SESSION: 2019-20

PROJECT REPORT OF

ON

Submitted to: Submitted By:

MR. P.N Tiwari Vivek Kurmi
(PGT/IP) Roll No:-

Principal‘s Signature:- Teacher’s Signature:-

.......................................
.......................................
 External’s Signature:-
.......................................

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher Mr. P.N Tiwari as well as our

principal Mr. Pankaj Mukharya who gave me the

opportunity to do this wonderful work on the topic

“Finding EMF of a GALVANIC-Cell”, which also

helped me in doing lot of Research and I came to

know about so many new things I am really thankful to

them.
 Secondly I would also to thank my parents and

friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project

within the limited time frame.

DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this project work has been

originally carried under the guidance and supervision

of Mr. P.N Tiwari teacher of Chemistry, Joy and

Campion school, Sagar.

Name- Vivek Kurmi

Board Roll no.-( )

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Cadet Vivek Kurmi of 12th
P.C.M has successfully completed the project Work

entitled “Mr. P.N Tiwari” in the subject CHEMISTRY

laid down in the regulations of CBSE for the purpose
of Practical Examination in Class XII to be held in
2019-20

( )

Mr. P.N Tiwari

Chemistry Teacher

Examiner:

Name: _______________

Signature:

Date:
 Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................... 1
DECLARATION ..................................................................................................... 2
CERTIFICATE ......................................................................................................... 3
Abstract ....................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction ............................................................................................................... 6
Energy source ...................................................................................................... 9
Galvanic Cell ....................................................................................................... 10
Representation of an Galvanic Cell............................................................ 11
Experimental Setup ............................................................................................... 12
Salt Bridge and Its Function .............................................................................. 13
Standard EMF of an Electrochemical Cell..................................................... 16
Some Important Features ................................................................................... 18
Experiment - 1 ................................................................................................... 21
Requirements .......................................................................................................... 21
Procedure ................................................................................................................. 22
Observations ........................................................................................................... 23
Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 24
Experiment - 2 ................................................................................................... 26
Procedure ................................................................................................................. 26
Observations ........................................................................................................... 27
Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 28
BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................... 28
 Abstract
An electrochemical cell is a device capable of either
deriving electrical energy from chemical reactions or
facilitating chemical reactions through the introduction of
electrical energy. A common example of an electrochemical
cell is a standard 1.5-volt "battery". (Actually a single
"Galvanic cell"; a battery properly consists of multiple cells,
connected in either parallel or series pattern.)

The lemon battery is similar to the first electrical battery

invented in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, who used brine (salt
water) instead of lemon juice. The lemon battery is described
in some textbooks in order to illustrate the type of chemical
reaction (oxidation-reduction) that occurs in batteries. The
zinc and copper are called the electrodes, and the juice
inside the lemon is called the electrolyte. There are many
variations of the lemon cell that use different fruits (or
liquids) as electrolytes and metals other than zinc and copper
as electrodes. Batteries are used to illustrate the connection
between chemistry and electricity as well as to deepen the
circuit concept for electricity. The fact that different chemical
elements such as copper and zinc are used can be placed in
the larger context that the elements do not disappear or
break down when they undergo chemical reactions. Batteries
serve to illustrate the principles of oxidation-reduction
reactions.

Introduction

This model of the chemical reactions makes several

predictions that were examined in experiments published by
Jerry Goodisman in 2001. Goodisman notes that numerous
recent authors propose chemical reactions for the lemon
battery that involve dissolution of the copper electrode into
the electrolyte. Goodisman excludes this reaction as being
inconsistent with the experiments, and notes that the correct
chemistry, which involves the evolution of hydrogen at the
copper electrode, has been known for many years. When the
electrolyte was modified by adding zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), the
voltage from the cell was reduced as predicted using the
Nernst equation for the model. The Nernst equation
essentially says how much the voltage drops as more zinc
sulfate is added.

The addition of copper sulfate (CuSO4) did not affect the

voltage. This result is consistent .When the battery is hooked
up to an external circuit and a significant electrical current is
flowing, the zinc electrode loses mass, as predicted by the
zinc oxidation reaction above. Similarly, hydrogen gas
evolves as bubbles from the copper electrode. Finally, the
voltage from the cell depended upon the acidity of the
electrolyte, as measured by its pH; decreasing acidity (and
increasing pH) causes the voltage to fall. This effect is also
predicted by the Nernst equation; the particular acid that was
used (citric, hydrochloric, sulfuric, etc.) doesn't affect the
voltage except through the pH value.
Production of current through SELFMADE battery Galvanic cell
 The Nernst equation prediction failed for strongly acid
electrolytes (pH < 3.4), when the zinc electrode dissolves into
the electrolyte even when the battery is not providing any
current to a circuit. The two oxidation-reduction reactions
listed above only occur when electrical charge can be
transported through the external circuit. The additional,
open-circuit reaction can be observed by the formation of
bubbles at the zinc electrode under open-circuit. This effect
ultimately limited the voltage of the cells to 1.0 V near room
temperature at the highest levels of acidity.

