1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction Of Experiment

Probability is the likehood or chance of something happening. Probabilities are

associated with situations involving doubt or uncertainty about the outcome.
Probability and statistics are related in an important way. Probability is use as a tool
that allows to evaluate the reliability of conclusions about the population when only
sample information available. Probability can be expressed as fractions, decimals or
percentages. For this experiment ball had been chosen in presenting the probability
calculation to display the concepts and rules and always been used in our daily life.

1.1.1 Probability Concepts and Rules

-0≤P(X=x)≤1

- P (S) = 1

1.1.2 Procedures Of the Experiment

The experiment was done by using a probability simulator

- Number of trials = 10 times

- Value of X :

{1, 2, 3}

{Green, Yellow, Black}

1.2 Background of Experiment

Humaira has bought a new set of ball consist of 10 different colours in online
shopping portal. The purpose of she buying the ball is just for playing around with her
cat in her leisure time . The mugs are hard to find in Malaysia because it is made
from volcanic clay. There are 10 coloured balls that consists of a green ball, 3 yellow
balls and 6 black balls. Humaira kept the balls in the cupboard because she feels
lazy to play with her favourite cat due to tiredness after answering the examination on
the evening. In the next morning, Humaira took out three balls at randomly to be
used without the replacements. The probability distribution for X= the number of
Black balls selected.

1
 1.3 Objectives

i. To make an experiment based on the probability concept and probability

distribution

ii. To solve the problems based on the probability and rules

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Suggestion of Probability Concept and Rules.

2.1.1 Methods

i) Basic probability concepts

0 ≤ P( X = x ) ≤ 1

ii) Discrete random variable

ΣP( X = x ) = 1

2.1.2 Rules

The values of the probability must be 0 to 1:

0≤P( X = x )≤1

2
3.0 RESULTS

3.1 Tree Diagram

3
3.2 Probability Distribution

If G, Y and B stands for Green, Yellow and Black repectively ; then

Element of Sample Probability X=x (B)

Space
GG (1/10) x (0/9) = 0 0

GYG (1/10) x (3/9) x (0/8) = 0 0

GYY (1/10) x (3/9) x (2/8) = 1/120 0

GYB (1/10) x (3/9) x (6/8) = 1/40 1

GBG (1/10) x (6/9) x (0/8) = 0 1

GBY (1/10) x (6/9) x (3/8) = 1/40 1

GBB (1/10) x (6/9) x (5/8) = 1/24 2

YGG (3/10) x (1/9) x (0/8) = 0 0

YGY (3/10) x (1/9) x (2/8) = 1/120 0

YGB (3/10) x (1/9) x (6/8) = 1/40 1

YYG (3/10) x (2/9) x (1/8) = 1/120 0

YYY (3/10) x (2/9) x (1/8) = 1/120 0

YYB (3/10) x (2/9) x (6/8) = 1/20 1

YBG (3/10) x (6/9) x (1/8) = 1/40 1

YBY (3/10) x (6/9) x (2/8) = 1/20 1

4
 YBB (3/10) x (6/9) x (5/8) = 1/8 2

BGG (6/10) x (1/9) x (0/8) = 0 1

BGY (6/10) x (1/9) x (3/8) = 1/40 1

BGB (6/10) x (1/9) x (5/8) = 1/24 2

BYG (6/10) x (3/9) x (1/8) = 1/40 1

BYY (6/10) x (3/9) x (2/8) = 1/20 1

BYB (6/10) x (3/9) x (5/8) = 1/8 2

BBG (6/10) x (5/9) x (1/8) = 1/24 2

BBY (6/10) x (5/9) x (3/8) = 1/8 2

BBB (6/10) x (5/9) x (4/8) = 1/6 3

Thus, the probability distribution of X been construct such as

X=x 0 1 2 3 ∑ P(X=x)

P(X=x) 1/30 12/40 1/2 1/6 1

F(x) 1/30 1/3 5/6 1

5
3.3 Problem Solving

3.3.1 Question for Tree Diagram

1. At least three balls are the same colours?

P (three balls the same colours)

= P (YYY or BBB)

= P (YYY) + P (BBB)

= 1/120 + 1/6

= 7/40

2. The balls are of different colours?

P (three mugs of the different colours)

= P (GYB + GBY + YGB + YBG + BGY + BYG)

= 1/40 + 1/40 + 1/40 + 1/40 + 1/40 + 1/40

= 3/20

3. At least one of the mug is black?

= P (GYB + GBG + GBY + GBB + YGB + YYB + YBG + YBY + YBB + BGG + BGY +
BGB + BYG + BYY + BYB + BBG + BBY + BBB)

