tell you that this will be (bi) just a short letter. You ask me what I have seen in Oslo. I have seen many interesting things recently, several films and plays, and have also heard some good concerts. I can now tell you that next month I am going (translate: skal jeg reise) back to England again. Therefore, Z try to see as much of Norway as I can. T have also recently been on a long walking tour in the ‘Nordmarka’. It was a little too Iong for me, so I was rather tired when I reached the town, But still J liked it, You get plenty of fresh air. You can hardly find anything (ioe) which is better for you, can you? Well, I must close now. Hope to see you again soon, Best wishes, Gunnar. CHAPTER XIII COMPOUND VERBS 158. There are in Norwegian a number of particles— ‘mostly prepositions and adverbs—that are used to form the so-called compound verbs. The most important are: av of, avta decrease, abate; etter after, eterligne imitate fra from, “frata take from, deprive of; frem/feam for- ward,’ frembringe produce; inn in, innhente catch up with (on the road); ut out, uti give out, edit, publish; opp up, ‘oppsta arise; ned down, ‘nedlegge close down; om about, ‘omtale mention; med with, meddele [‘mezdetla] inform}98 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN over [‘o:vor] over, Yoverta take over; ‘under under, Sunderholde enteriain; til to, ‘tilhire belong to. Cf, English uphold, undertake, overtake, offset, etc. Intonation: When the first element is one-syllabic the com- pound gets single tone’, see examples above. 159, A great many of the compound verbs may be split up without changing the meaning; e.g. “overla = “ta over, “ope =e obby ‘anf Se a St = “sre a ‘tithore whore til. Jegoren aofyrie et skudd or Jegeren fyrte av ct skudd. ‘The hunter fired (off) a shot. You may hear both: Forfatteren ulgao en roman, and: Forfatteren gav ut en roman. The author published a novel. Others cannot be split up at all, ‘The compound forms have generally a more formal or Iiterary favour than the split forms which are therefore gaining ground in everyday speech. This tendency can, however, lead to comic results at times. In other instances there is a clear distinction between the ‘separable and inseparable forms, the latter being often tused in a more specilic, figurative sense, the former in amore direct and conerete sense. Compare Fienden er Blitt avskard, ‘The enemy has been cut off, with Legen skar av benet (or benet ao). Lit. The surgeon cut the leg off. Further examples: ‘Han stod opp tidlig (“tisli]. He got up early. but: Det oppstod en tretie. A quarrel arose. Unnskyld at jeg avbret ‘Excuse my interrupting Den. ‘you. but: Hun brot av en gren. ‘She broke off a branch. 4 oppara barn to bring up children but: d dra opp en fisk to pull up a fish 4 oversette en bok to translate a book ‘but: d sette over en elv to cross a river 4d innhente to catch up with (on the road) Dut: d hente inn to fetch in 4 opplyse (om) to inform (of, about) but: d Iyss opp to light up, illuminate «a iepdfen tom out bot: dias” tole wegat weft Ber tehesam ‘on —— but: d drive ver (om shyer to pase ie pass, dif ove fabo fais} lous for instance) CE. English t overtake, but to take over 160. Finally there is also a special group of compoun vet coming of un verb and aljeetve-f ver. Examples: delta (delta) partake in = fade take part in; ‘jatspenne strap = sponne fast aeantien Note: On the rare occasions where the past or paicipls of theseparablecompounisareusotas adjectives, they are not split: de fastspente skiene the strapped skis. CHAPTER XIV MODAL AUXILIARIES a ‘The Future Tenses Th addition tothe thee well lenown au sere tobe) a Gohave), and ( base, there ae also the socalled Modal dusilates, which Rave « mates ine justin, Met ofthe have the conte re. Eats “lnongh reg niSiy Ge Of spocal interest are thove which repre expressing future in Norwegian. ch eenmiel 1G In common with English the modal auxiiai (Goat) and vt (il) the inti tan be used Tse gvo etts Have; however, compete ini TommiTEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 100 Inf. Present Past Perfect skulle skal skulle shuullet ville vil ville ville skal/oil covers shall/wil, but also other ways of exPressg futare in English, which can ‘be graphically illustrated as follows: {a) shall {fog sha rie morgen J shall go tomorrow. © am/is/are oing to eg skal jope bil. sence {fing fo buy a. (9 amyis/are+-ing . orn of vb {Jog shal dra {morgen RE UL am leaving tomorrow. (@ am/is/are f fog skal verre der Rl dite, skal (supposed) toyT am (supposed), to be there at eight o'clock. lsh there is a tendency to use skal in the lin the second and third, but there are no HEBaleutes, Apart from the fature skal has also an. ferent Tit termination and promise in it. Jeg skab homme # morgen. ‘Hun shal so ‘Peer Gynt’ i koeld. 164, Vilisused to agreat extent with non-personal subjects, Wed ala lang tid for han Dir risk igjen, Ut will take @ long Ras before he gets well again. Det vil haste ham mange ponger It wl cost him a lot of money. Det wi vanskelig reere td fad tl de. ts be dificult for me to find te for it. With personal subjects: Dw snart merke det. You for tv rokice that. Gd forsiktg [fd fikti] over isem, eles TT aa lle igjennom. Step carefully over the ice, or YOu Wit vi Miiceugde'tn these examples vit implies that something is likely to happen. 165. A peculiarity about the Scandinavian languages is wees whan the direction is sufficiently expressed Dy. am that bof place or a preposition, the verb of motion is often fave eecthe verbs skulle, vile and mate (to have to)? 1 ch Shakespeare: "Wit, whither wit?” 163, As in Engl first person and Vi MODAL AUXILIARIES ‘Examples: Hvor skal du hen? cs amples: Her sald hen? Where are you ging? ‘a stasjonen, Tam going to the sation. Heo Ho wanes {to get out. Fav Pare cs M oY Hed X must be of. Vi nd jon. We 16. Present tense is of iture action in is often the best way of expressi futar action in Norwegian, especialy i way of expressing dayne ature tence CE Engh T lave tomer = Norwegian Jeg reiser i morgen. ve tomorrow eg kommer ve in” snart tilbake, et bir wandblig, Twill soon be back. ‘That will be dificult. 2S met rete sheen ce ars saaton bane statis Compares Pisa Ut Stay happy. We sal aways be happy. 6° ~ We shal Exception: When veere is ide it ran Src: Toa cab re Note specially: When will he be coming? which in Ne ‘gian translation will run: Vai gan i run: Nair vil han komme? or Nar Rommer Poin aa 1a hn sein ye epee) (in the infinitive and present). Bxan ple: Fen of ee mae See $e en i el abet aac a latin wi ey Lee at Seay Future Perfect shall/will have read Woe alo) ht hen nd us home Tether nk by the tino ae cD _ Hide ere ees Yo wl have nut i ee shalfwill ha lestae x02 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Future in the Past should/would read shulle/ville lose should/would have read shulle/ville ha lest 170. Han skulle (reise) il London. He was going to London. Tn English should would have a widely different meaning here. ‘As shown by the parentheses, the verb omitted. Tn conditional sentences, however, English and Norwegian Fo correspond. fois du skulle teffe ham, (sd) hls ham fra Jeg er du silt, Tryon sbould see (meet) him, give him m Beck tegards, please. Det ville ha vart bedre’ om du hhadde Jorait eg dct pd find. Tt would have been better if you Pritold sue (0) beforehand. Hadde jeg vingor, (sd) vilé jeg fly. TET had wings I would have flowin. With subjunctive meaning, I wish I were you'—Jeg she conse jeg var de’. 471, In colloquial speech shule/ville ha vart is often Shortened to shulle/ville var. ‘Han shulle (ha) vert her allerede i gar, men ble antakelig Joobinctrel fra d homme, Fle should have been here already. Weterday, but was probably prevented from coming. Det Mie (ha) vert edre om duu Rune ha Rommet 4 morgen. It we ave been better if you could have come tomorrow. ‘of motion can be 172. When two events synchronize, the expression used is: skulle til A be about to, going to. Jeg skulle netiopp til 4 legge meg da telefonen ringle. L was jast about to go to bed when the telephone rang. ‘More on ‘skal /skulle’, ‘vil/ville? 473, Besides denoting fature these two auxiliaries also express other meanings and muances. skal often expresses: (2) A command: Dw shal ikke st Du skal ihtke spise med kniven, jee. Thou shalt not steal. not eat with the knife, acm sc ei ek Sette is supposed to be, is sai ) A supposition = iss is said to, Examples: Han shal wore rik He is supposed tobe ch. Cl. Geman: (4) An agreed arrangement: Vi skal LLejonon We arto net af twelve at estate (5) Hopelessness as in sentences like: Hoa skal jeg gj What shall I do? or What am I to do? camel skulle corresponds to English ‘should inglish ‘should’ when expressing imal ableton = ght to. Du sale sone dp td te sjousaf to tolerate other peoples opinions) “tO Jn case of an agreed arrangement Norwegian skulle cor- Eavonen. Tog sku of Hota eer he (stay Pele tha a fistetiy (Ck. (fon the dagramn in pore 962) Engh: wi bowing, want tok to ah Ider haged Woah you ike tea ox Cote Hee A He (dear ited) homens don twa go ome Cir erate ec nen a mn dee vale) gjerne = T should like to. Cf. German fe ae oe skulle ha. Je ‘shalle ha ef par a, ar better oa Base wes copa piste oe 178, ‘Theinitve construction 1 want you to come does tied. Jogo of dus homme Texpect ou toe ee Pe eer afd shal ij, Silay ith an nitive ater a sogative pronoun or adver don't now what to do = Jeg ihe hoa jeg shal gore, He dnt know wh lop = Han visste ikke ndr han skulle stoppe. =TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 304 Other Auxiliarié 176. Infinitive Present Past Tense Past Participle () Runne kan unne unmet beableto can could ‘been able to “The Norwegian jeg kan usually covers the English: T can, Tam able to, and sometimes: I may. TEeamples: Du han synge meet ent iis dv thei Fa i beastly, you really want to, Kam De You can sng very Mou speak Norweeian? Tn the lst sen- swale, norsk Can Yon eid Keane norsk? Kam in this tence mas cquivaent to English “now vmicing for_permission, Bnei: may, Kan Jeg (fi) lng Asking fo my? May fr can asin Norwesian) T foto Your pen for 2 moment? Past Participle mdttet have had to ‘md gjores. Some Past Tense matte hhad to Infinitive Present te md to have to must Vi ma hjelpe ham. We must help him. Noe Thing es tobe done. Past tense: Jeg mate ad fo forest SB teostilligan] war slut for d nd fog. Tad to 60 Pers ft performance was finished to catch the train Jeg her 4 Meare dt = Jog er blitt mod! tld gjore dt. I have had to doit. In polite questions = may, Hone inn? May I come ine @ might: Ma jeg (fd lov til d) ple Past Tense Past Parti burde burdet Infinitive Present (3) burde (“burds] bor (ought to) verb denotes what is the most proper and suitable iting to do. Man bor ga tdi tit sengs, One ought 0 0. tan ss geg sys dc burde be ham om wnshyldning. 1 think you ought to ask his pardon. Present tor (torr] Past Tense Past Participle Infinitive torde (“torra] tort (toz*#] (a) tore (dae) ih soe tect smesaninn 105 run tor ikke g@ alone i market, She dai 1 She dare not walk alone he tarde, Ha lye fe pt a de oar sand dared not mainiain that it was true. Sometimes foe also indicates a vague possibility: Det torde ware vanshelig. Tt night be dificult. Tor jeg spore es Jeg sporre hoem De er? May Task who (fgets et nay cnet wt (0) A vaguely expressed compulsion ‘ pein Wh tine Som jeg Sor You had better dass Tenge tS 0 ing Fy emia, ih Aas ea eco TT inn? Kan snakke med sjefen? 3 ie Tangy Wa a ape Ee Binet iy dba telnet a (Tangy bo ae ee a aa eta hao: eg tee ti could slept night fa ‘eggs Ctdone ibd mats a ends meet. A fa en til dle, grdte, etc., tomake ong laugh, weep ee 1 is frequently used in conjunctior i ticiple e main verb, Example: Eee ee feta cr il ma = Lal wae aT aaa Sree ft ah He ‘Aik ikke ile nocnting, Tanda? eet to kee acythe Te hence PO a Je asia a (@) To express futurity it ic il (@, Te exorss fatty in expresons tke: Vi fre Weal 2 Den sm lay, resi He who vs, wi (6) ta let—tot—tatt: La ham ga. Let him go. Note: Common to all the verbs of this type is AE before th following ininitave, n> PE» He ck of———T—T——————————— 106 ‘TRACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Vocabulary odin (servisn) c, sed wine | phrestaurant jreste‘appl eat e 0 Invitvin [’vitvisn] ©. white wine ‘avestearalt ‘einer e. waiter kor (Whose) c. iquenr ‘kelner ¢Sestarvange, ix Welge, valite, alge choose, hjorne ["j0*"09) 2 sect passe (-et) suit dessert [de'ser] ©. dessert, Spisekare'n enn, bil of fare swact ae eee ene Marie cs armth, heat bite. beet ferret ¢. trout Fegning [reinig] bil, account stake (240) £7 byeblik'n. moment ‘inka, wine list Exercise 27a Pa restaurant Kelneren, God aften, Hiva gnsker De? eee slealle gieme ha et yegelig bord for tre personer. Fe Det skal vi stsaks ordne, De kan f& det bordet i hjarnet ‘der borte. Hor N. Tale, det passer fint. Kan jeg ff se spisekartet (Gnenyen)? K, Var si god. Horr N. Hiva vil De anbefale i dag? ‘A Bitien ex meget god, og si har vi fin-fin prret. Fru N. Jeg vil gjerne ha en bifl. Herr N. Og du, min datter? Fitn Ne Jeg vil heller (rather) ha fisk, stekt erret for eksempel. Herr N. eg tror jeg vil prove biffen, Get blir to bff og en stekt orret. K. Det skal bli. Skal det vere noe & drilcke tl? Far N. Ja, kanne jeg #4 se vinkartet? Jeg tror et glass rivin vil passe bra til biffen, men du unge dame, som har isk, burde vel helst ha et glass hvitvin, ikke sant, PrbenN, Nei, jog vil ikke ha noe & drikke til maten, Jeg vil hheller ha et glass likor til kaffen. Herr N. Som du vil. Heyy 3 va skal vist woes til dessert? Hiva sier dere om (a) is jeg ogsd. Vel Kelner, MODAL AUXILIARIES Bigge damene: Det vil smake godt i denne varmen, Hor, N. Kone jog #4 regningen, tak K-Btsyeblie. Ver st gods Vocabulary sint pA angry with hefte emtoget the five o'clock train hile ee xerese Translate: ™ ‘Were ae yon og? T can't tl with you now. Iam to Whe yu pie Tg wk Seri Latah pie te BS NaS yay me do a soir Meare Seon Sf Ae rear e ge cere 1 tan detain yon. Wil yo an your wile be at home ie Hr Gia Pa act Se Genan geen eet Voesbtary ——_——— SSE aa an seme bevevone aene wouldn't have gone away if Thad known tha i | ef, Why dint yt nett Sours coming? lad to leave'in ny and didnt get Une to write | Baides, it was (supposed) to be a surprise T do ho you gilt ime you are coming. I promise (was. all hast in a bosry dessuten (do“su:tg] besides overraskelse c. surprise, poli pot Vocabulary ar a et mae Pellerin} hae, ‘lle (-t8) pa doubt oh Eien) a, driver Jatvorlig alls serious “ig niga. omacqoesce ne 6 Feparere [ropa‘rei} (te) toPRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 109 178. As regards the forms du ana dep these are only used between members ofthe same family aad between intimate frends or acquaintances; in other words, if You are what the Norwegians call ‘dus’ with the person. IPnot, you had better use the more polite forms (witha eapital D) Nomina five: De (originally third person plural) and object form: Dem, withthe corresponding possessive adjective: Daves For the use of du and De it may be good to compare with French tu and vous, Tt it tales les time to become ds in Norway than in France. Farthermore young people far more rapidly drop the polite anu formal forms astong themselves ttn the alder genera tion, who observe the rales of etiquette more strict Examples: Vil De ike see Dem? De har glo htten Deres. Ta commercial correspondence: Vi har otal Dor Ores 075, jana. 308, TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Exercise 274 i Jing the neces Connect the following sentence pairs, making sary Cf Haste ao, Pali Saksce 2 Det vil ia alvorige flger, PEMEIGGK A. 3} Ries & Per me Modde) 4. Han vil fa permisjon. itorea en eres. 5. Sjiforen saat ..