Meeting 1

“What is a Computer?”

Lecturer : Mrs . Rina Lestari

Compiled By :
1. Abubakar Adeni (11180598)
2. Paulus Kurniawan Adu (11180426)
 PREFACE

First at all, give thanks for God’s love and grace for us.
Thanks to God for helping us and give us chance to finish this
assignment timely. And we would like to say thank you to Mrs.
Rina Lestari. as the lecturer that always teaches us and give much
knowledge about how to practice English well.
This paper was made to obtain the value of the task subjects in
English. We realized this assignment is not perfect. But we hope it
can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is needed here to make
this assignment be better.
Hopefully we as a student in “STMIK NUSA MANDIRI” can
work more professional by using English as the second language
whatever we done. Thank you.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
A. Issue Background
B. Problem Identification
C. Limitation of the
Problems
D. Problem Formulation

CHAPTER II : DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Computer
B. Characteristics of Mainframe Computer
C. History of CPU
D. Component of inside a Computer

CHAPTER III : FINAL

A. Knot

B. Advice

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
A. Issue Background
Technological developments have made many remarkable progress.
Many things from life sector that has used the existence of the
technology itself. Presence has a considerable impact on the lives of
human beings in various aspects and dimensions. Likewise with the
communication technology is hardware equipment in the organizational
structure that contains social value that enables individuals to collect,
process and exchange information (in Rogers, 1986)
In the development of technology to the network, where each device can
interact with another devices and another computers, from the local
network to the global network, called the Internet. In this paper the
author will try to explain the various computer networks.

B. Identification Problems (Background)

In accordance with the title of this paper “Computer” , the problem can
be identified as follows :

a) What is the meaning of computer?

b) What is the meaning mainframe computer?
c) What is the meaning of “CPU”?
d) What are the component of inside a computer?

C. Limitation of the Problem

To clarify the scope of the discussion , the issues addressed are limited
to the issue :
a) Understanding computer
b) Understanding mainframe computer
c) Understanding CPU
d) Understanding component of inside a computer

D. Problem Formulation
Based on the background and the issue of limitation, the issues
discussed can beformulated as follows :
a) What kinds of uses of computer ?
b) What sense of CPU?
 c) What devices is used to create a computer network?

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Computer Network

A computer is a device that can be instructed to carry out sequences

of arithmetic or logical operations automatically via computer
programming. Modern computers have the ability to follow
generalized sets of operations, called programs. These programs
enable computers to perform an extremely wide range of tasks. A
"complete" computer including the hardware, the operating system
(main software), and peripheral equipment required and used for
"full" operation can be referred to as a computer system. This term
may as well be used for a group of computers that are connected
and work together, in particular a computer network or computer
cluster.

Computers are used as control systems for a wide variety of

industrial and consumer devices. This includes simple special
purpose devices like microwave ovens and remote controls, factory
devices such as industrial robots and computer-aided design, and
also general purpose devices like personal computers and mobile
devices such as smartphones. The Internet is run on computers and
it connects hundreds of millions of other computers and their users.

Early computers were only conceived as calculating devices. Since

ancient times, simple manual devices like the abacus aided people
in doing calculations. Early in the Industrial Revolution, some
mechanical devices were built to automate long tedious tasks, such
 as guiding patterns for looms. More sophisticated electrical
machines did specialized analog calculations in the early 20th
century. The first digital electronic calculating machines were
developed during World War II. The speed, power, and versatility
of computers have been increasing dramatically ever since then.

Conventionally, a modern computer consists of at least one

processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and
some form of memory. The processing element carries out
arithmetic and logical operations, and a sequencing and control unit
can change the order of operations in response to stored
information. Peripheral devices include input devices (keyboards,
mice, joystick, etc.), output devices (monitor screens, printers, etc.),
and input/output devices that perform both functions (e.g., the
2000s-era touchscreen). Peripheral devices allow information to be
retrieved from an external source and they enable the result of
operations to be saved and retrieved.