Energy source

The energy comes from the chemical change in the zinc

(or other metal) when it dissolves into the acid. The energy
does not come from the lemon or potato. The zinc is
oxidized inside the lemon, exchanging some of its electrons
with the acid in order to reach a lower energy state, and the
energy released provides the power. In current practice, zinc
is produced by electron winning of ZnSO4 or pyrometallurgic
reduction of zinc with carbon, which requires an energy
input. The energy produced in the lemon battery comes from
reversing this reaction, recovering some of the energy input
during the zinc production.
Galvanic Cell
Whenever a redox reaction is allowed to take place
directly in a single beaker, it is found that the solution
becomes hot. For example, when a zinc is placed in a
copper solution, the solution is found to be warmer as
the reaction proceeds according to the equation.

Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

Similar results are observed when a rod of copper is

placed in silver solution. The reaction taking place as
follows:

Cu(s) + 2 AgNO3 CuNO3 + 2Ag

Thus, we conclude that whenever a redox takes place

directly in a single beaker, chemical energy in the form
of heat is produced. By suitable means it is possible to
bring out the redox reaction indirectly so as to convert
the chemical energy into the electrical energy.
Representation of an Galvanic Cell

An electrochemical cell is represented in a manner as

illustrated below.

Zn / Zn2+ || Cu2+ / Cu

i.e. by convention, the electrode on which oxidation

takes place is written on the left-hand side and the
other electrode on which reduction takes place is
written on the right-hand side. The electrode of the
left-hand side is written by writing the symbol of the
metal first followed by the symbol of the ion with its
concentration in brackets. The electrode on the right-
hand side is written by first writing the ion along with
its concentration in brackets followed by the symbol of
the metal.
 Experimental Setup
A zinc rod is placed in the zinc sulphate solution taken
in a beaker. A copper rod is placed in the copper
sulphate solution taken in another beaker. The two
rods are connected by a wire and two solutions are
connected by a salt bridge.

Figure 1: Galvanic Cell

 Salt Bridge and Its Function

A salt-bridge is a U-shaped tube containing

concentrated solution of an inert electrolyte like KCl,
KNO3, K2SO4 etc. An inert electrolyte is one whose ions
do not take part in the redox reaction and also do not
react with electrolyte used. The function of the salt
bridge is to allow the movement of the ions from one
solution to the other without mixing of the two
solutions. Thus, whereas the electrons flow in the outer
circuit in the wire, the inner circuit is completed by the
flow of ions from one solution to the other through the
salt bridge moreover, it helps to maintain the electrical
neutrality of the solution of the two half cells.

Thus, the main functions of the salt bridge are:

(i) To complete the electrical circuit by allowing

the ions to flow form one solution to the other
without mixing of the two solutions.
(ii) To maintain the electrical neutrality of the
solutions in the two half cells.
 Figure 2: Transfer of ions

Let us see what would happen if the salt bridge were

not used in the cells shown in the above diagram.
Electrons are given out by the zinc electrode where
they will neutralize some of the Cu2+ ions of the
solution. Thus SO42- ions will not leave and the
solution will acquire a negative charge. At the same
time, Zn2+ ions produced from zinc plate will enter
into ZnSO4 solution. After some time, the flow of
electrons will stop and hence the current stops flowing.
Standard EMF of an Galvanic
Cell

An electrochemical cell is based on reaction which can

be split into the two half reactions:

(i) Oxidation half reaction

(ii) Reduction half reaction

Standard EMF of the cell:

𝑬𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 = 𝑬𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒐𝒅𝒆 − 𝑬𝒂𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆
Where,

Ecell= Electrode Potential of the cell

Ecathode = Electrode Potential of the reduction

half reaction

Eanode = Electrode Potential of the oxidation

half reaction

According to Nernst Equation, the relation

between concentration of electrode and the standard
electrode potential can be given as:
 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟗 [𝑴]
𝑬 = 𝑬° − 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒏+
𝒏 [𝑴 ]
Where,