+ 5. Bilen ma repat CHAPTER XV PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES Personal Pronouns L A much-debated point in Norwegian, as in English, way be arranged in the fol 179. pe ' ssh, 177, The personal pronouns may is whether one should say: Det er meg or det er jeg, Han or 71, The ps dire cnn meg. ot Jo. Han er like sé gammet som tne@ ot Jot, rn echee i eed mae at and pot form meg, atleast when the pronoun is treed: Meg oar penon person Paton! __ | ithe If she expression i followed bya reatve clase the cn.” [Subject form fog is often prefered. Dat var Jeg som giorde Nominative: a sou haw he, bun she den devit Wade “eet a ° en meer dow datit Vocabulary Clie me deg you han him, henne bi {det siste italy ‘grunn c. ground, reason a Pilfere wer ie several woska Hage’ Cid) @il'ce plone (op) : a Rese Cup tortie gosway sumo ast aoa {ail genders) fp coe go to schoo! Si'snar€ (69m) a8 2000 as Lasers Freie Tar ad tran is ham eilinge fru a6 pe Nominate so detey Enraged te Mean spe i oe oe Onec form: ag dem them Bxercise 284 ‘oss 08 salar Sos hig ates genitive form sun he i eon sop ae ee aes (es Ieounes ere oo Shes ut all these azo used a8 ossESIYe, Bla drs mcnioned under tha Para i meg, har du sett Per i det siste? Odd: Nei, jeg har ke sett ham pa flere uker. Olav: Tror du han er reist bort?ae ——————— TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN til Oslo for & g8 pa skole, Nei, ikke et ord. x10 (Oda: Han nevate at han ville reise Har du hort noe om (abou) det? Olav: Oda: Kjente du ham godt? Olas svert gode venner. Odd: Da er det fortalt oss at han skulle reise. Han 4i1 A besoke oss for han dro. Olav: Det kan kanskje vare grunnen. Jeg vil ringe til hans Soster og sparre henne om hun vet noe. Men der kommer jo fans bret’ Broren: God dag, dere vet kanskje at, Per er Waist, eller har han ikke fortalt dere det? Olav og Odd: Nei, Wiel absolutt ingenting. Broren: Han sa han sklle skrive filldere si snart han kom til Oslo, Olay og Oda: Det er utmerket. Hils ham si mye fra oss begge to fit. from both of us). Vocabulary spl (-e) Kort [7% lay AS peng te Sie ptinie te Mr ine ‘morsom fanny (comical) 8 for'Bt pass (by) Eh fremmed a stranger fan (Ber) nosband Pettermiadag this aternoon fetterpa afterwards Exercise 28b ‘Translate: 4. Do you (polite form) know him? No, I have never seen him before, None of us know him, He must be a stranger in Dur town, He passed me yesterday in (fd) the street. Mrs Olsen certainly knows (tr. knows certainly) what he is alled (use the Correct form of lie). I will ask her. She knows Cverything (alt. She and her husband are coming to us for {Gi Coffee this afternoon. Afterwards we are going to play {uras. I didn’t know that you (pl) played cards. Oh yes, we {do (it) occasionally (see adv. page 92). Do you (polite form) play cards? No, never. Where are the boys? They are on (a) sk sseen them for a long time. Have you sold j-ing trip. I haven't ‘your house? No, I PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL A rnoxot yeerives rm Javon’ sold it yet My cildcen are too fond of i Wil wat a good story? Yes, if itis good and funny. ‘heller—ikke neither—nor * 2. Who (hvem) did it? Tt was not I. Nor I either, Was it ow who did it? No, it was not Heit almost (nestor) as big as you, 1S PEST than you The Rese Poon a e-Retesi Vet si, Spe ae eas Cah oranges Some iS as ct whe fhe subject in the thd penom suas sh Sart FH certo Engh ori mei Shale a a etree ea STEER ys ermtofepenl prone ‘The complete paradigm of a so-called reflexive verb will ahem Initive more gt enjoy oneal to ave a god tine femora mg. os Lejoy myst De morer Dem”. , 308 *8/o¥ yourself. | Simmer wen oma, you enjoy yourselves, Seed peson, singular and pra: hun morer se the enjoys tenet det (barnet) morer it (the ay eae se eal moron A (ie ae) enjoys itself. ie it (the eat) enjoys ite orseg they enjoy themes.” ad mphatic role, they correspond to Norwegian (Si Saas Ta ale ere i| | onWactAN ra THACHE YOURSELF » _ vil vaske meg ou saw it youself = Du sd det slo, Ths Jeg Zp pout Shean: I wil wash myself mysel ‘The Reflexive Verbs . ae ati _ entas naa rs se. Rendate ahaa te Stee asi ie mn ft Ge komme ~ to come, but & komme seg me to recover, improve. ; Wrst ms tt te ee Stone ‘opptore seg behave fame se 1 pot op ith aereeg nie, et forandce seg change Tore semen forsove eg senior TetSaptomiring have & look {ote ee oot fhite sea marry sctte se it down, be seated Hlede sep be fod og get onsaclt procure Bed ef bk ora to rts Sek nel ot ‘Rnbilte seg imagine oer eg bury 8 tjede seg be bared one got hort Hiecsdeace nao igs i ne at ele pa seg dress fa by ao ake ot clothes Kkle av se8 undress fenke seg imagine Tei sed is down eo oneview se () appear, 2) prove fo ese D8 58 PN eomrtabie be G) aBOW of ‘Vocabulary seca ys roretrekKce [“orrstees) preter, prtstc instr, parton ‘oSujuented lke erekke ir. Broken e sermoh Exercise 29a For translation Ce mi ce cin )evelden 3. Hon fle 8 Gatien bret Ss Bane a soit ingore (ci fer finger). 8 Hun bryade PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 113 ke! om det, 9. Soldatene reiste seg (rose to their fee). Jeg kunne tenke meg det (so). 11. Vi tenkte oss at han gjeme ville komme (that he would like to come). 12. Doren Apnet seg, og en katt listet seg inn. 13, Da de hadde sat seg, begynte presten prekenen. ‘The command Sit down! may be translated either reflexively Satt degt, politely Sett Demi, or like English sité med! The same applies to Lie down!, Lege deg (Dem)! or Liga ned! seg 10. Exercise 2b ‘Translate into Norwegian: peis e, open replace kniv . knife 1, She married for money. 2. They felt happy. 3. I feel better now. 4. You must not sit down. 5. The old people preferred to go to bed. 6. I do not care what he says. 7. He ‘bumt himself. 8. Ihave a wash every morning. 9. I could not imagine that he was there, 10. He got up and went out of the room. 11. He sat down near (ved) the fireplace to (for d) warm himself. 12. I cut my finger with a knife. 13. You have not changed much, 183. After a preposition se corresponds to the personal pronouns in English. Example: Han fob henne med seg. He took her with him. Han hadde ikke noen penger a seg. He had no money on him, De delte eplet meltom seg. They shared the apple between them, ‘The Possessives The Possessive Adjectives 184. We have already mentioned the possessive adjectives in connection with the declension of the ordinary adjectives, But a few further points remain to be explained. We dis. covered that these adjectives followed the strong declension, and our paradigm will therefore be as follows: Common Neuter Plural my min stot mitt bord mine stoler, mine bord your din stol ditt bord dine stoler, dine bord our vdr stol drt bord vdre stoler, vive bord The negative ikke is always placed after the reflexive pronoun in Principal clauses, Cf. page 5514 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN spelling reform of x038 has alo permitted fem. forms stch ax re dP atid ae placed after the fe: noun: oka mt ever boha nin ms lie se tee es en ah ae ee Naat Sree naira ijectives, it should be tk, tempo ta ting sha aah ear ee ile ens ee aa gs ern Ah rl adjective in front: den nye hatten min, and in the plural: de ‘nye hatlene mine, To begin with, however, the English TRiadne & advised to put the possessive adjectives in front Exercise 30 Diill in the use of the possessive adjectives: Mit hus er nytt Instead of hus, inert in turn the following nouns: {frakh c. coat bord [bor] n. table lame . lamp ‘Change them into the plural afterwards. Din nye hatter pon. Replace hatt by: bilde n. picture, Bil, est. Afterwards in the ural. Ualke Bots, Norveyan uss the posssiv ajesties in front of nouns for abusive purpose: din tosk you fool!, din idiot you idiot!, din slyngel, din Heltring you rascail PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 115 Vocabulary ‘tur here: torn Slanse ("Japs e. chance ‘istand c. condition tnipp c. collar of a shict skitten dirty, Exercise 31a 1, Hans har var gratt, 2, Jeg tvler pA hans ord, 3. Hennes tisland er alvorig. 4. Din far har Ejopt vise hae es Jand ex storre enn dit (N.B}). 6. Hvotior er din sujpn it skitten? Kan du ikke line en av mine? 7. Heng hae toot deg at boken or hans? 8. Nar gir dit tog? 9. Na cedor ae tur. 10. Mine sjanser er amas From example No. 5 it will be seen that the pronoun has the same form whether used adjectivally or ab's pronene proper. Example: Dette or ditt ele, English: your apple. Eplet er ait. English: yours, ele Eee Vocabulary apr expensiva 7 fente (et) pa wat for svc dep TasGei.ete mic’ Sete wie Exercise 31b Translate into Norwegian: 1. It is not my turn, 2. My books are more expensive than Sous. 3. Your brother is waiting for you, He hee wee na and coat, 4. My mother’s greatest intarest isto mosey ot garden, 8. Her son is her greatest pride 6 Havers their farm, their pigs, their sheep and cowl 7 Wiech (oem) of his sons do you ike best ra ‘The Reflexive Possessive Common Neuter Plural site sine sin = his, her(s), its, one's, thetr(s) {thee is also a feminine form si—but rare, Cf. note, page 4TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ‘The reflexive pronoun ‘seg’ [sei] and the so-called reflexive possessive ‘sin (declined as min and din) should really be {rated together, as what has been said about the former also applies to the latter. ‘The English has no equivalent to this pronoun; you should therefore devote special attention to it In English the possessive adjective ‘his’ is used in both these sentences: (1) His watch is expensive. (2) He took jis watch, Actually the last statement implies an ambiguity, 4s "his! may mean: his own watch, or somebody else's. The SSntext will throw light upon the matter, so that possibil- fies of misunderstanding are usually rare, 16 GDake, or: Ham tok sin Bloke. Tf we used the first version, St eonfence No.2: hans hlokke, it would not be his own watch. Tf that were the case, we should have to use: sin. Thus the re ist If the possessive adjective refers back to a subject in the {hitd person (N-B), singular or plural, we use the reflexive ‘possessive sin for English: one’s, his, her, hers, its, their or Theirs (Cf. seg in para. 180 ¢,) It is never used in the nominative case. Here is the complete paradigm: Singular: eg tok min hatt =... took my hat is tok din hatt you took your hat Polite: ‘De toh Deres hatt you took your hat: Third person, singular hhan fok sin hait hun fok sin hath barnet fof sin hatt . he took his hat, ie. his own she took her hat, ie. her own the child took its hat, ic. its own Plural: 1 tok vdre hatter dere tok deres halter we took our hats you took your hats PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL AD Third erson, Hlural: veces 7 de fob sine hatter they took their hats, ie, their ‘jestene fok sine hatter the gu we guests took their hat ie“thele own | Ut BA 188, Again: ‘seg! and ‘ein’ ala subject when this is & noun or pronota pk! ths person, either singular or plural. in the third Note: In the following example fers to the logieal ebfeee ab the reflexive possessive Jeg bad ham om @ trekke sin soknad ti Uibsitaw Rls appticntcn "Seta tibake T asked him to — 2 Can't you see his face, ori too darke ° 4a. The men had for fo had forgotten to take their (own) money with 4. ‘Do you beieve it was their mon {Do Jou belove the money was tii? es Oe English never coed good spirits (humor n.) 7, The watch was not his: It was mine, On 8, Wessel in one of his musi ‘the Smith! and the Babee ne Poems tells the story about 9. The father saw two men speaking to his daughter, 10. ‘Where is the money?" * Mook thoes the money?’ ‘T took my part of it and they 11, The soldiers rode through his garden, Demonstratives 89. There are two chief demonstrat jected in gender and in number as folowsr) ni 9° Ya smith — on omed (omerm8 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Common Neuter Plural Nom. Obj.: denne this dette disse these Poss.: dennes dettes: disses Nom, Obj.: den that det_—-Nom.: de those Poss.: densits dats deres yours Obj.: dem those (a) Denne, n. dette, pl. disse indicate like Engtish ‘this, i. these’ that the ‘thing or person in question is quite hear, while den, n. det, pl. de give the idea of remoteness, “that one, those’. Examples: Denne blyanten er mye bedre enn den. This pencil is much This better than that one. Dette huset er storre enn det. house is bigger than that one. To make the situation still clearer her (here) is usually added to denne, dette, disse and der (there) to den, det, Ge. Denne blyanten her or mye bedre enn den der (or den er borte = over there). Del brevet her er mit, men det der (orte) er dtt, You will notice that after all these demon- Stratives the noun generally appears in its definite form (double definition’). (0) You will also see that the demonstrative den, det, de, dom isin form identical with the personal pronoun (English Se) and the so-called ‘definite article article’ of the adjec- tive (English ‘the? except that the article has no objective form dem. The difference is indicated by stress. Tilustrations Personal Pronoun Demonstrative Inunden the dog den er stor it is big but dener stor that one is big but det er stort Inuset the house det or stort it is big ~~ that one is big Inthe plural: de er store they are but de er slore big those are big PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 119 juunden er stor the dog but den hunden er ‘sie is sor that dog f handone erste the. bat he undone o logs are big store those dogs are big fete fe erred a oe oe fhe demonstrative DEN lange tien THAT long nn 8 (Prot ty smn ie Sem Bos we xo cm ba eine ia Beer Get da (eee fee Seay: rsh tee Sn Se Relves ta tere gage pode Sa ele Pit Sage ease ea Examples: dette er en bok this is a book, dette or boker these are books, dot er en blyant ['blyzant Seer ot ivan Ubyzant] that is a pene, det er Uyante (fr penn dn ae re doer iS, co ()Aasteiterence rom ag {orm of the noun instead ofthe lemonstang eee Festina cept rey pi i Saige ar gg me Norvays meanTEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN faa enerally classed areare se av ato some other WO 190 Te aamonstatives, These are! 2 ph sik i soch sit lle “a sidant ——_sdanne colloquially shortened to: ee sinn sdnne (also permis- sible in writing) 191. Finally some indetinable words: degge both, samme the same, selo* self Note on selv [sell]. ae a rom vet runt i ne th eo te Ei tnd ope en ae pra Stee foot Renate Se ey See ng. incn latent SO ern Se a nt, Sle anol dl Even a hd knows that. Exercise 33, Insert the correct form of Den he gal? 2. Har dn malt ils 1 a dere ithe mine sf da han sks ta bildene er gode. 3... snoen «lat ter dal, er ikke mine brev. or en vaher dal. 5. ie (peasant). 2 Hos fin Ie folk or Byes ( Sa gem ei 3 tar fsa on = sk jt sited by the New Spelling Reform is ‘si, TAREE form usd fa the Gateet and familias speech. NN “we °™ “heir way 1 lived with my parents until ved with my parents until Twas tent ae wet ul nnd stay languages eh ave aiyay Bee ttre in (Soe lace aver i se went home iw my holiday , 1 18 25 the distance uit Mos i not (aoe place of adverb her) ma than sete lometres, or about thirty-seven English miles, caeeel During my stayin Oslo T made oT made (tr. got) many fr ailpats of he country, and Tew ad leur ay gs whict ve never heard of before. aha Vocabulary Tr ptt gn eae oe Soe SUSIE RES ilo ents mee nt teominte emt ttateanp 2 oat MoE, srr apn aan fee etal aisicepeeret w ess set kringkaste (- t) broadeast = Tron poses nea TROUT cee, mney Heeesere See stille (-te) inn pai tune in on yn wibfees a BEE Coy mers es mine n sbject Program (pro‘gramim] z Inter ae Co) intrviw rete yeermelding.c. weather forecast Norsie Rikekringkasting Nor- ‘weglan Stato Brondessting “apheresis post [pet eben, — = Nir jog ferdig med dagens arbi ker eg site Spee a ae tee net Nas Sr hea ae abe ty ie pt aapaomno tr See sneeze Rae sen, storste delen av programmet—forti pang es Sl ee iee 150 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN tyngre Klassiske verker, Sanger synges,av_farsteklasses RUikere og sangerinner. Det blir sendt skuespill og andre Sanerrtiske arbeider. Spennende historier og fortellinger for quan blir lest i barnetimen hver lordag ettermiddag. Viktige Fotballkamper og idrettsstevner blir kringkastet. Man far hore kiserier og foredrag om aktuelle emner, og iKjente folk blir intervjuet. Den daglige vermeldingen og Tiheter (dagsnytt) er populere poster pA programmet, og ‘Hassignalet sendes tre ganger om dagen. ‘Dagens sending avsluttes svart ofte med nasjonalsangen, (Og da er det tid til & si God natt. Revise Passive, page 56. Forste vers [veff] av Den norshe nasjonalsang Ja, vi elsker dette landet som det stiger! frem* faret varbitt! over vannet, red de tusen hjem, elsker, elsker det og tenker pa var far og mor bg den saganatt® som senkert Give? pa vir jord.