B. Characteristics of Mainframe Computer

Mainframe computers or mainframes (colloquially referred to as

"big iron") are computers used primarily by large organizations for
critical applications; bulk data processing, such as census, industry
and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning; and
transaction processing. They are larger and have more processing
power than some other classes of computers: minicomputers,
servers, workstations, and personal computers.

The term originally referred to the large cabinets called "main

frames" that housed the central processing unit and main memory
of early computers. Later, the term was used to distinguish high-
end commercial machines from less powerful units. Most large-
scale computer system architectures were established in the 1960s,
but continue to evolve. Mainframe computers are often used as
servers.
Modern mainframes can run multiple different instances of
operating systems at the same time. This technique of virtual
machines allows applications to run as if they were on physically
distinct computers. In this role, a single mainframe can replace
higher-functioning hardware services available to conventional
servers. While mainframes pioneered this capability, virtualization
is now available on most families of computer systems, though not
always to the same degree or level of sophistication.

Mainframes can add or hot swap system capacity without

disrupting system function, with specificity and granularity to a
level of sophistication not usually available with most server
solutions.[citation needed] Modern mainframes, notably the IBM
zSeries, System z9 and System z10 servers, offer two levels of
virtualization: logical partitions (LPARs, via the PR/SM facility)
and virtual machines (via the z/VM operating system). Many
mainframe customers run two machines: one in their primary data
center, and one in their backup data center—fully active, partially
active, or on standby—in case there is a catastrophe affecting the
first building. Test, development, training, and production
workload for applications and databases can run on a single
machine, except for extremely large demands where the capacity of
one machine might be limiting. Such a two-mainframe installation
can support continuous business service, avoiding both planned and
unplanned outages. In practice many customers use multiple
mainframes linked either by Parallel Sysplex and shared DASD (in
IBM's case),[citation needed] or with shared, geographically
dispersed storage provided by EMC or Hitachi.

Mainframes are designed to handle very high volume input and

output (I/O) and emphasize throughput computing. Since the late-
1950s,[NB 2] mainframe designs have included subsidiary
hardware[NB 3] (called channels or peripheral processors) which
manage the I/O devices, leaving the CPU free to deal only with
high-speed memory. It is common in mainframe shops to deal with
massive databases and files. Gigabyte to terabyte-size record files
are not unusual. Compared to a typical PC, mainframes commonly
have hundreds to thousands of times as much data storage online,
 and can access it reasonably quickly. Other server families also
offload I/O processing and emphasize throughput computing.

Mainframe return on investment (ROI), like any other computing

platform, is dependent on its ability to scale, support mixed
workloads, reduce labor costs, deliver uninterrupted service for
critical business applications, and several other risk-adjusted cost
factors.

Mainframes also have execution integrity characteristics for fault

tolerant computing. For example, z900, z990, System z9, and
System z10 servers effectively execute result-oriented instructions
twice, compare results, arbitrate between any differences (through
instruction retry and failure isolation), then shift workloads "in
flight" to functioning processors, including spares, without any
impact to operating systems, applications, or users. This hardware-
level feature, also found in HP's NonStop systems, is known as
lock-stepping, because both processors take their "steps" (i.e.
instructions) together. Not all applications absolutely need the
assured integrity that these systems provide, but many do, such as
financial transaction processing

C. History CPU (Central Processing Unit)

A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor or

main processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that
carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing
the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O)
operations specified by the instructions. The computer industry has
used the term "central processing unit" at least since the early
1960s. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more
specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU),
distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external
components such as main memory and I/O circuitry.

The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over

the course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains
almost unchanged. Principal components of a CPU include the
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic and logic
operations, processor registers that supply operands to the ALU and
store the results of ALU operations and a control unit that
orchestrates the fetching (from memory) and execution of
instructions by directing the coordinated operations of the ALU,
registers and other components.

Most modern CPUs are microprocessors, meaning they are

contained on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip. An IC that
contains a CPU may also contain memory, peripheral interfaces,
and other components of a computer; such integrated devices are
variously called microcontrollers or systems on a chip (SoC). Some
computers employ a multi-core processor, which is a single chip
containing two or more CPUs called "cores"; in that context, one
can speak of such single chips as "sockets".

