1.

0 TITLE: Compressible Flow in Converging-diverging Nozzle

2.0 OBJECTIVE
3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Experiment equipment

In this experiment a compressible flow bench and digital pressure sensor was used to study
the pressure-mass flow rate and characteristic for converging-diverging duct.

Figure…..: Compressible flow bench ( armfield C1-MKll)

Figure……: Pressure manometer for pressure tap 1

Figure…….: Pressure manometer for pressure tap 2

3.2 Experiment procedure.

1. Make sure there was no blockage or objected around the convergent-divergent nozzle
that will interfere with the air flow into the nozzle.

2. Turn on the power supply and waited till the digital display stabilized.

3.Three pressure tap was connected as the figure below.

Figure…..: Three pressure tap was connected

4. The manometer pressure readings shown on the digital pressure meter was recorded at

no flow passing through the nozzle.

5. The air flowing passing through the nozzle was increased by turned the speed dial in a

clockwise rotation.

6. The experimented data was collected, first the air flow passing through the nozzle was

Increased until all 3 pressure tap was read.

7. The second reading got by increased the air flow until the center pressure tap (throat)
reads 5 kPa. All 3 pressure readings recorded.

8. The step 7 was repeated by the increment of pressure 2.5 kPa and continued until the
speed reached 52.0 kPa.

9. All the results obtained were recorde

4.0 RAW DATA
Properties of atmospheric air : 772 𝒎𝒎𝑯𝒈 / 102.925 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Ambient air temperature : 297 𝑲
Air specific heat ratio, 𝛾 : 1.40
Convergent-divergent dimensions
Inlet diameter : 24 𝒄𝒎
Throat diameter: 9.5 𝒄𝒎
Outlet diameter : 24 𝒄𝒎

No. P1 (kPa) P2 (kPa) P3 (kPa) Po-P2 Po-P3 Mass flow

rate, ṁ
1 0.102 5 0.5 97.925 102.425 0.579695
2 0.144 7.5 1.2 95.425 101.725 0.738979
3 0.182 10 1.6 92.925 101.325 0.871947
4 0.224 12.5 2.1 90.425 100.825 0.986419
5 0.256 15 2.5 87.925 100.425 1.086664
6 0.297 17.5 3 85.425 99.925 1.175338
7 0.328 20 3.4 82.925 99.525 1.254234
8 0.358 22.5 3.8 80.425 99.125 1.324632
9 0.378 25 4.4 77.925 98.525 1.38748
10 0.404 27.5 4.8 75.425 98.125 1.443501
11 0.424 30 5.2 72.925 97.725 1.493259
12 0.45 32.5 5.7 70.425 97.225 1.5372
13 0.46 35 6.1 67.925 96.825 1.57568
14 0.476 37.5 6.6 65.425 96.325 1.608983
15 0.488 40 7 62.925 95.925 1.637335
16 0.495 42.5 7.5 60.425 95.425 1.660915
17 0.504 45 8.3 57.925 94.625 1.67986
18 0.506 47.5 8.8 55.425 94.125 1.694272
19 0.508 50 10.2 52.925 92.725 1.70422
20 0.509 52 12.4 50.925 90.525 1.708991

Table 1: Data calculated

5.0 DATA ANALYSIS

5.1 SAMPLE CALCULATION

𝑃𝑂 = 102.925 kPa

R = 0.287× 103 ( 𝐽/𝑘𝑔. 𝐾)

𝛾 = 1.4

𝑝𝑜 − 𝑝2 …………………………………………………………………………..(1)

102.925−5 = 97.925 kpa

𝑝𝑜 − 𝑝3 ……………………………………………………………………………(2)

102.925− 0.5 = 102.425 kpa

𝜋𝑑 2
Area, A = 4
……………………………………………………………….(3)

𝜋0.0952
=
4

= 7.0882× 10−3

𝑃𝑜
Density, 𝜌𝑜 = ………………………………………………………….(4)
𝑅𝑇

102.925×103
= (0.287×103 )(297)