= 1/40 + 0 + 1/40 + 1/24 + 1/40 + 1/20 + 1/40 + 1/20 + 1/8 + 0 + 1/40 + 1/24 + 1/40 +
1/8 + 0 + 1/40 + 1/24 + 1/40 + 1/20 + 1/8 + 1/24 + 1/8 + 1/6

= 29/30

6
The probability distribution function for random variable X is:

0 x<0

1/30 0≤x<1

F (x) 12/40 1≤x<2

1/2 2≤x<3

1/6 x≥3

1. Calculate the probability of P (1≤x<3)

= 1/30 + 1/2

= 8/15

2. Find P (X≥1.5)

= P (X=2) + P (X=3)

= 1/2 + 1/6

= 2/3

7
3.3.2 Mean E(X) and Variance V(X)

The cumulative distribution function for F(x) for X is:

0 x<0

1/30 0≤x<1

F(x) 1/3 1≤x<2

5/6 2≤x<3

1 x≥3

1. Calculate E (X) and E(X2)

E (X) = ∑ x . P(X=x)

= 0(1/30) + 1(12/40) + 2(1/2) + 3(1/6)

= 0 + (12/40) + 1 + (1/2)

= 9/5

E (X2) = ∑ x2 . P(X=x)

= 02(1/30) + 12(12/40) + 22(1/2) + 32(1/6)

= 0 + (12/40) + 2 + (3/2)

= 19/5

2. Calculate Variance of X

V (X) = E (X2) – (E (X)2)

= 19/5 – (9/5)2

= 14/25

8
 3. Calculate E (3X + 2)

E (3X+2) = E (3X) + E (2)

= 3 E(X) + E (2)

= (3 x 9/5) + 2

= 37/5

4. Calculate E (4X2 + X + 7)

E (4X2 + X + 7) = E (4X2) + E (X) + E (7)

= 4E (X2) + E (X) + E (7)

= 4 (19/5) + 9/5 + 7

= 24

5. Var (3X + 8)

= 3^2 Var (X) + 0

= 126/25

Assume X = Black ball

X=x 0 1 2 3 ∑ P(X=x)

P(X=x) 1/30 12/40 1/2 1/6 1

E(X) 0 12/40 1 1/2 9/5
E(X2) 0 12/40 2 3/2 19/5

9
4.0 CONCLUSION

From the solution above, we were using green, yellow and black ball as the variables
and probability distribution were constructed based on tree diagram and X=x values
obtained and black was used as the X to search for the probability distribution. Next, the
mean for the variable was calculated by using E(X) = ∑ x .P(X=x) formula based on the
probability distribution function for random variable X and the answer was 9/5 while for the
E(X2) we use E(X2)= ∑ x2 . P(X=x) formula and the answer was 19/5. For variance, we use
V(X)= E(X2) – (E(X)2) and by using calculator the answer was 14/25. In order to get the
correct function, the total probability must equal to 1. Based on the theorem, the function can
serve as probability distribution if ∑ f(X) = 1. The function can serve as the probability
distribution function of a random variable (X). When we continue our calculation it would
results as adding all the result:- P (X=x) = 1. From the result obtained, it is able to classify
the probabilities according to the specific distribution between discrete and continuous. On
that note, it can be learn on how to solve discrete distribution and cumulative distribution.
The expected value and variance properties of discrete distribution can be conclude

10
 STA 108
STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Group: A4AS1204_03

Group Members:

Name Matric No Result Score

Farah Nabilah binti Mohd 2017403928
Sahadan
Muhammad Hazwan 2017681342
Hamim bin Shahfar Amil
Muhammad Danial bin 2017854412
Zulkepli
Bahjah Ulwani binti Abu 2017671098
Hashim
Nik Muhammad Syahmi 2017651776
bin Nik Ruslan

Date of experiment: 23th May 2019

Lecturer’s Name: Madam Nor Hasliza binti Ahmad

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION PAGE

1.1 Introduction of experiment………………………………………..1

1.1.1 Probability Concepts and Rules………………………………..1

1.1.2 Procedures of the experiment……………………..,………….,1

1.2 Background of experiment……………………………………….,1

1.3 Objectives of experiment……………………………………..,2

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY

2.1 Suggestions of Probability Concepts and

Rules…………………………………………………………………. 2

2.1.1 Methods……………………………………………………… 2

2.1.2 Rules…………………………………………………………..2

CHAPTER 3 : RESULTS

3.1 Tree Diagram………………………………………………………3

3.2 Probability Distribution……………………………………………4 – 5

3.3 Problem Solving…………………………………………………...6 – 9

CHAPTER 4 : CONCLUSION

4.1 Summary……………………………………………………………10