* 1 (ee) ine: from = fram frac orth arrow eco cee eit “symbolizing Norway's ancient history; Peng down, lower! "obs. for dommer dreams English version, see page 217. yANSOW ~ Tox: RiEARD Nott Soo ler Boh de sm act Be foo ” The won Ww omer met, med detvac hm, = elebererdeogten «bar FW Bom Om We TAD Jord, 0g den : stds genom itr pa co WE Bee ta 352 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Prepositions before the Infinitive Rendering of the English Gerund 245. One of the first things that is bound to strike an Englishman learning Norwegian is the special use of the Jltitive. Tt has already been mentioned that any kind of jreposition can be laced in front of t without affecting the Preprat the infinitive at all, In other words there is no form Conesponding to the English -ing form used after preposi- tions and certain types of verbs. Examples: He left without saying good-bye ‘Afver having eaten. Tenjoy ski-ing. Han gikh uten & si farvel. Fede ac and verbs are fol- 246. A great many nouns, adjecti Javed by prepositions plus the infinitive. To find the right preposition here may sometimes be difficult, English may Rive preposition plus ~ing form, or just the infinitive with Ho ofthe vast number of expressions of this kind a few iiachal examples will be singled out by way of illustration. Nowns: hap n. om a se hhope of seeing sjanse for & f& chance of getting middel til & finne ‘means of finding Facet pa & glore attempt(s) at making, to make Aajeives and Past Patciles: lad iA lese {ond of reading ‘ei } av A vente tired of waiting Siker pa & behiolde sure of keeping ad over & se glad to see forbese over & are Surge to Rear (et her alaid to dle veda for & do god, flink til A tegne ‘200d, clever at drawing kb > PREPOSITIONS 153 Verbs: milage whic bon for Examples: Sci saaea satire be accuse someone of “+ -ing form 247. One further point should be ment a. : mentioned, where Engi ‘ais used for Norwegian: (1) & @) for ds GAs (@) The inSnitive with dis very fr Te equently sed as an objec ofa vat and ew oe Tarely, a6 a subject In ces ould here employ’ the ~ing form, which goes to show that the inntive lorealy'@ oun here, Examples—As a subject Almre A gi pd shicr ithe sd To learn to ski is not so Aviere ler ite vate, deter ‘To be or not to be, that is sporsmale, the question As an object: . Jog arte & kjore i for. Learnt t a! Learnt to drive last yea Hin glonte 8 svare. Sie forgot to answers (2) for a is used of purpose = in order to, with the object of. So whenever fo is equi i Seathenever foi equivalent to: ix ordr to, use for & in Examples: Jeg ma (gd) pa stasje eg md (ed) stasjonen for I mae ge the station to Jeg har spart penger for & Thi he " ave saved mone ‘pe on gael min soser. "present for my iter (3) til aa” is he ition ir {Aa see a preposion ina pore emzto SLA Johar a eosin in more conte se Pei in et Bed ea opontoal ex154 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Examples—Nouns: Joga ie id La jor del, Thavent time to do i a var grunn til A lvo det var There was reason to believe ‘sant. it was true. Jeg har stor lyst tL gjore det, [have a great mind to do it, ‘Du har rett ti) & gjare det. You have a right to do it. Adjectives: ‘Han var ferdig til & reise, _ He was ready to leave. Above all when the adjective is used in connection with the adverbs: for (too) and nok (enough): ‘Ducer for ung til & gd til sjas. You are too young to go to Déterfor godt til vere sant, It is too good to be true, Han er dum nok til A gjere He is stupid enough to do it. det, ‘Very often after superlatives where the infinitive does the work of a relative clause: Han var den forste til & Te He was the first to laugh ‘som Io). (who laughed). Verbs: Han ble oppfordret til & He was called upon to sing. They forced me to keep qui Note: til d Degynne med = to begin with. Syne. eth hh De toang meg til & tie. Infinitive in English rendered by Subordinate Clause in Norwegian (Gee also para. x75) 248, The infinitive in English can be used in a more free and elastic way than in Norwegian. After verbs expressing Gesire and volition English employs the infinitive which, when rendered into Norwegian, must be transformed into a ‘Subordinate clause introduced by ‘at’ (that). This ‘at’, how- ever, is very often omitted, especially in everyday speech, PREPOSITIONS 155 I want you to do it. Jeg, it (at) du skal gore let, vant you to come. Jeri) dr skal komme. etn’ famous words: England experts everyman to d luty,’ must in Norwegian be rendere a a tener al oer man gjor sin ia, "POTS S08: England 249,_In cates where the innit i 3 infitve is preceded by the ‘bs how = horde, rlden where = fo the praca Wat = ea, or the’ conjunction examples of the same phenomenon: "=" "47" 8 And Infinitive Subord. Cause Heshowed mehow to doit. Han vite meg. hoordan jeg Shute gon She didnot know where to Han wilde ihe or hun fo. i ‘hulp 1 didnot know what to do. Jeg wise tte ha jeg shule He did not know when to 169i 1 af0p. ‘hale sisoppe "a A omitted 250. Like English ‘to’, is a Cyc auxiliaries and Verbs like: hore hea se aec eh ag, MOR! Air bet tad pte oe SSR Se oe Tat at se ae eee ie fe bd am 8 ome Prpein a ety Semaine penton om bat ny Be ied — fen til d gjore on tr fle tid joe on § make someone do a thing Teannot help + ing form 2 aie rt T cannot afford to oie to be able to get permission to forlite leave—forlét—forlatt, nyK—8156 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Study carefully and translate these isolated sentences into ae Ide ak it. ee en ie em Pes stra eo scenario Ce re Pee eon sous psi eal ee nay os ne ec a tf han lerte 4 spille. Jeg kunne ikke la vere 8 le, Idioms: bli oitt noe, noen til get rid of something, some- body Ps ‘be busy (with) ++ -ing form ees Vocsbutary fergie tol old am eta Beer Ey enum. mee eS move oencietely 0 ‘peaktlek practical Jpiuesellg' suddenly Sieh pa stress jempe (-et) videre fight on aut Skeru (-dde) pa sew, switch on ‘sjomann sailor Exercise 41b Practice in infinitive il i rr. and is sister likes to hear music and che herself is (t Inui clever at playing (he) piano, My brothers ike row Ie and fching, To do fe now would be both dificult an {Ugorou, Las yen Tiearned to read and speak Norwegian, fiave you time to come to dinner? Our fees had promised {o come tothe station to say good-bye tos, Lam ted of acing the same story so many times. Haven't you found :_ any mas of tig tote Longo £2) Sein tse tg gE sabes et a ha of mare in Fail iat Se chlo he sil The eg et Ea Te tl sted he ss Geeta ih oer hy fd ine ame asta ih gs edhe say em ene ih ee sean ed Have (eat CHAPTER XVIII USE OF ARTICLES In most cases the use of articles in Norwegian corresponds with that of English. There are however, some cacertine 251, The indent articles omitted before nouns denot professions, trade, nationality, etc,: am Hans tror er lege His brother is doctor. Hun er enke. She is a widow. Han er ordnann, He tea Norwegian, Som lege md jogo ASa doctor Tims say... 252. The indefinite article is sometimes lacking before nouns denoting concrete things used as abjest of & varbe Min for ar My father has a car, in son roker pie. My son smokes pipe, Man harftsirerasinveon, Shh hat eet om her fiend, Han verter nd pi soar, —_He'is'"now waiting for an answer 252. The definite article is not used with names of hotels, ships, titles of newspapers: “n " Vi holder ‘Times’ We take ‘The Times’, Jeg bor pa ‘Grand’ (grany), Fi Tam staying at the ‘Grand’,Or a 158 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 254. Definite article in Norwegian, but not in English. (@) Before abstract nouns (life, death, time, ete:): Lived er kort. Life is short. Kast ike bort tiden. Do not waste time. Jeg stoler pai lyin. Trust luck. (0) Before names of trets: Jee bor i Storgaten. ive in High Stree. (@) Tn some prepositional phrases: «ti Kren go to church, ga sByen go t0 fed ecm sere solos be at school, Dt go tothe pictures. town, bo # bye 4 pa Bino CHAPTER XIX CONJUNCTIONS In order to lnk together sentences, clauses, phrases, 258 die words we use conjunctions. You have already oe oe fale number ofthese words, 9 this chapter coe echone ofa review lesson with some addtional notes fete and there For practical purposes we generally. divide the conjunc: For date to clases, (2) Co-ordinating conjunctions, and (2) Subordinating conjunctions. I—Co-ordinating Conjunctions 256. These words join together in various ways sentences for words of a similar type. (3) og {oH} and 5) enton—eller either —or {8 esau and) Serb ellr neither G) sat sow'es elles a saat ® 8 for ter) for Examples: Ia det i posthasson. I wrote the letter the letter-box. ‘Kvinner og barn, Unge og gamle. Young and old. (2) Jog skrev brevet og and dropped it into ‘Women and children. Oe ik conyunerios (2) Han elsket bade st and o country and his people. * G) Dus sd vel som han, bor vite at slit Pm, a toe ithe gr an ‘You, aswell a he, ought fo know that suck Wings ee (4) Vit De ha te eller hae? Would you like tea or eofee? (5) Du han ft elon en hake have either a cake or a piece of brea O™% You can (0 Han visste verken wt d ude Marken st eller inn (idiom). He was quite (2) Jeg ropte til ham, men De er rete ttt (©) Jeg homomer ikke tit & I shan’t buy it, for T can’t offor 7 159 sill folk, He loved both his et, for jeg har ikke vi fede eel M—Subordinating Conjunctions 287, These conjunctions introduce various ki These oon rious kinds of sub- The words at (att) tha Introd cee nay at) that, and om [omm] if, whether, both Han fortalte meg at huset var odelagt. He told me that the house was destroyed. asked him ithe would cnet’ Ma™ 0” han vie homme, 258. In Norwegian a noun i 2dca Ee Norwegian. noun clause (asening) can be pre- Example: Han hom inn sten at jog merket det. He entered without my noticing it. Jeg er 7 del ear et tal fr a ote rtd ‘Temporal Conjunctions 2 Pitan mat a ong etre ods ten a deere hdd Tams60 TRACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN i in the past. jonen for dsi adjo, When we left, all our Norwegian trend peloton (tran. ah are th ca ee ne Examples: Nér det regner pod preston, 4 sryppe f na Bataan fe Pt 1 at ales, for er conjunctions of time are: eller at Bese a mons whe, siden since, it (Fer] a8 Practice in the correct use of da and niir. Vocabulary ne (-) en fen roognize wigan Cap Sy te by vce, fase (-te) lock. a Ton gle ans Nee x Win fa anh 1 Me ra ery RcR a te! Sen eo eck te 9T a ize him when I saw him on the station. to play. : Re Qinen we seached the top we were all hungry and tired. conyunetions 16 Causal Conjunctions 261. da is also extensive 7 corresponding to English: as. Da vannet var for kaldt, kunne ti ikke bade, As the water was too cold, we could not bathe, We have already come across fordi [{5" diz] because Others are: siden since, and eltersom as, Example: Siden je ar bare de dr, ft eg ihe vare med Bring only eight Tyas not alowed ws Conditional Conjunctions 262. |The two commonest ones are: hvis [viss] and dersom. {[desfom] if, which can be used indifferently. Vi skal dra pa langtur his (dersom) veret holder. We are going on a long tip, if the weather holds ‘om may also be used in special instances to introduce con- ditional clauses. Det ville vere trist om det var tilfellet, Tt. would be sad if that were the case, ‘Two other conjunctions should be mentioned: sifremt and Ffall in case, They have, however, a somewhat ‘bookish’ colour. ‘The English: unless, can be rendered with hvis ikke, med’ mindre or very often uten. Example: Du kommer ikke inn uten du har billett. You will not get in unless you have a ticket ‘The adverb bare = only, can act as a conditional conjunc- tion = if only, in instances like: Bare han kommer, er alt vel, It he only comes, all is well. Bare vi hadde penger If we only had money’, 263. A condition can also be expressed without any con- junction at all by using the same word order as at's cece tion (inverted word order), This is also found in English, but far less frequently than in Norwegian. Sklle du ohn, 4 ham komme hjom, Should you soe him, ask him t0 coors home, Har dys, har dle. 1f you fel ike, yousnay ae it Hadde jg vingr, sd vil jeg fy, UL Thad wing T weala Si. Shier et om lye, tka folie there should be ae atcident, call the police.rr 162 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Concessive Conjunctions 264. ‘Those in frequent use are: shjont [font] and enda [rendal, both meaning: though, and selv om, meaning: even if Shjont det bare var mars, var det ganske varmt i luften. ‘Although it was only March, it was quite warm in the air. Selo om jeg hadde visct det, ville jeg ikke ha fortalt deg det. Even if I had known it, I would not have told you. Final Conjunctions 268. Denote purpose: for at ~ 20 that or sh = that 8 ak pena om rab for fj ie sul frye. 1 put an Jeg me oS ot 8 Ne Si ce so mht Pe welsays 88 jeg ke sue re Consecutive Conjunctions 266. Denote consequence or result: @h at = so that, or juste — 0. Jeet ar om fom miner, al dl er est du shyer dg Feet ft oi er tng ive iinutes so You had beter aa rn ead at ay be ap up jus tg Eels: sa ake ated kl weh nen umalig domme fram, Sree er oP deep that was amon possible to get fetes Conjunctions of Comparison 267. First of all: som = as, Som du vil. As you wish. Then combinations with so like, likesd—som = just as—as. Ham er like stor som deg. He is just as big as you. Jeg han like (or likesd) godt fortlle deg all sammen. | may just a3 well tell you all about it. ‘sd-—som = as—as. Han er sd stor som deg. In the following sentence som may be omitted. Han gjor det sd godt han kan. ~ as well as he can. som om = as if, Hun lot som om hun ike visste det, She ‘made as if she did not know. ‘used with comparatives: slerre env, rikere enn, etc, ‘nn no other than, and the pronoun ‘annen’, ingen anne Peer eae tut atga ent inl. ctat an Jo—jo, jo—dess (desto) = the—the. Jo Maki ti) te Tet ie chances. Jo for jo heller. The sooner the better, = Suppleeatary Nota on Subordnnce esc 2 te le rent ptn ee omnes subordinate clause has no equivalent in Norwegian. Shine Ie stacs-Reoe ae Tagan ga Be rac IS Ph fam so 8 et ls. The same thing applies to shortened ‘ te ti tec Ho: When Pop Pah sale ce Me: ie ameienen Kom hois det er mulig. ° (2) We already know that if a princi is 6) Soot tn at pre cles preset IP gra eugene eine hang places Demme enr Vocabulary modig brave mae Skipsgutt c. prentico nent, “deep ihen orebtnake (2) no fei Gin ere forsvinne [fs'Jvinna] ir. (au) fans rope / Komtme | ugrete got into Jed dianp te out fo ant shroud neat, = disorder, entangh rette (cet) pt put eight ave rt ‘live {arti dangerous * Klstre (-et) climb {ilvere up a the is alote kor Sekho’n} agua, tain kkrenge (-et) hes! over Sette tye (t) lon f yard nat pl Tr Uskada ncoat BA yard nat, pl Uskada unsosthed, safe fornoyd wnt Exercise 43a Read and translate: : Den motigeshipsuiten Et shpat vel Amerika. Mil Aanterhavet Be det werrasket a en storm som stod pit fom dager: Das var pi detverst (at is worsh, Kom et tas ugeie no cnwe ——————————————— 364 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN av reme, Dette matte rettes pi. Men det var farlig & gt til ay remix en storm. Kapteinen sa til en skipsgutt af han NET gjote det. Det var en lten gutt, ikke mer enn tretten Gr garnmel, eneste barn til en fattig enke. Gatten st forst opp tila og s4 (then) ned ibgligene som hele Gutter sot inn over dekcet og likesom (as it were) strakte tg at etter ham, Derpa si han pi, kapteinen og sa: 230g kommer stale” Hlanforsvant, men kom straks bse jE Aijaute seg frimodig oppover vantet. Den mann som har seer dette Stod pa dekket ved masten og fulgte gutten (et jymene. Han spurte kepteinen: “THvorfor sender, dy the yeale guiten opp? Han vil ikke komme levende ned denne Fesheinen avarte: ‘Menn faller vor gutter star, han Fn atm et ekorn.’ Mannen si opp. Na var gutten Aer oppo. Skuta Kkrengte st sterkt at rare nesten mide bay ope ten guvten tapte ikke motet, of nen vole) oe evarter kom han ned igjen, uskadd og fornoyd- Idioms: (1) Det er ikke min shyla. (2) ha skylden for (3) Det er best du gar. It is not my fault. be responsible for, bear the blame for ‘You had better go. Vocabulary ong tid or lenge a longtime pFesang (pr’snpe] €- Present wmeneietess RE SEESES catlgenrn mans Rene! broke st neyne (-te) mention Rhiakk! broke sl. ‘Diao the, comparative in fakket veer thanks to Tere) expensive ‘Gotfstrommen The Gulf ‘Stream Exercise 43b 4. You must see all my books while you are here, 2 Tels quite a long time since T saw you last. 3, We had better buy the papers before we 69. If you should see him tell him that I am here: # Gadyou change a pound? No, I cannot, as I am broke, & Went that wemay live, but we donot live that wemay eat 4, Toe longer you ‘wait the more expensive it will be. (bi or vere 8. Because you have been ne ee i nd a ati tase feet to He Rae ekg oy a wll yo warm, thanks to the Gulf Stream, hes acne CHAPTER Xx WORD ORDER (Ordstilling) 269. In simple asserti 2 ve seat gin Petes the word otra Nor or ee ‘Shipel sella sasime aften. “Tae Tuning today. The ship ‘sailed the same evening. Han kom for en uke siden. Hie arrived a week age week ago, Inversion 270.14, however, an f, however, any part ofthe i the subject the sabjel and web Change plage WB pained is a part of the predicate iis sei te normal word order is called inversion a festare hice is also found in Ex Naeesgund in English, though not to such an extent asin By way of illustration By way of illustration Jet us make some alterations to the I dag regner det. Samm aften soe shipet, Totti 8 Zaining The same even Fo ovstestniom bon, AStageteasina ™ ‘week ago he arrived. Further examples: Store er de ite. Ndnd ot They are not ig sae Now we must go. Then he sai |oe 106 TRAC YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Inversion caused by Subordinate Clauses ami. it s principal clause is preceded by subordinate Mise we also get inversion, ©! noe 1 ai no Jes Romer hone ithe. T donot know her Sea Maver it ihe 1 do not manage But normal order in compound tenses: Jeg har ike sett ham. Thave not seen him, Normal order with a noun: . Jeg hjente ikke fyren, T did not know the fellow, . Vocabulary on'or eco Za pA Kon'toret gotothe office “tte StOF Pris PA appreciate Sarees eas we Snore, Fonsi et at pone gaca Enya se, Ess Ee ancy 7 Dat stressed of course: Jeg athe ham, ry stappe (20) av relax Br (9) cor disku’tere (-te) discuss ro"blem n° pronTEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIA 168, us Exercise . ning I carry ablack casein ‘When Igo to the fice aetna L have in the case my (ins) sight hand. If you ask me what 1) ris: two things only—my food parcel and my tobacco. fi 12 o'clock (in letters Sag apenas sai Ce fe Sues ry err ie etan lem e pol 2 eee {el Sas te he rin at Vocabulary wa pree:minn nn fete pate ot toate, ee eae eee Beetle ee ig aot Biceps Feil ‘notis (no’tiss] c. notice 14 inter} reece Svrgide et er eect Bree ie aco: thew, ywmod ["hovmo:d] a. ja, ja very well “oo Bead antl acoutomed ta, Virvherre Our Lord ore muidered tbe vere veioeenimets nage ti desi, Mave at te mina pene sp foal ‘on Be fella, and adv. wrong ns Exercise 48 Predon og Hotheroe ro som mente han var sion St STM ska grt se 1 hee AN na ag hoyt han knne: ‘AV vel, Pepys elve presen — i hendte dt en gang a Sk ha Tang bot ; soa ey nts a tam og Kt som Vani wee ge gangen matte presten av Velen. Det var en gang en pt vO WORD oRDER 169 Men da kongen kom opp pa siden av ham, sa han: ‘I morgen skal du mote meg pa slottet, og hivis dike kan svare pi ‘te sporsmal som jeg vil gi deg, skal du miste bade kappe og krage for ditt hovmod.” Det var noe annet enn det presten var vant til, Rope skike, det luunne han, men det var oged omirent oh, Se Teiste han til Klokkerén, som hadde ord for & vase ange Klokere enn presten, Til ham sa presten at han ikke howe Iyst til 4 reise, for en gap kan spucre mer en ti vier beg svare, sa han, og st fk han klokkeren til & reise | stedot, Js, Klokkeren reste, og kom tl slottet med prestens kanes ‘2g krage pi. Kongen selv motte ham pa trappa med kavee 9g scepter, og var si fin at det glitret lang vel, ‘Na, de der?” sa kongen. Ja, han var da det, det var tikkert nok ‘Si mog nd forst, sa kongen, ‘hvor langt cr det ina et ti yest! Det en dagsreis, det sa Klokkeren“Hverledes det? sa kongen, ‘Joho, solen star opp ist og gir nedi veat og den reisen gj den lett pa en dag,’ sa Klokkeren, Jaa? sa kongen, ‘Men si meg na, hvor mye tror du jeg er vend ok gom jeg star foran deg her." “A, Vacherve bis verdeatt ti tretttsolupenger, a jeg kan vel ikke sette deg ayer enn til tjue ni sa klokkeren. (NA, nd,’ sa Kongen. ‘Siden du er si Klok pA alle ting, si meg hva det er jeg tenker na?’ ‘A, du tenker sikkert det er presten som star foran deg, men der tenker du fll, for det er Hokkeren." INA, st reis du hjem og veer prest, og la ham bli klokker,’ sa kongen, og slik ble det. In this story, written in a natural narrative style, there are 4 great many instances of ‘inversion’. Go through them all carefully and try to find the reason for their occurrence in each case, Ondsprak Hovmod stir for fall. Viva et det tilsvarende ordsprak pa engelsk?x70 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ‘Vocabulary ‘suming c. collection ‘Bjerne x, willingly, 2, expressing oem et giater ee na Rode nha, boro: brain pels c-roplace, grating fit inftoas BORG BEES Ca) inorten, ee conch ey nde fea gt com teats asda), teatien aaa icp asd healy par Sa oo ote eeetthen et wman]c,exami- Have’ oti me gee Bagster scudentustinen matscsation overtro oy supestition i pe anise velatleade wed Tee © EE tree ribo uation Si nie ey abont bapa coer ae Old oe sentence eee euler study orfodve Te) pl ame reentnge lag say ea ean te paively tyke Cte x prs, 2, pint wed Paria ae lette ( te ed for en stor del forthe most ) 1, guess, 2, solve eee ee Apt fog orb Real ee i cae ees eet oo a ae Se eet enon are tr Cri bon Mea ra ae ae ea ete cee Tr von Map rar wm ag neta Yond fr. ab Bagi ik Roget a es ae {bie Mona oie eden et i ei {Roy Sb At ee meng ee ee or Het og gl ee tec malo eC Me At A ee oO i ae Ce INTERJECTIONS aND EXCLAMATIONS ptmcia Annen del var fa baker og aviser den g , ang. Nar arbei yar slut, samlet folk seg gjeme om pelnen oo toot ae os De to unge studentene skjgnte at det var ms som med et gammelt skap eller en guamel Kee Beet minner fra forfedrene. Men snart ville de bli glemt * Derfor be de enige om a samiealledeeventyr som fol iio 4 dem skrevet ned og teykt aoe Pisse eventyrene kom forste gang ut i 1842, og nd er de like populeee i Norge som fortellingene i Teno der eNom fortelingene om Alice in Wonder CHAPTER XxI TERJECTIONS AND EXCLAMATIONS piss general exes emotions Entree ta pa uP Sea xs cost offen Tbe ZOOM for only a relatively small selection Sa yal tn a a ah, ah, both , cpress amazement as well as delightful and Pane Ah, sd stor hun er! Oh, isn’t she big! Air said in a wailing tones often ing tone isa general utterance of pa Titerated “heard athe denttas t™mee oP, Ah—that is good tobacco!12 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ‘au is also an utterance of pain or regret, but more abrupt. ‘Au, jeg skar meg i fingeren! Oh, Lent my finger! ‘akk is more or less a sigh of disappointment or resignation, Sorresponding to German Ach, Eng. ‘alas’ or ‘oh’ In every. Gay speech mostly used in combination with ja. ARK ja, nd fr sommeron forbi for é ar. 276. The answering words ja, jo, nei are frequently used 2 Toe as alone or with some additions, very often to alin passe. Ja, re she jg ere? Jicje saa ae eet! Jet ‘Well, what should I do? ‘Well, now it is done! Very well, O.K., all right, ‘acknowledging an order. ‘The opposite is: Nei vel. Du md handle raskt, ‘You must act swiftly. Ja vel! Very well! The si det ‘Don't say itt Nei vel All right, I won't. Ja si? Realy sth 0? You don't say Knut har gifte seg. Knut has got married. Nei, ja sd? Has he really? Ja visst! Yes, of course! ‘Er det sant? Is it true? Ja visst. ‘Yes, of course. ‘After a negative: Jo vist. Deter ikke sant. Jo visst. nef (nel) expresses amazement. Nei, sd flink du ert Tsay, how clever you are! Tt isn't true. Yes, itis. ‘Brig tat! Honestly, frankly! fy! (Ge), for shame—shows contempt and disapproval, Fy, sham deg. ‘Shame on you. Fy, det var stygt gjort. For shame, that was not nice. INTERJECTIONS AND EX: ‘CLAMATIO} pytt—never mind, " Pytt det gjor da ikke noe, ut Blt} has dng? Uphold tony 173 ‘That doesn’t matter. {sj or 2e5j shows irritation and disgust. ey, sd hjedelig det var! How annoying! vf Slight despair and grumble If skal vi ha, ling § i f, sha ha fiskepudding Oh, are we going to have fish Pudding foday too? tum expreses doubt just a in English Order or request: om ant fom ant Come on! Let's go to it Be ammsan PRO LETE, oy her guter, dere md ikke Tsay, ‘boys, you mitst't pede ea discern nate! ass opp oF se opp! Look out! Ici, hallo! (for hailing someone). Hei, gutter! "7 ei, gut Hi, boys! Hallo, er det noen der? Hallo, is anybody there? In the shop: vs Hallo, De lo, De glemte noe! Tsay, you left something! Expressions of startling surprise: Du store mint ci i Bevare meg vel! Good feavens! Showing sympathy: Det var synd. That is a pit A 2 pity. That is too Det var synd at du kom for fa Ie too bad sent you arrived too Stabhars gut? Poot boy! Expressions of approval and al and enthusiasm: ‘hurra (huur’ra]! bravo [‘brazvo]! " .a oe EE er Feet arma, HER e pnotyt | SGREERRULREPL Py me how 0 ae sere rape ete gangr tre Lek ws give thee cheers for ‘orale fardaniel” “our native land pire futleatt raw, that ws beauty dosat CHAPTER XXII CONVENTIONAL PHRASES ‘These are very important, but not at all easy as they are Steen Ged up with customs and etiquette in the country concerned. 277. (2) When the Norwegians meet in the morning they fay: god. morgen. (go'mo'n], less formally just morn [moa] = good morning. . In the evening: god aften or god kueld — good evening. ‘The same expressions are also used when parting. (2) Other leaving or parting expressions are: ‘god natt = good night. ajo (a! dies] or farve (far vel) — good-bye. hha del bra (god!) = best of luck, cheerio. ‘Du far love sa vel of just le vel da = take care of yourself ‘Then we have: Pa gjensyn (“jensy()n} corresponding to German Auf Wiedersehen and French Au revoir. When taking leave of a friend just before dinner time one generally says? god middag (no equivalent in English). {G) To some of these parting expressions the adverb da is Blaed, thus: god morgen da, which in colloquial speech ig Seduced to just morta ('moFa], farvel da (far vella], pa ajensyn da, etc. (4) When we meet during the day, we may say: god’ dag (ete the English would say: ‘good morning’, ‘good after- TMoon, ‘good evening” depending on the time of the day. mor'n; god dag, god dag: adjo, adje. 5) To people (out) to some fos {5) Je people going (out to some form of amusement you God forneyelse (go: foF™ay(o)Isa). (6) When the Norwegians meet agai ome rwegians meet again after a party, ete., Takk for sist. Have a good time. 1it, Thank you for the last 278, Amuch-used phrases wr sf ood ase nr ed god it. beso, which may be heard in a great variety of situations. i (0) First ofall tig used when you are handing something to someone or offering something, corresponding to Germans Bitte and French Sl vous plait, There no seal cquice, lent in English. 1 yu are’ lent in English. “Here you are’ has not the same degiee of Ver sé go, her atten Deve. Were is your hat A Norwegian speaking English is inc F it ein gheaking English i inclined to insert an ine aking Ttovour Unnskyld, han jeg fa ldne ele Excuse me, may Tborrow the mee pcp ele renee may B answer is: ™ “moment? nr gd Wy ceil. Yes ome, When you have finished you say: * “ Tank ina Tanks forthe ant The reply to thats: gon dat Asking favour is abo expres by: Vil De vare sd vennligisil’ Would you be so kind as on toe. tho Vileor Kunne Dee... ‘ille De vere sd snill d lukke Would you be so kind as vinduel? shut the window? mn °TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 396 (2) Quite often var sd god corresponds to English ‘please’ Var sd god og sitt ned. Sit down, please. In the big store: Voor si god denne vi This way, please. At the hairdresser’s: Var sd god neste. Next, please Vor sid, deter servert The table is ready. (pervert) to the customer: The shop assistant sa} gto something like: What can T do Var sd go, correspond for you When you take the phone, you might say? Yar sd god (Your name first and then ver ‘pall’ a8 in English. sd god) besides Used ironically in reply to a sentence like: [Jeg skal melde Dem tt politic, 1 am going to report you to ‘the police. Ja, var si god. Please do, By all means. Go right ahead. Don’t let any- thing stop you. ‘A command: ‘Du skal var sd god gjore som You will please do as I tell jeg sier. ‘you. 279, ‘The words of thanks are: Takk, takk skal De ha, mange takk, tusen tak, hjertelig (cordial) taki. Vil De ha en hopp te tik? Ja, tak. ‘Would you like another cup of tea? ‘Yes, please. (The opposite is nei, takh.) “After a negation: Vil De ikke, ete.? Jo, takk. ‘When you have finished a meal, do not forget to say: Takk Jor maien (Lit, Thanks for the food)! The host or hostess {ocrten (vast(a)n}, eller vertinnen, (va**tinn(a)n] replies: Velvekomme [velbo’komma). Lit. May it do you good. er 280. Inquiring about health etc.: 7 Hooda sedi Hodon fa orden er ut The awe maybe: oti bra How are you? How is life? Very well, thank you. Jost fine, thank you,” Riccar ba ane You tell me the way fo the rogues Pasa Jol Boal says Om fritice (am SP Re oe ‘The sufferer is likely to reply: A, jeg bor or less formally: A, det gjor ikke noe, matter Wes quite al ighay 7 "RE 94 Farts (Tt doesn't uw pie at jeg forstyrrer Unnshyld, De har wl ibke on Bxcse worn ‘match Mave your i, (des'verra]. Unfortunately not. No, I'm. sorry. . or slightly more formal: Beklage [bs om Jeg bbiager abs. Vegi tag, OY RED Fam you have not heard whi u ard what a personas sid to you, th ximal expression i: Loa behager (bvhatgan? I beg your aso: Uns Hews What Excuse my interrupting you. jeg horte ikke hua De sa. Very informal just‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 18 CHAPTER XXII WORD FORMATION as2,, By having some knowledge of Norwegian word for- 2 elle able to grasp the meaning of a Tot of derivatives and compounds. (a) The Norwegian language has a great facility for making (aposnds, usually watten in one stor by_storby big city, storgdrd, great. farm, smdpenger ser to ery ig Sr real Bure, armbar wristwatch. {@) Genitive in English, compound in Norwegian: dameveske lady's bag, damchatt lady's hat, stolrygg c. back ofa char. (@) Connecting inks. Gey often there ia connecting sound (vowel of consonant) Wet the diferent elements of the compound. ve: barnesto children's shoes, barnelave c. Kindergarten, suttonarelse m. boys Foom oF friginally the genitive 1): landsmann fllow-country- Fam dretid season. pe ae fit of a wh salen (2 Nga sine ae itl a ag ee nt amis une envy. (2) be-, er-, for-y (Gee page 32). an- be gynne begin, of kleere- arrive. are, as we know, un-accented prefixes ‘on the other hand is stressed. declare, ‘angd concern, ‘ankomme a a | worD Forma 284, Nownsufixes. ° men inne, -ske indicate feminine gender: venn {ti senniine tiend (gi), Lever Geacher tavern teacher, syhepleier male nce ~sytepleerse rare, Abstracts in dom [dom] ‘dom, -het ‘hood, -kap ‘hip’ hood wine—etlom whet, 8 Sad —barndom het c. flshfalse—falsbhet falsehooe i siete, fl falsehood, dum stupid, foolish— ‘dumhel stupidity, feolshness, kjerlig amorous—bjrligh, np genta meces sep SER Tp ce say et, ‘temptation, led lead: saderelps asnfonei ae adatom sel n., also c., brenne burn—bre ie tempol ee sgleg iemitarr ee eae cme coy bec ar are er ome Fe acs tet, aoa, Fry Se inte aaa Se 79 (male), woman, 285. Adjectival sues, alti ish’): grdgrey_prdettigereyi al i, onc ‘bite tates” M8 ful: tant th zi: ene ong, pro lin, seni smessig® (“lke regmesig regula, byes mesg urban (ig (‘Ay’): herlig (Mheex™i) won aig. dak Faris dangeros, sig powect See Atisons, ~t(e), meaning full of: stovete dusty (see para. 129 (b)). las (les): far, glee, des): fared colourless, arbeidles unemployed, rovom is vey common: lang long—lagson Sow, mor ears fon i to dente nationalities: fons, engl, norsk amer- ins —_ able): hola doable, often with pasive meaning, Seibel Le that ean bowsed. 186, Adverial sufices ae ridges Yc, par paie—paras jn Sree ie ea ply, forald relations foros Comparatively. 287, Verbal sufi. . ad fromm nouns: Zand n. land—lande to land; mann ee cnne man (esi), mal. food—mate sed, bi Crearfile to motor. (Quite «large number are formed by mutation ofthe vowel femtant) sorgc, sorrow —sorge to mourn. anc, comb—bjone to com. amp ebattiofempe to battle, Fn, clamnbree to claim, fall. number to count. ‘aon 'n, mention —neone mention. rom adjectives: {am tame~iemme to tame fag Yong_forfenge to lengthen. tam emptytomme to empty. ene added to adjectives to describe a transition: P <—sortne darken. Cf. blacken Sa ene become ple (pal). Cl Eng strengthen, Iengthen. were [fers] in loan-words elefo/nere telephone, stu'dere study, Tevere deliver, honforee confer, tc. PUNCTUATION x8r CHAPTER XxIV PUNCTUATION The Norwegian rules of punctuation do not differ greatly from those in English, an 288. Full stop is used after a complete sentence, but also after abbreviations, e.g, dvs. — det vil si (that is or i), ie, = jeonfor (ct), kr. = froner, but here the dot can be omitted, kl. = Hokta (o'clock), bi. a. = Blant annet (among others), m.m.—med mere and after ordinals, (or Ste) = 32h, Exceptions: In weights and measures the full stop. is Jeft out, mm = millimeter, em =" centimeter, dm = "dest. meter, mm = meter, km = Bilomeler, 1 = liter, Bl = hekto- Her (roo }), @ = gram, k8 = Iilogram [logram) of just 289. Colon to introduce information, Han sa: "Det er haldt i dag.’ ‘Semicoton is not used so very much. It is more often than not replaced by a full stop. You may find t, though, before conjunctions like: men but, and for for, when these are introducing a complete sentence, ‘The rule is: Always a stop mark in front of men. 290. Hyphen is used to divide words and syllables at the end of a line and elsewhere where it is convenient for the sake of clarity, Note specially: barne-og ungdomsflmer = children and adult s. 291. Apostrophe is little used in Norwegian.—First of all it is used before the genitive -s if the noun also ends in 8, .«. Under Paris's hustak. Under the roofs of Pais. Hans's hone lans's wife, 292. Accents are mostly found in words of foreign (French) origin: words like: kafé caté, idé idea, renommé Fepatation._ 382 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 293, Comma is used: (4) Inenumeration: sukker, salt og pepper. N.B—No comma ‘before og here. - {2) Between two sentences connected by a co-ordinating conjunction: Vi spiste frst og sd badet vi. We ate frst and then we went for a swim. : (@) With appositives (which are in fact non-restrictive elauses): ; onges hovedstad, har ca. fre hundre tusen innbyggere, Oa Nore es ahas sot four hundred thovsand inhabitants. (4) By proper names in addresses: Per, du lyver, Peter, you axe lying. (6) To set off mild interjections: oe Ja, det er sant, Yes, that is true. With stronger interjetions ‘he exclamation mark is used. " (6) To set off a subordinate clause which precedes a prin- cipal clause: _ a ‘Da jeg var gutt, bode jeg i Arendal. When a boy T lived at ‘Arendal. (er aerate se whe nerd np Sr hero fcr one, The St pone De oe meni el el Ge Be 9 cab cm Os, om 2 erg see ay ne, Oy whe ie Pre br edd Gand heb tg see Ses cis gaia os ee Saath more or ee asa parents ee ae obra ie Tm ADVANCED READING 183 ADVANCED READING AND TRANSLATING EXERCISES Vocabulary ending frigoee rete Pabesolen tonavinit to see yne’ {reebolad Fontes chery Penge iy sees tance Se er aan eR LT ten «pan iorore Caer ka] shatn Spee cape efecto ee “espeatasGsye “Pra Patesiio torJerabanee.raie aioe ig) ByPEe Ee uieate Se ee fy pea rersid Pera” teuaxen) teenage pane ons Se ean nea fe a8 eg wt Seen Se sider fa ieppe aB ea eB ele oaence fetta isp ae beremt famous Sellbatc. sailing Boat ferge c.iemy mF sist ot n. Royal Castle beliggennees station Tel ll stote (-tte) pA run into yende (-dte) ut mot face ‘omgl ir. surround en rekke a number of Exercise 47 Osta by En utlendng pA besok i Oslo vil snartgjore den oppdagelse at det {grunnen bare er én gate byen tom har noen sree betydning for ham. Den heter Karl Johanogate: 1 daslgz talen forkorte ti Katt Jolian, og er ofpkalt eter en svensk Kenge Den gr tt ine fea Otbanstasjonen Se som har en fin beligentet oppe pa en hoyle. Trira man se gaten i hel Gens lenges “ Hvis en gar fa Slotet nedover mot Qstbanestasjonen, vi en pa hayre hand fnne Nasjonalteatret. Foran hovedinn- angen star statuer av Tbsen og Bjornsom, Pl den andre Siden av gaten lgger de gamle Universittsbygningene med Universitetsplassen foran, vor studentane tar seg en spaswar malo foecsigee fo a a Fst eet jover gaten, vil en stote inget, Nor Stier en er ble. bygd i 1866, sh det er ikke serlig anmel 6 ‘Den vender ut mot sr en aldtes heli bliggenbet. Den ato har enables Peon a e fee Skog ‘eze‘Danne fre belggenbeten ar gort Oso tien gan Deane fre Deleon