Array processors or vector processors have multiple processors that

operate in parallel, with no unit considered central. There also
exists the concept of virtual CPUs which are an abstraction of
dynamical aggregated computational resources.

Early computers such as the ENIAC had to be physically rewired to

perform different tasks, which caused these machines to be called
"fixed-program computers". Since the term "CPU" is generally
defined as a device for software (computer program) execution, the
earliest devices that could rightly be called CPUs came with the
advent of the stored-program computer.

The idea of a stored-program computer had been already present in

the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly's
ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished
sooner. On June 30, 1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician
John von Neumann distributed the paper entitled First Draft of a
Report on the EDVAC. It was the outline of a stored-program
 computer that would eventually be completed in August 1949.
EDVAC was designed to perform a certain number of instructions
(or operations) of various types. Significantly, the programs written
for EDVAC were to be stored in high-speed computer memory
rather than specified by the physical wiring of the computer. This
overcame a severe limitation of ENIAC, which was the
considerable time and effort required to reconfigure the computer
to perform a new task. With von Neumann's design, the program
that EDVAC ran could be changed simply by changing the contents
of the memory. EDVAC, however, was not the first stored-program
computer; the Manchester Baby, a small-scale experimental stored-
program computer, ran its first program on 21 June 1948 and the
Manchester Mark 1 ran its first program during the night of 16–17
June 1949.

D. Component of inside a Computer

 Motherboard

The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a

thin plate that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the
hard drive and optical drives, expansion cards to control the
video and audio, and connections to your computer's ports
(such as USB ports). The motherboard connects directly or
indirectly to every part of the computer.

 CPU/Processor
 The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is
located inside the computer case on the motherboard. It is
sometimes called the brain of the computer, and its job is to
carry out commands. Whenever you press a key, click the
mouse, or start an application, you're sending instructions to
the CPU.

The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon

chip located inside. The chip is usually about the size of a
thumbnail. The CPU fits into the motherboard's CPU socket,
which is covered by the heat sink, an object that absorbs heat
from the CPU.

A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or

millions of instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz), or
billions of instructions per second. A faster processor can
execute instructions more quickly. However, the actual speed
of the computer depends on the speed of many different
components—not just the processor.

 RAM (random access memory)

RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your

computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data
in the RAM until it is needed. This short-term memory
disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're
working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file,
you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When you save a file,
 the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term
storage.

RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB).

The more RAM you have, the more things your computer
can do at the same time. If you don't have enough RAM, you
may notice that your computer is sluggish when you have
several programs open. Because of this, many people add
extra RAM to their computers to improve performance.

 Hard drive

The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other

files are stored. The hard drive is long-term storage, which
means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer
off or unplug it. When you run a program or open a file, the
computer copies some of the data from the hard drive onto
the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied back to
the hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your
computer can start up and load programs.

 Video card
 The video card is responsible for what you see on the
monitor. Most computers have a GPU (graphics processing
unit) built into the motherboard instead of having a separate
video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you
can add a faster video card to one of the expansion slots to
get better performance.

 Network card

The network card allows your computer to communicate

over a network and access the Internet. It can either connect
with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection
(often called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards have built-in
network connections, and a network card can also be added
to an expansion slot.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Knot
Based on the description of the discussion “Computer Network” can be
concluded that :
1. A network is a collection of computers connected to each other. The
network allows computers to communicate with each other and share resources
and information.
2. Various types of computer networks are Local-area networks (LANs),
Wide-area networks (WANs), Campus-area networks (CANs), Metropolitan-
area networks (MANs) and Home-area networks (HANs)
3. Characteristics of various types of networks are Topology, Protocol and
Architecture
4. For a basic computer network we would need Network Interface Cards,
Repeaters and Hub

B. Advice
1. Computer network technology help us in a variety of activities .
Therefore, use them wisely so as not to harm others
2. Expand our knowledge of computer network

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://home.iitk.ac.in/~navi/sidbinetworkcourse/lecture1.ppt
http://vfu.bg/en/e-Learning/Computer-Networks--Network.ppt