= 1.2075 kg/𝑚3

𝑃
r = 𝑃2 ………………………………………………………………(5)
𝑜

5
=
102.925

= 0.0486
To find mass flow rate, 𝑚̇

𝟐 𝜸+𝟏
𝟐𝜸 𝑷𝒐
𝒎̇= 𝝆𝒐 𝑨𝟐 √ (𝒓𝜸 − 𝒓 𝜸 ) …………………………….(6)
𝜸−𝟏 𝝆𝒐

Where;
𝑚̇ = Mass Flow Rate

𝜌𝑜 = Density

A2= Area of Throat

𝛾= Air Specific Heat Ratio

𝑃
𝑟= 𝑃2
𝑜

𝑃𝑜 = Ambient Pressure

𝑃2 = Throat Pressure

2 1.40+1
2(1.40) 102.925
𝑚̇ = 1.2075(7.0882x10−3 )√ 1.40−1 [(0.0486)1.4 − (0.0486) 1.40 ]
1.2075

= 0.5797 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
 Mass flow rate, ṁ vs Po-P2
1.8
1.6
1.4
Mass flow rate, ṁ (kg/s)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
P0-P2 (kPa)

Graph 1: Mass flow rate, ṁ vs 𝑃𝑜 -𝑃2

Mass Flow Rate, ṁ vs P2

1.8
Mass Flow Rate,ṁ (kg/s)

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
P2 (kPa)

Graph 2: Mass Flow Rate, ṁ vs P2

 Mass Flow Rate, ṁ vs Po-P3
1.8
1.6
Mass Flow rate, ṁ (kg/s)
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104
Po-P3 (kPa)

Graph 3: Mass Flow Rate, ṁ vs Po-P3

Mass Flow Rate, ṁ vs P3

1.8
Mass Flow rate,ṁ (kg/s)

1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
P3 (kPa)

Graph 4: Mass Flow Rate, ṁ vs P3

 Po-P2 VS Po-P3
104
102
100
Po-P3 (kPa)

98
96
94
92
90
88
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
P0-P2 (kPa)

Graph 5: 𝑃𝑜 -𝑃2 VS 𝑃𝑜 -𝑃3

6.0 DISCUSSION
Based on the result obtained from the experiment, five types of graph are plotted which
is graph mass flow rate, ṁ versus P0 – P2, ṁ versus P2, ṁ versus P0 – P3, ṁ versus P3, P0 –
P2 versus P0 – P3. From experiment, the first objective is to study the pressure-mass flow
rate characteristic for convergent-divergent duct. For graph 1, By looking at the graphs
plotted, the mass flow rate decrease, as the throat pressure increase. We can conclude that
as the different in pressure at convergent duct increase, the pressure of air flow also
increase. This is due to the decreasing of velocity after passing through throat.

Relationship of mass flow rate, ṁ with 𝑃2 identified by constructed graph 2. As the mass
flow rate increase, the pressure also increase. This proves their relationship to be directly
proportional. Next, based on graph 3, mass flow rate, ṁ vs 𝑃0 -𝑃3 , the pressure increases as
the mass flow rate decrease. This result considered not to be success because at diverging
duct, the exit pressure should be decreases as the mass flow rate increase, this is due to the
increasing velocity passing through the exit nozzle. Furthermore, based on graph 4, it show
that mass flow rate increase as the pressure increase. Lastly according to graph 5, different
in pressure at convergent duct increases as the different in pressure at divergent duct
increase. This proves their relationship to be directly proportional.

Finally, the second objective for this experiment is to demonstrate the phenomena of
choking. Choked flow is a compressible flow effect which being influenced by fluid velocity.
Choked flow is a fluid dynamic condition associated with the Ventures effect. When a flowing
fluid at a given pressure and temperature passes through a restriction such as the throat of a
convergent-divergent nozzle into a lower pressure environment, the fluid velocity increases.
The choked flow circulation computes the mass flow rate through a pipe based on tank
pressure and temperature, pipe length and diameter, minor losses, discharge pressure, and
gas properties. This phenomenon usually occurs at the throat area or also known as the exit
plane of converging nozzle. This is because at the throat area only can produce the maximum
Mach number equals to 1.

There are a few sources of errors that might affect our data analysis. Systemic errors
have an identifiable cause that will produce results that are consistently too high or low. There
are two kinds of systemic errors that contribute an effect in this experiment, which is
instrumental and observer. Instrumental occurs when the pressure measurement devices
itself is flawed and provides inaccurate readings. Slightly different in data obtained might due
to some of the pressure sensors not functioning well. Observer on the other hand must focus
while reading the measurement to get the accurate data. Finding the average value of
pressure and velocity will help in minimizing the errors.
7.0 CONCLUSION
8.0 REFERENCES