Main types of inorganic reactions

• Reading: [1] chapter 5

• References
www.chemistry.iitkgp.ac.in/faculty/PP/lecturers/1st%20Yr%202007%20Redox.ppt

www.chem.latech.edu/~upali/chem102/slides/Chapter-19-moor.ppt

Zumdahl 11.4

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 Main types of inorganic reactions
• No change in oxidation state (mostly in water
solution): ion exchange reaction
– Solubility
– Electrolyte
– Ion exchange reaction
• Reduction-oxidation reaction (Redox): change in
oxidation state of the elements
– Redox half-reactions
– Standard potentials
– Latimer diagrams

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 Compounds and Chemical Formula
Element Oxide Non-Oxygen Acid Base or Oxygen- Salt: product of acid and
(X or Y) (X or Y and O) (H and Y) Containing Acid base reaction (beside H2O)
(X or Y with O and H)

Metal oxide Metal hydroxide (OH

Metal (X) Na2O, CaO, group)  Base (*)
Al2O3,… KOH, Ba(OH)2,…

Nonmetal Base + Non-Oxygen Acid

Nonmetal oxide HCl, H2S, …  Non-Oxygen Salt
(Y) CO2, P2O5, (Metal and Nonmetal)
SO3,… NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3,…

Nonmetal hydroxide
 Oxygen- Base + Oxygen-Containing
Containing Acid Acid
H2SO4, HNO3,  Oxygen-Containing Salt
HClO4,… Na2SO4, MgKNO3,
NaClO4,… 3
(*) Main group metal hydroxide
 NaCl in water

Hydration

Na+Cl-
H2O
NaCl (s)  Na+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
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 Ethanol in water
• C2H5OH

Dissolve
Not conduct electricity

Ethanol is not an electrolyte

or is a non-electrolyte

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 Gasoline and water
• C6H14, C7H16…

Not dissolve
Not conduct electricity

Gasoline non-electrolyte(s)
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 Solubility
• Water can dissolve many ionic compounds (many salts, some
bases):
NaCl, NaNO3, NaOH, Ba(OH)2…

• Water can also dissolve many nonionic substances, such as:

Sugar, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide

• Water can not dissolve everything, for examples:

Fat, oil, gasoline

Solubility guideline (nonionic substances):

“like dissolves like”  POLARITY
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 Solubility in water
Competition between attractive forces!

8
 Electrolyte Classification
Completely ionized Partially ionized NOT ionized

Weak
Strong Electrolytes Electrolytes Non-electrolytes

Only strong electrolytes

can be broken up into ions (in the net ionic equation)
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Electrolyte Classification of Some Common Substances
Strong Electrolytes Weak Electrolytes Nonelectrolytes
Strong acids Weak acids Alcohols
HCl, HBr, HI CH3COOH Sugars
HClO4, HClO3 HF H2O
HNO3 HCN C12H22O11
H2SO4 C2H5OH, CH3OH
Strong bases
NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2
Soluble salts
NaCl, KBr, …

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 Examples
• Which of the following will conduct electricity?
– HCl solution
– Sugar-water
– NaOH (aq)

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Common chemical reactions
Check the separated pdf file

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 Reaction in solution – condition to occur
Produces precipitation: Adding lead (II) nitrate into potassium iodide solution

Produces gas: Adding ammonium acetate solution into sodium hydroxide solution

Produces weak or nonelectrolyte:

Adding ammonium acetate solution into hydrochloric acid solution

Adding sulfuric acid solution into potassium hydroxide solution

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 Reaction in solution – different
representations
– Molecular equation
Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)

– Complete ionic equation

Pb2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) + 2K+ (aq) + 2I- (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2K+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq)

– Net ionic equation

Pb2+(aq) + 2I- (aq) PbI2 (s)
Show what components (ions) actually participate in the reaction

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2NaI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

K+  Na+, NH4+
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 Steps to write a net ionic equation

Net ionic equation

• Check balance
Complete ionic (atom/ion and charge)
equation
• Cancel out “spectator ions”
Electrolytes or
Nonelectrolytes?
•Break up into ions or
keep as is
Solubility?
•Physical states

Molecular equation
• Balanced

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 Practice Problems
1. Following steps to write the net ionic equations for the
reactions (if occur) when
a) Adding sulfuric acid solution into potassium hydroxide
solution
b) Adding ammonium acetate solution into sodium hydroxide
solution
c) Adding nitric acid solution into potassium chloride solution
d) Adding ammonium acetate solution into hydrochloric acid
solution
e) Adding sodium bromide solution into potassium iodide
solution
2. Which species in (b) and (d) undergo change? Are the
roles of ammonium acetate in (b) and (d) the same?

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 Chapter 5 Reading
• Main group elements (Groups 1A to 8A)
[2]: chapter 8.2-8.6, 8.7-8.10
[1]: chapter 10-14, 15-18
Any other (reliable) resources

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