ennedene ef forden fll av Depot tO. a ge alipaket med passer aa en re oe, and OMENS Bee EOP Sout dyer tdlvets oder. pene et avcer en fottur | skog of mark, Kan man Hos man forte ny ofp minare nn e0 ime oF bare ape aang tom ran fi ts, Om nth Ogi ale ie Sleondag 1 Nordmatk, ret em opplvelst ma ke ‘pes sndag ean ma rps oven atte Penge rt Oso That penmer Vocabulary serum, interview slips n. tie siel ‘eive ler here: run ieesedoe Seiseoyrat ns tavel borean iiceajue (cet) interview srnereclamnoe hats comet Sere (od pa sare st Driller spectaces tractge ogosty lak plaw'sert seg managed to ‘it down unde. grove Eipetue's beret Secakelig probably Bute (te) bias, conceal sijute Cre) oo pop. for bald resrgulig [ve sna] mainly Share tay boast about Sarlig med scarce Jeg lixer meg, godt idiom: T hese elliot) vere here: sy Sineende creel Sketatge c der, sucxsion SmusESS dear nie can't sand web thee: converstion, elk forbl pact: here! over fret Devtate out, produce rutet chequered Hiciamefra sav: fom home Exercise 48 Ex inter Han stod og leste New York Times, sh det var ikke tvil i var Flat han var amenikaner. Sie ie gjeme interyue Dem, Vi or ADVANCED READING 385 —Det er helt i orden, Kom igjen—. Deer tra Amerika? — Det stemmer, sa var venn og stin i peal, 2g stirret pA oss bak brille- — Men skal vi ikke sette oss mens vi star? Som sagt, si giort. Var venn gikk med stokk og hadde tydeligvis vond fot, for det var 84 vidt han fikk plassert seg pi en av benkene i Studenterlunden. Han tokte pi en stor Sgr, og hadde pl seg alpelue,antaelig Yor skjule en ‘maine, brune bukser uten press i, rutet jake, gul skjorte,o geont slips med solvnal. Je gal Sorte Hivor kommer De fra? —New York—. Jeg driver et reisebyri, ikke stort, men lite, og Kom hit mel Berenson, eset for & se ha slags service skipet gir, slik at jeg kan fortelle mine kunder iho reise med det eller et ome — Og hvilken konklusjon er De kommet ti? —Skipet er helt forsteklasses. Jog skal skryte av det til alle kjente og ukjente, og for ei tur vi hadde hitover! PA Nordkapp var det aldeles fantastisk. Jeg har aldri vert der fo, are | alo, Bern og Stavanger. Det var lier en, og det var darlig med mati Norge den gangen, men ni er det helt annerledes. ee cen eange SA det vanlige spersmal: Hiv ges De om Norge? jeg liker meg meget godt her, og skulle gjerne komme tilbake enda en gang og vere enda lenger. — Hvorfor liker De landet vart? — For det forste ford alt er st rent her— = For det ane ford folk es vennlige— — For det tredje naturen, eller i omvendt rekkefolge om De vil. , to =Vi foler oss smigret— Har De ft 8 se Dem oma? cor du han vil komme (or kommer)? Slightly more certain: Niener iu han kommer? y . Menard han Kom tts) wun ex en av de sotste iene area Ge) han gatt? Nei jeg tror ikke det. 4 Hone han, sn tener 1 date bat ve & WSjne ad rd ome, ce va 7. Jeg syntes jeg sien mann trommet. (f of Sele Sota mann beled) Are ie fava emt Jog x are lr Bi ease onesie du selv? a fecling ... KEY To ExERctsES 197 xo. Det er vanskelig & tro, a, Det betyr krig. x2. Jeg tror ikke pa mirakler, 10a) My family ae very fond of the sea and spent every summer holiday on ‘Sorlandet’< We lived in a ake ed cottage which my parents rented, We often rowed sto island to bathe, to ish and collect shell wise orton along the shore, Ifthe wind started 10 Blow (Et TEX steey to blow), we tured and rowed homewardsaanin, Werte reached land and no accident happened (ht there hare 20 accident, although mother prophesed that soneieg would happen one ine day. She was almost ght, Wesgeoad out one morning in fine, quiet weather. nota louis tee sky, no wind, no wave. We were going to Sah foncok fy fon attemoon a wind started to blow: and ny Drothes wie wee rowing got so frightened that he estan one. There was ong. one thing todo ery for help. We waved our ants sheng, Help! help! Father fortunately heard us: He sean intees boat and rowed with all his might to reach us, He mamsed fine. We were saved, but an accident might east nee gecurred if o one on the beach (shore) had heard ws sans ing (= when we shouted). Proverb: Allis well that ends wel, 10(b) Er du glad i sjoen? Nei, jog liker feriere pa fjllet. ‘Jeg har en koselig liten hytte iltke langt fra Lillehammer, Es Lillehammer en stor by. Nei, heldigvis ikke. Jeg liker ikke store byer. Jeg kan ikke bo der. Jeg har hort at luften pi Lillehammer er sA fin, Ja, det er riktig (or Ja, det stemmer) 08 naturen! Jeg kaller det turistpropaganda (or Det aller jeg turistpropaganda). Kall det hva du vil. Det er sant, Kom og se hvis du tror jeg lyver. Du vil ikke bli skutiet, 11(a) I awake every morning at seven o'clock, stretch my- self and jump out of the bed and into the bathroom, brush my teeth and wash myself. Afterwards I dry myself with a towel, dress in a hurry—first underwear, shirt and trousers, stockings and shoes, then tie and finally a coat, Tam now fully dressed and eat my breakfast with a ravenous appetite. I always read the newspaper while I eat,— re ae et ar sth mg he ‘at av senga og inn i badet, pusset tennene og vasket meg. Rosi mene taniar bath ers Eni eee cere ipa tet ae kostet ti shilling. Jeg fog a kee, an Spr . tee ic staeat pa emg er Picea has peed eC Lint arene ‘Min venn liker 4 ro og fiske. Jeg har besokt ham flere ee ee ak ‘My broths ag waen © book abost Iioen. The dog Dit the boy dn the Teg andthe boy howled. so ie Isa ce eg toe Ye sy eid oe oe aioe si a aetna: Hr ho sao ieden nt peer esr anton Estee eee ana fg rk. Fare Anse dae tn SG siskateia ate ae = etd es eeu ees ed toioee Seah KEY TO EXERCISES 199 32(g) The plane arrived at Fornebu aimport yesterday. I could not sleep last night. The storm kept me awake. [ Got up and took a long walk. My friend ‘walked’ to Londg yesterday. No, he did not. He ‘went’ to London. 13(@) A very learned professor, let us call him N. N., never found his clothes when he was going to dress in the morning, Therefore, he always arrived too late at the university, To avoid this, he wrote down where he had laid every piace of clothing in the evening, He sat in bed writing: The stockings on (top of) the shoes, the shoes under the bed, shirt, tie and coat over the back of the chair, underwear of the chair. At last (finally) he wrote: The professor in bed, ‘Then he put out the light, and not long after he slept like a top (lit. stone). ‘When he awoke next morning he grasped the list and found all his clothes where they should be. But—the professor ta bbed he did not find. He arrived late that time too. 13(b) Han drakk et glass ol for han gle tl sengs om kvelden (aftenen). Mannen red atid alene. Han tlbgd meg bare tf und for bilen. Piken tilga ham aidri. Arsenal hat vunnet igjen. Han grep alltid sjansen nar han si den. Jeg har ikke fannet henne, Hva sa Casar? Han sa; "Jeg kom, jeg si, jeg vant.” 14a) 1 Did you meet Per yesterday? Yes, I saw him in the theatre. Did you know that he was there? No, I had no idea, Did you recognize him? Yes, at once. How did he look? He looked very well, Did you speak a lot with him. Yes, in every interval, Are you often in the theatre? I sce almost everything that is on. You never go to concerts? (Do you ever go to c.2) Yes, cecasionally. What do you like best, modern music or classical? I prefer the latter.200 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Do you play any intrument yourself? No, unfor~ tunately, but you play the piano, don’t you? Do you remember that too? You have indeed a good memory. 2, Bor du i Oslo? Horer du ofte pa radio? Skrev hun brev til kjeresten sin hver dag? Er han soldat? Ligger byen ‘Narvik i Nord-Norge? Dade Bjornson i Paris? Vil Deres, kone ha en kopp te til? 3. Hun skriver et brev. Du studerer (Du holder pi 4 studere) norsk, ikke sant? Han reiser (skal reise) i morgen, ikke sant? Hva gjor de? Spiller de bridge? 14(b) Fikik du (tak i) billetter til konserten? Ja, jeg var heldig. Nar begynner konserten? Den begynner Koka atte, Liker du 4 spille kort? Nei, jeg synes det er kjedelig. Spiller din bror tennis? Nei, han et mer interessert i fotb: 15(a) To learn to ski is not so easy as one thinks, Have you tried? No, T:daren’t. You must not be stifl. Don’t forget to tie your skis on properly. Don't be afraid. ‘Keep smiling’ (lit. Take it with good humour) ... Don't think that you can learn it in one day. Practice makes master (‘practice makes perfect’). Don’t you (very) often break your legs? (The pro- oun en often corresponds to ‘you’ in English.) No, that. doesn’t often happen. It doesn't pay to be careless, of course, That is silly. 15(b),Vioste du ikke at je Kom? Ned, dy has ike skrevet Jeg fik ikke tid. Liker du ikke & se meg? Naturligvis, men jeg vet ileke hvor jeg kan finne en seng til deg. Jeg kan sove i ‘en stol. Jeg behover ikke en seng sove i. Vaer ikke tépelig. Du kan sove pa en divan, Ja, mange takk, det er ypperlig. Jeg har gjort det mange ganger. 16(a) Today I read a novel. The hero is lured out into the forest and is killed by a traitor. No one sees it. But in a few days the crime is, nevertheless, detected. The traitor is cap- ‘tured and punished by death. 16(b) Historien leses av mange barn Prinsessen reddes av hhelten, som er bare en fattig mann. Han fores til slottet for & belonnes. Han gjores til Konge, og de lever lykkelig resten av livet. Fr ; KEY To EXERCISES 201 With the auxiliary ‘A bi’ Historie i est av mange : 2 mange bam. Pnssten lr roe ay etc fom ere ann i a att ykkelig resten av livet, Short ti Renee, og de lever 11, The comet fms of "ver and“: 1. ble, 2. ble, 3. var, 4. ble, 5. i, 7. bi ele 5 Yat ll, 6,7. va, vat, 18. Al ie Bader’ ‘an went into «batter's sept have a shave fran. te baer hp to tava dave te the tum. Aiter awhile the barber cals out: Next plese!’ Our as epi the dan he baer : lst oa dave?" shave the man ase, After a while the barber, wh¢ she sight Have you eaten tomaty 30 fr diner today” "No ae customer answers, astonished, ‘I have eate soup.” Mervards? "Boel "With jam fo (on) No wi one ‘seo cle puting mith nae a ier fi clan sage Then T na tee 3 19. En stor bok, Etstort bam, En stor bit, Noentorskp, Segace™ Eases En lang vei Lar a Enleg rd Tanglin Etingt ok Vel orang. Ort var ag Sto Erhpece’ Regen Secreta Mannen er hoy ‘ on Hosot et hoyt. Prine ofr ‘Tree var blitt haye, ae heye. or 20(a) Den lange veien, De lange veene. Det lange borgt. Det lange got. Denvalehaven, Devaktepikene. Det vakre hase 20(6) Answer (ear): done sin the neuter det, inthe plural disse, denne lange wien, disse lange veiene dette lange bord, dette inge syet—___~~~~—~—~<“<;7;7;7 7} hh 202 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 22 ani naven, de ake ike See a a . sta) None adebendese Day a rt Mery’ dependence Day and Te seventeenth of May Ne one that da. thre ene cn with ll te Bare 1 deh ae ee Fora cay gulfen marching, hendh Sas and ey ae beaut Noewein 2 fhe orion Ta a cts epsilon. You nay Jn Odo the cil pte ean fo goo fo oe ov nih all he Hine pays ach etl Ba Sr yen ath rh uns aaa ci Sg ed Fl ley ora ng Sane Te Ba gem eal natin sod le urns and the se) then marches conten The pte Fate =! Fe eae Norgannon Eka etn Smae hy o ar vn the top of ao towarsthe gy town You Tag procession hen Go oe aur coer and cra ae iy wort vey Peymest ln as en Nonwepan eal Pt mens of Norway fom north t south we ind he oa Tener se a apap us? a ante bots 20) Her Set ne ee Leeda Dn ade cake gjenmer du den hvite dame? 6. Lillehammer er bare en SOS Bait tate (on i en lek) hae se soak apt Foe ee eee ei kgpte nook moget ine jordbar Epi) nd et 19 Des atl vse lo ey ant or brane ale) wa meet Sr hye o8 Jeb nea Sh fr Pee ogee amt star 8 Da store lip 77 San ison 1 sor Ee Of KEY To EXERCISES 203 2{a) A man from Africa had been on a visit to Norway, and when he exe back to his homeland his relatives and friends wanted to know how it was (how things were) up there in the high north, ‘Wel he said, “there were two (kinds of) winters, one green winter and one white wine ter, But the green one was worst, because (lit. for) then they id not put the heat on (lit. they did not burn in the stoves). 22) Svar pa sporsmalene (Answers fo the questions). x. Mannen var fra Afrika, 2, Han hadde vert pa besok i Norge. 3, De ville gieme vite bvordan det var deroppe i det have 4. Med gronn vinter mente han den norske sommer(en ‘med hit vinter den norske vinter(en). (hee 5. For da fyrte de ikke (i ovnene), A doubtful compliment She: Am T not just as beaut when we She: Am Tnot just as beautiful as the day when we got He: Oh yes, dear, but now it takes just a litle more time 22(c) Du er kanskje rik, men din far var tikere, Sissel er den kkjekkeste pike i hele byen og den lykkeligste ogsi. Oslo et mye (meget) storre enn Bergen, men mye (meget) mindre enn London. England har storre byer enn Norge. Det er dyrere a bo i en by enn pa landet, Jeg er to ar eldre enn min. bror. Jeg var mye (meget) sterkere i mine yngre dager. Jo mer fan drakk, desto torstere ble han, Var mer forsiktig (or forsiktigere) neste gang. Det er den aller beste tobake Jeg har provd. Svein er den hayeste gutt i Klasen, men den flinkeste. ames sens ke 23(a) The Geography of Norway In Norway we find (lit. one finds) high mountains, dee valleys and swiftlowingivers. Thelongest river scaled the Giomma. It comes from the Aursund Lake and runs south. ward and flows into the sea near the town of Fredrikstad, tne of the best known factory towns in Norway, The Norwegian rivers have great speed and one waterfall follows after the other. ‘They are also rich in fsb, and English tourists go salmon-ishing in many of our riversFe ee oes ee ee eee Norway he soa They t have such big ships as we teaming Thy Gl nthe ah 2 pee : Ines a pe hy el ad nd rn Ta oat i eg aan aa ee ee Se an hak ee eee he las he So nd —— eee ‘ Hey pt maa ba we Witney Se oe meee ere cr Se agrener itis: just about 8 kilometres to the Swedish frontier: At the iis att Elon to he Gre ti, see pes Se “Go es md itain ranges: the Jotunheimen and the Rondane. he Very highest ‘mountain peak is called the Galdhgpiggen. Ttis area of Jotunheimen. viet Pee ee Semmioitd Sa ee emg ct si te neon tore aera reed wel known asa lively (busy) sipping Tani, Beg rel ree ae ee These pp Toni 28(b) Live ion sjoby sate or eter Pe rodce of tre ssstre, Min eldste “ Hiss ti elit cn mg aoa ro re ‘meg, men mye hoyere. Alle mine sostze er meget Ange Dem eldste er bare su ar gammel. Alle har lyst hie og er meget vale. a KEY To EXERcIsES Deer veldig glad i a Ieke. Mine to brate er meget sterke og lke sss, Deer begge hissge, men de blir fort gode Seaver jen her eae 205 fall av mye, ukjente folk: svensker, dansker, tyskere og engelskmenn, Hvis du kan snakke fremmede sprak, kan de Se_mange interessante samtaler med disse menneskene, Wvenskene og danskene forstar vart eget sprak. Den neste jnorgen er (har) den fine baten forsvunnet, og byen er likesa stille som den var for. 24(a) Names of months and seasons The year has twelve months. The frst month is called January, the second February, the third March, the fava April the th May, the sixth June the seventh Joke ate eighth August, th ‘ninth Sepiemben, the tenth Gefehes the eleventh November and the tweith Decenlber, stop the last month of the year In Norway Spring comes in the months of April and May, and in June, July and August its Summer, Retain es in September and generally lasts till the end of Meneses yrhen the Winter ses in with cold'and snow Sone meat we 3T days, such as January, March, May, Julpe Rees October and December, while’ Apri, june: Sst ey November have 30 days, and Februsiy has ony ahereceng very fourth year, when it has 2p, That year sated Fate Year. A year usally has 305 days, but when it Feed ‘Year, 366, There are 52 weeks ina year" A weal mat? ays. The, names of the days are Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Setursene 2A(b) Kan du fortelle (or si) meg hvor mange Klokka ex? Dan er seksten minutter over elleve. Da ma jeg (Inversion) ai farvel. Mitt tog gér kvart pi tolv, og det tar minst tay ({yve) minutter tl stasjonen. Hvilken dato er det i dog? Det er den nittende juli. Hvor langt er det til Lillehammes?206 TRACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Med tog er det ett hundre og Attifem kilometer, det vil lus: five) omtrent ett hundre og scksten engelske mil Gea pit er det to hundre kilometer eller 125 engelske mil. Be engelsk mil er omfrent en komma seks kilometer, som Gr vee Hvor mange timer vil det ta? Tre time og atten SGnutter, for 4 vere noyaktig. Hiva er din adresse i Oslo? Zingaten 14, men vi skal flytte om fjorten dager. Hvor etlarn har du?