E = Electrode Potential at non-standard

conditions

E˚ = Electrode Potential at standard conditions

n = Number of electrons transferred in the

equation

[M] = concentration of the metal

[Mn+] = concentration of metal ion

Some Important Features

Above cell may be summed up as follows:-

i) The electrode at which oxidation takes place is

called the anode. The electrode at which the
reduction takes place is called the cathode.

ii) Since electrons are produced at the zinc

electrodes, this electrode is rich in electrons,
which pushes the electrons into the external
circuit and hence it is designated as the negative
pole. The other electrode, i.e., the copper
electrode is in the need of electrons for the
reduction of Cu2+ ions into the Cu, i.e., this
electrode is deficient in electrons and pulls the
electrons from the external circuit, therefore it
acts as the positive pole.

iii) The electrons flow from the negative pole to the

positive pole in the external circuit. However,
 conventionally, this current is set to flow in the
opposite direction.

iv) The oxidation of Zn into ions produces excess of

Zn2+ ions in the left beaker. This creates an
unbalanced positive charge in the solution. To
maintain electrical neutrality of the solution in
the two beakers, the cations and anions move
through the salt bridge.

v) As copper from copper sulphate solution is

deposited on the copper electrode and sulphate
ions migrate to the other side, the concentration
of the copper sulphate solution decreases. As
the cell operates consequently, the current falls.

vi) Evidently, the weight of the copper rod will

increase while that of zinc rod will decrease as
the cell works.
Experiment - 1

Requirements

Beakers

copper sulphate & Zinc sulphate

 Procedure
1. Take two clean beakers.
2. In one beaker take 0.5 M copper sulphate solution
and in the other take 0.5 M zinc sulphate solution.
3. Take a copper strip and clean it using a sand
paper.
4. Dip the copper strip into the beaker containing
the 1 M copper sulphate solution.
5. Similarly, take a zinc strip and clean it using a sand
paper.
6. Then dip it into the beaker containing 1 M zinc
sulphate solution.
7. Take a salt bridge and connect the two solutions
using the salt bridge.
8. Take a voltmeter and connect the copper strip to
the positive terminal and the zinc strip to the
negative terminal using connecting wires.
9. Note the position of the pointer in the voltmeter
and record the reading.
 10. Repeat the experiment by taking different
concentrations of zinc sulphate and copper
sulphate solutions.

Observations

S. MCuSO4 MZnSO4 EMF

No.
1. 0.5 M 0.5 M 0.98 V
2. 0.5 M 0.25 M 0.81 V
3. 0.25 M 0.25 M 0.90 V

Conclusion
With these observations, we conclude that EMF of
the cell increases with decrease in the concentration of
the electrolyte around the anode and with increase in
the concentration of the electrolyte around the
cathode.
 Figure 3: Experimental
Setup

Figure 4 & 5: Finding the EMF of the electrochemical

cell with different concentrations
Experiment - 2

Procedure

1. Assemble a “connection pair” by connecting the

wire carefully thread the wire’s exposed metallic
end through the holes on the plate. Gently twist
wire to secure it to the plate.

2. Afterwards, connect the black wire from the LCD

clock (negative) to one of the zinc plate. Then
connect red wire from LCD clock (positive) to piece
of copper plate. Now all the components are
connected

3. Insert the copper and zinc plates into salt water

such that the metallic strips do not touch each
other. The clock now starts to work.

4. Repeat this experiment with distilled water &

coldrink.
 Observations

As soon as we connect the wires and put the key

on electricity generated by the fruit juice flows through
the clock, making the clock run in case of salt water
and coldrink. The clock does not work when the rods
are immersed in distilled water as no current flows.
 Conclusion
A cell works because of the chemical properties of the metals
inside (in this case the copper and zinc). The different properties
cause tiny particles charged with electricity (ions) to move between
the two strips of metal. This flow is an electric current. The liquid
which conduct electricity contains the particles that allow the current
to flow, but it stops the metals touching. Electric current also flows
along the wire between the zinc and copper strips & the clock. This
current makes the clock run.

SALT WATER: The ions present in common salt sodium chloride

dissociate into ions of sodium and chloride. These ions are
responsible for conduction of electricity. Potential is provided by
copper and zinc rods.

DISTILLED WATER: There is absence of ions in distilled water

therefore the distilled water doesn't conduct electricity and hence
the clock doesn’t work. Though the H+ and OH- but the pH is 7
therefore the ion dissociation is not enough only 10-7M H+ is
present in distilled water. so this can not conduct electricity.

COLDRINK: The coldrink too contains ions which dissociate to

conduct electricity.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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12