-—Tre gutter, De heter Per, Hans og Die Liver gamle er de? Ole er fodt den niende juli nittens shumdreogfemnti og er altsh seksten ar (gammel) Hans er fedt wan Retcagtyvene, september nittenhundreogtemtitre og den utsh teiten ar (gammel). Per er fodt femte mai nitten- frundreogfemtisju og er altst bare ni ér (gammel)- 25, En anckiote ‘The Norwegian general, Helset, was known for his apt and Jhasing remarks, During a military exercise he discovered aMnotoncyclist driving (it. who drove) much faster than was allowed. He stopped him, asking (it. and asked) him how old he was. Taw or, sir,’ answered the young man. ‘How fast did you Grive just now?" “Oh, some 95 km per hour, I suppose,” ‘The general shook his head saying (lit. and said); "The ques- fion now, young man, is whether you want to drive at 95 and stay 21 or to drive at 2x and become 95- 26(a) Holmenkollen, 28th July, 1966. ‘Dear parents, Thanks for your letter, I got it exactly an hour ago and ‘am sending you a few lines in a great hurry. I am very aumnfortable, especially as regards food and fresh air. Yes- {ethay the whole family were out at Bygday bathing. The {Sh aus shining as usual. Apparently it never rains here. ‘There were crowds of people erarywhete, Yous and old, Who were bathing and afterwards lying in the sun. The Water was quite warm. Otherwise I would certainly not have dared to go in. ‘Afterwards we had coffee on the beach and smoked a cigarette or two. i a a KEY To EXERCISES Thave not had a letter from. il eo have not haa eter fom Ola yet, but he wil be writing Best regards, ‘Rolf, 26(b) Oslo, Soares 25, august 1966. for ditt siste br je : Fe brev som je fikk akicurat for en uke ge Jog ade te hac tt kort bie I wa jeg har sett i Oslo. Jeg har sett mange interesante tng ni, Sere mer og slap og har oct Incl kel jeg tee ible Gl gland ioe Desie Poover jeg 4 sesh mye av Norge som jegan. Jeg, BE orang wart pen lang fttur i Nordmarka, Bis var Bt or ag or eo arnt ett da eg ld yen men ikvel te jg eu fr ok a fs Hut Datla epee noe san er Dede for de, han a? HAper & se deg igjen snart Hiertelig hilsen anna. Mla) The waiter: Good evens Good evening, What do you wis rN, We vant (woul i) wes ae Ue persons. fe wil son arrange fiat. (Li. That shall Son bs arranged.) You may have the fable there, over ithe MrT ‘ rH Tak you wl tell May Taehe men, Were yon ae, 7 N. What wold you recommend today? W. The beef is ood, and we ne Mie. Tahould Teta have beste usu out ay 8 And you, my dager fas NT would rather have fish, fied trout fori Mia vo , fred trout fr instance, eee KL wl ry the bet nyse That wil make to ery wel ery wel ita shall). Do you want anything to208, ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ea eee MeN wins will go well with the beak but you young lady, se ER ct wi th is Ro, Cro bee anythin it fo Mr N. What shall we choose for dessert? What do you say to ice cream? . a Both the ladies, That will certainly be good in this heat. Mr N, Could I have the bill, please? W. Just a moment. Here you are, sir. a ed degnd, anh) Hvorskalda (he)? Joghanite sakes at en tener le J eesent. Hun vil (or kommer tl 8) blisint pa meg hvis jeg Sr Aaa ono om ae Dy rt drosje. Det ville vere meget (or mye) bedre. A. pei, da md OO OS Be a aca i tore eke St Da ee se oat one il femme | EGG Orth tahoe G's Nene Foe oat hp’ Hl Jeg te dt We dg tg iets Fae gem AYES Me toes meget fa meg. Jeg ska fe gtemme det, Det skal Hee sh mage! fe meg J oe ova omise mare Den Hare) () ville ikke ha reist bort hvis jeg hadde visst at du anh aye Heir forte du mey ike af dsl Tema Jog teri (rd) fal ato ke ke Aa kg® Dean hale et ware oes, Jeg Iiporendlig at dn vt andecette or preset underet} CaP gang du Kommer. ct lover fog. 2a) . - 1. Jeg spurte om han skulle reise (or dra) i morgen. 2 Boil forte a dt vie favor ager KEY To EXERctsEs 209 3 Bonden tvilte pa at det ville lonne seg. 4 Per mente (= trodde) at han ville f& permisjon, 5. Sjaforen sa at bilen matte repareres, * 28(a) | Olav: Tell me, have you seen Per lately? Odd: No, Y hhaven’t seen him for several weeks. Olav: Do you think he hhas gone away? Odd: He mentioned that he would travel to Oslo to go to school. Have you heard anything about 1 Olav: No, not a word, Odd: Did you know him wells Olar. Oh, yes, we were ‘dus’, and very good friends, Odd: Thos it is strange that he hasn’t told us that fhe was leaving, Perhaps he hadn't time to visit us before he left. Olay: That may be the reason. I will ‘phone his sister and ask her if she Knows anything” But here (it. there) comes bis brother. The brother: Halo, you know perhaps that Per has left, or hasn't he told you? Olav and Odd No, we know absolutely nothing. The brother: Te said he would write to you as soon as he arrived in Oslo, Olav and Odd: That is grand. Give him our best regards, 28(b) 1. Kjenner De ham? Nei, Jeg har ikke sett ham for agen av ost Kenner ham: Tah ma vare (en) fremmed i byen var (i var by). Han gi forbi meg gar pa gaten, Fru Olsen vet sikkert hiva han heter. Jeg vil sparre henne. Hun vet alt. Hun og hennes mann skal komme (or kommer) ti os til te i ettermiddag, EtterpA skal vi spille Kort, Jeg visste ikke at dere splte kort. A, jo da, vi gjar det av og Hit Spiller De kort? Net aldri Hivor er guttene? De er pi skitur. Jog har ikke sett dem pa lenge. Har De solgt huset Deres (or Deres hus)? Nei, jeg har ikke solgt det enda. Mine barn (barna mine) et for glad det, Vil De hare en god historie? Ja, hvis den er god og morsom, 2. Hvem gjorde det? Det var ikke meg (jeg). Tkke meg (jez) inde, Ney det var ike ham (haa) iso sore cea (Gu). Han er nesten sé stor som deg (du), 29(a) x. He sat down in a chair. 2. I go to bed at x7 in the evening. 3. She feels well. 4. The boy burnt himself. 5. The man fell and hurt himself. 6, I washed myself with the soap. 7. The girl cut her finger. 8. She didn’t care about it. 9. ThePO ‘ar0 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN imagine so, x2. We soldiers rose to ther feet, x0. T could imagine 90 {oot tate woul ice fo come, 13. he door opened Sid Seat sank in. x3, When they had sat down the m Started the sermon. 1, Hun giftet seg for penger. 2. De falte seg iykkelige. mo samara rags er gamle (folk) foretrakk A leege seg. & Jes Sys meg ont fiva han siez.7, Han brente sg. 8. Jog vasker meg hve wongen, 9. Jeg kunne ilcke tenke meg at han var der. zo, Hlow'rite deg og gi ut av tommet (veri) 2 an fen for & varme seg. 12. Jeg skar meg i ngerenined ed kn. 13. Du har ikke forandret deg meget, $e, Sinett,. aee bord er nyt. Min lampe er ay. Fiera ox aye, Mine frakker er nye. Mine bord er aye, ee Ee alte Sir ae ex pent. Din ye bil ex pen. Din nye het ex Ee yi hatte pene. Fcige bide er pene. Dine nye biler er pene. Dine nye ster 2 pone ao athe mera ener ae i rie tases roar at yates ey oS {ie bod is nis? 8; When does your tain leavel 9. Now its SE a in tar, 2, Mine baker rdyrere ena 310), bin’ ventr pa deg. Han har din hat og fake (elo baten og fateh di), Sin more sorte (tee eared Fe have cies smn hen tte steer dost dees ld, dees ea, Seat notog ku? 7: ven av hans sone ker du bes r KEY TO EXERCISES am 32. sin (sitt, sine). The reflexive possessive, ‘Remember: sin can never be used as part of the subject. 1. Etter krigen vil han reise tilbake til sitt land. 2, Kan du ikke se hans ansikt, eller er det for morkt? 3. Den lille gutten hadde spist all sin mat (o all maten sin). 4a. Mennene hadde glemt & ta sine penger (N.B.—plural 9 Norwegian) med seg. 48. Tror du at det var deres penger? (Sine could not be seed hers asi would have no frson to refer bach ton the sentence. 4, Tror du pengene var deres? 5, Engelskmennene taper aldri sitt gode humer, 6. Ole og hans bror hadde alltid vaert gode venner, (Hans here constitutes part of the subject) 7. Klokka var ikke hans, Den var min. 8, Wessel i et av sine morsomme dikt forteller historien om ‘Smeden og Bakeren’. (You would understand it Better if the sentence were, changed into: Wessel forteller i et av'sine morsomme dikt, etc.) 9. Faren si to menn snakke (or som snakket) med hans datter. 10. ‘Hvor er pengene?” ‘Jeg tok min del av dem (N.B— plural in Norwegian), og de tok sin.” : 11, Soldatene red gjennom hans have, 38. den. x. Hya kaller du den gaten? 2, Har du malt det Dildet selv? 3, De bokene der er ikike mine, si du kan ikke ta dem. denne. r. Dette huset er gult. 2, Dissebildene er gode. 3. Denne sngen er blot, 4. Dette er en vakker dal. 5, Dette er ikke mine brev. slik or sdnn. 1. Slike (sinne) folk er hiyggelige. 2. Han likte ikke slikt (sint) arbeld. 3. Har du sett en slik (sin) tosk? ‘3M4(@) A party of English tourists had after great toil reached the top of the Galdhopiggen, which is the highest mountain in Norway. First they had’a good rest after the strenuous climb(ing), but then they began to ask the guide about the names of the different peaks, valleys and lakes which they saw around them. A young lady asked: ‘What is the name of that mountain there?’ The guide: ‘Do you mean that farthest to the leit?” ‘The lady: “Yes, exactly.”212 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ‘The guide: ‘The peak you see there is the famous Gilitretind, which is almost as high as this one.’ An elderly lady said: ‘Tt ‘Seems to me that all these peaks round about us are higher ‘than the Galdhgpiggen itself.’ The guide: ‘It may look like it perhaps, but it is only an optical illusion.’ The lady: “But the snow we see on the Glitretind, does it never melt away?” “The guide: ‘Ttstays (ies) the whole year round.’ Third tourist, ayoung business man from Manchester: ‘Thisisalovely spot, I think we will settle down here for good. But tell me, who has built this small hut here?” The guide: “The well-known mountaineer Knut Vole. He carried all the materials up here on his back.’ The tourist: ‘That must indeed have been a ‘strenuous job, I think it is more than enough to carry yourself uphill. Before we start on the descent you must Snce more tell me what the whole of this mountain range is alied,’ The guide: ‘The Jotunheimen.’ “Yes, of course, 1 ‘always forget that name.” 34(b) Tbsen og Bjornson nevnes ofte (or blir ofte nevnt) Sammen, Grunnen er at de levde pa samme tid (or samtidig) fg kjente hverandre godt. De skrev til hverandre i mange ar, og var i det hele gode venner, skjont de ofte var sinte pit hverandre. De hadde (et) temmelig forskjellig gemytt og ganske forskjellig syn pi mange ting. Bjsrnson var mer Optimistisk enn Ibsen og hadde en sterk tro pa seg selv. {Tbsen derimot tvlte alltid pa sine evner, og denne tvilen har hhan skildret i mange av sine verker. 35(a) Which book have you got there? Oh, it is Hem er Jivem, Who was it you were going to read about? Tt was a great King of Skis, I forget (lit. have forgotten) which races fhe won and which year it occurred. Is that so important? What are you saying! What lack of interest you are showing for our national sport! Indeed I do not bother to remember what all these sports stars have achieved, who has won the fitst prize in Homenkollen, and who has the world record in ‘soo-metre skating, Such things are after all (= da) quite un- important. By the way, have you heard the story about the ‘Spanish journalist who saw the jumping in Holmenkollen for the first time? No, what did he say? Well, he described his impressions in the following way: re ‘The Ni is sou Sand Ty, ta) me -P precipices—flap in the air like birds and come down I don't think that story was so 1 don't think that story terribly funny. No sense of 350) x. Hvom ga du brevet til? (Til hvem ga et if Hivis bil er det? (Cad. Hivem er det som eier den bios) Hvem fortalte deg det? ct oam cer den Diet) 2 Ha vil du ba? (va ose du?) vilket or va er det beste hotellet i Hvilke boleer har dulesth ust} Ost? Hvilke venner trait (mptte) du? ‘ose avr peer doa se? vise ikke ha jeg skulle gjore. 3. Hvilket glass foretrekker da (vil Heil gasforteter du (Vid helt a)? (Oreo Hoilken or Hem av guttene er fnkest? 4. For en larm (=et brik)! For et rot! (hvilket rot is rather stig’). For en task (Hvilken) $4), For en tosk (Hvilken) tosk jeg har vert som ikke 36. The Two Friends and the Bear Two good frends were once walking along a ra siden (he) one caught sight ota tea ad heeled op 4sce without saying word to hb fend. oreanately he toy who wage staning in (on) the rnd a a e say that a bear never touches 2 Tislen pee Therefore, he dropped to the ground and lay asf deed The, baa examaed Dim bth well an lng ane nd and put his snout into his ea: But he boy hed ta breath and lay quite sal A the Dear did mots any son of ie he jogged oto the mood again. When all danger va over ier boy climbed down from tree, anc 5 friends walked together as before. mee "Tell me one thing said the boy, who had been sitting i the tee, hat as tthe best’ whispered iy you ta fell, I don’t exactly remember all of it,’ said the other,re ‘pat one thing Ido Femember his eling me should never seat ome ified {ait tested in time of danger. Prov A tsend in need is rend indeed. mdi geen ee ey tice GC i tepitocisto nee dere pra sre yee oor eel i Sie ite prawtebaS sy ness pee San nga ig ema nare eine thar brute sag inn i banken og stylet noen hundre tasen a : He egg ere ers Tec Ba vet Kanskje at noen av hans sknespill har vert ei England? Jeg liker noen av Thsens verker bdr. Ja, Soh hiker Ibsen, andte liker Bjornson. Det ville ike vare cee ar inn Seen ho Serer mameaee gan anyon mn you someiing new, romething realy exiting Some thieves Hove°broken® into’ the bank and stolen some’ hundre Eonar read a few a ping of Dim Ur a Hay re re Lee Poems which you must read. You know pethaps that some Bis plays have born acted in Basan 1 bike some o 20 on eins ie ci Re ay freee end verybody had the same taste. But I have not found any- Souk whe can Dulld up a drama lke Ibsen, On of the most Seg ore psn igi tne ore pect tan Saige esas ge nator oe Fe KEY To EXERCISES 215 filk noe, men det var sveert vanskelig. $4 du bilen? Nei, jeg s4 ikke noen bil. Noen venner kom for en time siden, hnoen av vare aller beste venner fra Drammen. 3%(a) Quickly done ‘Johan Herman Wessel is a well-known Norwegian poet who wrote gay humorous verses. He was once present at a big dinner, where he happened to be sitting beside a very enterprising lady. This lady was very interested in Wessel, and in the course of the conversation she suddenly asked the poet: “Why aren't you married, Wessel?” ‘I haven't got any money, answered Wessel. But Ihave,’ said the lady. The story goes on to tell that before rising from the table they wwere already engaged. 39(b) De forste linjene av Alice in Wonderland Alice begynte & bli sveert trett av 4 sitte ved siden av sosteren pa elvebredden og ikke A ha noe 4 gjore. Et par ganger hadde hun Kikket ned i boken som sasteren leste (holdt pa lese), men den hadde ikke noen bilder eller samtaler, ‘og hva nytte kan en ha av en bok’ tenkte Alice, ‘som ikkke har noen bilder eller samtaler.’ 40(a) The Lad and the Devil (a Norwegian folk-tale) Once upon a time there was a lad who went along a road cracking nuts. He happened to find one which was worm- eaten, and at the same moment he met the devil. ‘Is it true," said the lad, ‘what they say, that the devil can make himself as small as he likes, and go through a pinhole?” “Yes, of course,’ answered the devil. ‘Well, let me see you do it; creep into this nut if you can,’ said the lad. And the devil did it, But he had no sooner got through the worm-hole, ‘than the lad put a small peg in the hole. ‘Thave got you safe, now,’ he said, and put the nut in his pocket. When he had walked some distance he came to a smithy. ‘He went in there and asked the smith if he would crack that nut for him. “Yes, that's easily done,’ said the smith, and took the smallest hammer he had, Iaid the nut on the anvil, and gave it a blow, but it didn’t break. So he took a some. what bigger hammer, but that wasn’t big enough either, ‘Then he took a still bigger one, but no—the nut would notBe rae har fave the nut such a Dow that it ew info a thousand pieces, hd sent half the voof of the smithy fiying inthe ar. “T think the devil was in the nut,’ said the smith. “So he was,’ said the lad. . vente wo aioe se eee ta ear Ss isole tas etamee cna iced gar hentene pe ieee Soruar an ate te he (or Go eer a easier med vom ther sere ah set er det en skog, og hor pleide wi 8 eke o Sh ers eal Peau sara berianien ini foie ees es opm cere i ba mp mt i ei Roseanne Indiom Onto og Moss ke er mer enn Sekt omer, Soe ries career Stalegestorye bans ipeentene Ube eS ea SC aan We the at home Fane Shed the day's work Tike to si at When Da SPE tthe wires, capeclaly inthe see gneve in eoorias Cahn sf Batam KEY TO EXERCISES 217 Tong winter evenings. The wireless set stands in the corner of the drawing-room, and all I have to do is to switch it on and tune in on the station T wish. Each day I look (lit. peep) in the radio rogramme which the Norwegan Stats Bibadenting ca Hore is something to everybody's taste (it, every tase) The mas cts oaks he gate pao Progtameforty percent or pers move Both hen usc and heavier citsical work ture plapen Soe are sng by first-class male and female singers. Plays aid other dramatic works are produced: Tiling tends an fales for elidcen ee tod in the Childrens Hire ant Sattrday iteroon: Important football matches sod meetings ae broadcast ‘One may hear short talks and lectures on current topics and well-known people are interviewed, The daily weather fore- cast and the news are popular items and the time signal is sent three times a day. The day's transmission very often ends with the National Anthem, and then it is time to say: Good night: The Norwegian National Anthem: ‘Ja, vi elsker’ (English version by G. M. Gathorne-Hardy) Yes, we love with fond devotion This, the land that looms Rugged, storm-scarred, o'er the ocean, With her thousand homes. Love her, in our love recalling Those who gave us birth, And old tales which night, in falling, Brings as dreams to earth, l(a) The maid is preparing food. I am not able to hear ‘what you are saying. The daughter was not allowed to leave the home. My uncle is always the first to laugh when some- thing goes wrong. The son did not like to go abroad. Here there are indeed few chances of winning, Are you ready to {g0? Tt was great fun to see how easily he learied to play. I couldn’t help laughing, Don't make me laugh, please. The218. ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN captain had little hope of saving the ship from sinking. A drama of Ibsen is well worth seeing. I cannot afford to buy a ticket. 4100) Min edter ker & nore music og esl fink 1 & spille piano. Mine bradre liker & ro og fiske. A gjare det na ville vere bade vanskelig og farlig. I fjor lerte jeg a lese og Shake noes Tar da dtl & Gomme tl middag? Vare venner hadde lovt & komme pa stasjonen for & si adjs til oss. ‘Jeg er trett (or lei) av & hore den samme historien si mange anger. Har du ikke funnet noe middel til & bli kvitt din fonkjletse enda? Jog skulle nettopp (or akkurat) gt ‘sengs da telefonen ringte. Jeg er redd for 4 mete ham, da det er sannsynlig at han vil sla'meg. Hun skrudde pé radioen for & hore de siste nyheter. Sjomennene reddet livet ved & svpmme i det kalde vannel. De hadde forsskt (or provd) & redde skipet forst, Datteren gikk pi stasjonen for & mote fin far fog har det travelt med fytte, men vet ikke hivordan jeg skal gjore det pi den mest praktiske maten, ‘Uten A si ef ord forlot han rommet, Etter & ha bod der ti ar flyttet han plutselig. Jeg har stor lyst til snake til ham, Kongen oppfordret folket til 4 kjempe videre. 2, da og nar x, Nar det er pent (or fint) ver, spiller jeg tennis. 2. Da jeg kom hjem, var det ingen mat i huset. 3, Nar krrigen er over, skal vi alle reise hjem (igjen) 4. Nar vi talte til ham, sa han alltid: ‘jeg vet ikke’. 3. Jeg skal komme nar jeg har spist. 6. Da han gikk ut i morges, glemte han lase doren. & Jeg lien ham ike jen da jeg sk ham pt stasjonen 5, Nar folk blir gamle, far de gratt har. 9, Da Klokka var fem, begynte musikken spille. Yo. Da vi nddde toppen, var vi alle sultne og trette. 43(a) The Brave Prentice ‘A ship was on its way to America. In the middle of the ‘Atlantic they were overtaken by (surprised by) a storm which lasted for five days. When the storm was at its ‘worst, a rope got entangled on one of the yards. This had to ‘be put right. But it was very dangerous to go aloft in such IEEE 'SSSSS”. KEY To EXERCISES 219 a storm. The captain told the prentice to do it, B little boy, not more than thirteen only eh of & fate bp years old, only child of a The boy firs looked up towards the be , : yard and then down at the waves which all the time were Breaking over the deck and, a5 it, were, stretching their arms ont foe nie hone looked af the captain and said" wil tome soon? He disappeared, but caine back present and stoned heerfully up the’ shroud, The man who told ths was Standing’on the deck near the mast and followed the Pas with his eye. He asked the captain: ‘Why do you send the Httle boy’ up? He. won't come down alive: The captaia answered: ‘Men fll where boys stand; that one cliibe ka squire’ The man looked up. Now the boy was high tp e ship heeled over so heavily thatthe yards simeet reached the wave tops, but the boy didn’t lose courage, ant within a quarter of an hour he came dow agai, sae and 43(b) 4 Dum se alle mine baker le bskene mine) mons dn er 2: Det ex ganske lenge siden jogs deg ist Det et best wi Kjper avioen fr vite 8, Nis for af lever vlever ike ot vst FP iege ects sono te CHa rata ree a iain fo, Som aecdelor ay nena SET a swnse wan BE ra onetren Fa pe imigtet po neon og i So ramet ie a somrene ganske varme, takket vere Golfstrommen. 2D) begynt ate 1 Da begynte ale synge, 2 Patt Eom somten Sf fa Boland220 ‘TRACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ‘Snart blir cH kaldt. App Er trodde jeg pa julenissen. ang Hs a Ir hr song inst lg jeg gt pd kontoret om morgenen, berer jeg en $1) conte aye ad i opr meg ha ee (ont) ape evar, bae to Ying mun matpakKe o me ekki har var ius) mello aly lv og tl ‘ifn dette crv enete patce 1 ope a dagen, setter vi seep den. Det Sen eneste Gd pa agen dao ka ore een opp ate, nvteen sare og kulee apm avrcblemer, Mennene pa kontoret snakKer for de shee om sport og bile. ts Ti Po od So tery ne Sa eho wis sacha uly rcs en ig er 2 ey oa that se on on 2 rows a Final ayn sit wt cag ree wet aro Bt the king dove straight on and ii Sa ot Nan Soha rors en ne ah an foes ct oa tS eo of your pride.” twas something diferent from what the parson was Pea os en HS al aa ahut an cay on eee at as at il So he wet to he ei, SFr Sus Rave mh sar fog en wo a sd ave ead no mind tog, Sora parson, He ton ten Woe men can answer,” said the ae ef the ce to go send. KEY To EXERCISES 2ar ‘Well, the clerk set out and came to the palace dressed in the Parson's gown and collar. The king received him at the doot with crown and sceptre, and was so fine that he glittered a ong way off. “Oh, you are there, are you?" asked the king, ‘Yes, he was there, sure enough. ‘Now, tell me fist,’ said the king, ‘how far is it from east to west? “Why, a day’s journey,’ said the sexton, ‘How do you make that out?’ asked the king. ‘Well, don’t you see, the sum rises in the east and sets in the west, and he does it easily enough in a day,’ said the sexton. ‘Very well’ said the king; ‘but tell me now, what you think ‘Tam worth, as I stand here before you.” “Well, our Lord was valued at thirty pieces, and I suppose I cannot put you higher than twenty-nine,” said the sexton, ‘So, sol” said the king, ‘since you are so clever at everything, tell me what it is Tam thinking about just now?” ‘Why, you are surely thinking it is the parson who stands before you; but so help me, if you don’t think wrong—for I am the sexton.’ ‘Be off with you—go home, and you be the parson and let him be sexton,’ said the king, and so it was. Proverb: Pride goes before a fall. 46. P. Chr. Ashjornsen and Jorgen Moe: Part I The two folk-tales we have read: The Lad and the Devil, and The Parson and the Sexton, are taken from Asbjernsen and Moe's collection of folk-tales. Peter Christen Asbjornsen was born in Oslo in 1812. His, father was a, lair: Peter had a good brain, but was not Particularly industrious at school. His father then sent him up to Nordethov in Ringerike. Up there there was a minister who coached fellows like him for the matriculation examination, Jorgen Moe was the son of a well hheighbouring district Hole in Ringens gn TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN rounger than Asbjgmnsen, Jorgen Moe was aso studying for YorSciculation examination under the minister, at Nie dathow Ths is how Asbjooneen and Moe met and they Reise friends for life. Jorgen Moe was very interested in BewMadies and. was very. industrious. But Asbjamsen Han't lke books, and he dida't do-any better in the camry than in Oslo After a couple of years his father took dur heme again, He didn't become a student stl three years after Moe. Thee a then, When work ‘were few books and newspapers then. When worl Tete Wha forthe day, they sed to gather round the ie wae Tas Sie dine avay’in telling stories and foll-tales and rn ae eas, For te most partie was the same fll in sole en told for several hundred years. Several {Gee gated right back to heathen times. They didn't ota Sain and ‘Thor any longer. ut they believed pereyrin teas and goblins and dwarfs who came out and Stowad' themselves to people on oecasion. We call ll such Showed theratton, But im olen days they believed to be SRS thar was told them in these old stories, endents realized that it was the same with Ine foltceles’as with an old. cupboard. or chest: they the fork lavier of ancestors, but would soon be forgotten, ‘3 Teeed therefore to collect al the flk-tles people Toe wee them dovin and have them printed. ‘Theve stores were fist published in x842, and are now as war in Norway asthe story of Alice iv Wonderland iin England. ‘Advanced Reading and Translating Exercises 47. The town of Oslo or Oslo City oat ts On a visit to Oslo a foreigner will soon discover (make the discovery) that there really is only one street of any particular? importance. It is called Karl Johansgate, in Everyday speech shortened to Karl Johan, and is named falter a Swedish King, It runs (lit. goes) in a straight line S stvre (Ht. greater, major) here — savlig (special, particular). CE para 13% oF KEY To EXERCISES 223 from Ostbnetsonen to the Cast, whichis Denatily situated up on a hl: From hereon may ocean all its length. ane Tone was from the Castle down towards Ostbanestasjonen one yas oe he Gs down towards etbanetasjnen it ofthe main eotanc are isan) wats a and Bjomson, the to most fansous Nowwestar sac cece Gn the other ‘side of the siret are (ts He) the Sd Gate ty buildings with the University Susie fone hens te sient ae a stl between he etre 0g dea) Continuing down the stret one wil soon see (it, ron or bump inte) Stortinget, Norway's Panlament’ Hy was ease Jn'1866, soit snot very it cpedialy parlaniy oa Oslo has an absoutely glorious location. I faces the ford and behind is surrounded by a number of forest-clad bls ‘This fine location has made Oso into quite a famous tot town. In the summer months the ford i fll of tage Bouts, and one constantly sees forts packel (al) wink people who ar spending the day by theves Round about, onthe rocks, le people enjoying (it cultivate dng) the pleasures ofthe seaside It the oathtog I) Ione prefers walk in the country ft wood and Sd) one cate Risto take the Holmenkollen lay, and in ley thas our one ison the paths which twit between spree aa pier, fa wire whem weld Covered with snow), and every single Sunday one ean coe Koved i nee and oy Se Suny ope ca ‘tracks’. “A Norwegian ski-ing Sunday in Nordmarka— which the terein found Ono's called an cnpanonce Wich is not easly forgotten 48. An Inionicw He stood reading the New York Time, 40 there was no doubt in our minds that he was Amen, =” Wewould ie to interview you, We said Thats OX. Bie sway. You ate from Amnrea? "Thats comet sid ont fend gazing ats from behind his spectacles «= But how shot Sitting down while we are stending (Norwegian factions way of patting it)? No sooner sad than done Out ced224 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN re cq ring (Bere wet wih wt snd hrm ad Ye ot, rh ny osname © at hn one fhe bach Sadan, He snd 3 i gan ew (pan Hn) he emmy Oe a Gale eet eae ee ee et bangs fight sn apd cape hee ie rene may hat Kn fev a OL yen ete al a a a ee ay senda ip win coming vel A Na ae Hn ay ari, Tha ae be tere oc, cuales Swag Th wan a i oa a an 0 Regd es ee ile et. eal en, Wha Ein of Norgagy he ey sec a ad oat Home ack nate ne og lend be) reine Wa on omy ns og ce, Sy bra ie Fon ager gy, he este. eer i We dare aps rn a ok ag igre Ro ee eee er etc an ea ee ey es a eee 49 (I). At the Goal the morning ofthe x3th of December zorx the weather tras at its bets just as made forthe aval at the Poe Yam not quite certain but I believe we ate our breakfast Tittle faster that day than the previous one, and got some- What more quickly out of the fen, although T must admit That this event was always performed in a great hurry. On this day the atface was somewiat variable, Ocanonally the going was good, but now and again it was quite ba ‘Wecontinued this dayin the same mechanical way'as before t KEY TO EXERCISES 225, Not much was said, but eyes were used 50 much the more, Hansen's neck was twice as long that days the Gay befor, fom the way he stetched to Se some milimetre farther. Thad asked him, before we set out to keep 2 good lookout and he did so thoroughly. But however fac he stared and looked, he still saw nothing but the fat platens Stretching away unendingly At three o'clock in the afternoon a simultaneous ‘halt? echoed from the sledge-drivers The goal was Teathod, the joummey finshed. T cannot say-—although it woul have made afar greater effect that | stood at the goal of my life That would be to lie too much and too obviously, Thad better be frank and say straight out that I believe that no man has ever stood on a spat so completely opposite 2 his heart's desire as Tid on that occasion, The North Pole Jad attracted me since Twas a chil and now Pstoo atthe ith Pole. Can one imagine anything more topoy-turvy? Wereckoned now that we were not standing exeetly at the Pole—that would be impossible to establish with the time and the instruments at our disposal, But we were so close that the few kilometres which perhaps separated could be of zo importance whatsoever. ‘When we had halted we gathered together and congratulated ourselves, We had reason for mutual respect for what Was achieved, and I believe that was exactiy what we fle snd expressed by the vigorous handshakes which we exchanged. 49 (II). The Flag on the South Pole After this first act we went on to the next, the most impor- ‘ant (lit. greatest) and the most solemn one of the whole expedition—to plant our flag. It was affection and pride which shone out of the five pairs of eyes which watched! the flag, as with a crack it unfurled itself in the fresh breeze and fluttered over the Pole. ‘In planting the flag—thishistoricact—Thad determined that we all should take part. It was no one man’s job to do it; it was due to all those who had staked their lives in. the struggle and stood together through thick and thin. This was the only way I could show my gratitude to my friends in this desolate and forsaken place. I realized that they226 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Cnderstood this and accepted it in the sprit it was offered {a them Te was five ough and frostbitten fists which seized {he dagstat ited the uttering Hag into the air and planted {ts the ast at the Geographical South Pote. That brief moment wil certainly be remembered by all of us who stood. there then. Lengthy ceremonies are dispensed Irth in thove reeions-~the shorter the better. Naturally there was a celebration in the tent that evening. NAQot that champagne corks few and wine flowed. We made do witha sual piece of seal meat each and it tasted ood and had a pleasant effect. Of other signs of celebration indoors we had none, Outsidewe feard the flag erack and bang. Chat in the tent was lively, EE Mauch was talked about. Tt may well be that messages rare alo sent home about what We had don. _ 50, The three Scandinavian languages |” The three Scandinavian es, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, are fairly similar. In fact, there is so little difference between them that one can almost call them dialects. ‘Usually itis not so difficult for a Norwegian to make himself understood, say, in Stockholm. He finds, naturally, that the Swedes pronounce the same words a little differently, in many instances, and also use slightly different words and but he soon gets used to it. Besides, he has read some Swedish in school. Ifhe takes a trip to the ‘King’s Town’, Kobenhavn, he will rethaps to begin with have some difficulty in understanding is Danish brethren. The words and expressions are true enough largely the same, but the Danes often pronounce vowels and consonants in quite a different way. But after the sentence has been repeated a couple of times, a bell rings for the Norwegian. When he has stayed in the town for several days, everything as a rule goes fine. | Still, there are a number of words which have a completely Gifierent meaning in the three Scandinavian languages. ‘We can give as example ‘rar'—When the Danes and the Swedes talk about ‘en rar mann’, they mean a pleasant man, ean Pala gui, andi WEn ase a fone came Tater me yl mena Da Sees se ie weep any ala ade ame eee A Sate oe amet Nowe Nowa tom. He wn ve sip an cen heed Tue at axi, and when the diver asked where he wants srs eligi ateat eee rele Son's gut nce (Sons ya a be ae ught for a while and then drove him to the yar ne opin hl a ath spe ates wih li heres Pat wasnt the eo cs me anal hnvesanc ee Rotate agot not ny wads hich teen arctan but to be a little careful over w! words i when one crosses the border. fr wnicn oneuses IRREGULAR VERBS An Alphabetical List of the most i important Irregal or Strong Verbs are ‘Those verbs with an asterisk (0 attached betnen te vg weak conjugate se verbs marked with" have weak Te ets m we weak conjugation when used ansely rou, He Ine, ret Si, Infinitive Procent Past adlyde obey + adlyder beat EdD omoask 2. fertcdoy Sag Sa alge) botay 7. Batra” Selig) até ada) binds bind sind gana Biebite TSS Bi” pal at Di(oe) becomé, remain Bir (liver) Bete) tieee a — ga8—~=TRACHL YOURSELF NORWEGIAN een ao Inte Present Past Past Partciple Tasinitive i pur Iethe break. Ber bab rae ariel artisiple Rae Bremer Brit mt i rep np mmtoae” rater’ batt et rate bry break SS bayer rat rut Bien it hocdet Pete iter. btoydo) bad bode re ie AG a a Siee Fan he a Eager Saree Sng) Gg tn (ite) aE Sen ser rase ah rt a te ee a re be i Scat cor e y ey eee ee i, Shep ie Jr go, eave an fe an Frnt taa fe, Hea net ea Be Peis Bo aay He Spe Boe, Be Bee Foie Ber oot emer” Fant nt Jord endestand_ "Jost rate Tae ben, skein. hor Tak ret ‘mina sapoes "rier root a a me eae Re Es . Beet 1 s on Elector sitet Stee Shae Huet . | Bich eke. 1 Br tgoen i Sendra yee Billetoncern Sader Saat a esse ip Rite him ve efohinrawe (2 ogee” wee [TRIES read” er ran rl bb 7 see fee niger Be 4 el ten Po dipepiog ss Aor om Foret Sire draw del, Silaques Oe 230 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Ingnitive Present Past Past Partcplo seria stivegtagge sri ie) sre sri ‘ye stroke, ron eegants ce ns stiyher ath tae VOCABULARY astand coo i x | Siegewear’” 1. rerger tor ore a Sioage, smart 2 sir Bed seid sgian ~ English file baay 1 Sather Seek ‘ene [Numbers refer to paragraphs unless otherwise indicate, Stnge swing turn | vinger swung stad THEE Stace feimer Sean uel Suge sing song soget A Ske sik Sank Sune Mies e+ meedtye 277 Mae se ese 6 1 Sdakeepe tree moet wit, hit ra 7 Silene | ST Gvontng, page 43,230 belie pa 2 i Shee ee er fringe Free fre et Bee a ety tr she yeh tsp as oo vena Dott Bien toptete? inde wind = sont det Sis 5! ompleteigyatoltty x57 inne win on Sunmet P11 2 mover pages and ge tori twist, wing red oridd geo: 1 alone’ dy 8° #7 884 ® sare be 5 tr ton : sacs Slee! ; ‘Forms in poronthess such as fede and Bfive indicate that they Cray ae 1 inphatic, very 22g, 128 , “Tommy taunt neh ot ds and nents ty |B ance) tos may stl Os ‘iferatute, Dut bv collogaiel speech and modern prose atmo oan hy the short form Ike fe and bi are wed. Se LLL 7 AREY ggmech toner sf MEE D1 ff cometuesty 239 alvotg Lf seleet he Sean” |) Amencan 263° anelec, 2 DT ste gsi Gi, w) | a anlage (8) Yor ezase of 246 srive 86 ther, sen 135, 208 er soon 135, 2 iaerenty) 238 st face we 21 stteatous, page 22r 21 pp tsp Ss probably 171, 203 Ehemint's sop 8 spparet 244 sopetie 7s the wi 15 work 11000) 97 Tonk 65 | sem 53.78) ‘that 257 teae 232 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ‘og til rae ee Eins Bisel: ESL, w) Hess a Destandig Destemme (te) | besok Desake (te) betale (8) ‘by (pase) 106, of 219 Py Leeealy or Seca teropt 139 fre 139) beloved x21 ewspaper 6 tel bs eto 0 ca a4 eat on B bath), bathroom 75, 203 Path, bathe 640) benind 7256) aver 3000) bil rst filly 229010) Trae 225) Fightened 120 batik 206 barbasie t29(ta) Parber 107 Shave 207 barber’ shop 197 nly 3, 64. BL, 262; just 57 Sha $20 huitiond 205 hldren's procesion 121 sk (om — fon 8263) fetter quite good 125(4), 134 popalstion #40 Both or Begin 34 ‘eae, deat with feed require 69 Densoaary 103 brook ri) bar as Powand 106 omar Temank 139 Tog, bone, pase 25 Sejend (k= on) 7 Samous, page £83 describe 99 Sivaye constantly 148 decide, page 187 Sis 128 Sait 75 pay 70,99 VOCABULARY NORWEGIAN-ENGLISH 233 bety (-das) mean, signify 72 beundire ( Rent sat | ff deca 650 Ssens Dt Hebi ow c Sot 1 Sindee «apronimntaty 270 : >: ees Dolof darter ; > : dsp 138 ! ween page 42, 259: then 48 ‘sponte, dear, pages 73 and 76 fiche f3es 8 208 nat 6 eo. . aap | 2 ot Beam ape tL 1 fades 22010 5 Bikes ugh Lt dave ded aegtaay) 2 i ae ig 1 Maly, Sveryday 1380) sDteah) >} Tema fro) gieteeee Yate De gee ies os) : Loot yond Polo fda 2 ot tt Riser ane tees Sy 24s fee) LL T Beam 65 mots scarce, pad x5 PNB amiet (ak) shapes educated . anne (ef): dannet (0) dance ro sara Geese” LL 1 disc sa sme rs eno QL LL Dane a3 fen’ DLT Gea dere eae cea 2 ll: ee ph dato | daugltr gol Dol tn Say Sere aio 1 RENE Sous, pgs 18 Sah 1: Maes Lott Betas Stam. 980) 111 Bitae fare 65.176 LT fhattne then” eob) for example (eg) 49, 131 oo tee s¢e cider adenyScleee S81 TLL Rterie By sii” LT from there 93 Papi page 9 11 1 qn'theother bing 192 mas? 11 len ‘page 92 eines 21 Woe! love Yor: beloved 8 11 Becemner 138 ves, pageo aa and 78 ‘besides 176 fore DLT moeeeadtca"TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ee a 2 ea Bhar 11 Wow’ tds, 28 1 ey 1 Be or se 1 Spice 1566) : Seven atl, yet; though 264 | | see tesa iat, cotctate 8 F 1 factory 130 ssp Le ie i.) ain’ gnats a fot LL Medea 2 oe fee Pa ioc fee Marg” * hanger ser dangerous 268285 geier) ¢ i Sega Eee folourtl 128 a eee seats ge re oe fours Pebevary 138 er aj, aavy” cron 274 BR OS oe feomel © 1 Fea dnbed 24,180), 244 feet inhi eae gg feosk St ‘fresh 1380) ft Eke tte rar Einiee sare Po 2 ay, Bauer 2 Bee 8a Be a.) : ire ea 203 ae 2 yay akong Cs plaeiee + hE rot fsketur c. : 2 fishing trip 143, VOCABULARY NORWEGIAN-ENGLISH 237, fel mountain 113 ijellkjedse. ‘mountain range, page 121 ifelistsan ‘mountaineer, page fat jellpard ‘mountain mange, ae, page 12 goals. 2 lt jowge = item Sf fags ake Dot belay Here lst 11 mores ecverat 75; most 244 sink 11 divensxpere 726) fit : fnduatsious a7 Be Gin) fy, page 147 a sn Ct yer lt fypinsc.” | 1 Eovodrome 85(4) ae. 21 move, page 198 en i Lt peopletree fey ceanioe 22 Boke for (prep for a3 ‘ora? 11 Infotder to ey fore)! tt forge foran [bran]! | 1 in rent of, before 65,224 fort : 2 past bya fora Because as S6r fontome | damned foneailing', performance foretalsous 1 Etepiin foretrekie ie.) 0) prelet Wan 82 fortiter 2: RRs forterdcy forbie £47 fonsvet gaged 9 be married a5 fomoyd contented 268 forrest, foremoet 137 fein 222 Rawr bythe way miming snes, page 2 foméder & Eaiter 1o6 forge who, minid {ast meale: month fom tS Sema Elis ‘Gtferent pages 121 and 189 ‘) Sindee foeevinte Ge wd) ‘isappear 268 forsake (40); forsoken.” | try, attempt 268; attempt, trial 246 fort quickly 143 fortai n pavement {ort (tite, ale) Folate, tall about 68, 237 fietsetie (atc, sate)’ Conte 70 fost. ‘waterfall 132 fot ey pl. fatter © {oot sola), 5 fra from 236 Hakko ont 785 fram (em) forward 12515), 155 ram og tbh to and fro238 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN «Friday 138 fromm familiar; stranger 128(2), SB ea (adi): G4 ple sorelgn, femmed (A) 6 I ra on femme 5 + in pe fimodig 2S furiee. | fruit! frykt, frytev. yee (it. ¥) ‘oes A failsténdig Bren Fpratil o. fle (ta) fetge (fulgte, flee) fv tv. prep. com}. frets {over € A fost feumvys lt faleme St re Bane dis) aeons“ a She aoe en Eases Pe rem (ee EEE So saa Eager iat): feme SaePiine are “giorde, gjort) adi: BER Con det gtr ‘meg eae (48) Shinrenas tora 96), eet. oo ‘ices 08 see ed woman oe EF aot freeze, be cold 79(2) iis takes gute rar ieee ent tees, fon pa ccbaay 68 ew sched oemerty 227, 260 sri aes Iedatid, page n2r Sateen st reoeive 75, 7018) fw, fewer 1256) c wag nt m0 a. Bia fer, oldest) 11642), 12514) ‘oldfashioned x18(d) ae est 57 iy Seba Seeks eee ‘through as sel 128, x45; generally 274 ae ee Be vere tom et ‘ehaet ‘esto pleniiy,gloviou, ly 236 litre (-et) +s + glitter 2, BLO. 21: EB pier tf Bein EMG lseani 21 EPP eto ave (del or Oz.) | yee POOP 783 ear ee ees os ene edocs oat gee |: Bee : 2 BMBNE peer Eymnasti(gynina’otike] Eymnastkk (gynina/stkk eure) 2 round; reason 179 2 Gen na Teo} 2 grey 219(6) 2 yellow, page 285 45.7810) olde r29(3} (0) Gymmastensexoreiae 203 wall 8309) Siem 35 tae 5 Seen tls Rauane aoe ‘lve ¢. Pt hate fot a ae oa a Ee BLE. a eS es mes): : ees ERD ied se ee lucky Ee a eller ikke . hor, neither. va ae = ce, sear” See oem helt ¢, aoe rie ® cee on wise! 2 Eee Ee fitonvoin | By Mr 53240 ere fete axes, ei) bike hime! & Bese. histariee, hit : Bete (3) Hig? bode (ire) opps (ei pola, 2 lt hovedvel : hovedstad ©, pl—ateder hhovmoa [hsvmo(}a) Tngze (aigde oF hue) bun hummer n. 2 Ihumnorstis bande. Ibundze m. has Trask (0) : hve Gi pron)": vem : ver ‘aver gang vile vale ts) Ivillen (nterrog. pron) bis (con) hbviske (ei): vit 5 fort vbrdan, esrior ° vores > hvoren¢ Iiverledes ¢ PE | TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN teman 5, 6 Bore 186 ‘be called 90 rest zt Sy heaven rx9(@) hottempered 131 Story; story 106, 138 fre, hither 135 help 244(2) 8043) ae home 153 Homeward, bage 42 earty 157 omer 68 head page 170 hod Hoop 8507) jump 640) Mint 225, hotel 35 nia ed 274 capital 90 Srrogance, pride 274 how, cut hte moo! ray, 188 amore 135 Gog 59, 78). 12500 trandre68| house 43, Femember 64 what 65, 88,195 who 65, 293 Wrens 65, Bet, 131,203 Se te pace which 85, 106 17.95 288 white 190) a (hare 535) how (before a ‘and adv) howl hot manner 88,128 why 88 From where, whence where 10 how 88 6 nice, cosy, page 1 hysterical’ #29(0(0) amy of VOCABULARY NORWEGIAN-ENGLISH oti, hone. hore (te) | Pores tea hast crs boy hoyre hind c., pl: hender hap nii-2 (et) bara Jeger c. 5 oats = ld Gen & eae S ingen 248 ee ins ee ane tek ; in, into 53, 230 et Again: lef 70,206 note ‘rough 228 hot 4 90 one fe fs badly 244 2 Rowever"4y8 mens) 2 no, Rot an, nobody 207 1 ein 207 1 Hatori a, 55, catch np with 38 2 Ghee Eeop impression, pago 125 interesting 35 Interest 08 interested, pages 52 and 148 I yes, 93, hace 6400) coat 73 Fama 38 runter, sportsman 70(2) es (alter negative) "93-04 the—the rae the—the 123 the—the 128 ‘arth 244 ‘cheer af242‘ THACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN vos -ABULARY NonWEGIAN= fle, + Christmas 1210) — NORWEGIAN-ENGLISH 243 iiSiene! 1 Chatmas Ee 22x) re «button 244 meee’ rt Saige | ie nar 2 ined tt Jame ibs a K Em Gri) > fla BS fab, 5 e+ cab a02 : 1 SS fies | 2 Stes 21 Hing 38,08, x25 fie al 13 ey Bie cae (8. 65 Lf Gay ai ee 1 f Siveiton Els Gan 1 teat lo, 87 par BiG: 111 Smuilea08 1 SBbet is cara page 10 Eeiume «Soul 769 2 become Bees LL perhape 428,340 aoa feta, 2111 Bape ot ee de) EBD D1 1 gow, cloak 276 re) Eemc.. 11 1 Stoning 11 Stoned power 50 meets ttf talons 11 power, 59285; page 187 Haste Get) | Bees oD war page gx atte eat Tor ot warlike bi, 129{1)(@) bere. caer Lol gom'sy ats fy’) papas Grown Face Ba), 2 tt Bihgy' prowd 130 Hotere 111 alomler, about fof a mile 52 Eo) Kern.) 1 sheds ee feel tlt Sma » feo 85h msc 2 lL 1 ehh 10" Dt Goat Heine lL 11 bonne of ff Gamer 107 Hat Dott Biatier’ 8 kvelde. tot Beas Be Homes iio Fess frag, way 2 SRO” Kjenne (ta); ‘Asjon Bow, feel; recognise 67 Es soe ee quick Her 1 ars ee 1 ot as Hope ty” LL buy 6 wite 2 eau tg joe Ce). ig : 21 Santon, wild 239(0) Beth: ff) makin 2 . pee te) ot didtrar afi). ss et 8506, 17540) TL f imanage 274 lage (et) + TT mame’ 6g@)7100 Tot o2) class, form 128 Es. i es ‘salmon 131 nb, por te, 208 gcefe 11 Sony Bd 48,128 ‘blag page #21 Hise, Adve tge? 2 Tea s5t350) Gow 7s Be Bi nes 11 alone th : imate sagt) ws Dot dow23G) : 1 br elover S74 x Polo f Rg) LL 2 bell, clock, ‘wath 65, 188 ie 8 : ae LD Sm page 208 inv): t 4 Dot Simp Iedeel) 2 feat od 284 2) Gales gato, san eget toto at legge (la, lagt) lay, put 68oRSELY NORWEGIAN a4) TEACH YOURSE terete) iy he in 66 88 a See : 51 Bie AEs ime ae feme, 2) Tamee aaG ari ogg ott) t £8 ch for 222(2) Tee ager © 21 loka, gach or Just by, page 148 Bs 267 - Severthcles, yet tl 106, 157, line 157 1 ite 147, 1251) uitle 228 lie 215 (0) lively less 200 pocket 70,80) sandler rane : ‘smell, sniff 200 Wace ft Big ak es 8 Mee ay | STAT ly ykkes) ‘succeed 105 sine Ege ona tye ie tell a lie 75 tae ieee annegd : ae ey : Eas : reat SET os x Ls yes 1D) Monday’ 138 : a ae eld 43 VOCABULARY NORWEGIAN-ENGLISH 245 marke. worm, page 1 mare 1°12 Maren 38°47 Benj [11.1 mark ite Bawjée¢iy 01 BARR Et mate S21 maar sae Bite 1 Rtiee materiales, |! material page rar met Dol f wirs BF mesie S011 mie * et very 70, meee, 25) 1 milk 05,9 felon 111 Botwoen" age eons’ 2 INC iddle rar men Plt Batson aso Bete(te) 111 meni’, 7a eninge | 11 meaning sent 2p ennetee ns ple Human boing person pl. people 351 eas : mle 75,138, 60 ‘er, mest” moro, fst 139 Ierke ns (et) 1! Iman notice 6a) merkelig | Strange 20 Best ate er mésteres .. master 95 rniddag’<. | dinner, tidday x07, 215 middeta: | 1 means! remedy 49 ide part Inthe mize ot"r15)3) ide des the mide one x25) nie“ Route Eaglish mile gx inde Smaller; les; minor r2$()) 150 iemory; remind 274 ies at east 30 aa" Unsuccessful Ice Gala) ‘modern 9x, 120 ‘rave 268, smother sole) enjoy oneself 180 ‘morning 68 Lormorrow 230(6) jolly, amusing 179, 188 agatast, towards 5, 121,236 courage 268 not n. motor cpl. moter 1 Mota 49 ‘mulig 2D pomibie mune (et) uti’ Bowinto r3r minter 2 off gayle aig ‘munterhet >) 1 galery rar musi I tase 65 ‘musilcdlsk; miésiker e. ‘musical; musician 70246 TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN Imai orp ‘and 321 mye “re ‘much 124, 125(4) Bien 2 Bie fant 019 oe : meres Be Si Bere cd ena a os Peale ius, hive to 27600) heey cape teed, (imo Beet mate c. e " ‘manner 115(a), 250 N mos span in 80 Sai: eaten ies, EE hey gee ee meedojonslda Batonal dey 12 seca . ational costeme 220 Peter Bee eaten am arse mie Bie ery 95 ea |: Bite Se som Lf aime ha ie! | 1 Bam fsa as *idover 1 t dwngaseay roe ipocr si setgning rr be ran segeres Semi eppe Iaediy, scarcely 152 nest t next 127, Rien 2 Met Zo te 2 BRE Macey #36, 48 reat) © en oe pom) | Tt gin page ze Bese eg pliacen > Sime byh 008, thing) 204 secraacgy MO" ST ough sr Rotated | Lt norttyra6 elie 21 RAR se Moen 2 Noreen ponomigee 111 Norwerlan so Rie or MS, Rome Lt Ne sg, 5, asia fells Be reve Bittner 138 a iene Zeta afl FE ot news 68244 Diet neues VOCABULARY NORWEGIAN-ENGLISH 247, ate, nthet 6. Spptage ot my Peters Srila (orn versie ¢ Donel, ws a5 Beigotshoed 24 Bee, ten, page 18 ey 136(2a) ut 244 exactly) 239 farefuly “ly? exact, ly 200 now 76 reach 95, needle 244 ‘hen, af what time 88, 259 ° officer cen 50a) 145, and 5,256 also, 400, a8 well 87 Octoer x38 about; of 65: f x39; in 237, ‘ver and over again about 23763) ‘rea 138 Almost, nearly, about 13x bad, evil 12504) tncie 229) Wednesday 138 up 65, 155 Abcover, detect 106, 139 gucourage 2476), word 75,003 proved 93 mor, 16, eros, over 75 138, 2 ‘verywiene 225,035 raremely, eceesdaly x47 Sasori a7 stove 87° P parel, pack 274 Baper couple, pair 218() ‘arty, consignment patient 45 ppascenger‘i3r Hiner, page 79248 ‘BACH YOURSELY NORWECIAN VOCABULARY NORWEGIAN-ENGLISH 24 Bec tt 2 eee regne (rein) (et, te). rain 2034); dou ° Pe sc, = pongctykien. | com reminge bi 76° veoker ipl) ns s+ money, pages 3x and 23% re may 11 RRNGE go 65: 75,00 pee Lf pen 3,'6y jae (ae ax) Sand, pas Beee 2. 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LL maintain 376(4) Sera eee ean ze (te) reflex, seg’ touch movo nts R ee Te we oi niiog . ss «rain, page 149 | 1D pte oP Ta fep ima 11 Rambiddwn ea $ Heer GD Rage: adam border 30 Beiotag S21 Salted, pag gs Sos ue ate moat) Riange“4 170 rege Dol faster toon Riel 1111 que aabie/o SFE sate s08(@) edd Toff dimaia 92, 118(@) ++ collect 75 Fede yen L111 Rave ep 00 fogethef Soe iba freee” 21 fights caivesecla ary ele Df meas 1 male sing Yo, 2 +4 true 75 al J retyTadeed 70,0whe i: ee Fae Be ome : Clete, ig) pees oi ese Seer arc | oa aoe acer a) ened a ee ety ay ae sitére (-te) site (irr. v) 6 + fee me “pied tees: Bees skal, skulle 2 Seamer sap b) St Sees! suai Blonde) Skiane (45) Seiten Skje (de) mee Gale ff TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN ‘ruth 68, fee, Tooke 825) look at 22 wetory sil ack, bag 246 secretary second 138 eal 68 patty, page 12 Ear Tor Slows late 75 bed 75 cently September, entence, laiee 70 ace, pat 68 By, Sine 261; later 148 ale sure: Yas(e) surely 13¢ fering st anery 244 eet F27ae last 148, 155, ‘quotation ote 65 seepage 246 and 249 ‘cates, pages 50 and 115 cease Seatering 13¢ Shipping 130 seaman 239 Gaver 178 fam 08 rovide 64 EIS, shod 262 Shatse t97 sped page 170 fesckibe 107 ‘ivision; ecparate,part6s(9), page 186 Sine Shp 3 dirty 1865 happen 71, 197 spoon 47 sel page 42 VOCABULARY NORWEGIAN-ENGLISH 251 siege) = ivr combo iors 2 RESUS | ‘skjare (irr. v.) + cut Br s Seana sceeaunt, were) ‘aoe ey Seats nese eae Bee! cer Tealag 2) Semis tele 2 tomb te anceeey 2) Sreniees., frye i. ¥) 1 OO es Sgt ff epee Be 2D: BB ae ee 1 By sea Dt Sea shee: ante 23, see: 2 me ie SE beg o: ee wae Co» Bar St ae «BBB: ang oe 96); nate Sie Sine, duce > ad it ta bate 244 ‘ier | easy speletyy DS SRT erent: ee, ae a eee Bode cay | Suunge fee, ft Safes B Sites aiee ay 2) SHBLES,, Bue > ot gee Mes) 2: ely matty 2 Rew ST cake (any * | EME OS Sar é os Sotiecje 2. 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Stee bale (et) ra Inodig, tapper 268 Drekke (rv) of: bryte (in. vs ‘sprokke (iv) 792), 208 frokost page 30 ust c, page 128 Tring (oro, bak) 69 brevet Erode Se Dorstee (ct) 64 Dygge (-de) 98(2) fortag’, page ran feavel 196(3, 1256) vocanu button buy ‘by the way. eae. ake fall; be eae ‘ean, could anced ‘pital captain pore care fo , carefal (2y) careless | en, castle et cate central senanly air Sane Sapter charming | chat cheap cheek cheer Sheer cd uldhooa ‘hoke Shoote Gheirtmas Share sisen cas Sean lover ‘inate limb Simbing lock act TARY ENGLISH-NORWEGIAN 261 rar, Torveston E saa BEES spose EEA an sre pee te eer a Beate sh a, Bea a ans Feapiter, °° moves heat aes ee a aN a noe Eee, Kame e 1 fini rS8, 29 EEE oe ee eShs ay262 ‘TEACH YOURSELF NORWEGIAN 8 5 collar colour 2 lt er Comfortable, be— completely comrade ‘condition ‘consequently conistof ‘Sentented ‘continne ‘conversaticn a Hawke. 166 Eads iaidee Morkjcicle e. 65. 73, wmbeapeeee fame (et) 75 Bee Komme (ir. v.) 60, 85(7) EAT on Ee BE aon ‘stand e186 fee en a2 Sea, | cove | ES fan | mean ara Brot 268 Bes stings 95 ‘ka £; pl. kyr or ker 50(8) Enron, ash ria mae, erype (irr. v.) 79(2) lela ees, oe soe (irr. v.) 78(z) Kopp ©. 219 eae VOCABULARY ENGLISH-NORWEGIAN 263 et + ugg (ee) eutot f)D dilier fer. w) agg D eas : a damage : sta eep ee 7 80 dameea 2 london Dano? 2 disk e. 152 Gangeni-ovs 1] fare ao! 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Srening 2 Shika, kvo e. 87 every a alle 05, TLE, 131, 213 eS : fiver ae See. Soelaags 0809) VOCABULARY ENGLISH-NORWEGIAN 265 everything everytime) everywhere exactly Be comers” eet es cromettas a aaise Beet Seen Sue a et anaes, Tang, langt (adv.) 85(g), 125(3) as cee Er) tage se Seon Benes ee Fer em 6a eras ty nag oS ERG Se oeh a... BES ee we drat 75,32 ake, 467 Sskestang & fisketur e143, ford e332erent ouaasre noewacraT | VOCABULARY ENGLISH-NORWEGIAN 267 + fag 9, 22 + gyllen x20) 2 Rae fn) age 2 Bement funne (et) wei agt | 2 bis, Bo a | 5 Ae (omarte, emu) 68 Lf fy. tye Ge.) page x47 | ae ih (gta ig) is (te) rar Dott aie eto) 1 i } 0 7 11 BEES p tle gota, se over, der. page rar lof 1 Bap Ms ees ‘gymnastick cop 5 1 Ssmmbd 118(a) 3 utenlandske | “yur wdlending page 183 | # | | barn, 115(0) lots Ce) 63 Ina, halvdel e.; balypart e. 33, 140 er halvimine c. 140 : Ege 225), 295 : paler rd : mle 50, me : sty a EER Sider gore (i ott peel) 7? 58 (ratte, PotD eat tonite. 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