Content

Table of content…………………………………………………………………………….…. i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………………...1
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….............1-2
Aim……………………………………………………………………………………..………2
Experimental Setup………………………………………………………………………….....3
Procedure………………………………………………………………………………………4
Results………………………………………………………………………………………....4-9
Discussion of Results………………………………………………………………………….9-10
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..10
References……………………………………………………………………………………..11
Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………12

List of Figures

Figure 1: Cross Flow Heat Exchanger H350 ………………………………………………….3

Figure 2 Experimental and Theoretical Heat Transfer Coefficients Vs. Reynolds Number…..8

List of Tables
Table 1: the Measured Parameters at Steady State Process for Cross Flow Heat
Exchanger……………………………………....…………………………………………….4

Table 2: Heat, Heat Flux, Temperature Difference, Velocity, Theoretical and Experimental Heat
Transfer Coefficients………………………………………………………………………….8

Table 1: Active Heating Element Dimensions …………………………………………………12

Table 4: Properties of Air at Average Film Temperature for each Iris Damper Number….....12

Table 5 Viscosity of Air at Measured Temperature…………………………………………..15

1
Abstract

This experiment has been designed to figure out the influence of using the single tube heat
exchanger in a transversely flow behavior of air at varies speeds on the rate of heat transfer and
on the heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient has been calculated at different
velocities. While at the iris opening 8 which cross ponding to the lowest velocity the heat
transfer coefficient is 126.417𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘, the heat transfer coefficient at the iris opening 0 which
related to the highest velocity is 206.834𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘. Moreover, there is a difference between the
experimental and the theoretical heat transfer coefficient. The average experimental heat transfer
coefficient is 169.305 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘, whereas the average theoretical heat transfer coefficient is
131.759 𝑊 ⁄𝑚2 . 𝑘.

Introduction

The heat exchanger is a device that is used to exchange the energy in the form of heat between
two streams. There are so many types of heat exchanger such as shell and tube, compact, spiral,
double pipe and cross flow heat exchanger. [1] The heat is transferred by different mechanism one
of them is by convection.

The heat transfer by convection (Q) is calculated by applying the following equation: [2]

𝑄 = ℎ. 𝐴. (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞) (1)

Where Q is the rate of heat transfer in (W), A is the heat transfer area in (m2), h is the heat
transfer coefficient in (W/m2. ℃), Ts is the surface temperature (℃) and T∞ is the temperature
of the flowing fluid (℃).

The convection heat transfer caused by the movement of the fluid, so this movement of the fluid
would be either in laminar behavior, turbulent behavior or between of them which is called
transition. In the laminar flow, the streams lines are in parallel lines with low velocity without
any mixing between these lines. While in the turbulent flow there is a rapid variation of the
velocity and the pressure and the fluid lines are mixing intensively. [4]A useful way to
differentiate between the flow whether it is laminar or turbulent is by finding the Reynolds
number (Re), which can be found using equation (2):[3]
𝜌 .𝑣 .𝐿
𝑅𝑒 = (2)
𝜇

Where 𝜌 is the density of the fluid in (kg/m3), 𝑣 is the velocity of the fluid in (m/s), L is the
length of the surface in (m) and 𝜇 is the viscosity of the fluid in Pa.s.

2
So, if Re < 2100 the flow is laminar while if Re > 4000 the flow would be turbulent. [3]

The heat transfer coefficient (h) is the main term in the convection heat transfer. In laminar flow
the heat transfer coefficient (h) will be small compared to the heat transfer coefficient (h) in the
turbulent flow. This is due to the high mixing of the fluid in the turbulent flow which leads to the
enhancement of the velocity of the fluid resulting in the increasing of the heat transfer
coefficient. [3]

Over the years many people have been done the experiments to calculate the heat transfer
coefficient (h). These experiments have established correlations that the heat transfer coefficient
(h) can be calculated from them.

The heat transfer coefficient in forced convection is related to the Reynolds number (Re),
Nusselt number (Nu) and the Prandtl number (Pr). [2]

Objectives

The objectives of the experiment were to demonstrate the effect of using the single tube heat
exchanger in a cross flow mode of air at varies speeds on the rate of heat transfer and on the heat
transfer coefficient.

Experimental Set up

The apparatus and tools to determine the impacts of using the single tube heat exchanger in a
transversely flow mode of air at different speeds at steady state on the rate of heat transfer and on
the heat transfer coefficient are shown in Figure 1. The main instruments used in this experiment
were air duct, a pair of inclined manometers, element and surface thermocouple, speed fan, and
the console. Air duct has a bell mouth intake that allows the air to keep entering. There is a
couple of inclined manometers contained in the duct which measure the pressure drop. The
element and surface thermocouple is located at the center of the duct. Speed fan is located at the
bottom of the duct to suck the air and drive it out through the exhaust. The console was located
near the duct to measure the voltage which supplied to the duct and it is measured the
temperature of the air and the temperature of the surface of the active element. There is a screen
in the console that shows the temperature in degree Celsius and the voltage in volt.

3
 Figure 1 Cross Flow Heat Exchanger H350

Procedure

1. Make sure that the instrument plugs are switched off and the fan is also switched off.
2. Check the clear plastic if it has a single tube, otherwise replace the knurled brass nuts with single
tube plate.
3. Insert one end of the active element inside the hole of the duct, and the other end insert it inside
the instrument console.
4. The duct pressure tapping has been joined into the right hand tube in the upper manometer.
5. Make sure that the letter on the manometer which is used and the tube plate are matched up.
6. Move the indicator in iris damper to number 8 and switch on the fan.
7. Magnify iris damper to obtain low velocity (Drop in pressure (H) is approximately 4 mm H2O).
8. Switch on the voltage and rises it to 70 volt.
9. Wait some time until the temperature of the active elements reach to 95℃.
10. When the temperature of the surface is constant (steady state) read the temperature of the surface
(ts), then press the nope down to read the temperature of the air (ta), also read the voltage from

4
 the instrumental console. Pressure drop can be read from the inclined manometer on the air duct
(H).
11. Change the size of iris damper from 8 to 0 then repeat step 6 and 7 for each size of iris damper.

Results

The following parameters were obtained in cross flow heat exchanger experiments.

Table 2 the Measured Parameters at Steady State Process for Cross Flow Heat Exchanger

Test NO. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

ts(℃) 95 94.9 95.1 95 95.2 95 94.9 95 95

ta(℃) 23.1 23.3 23.7 23.2 23.3 22.8 23.4 23.6 23

H(mmH2o) 4 7 12 20 24 32 41 47 48

V(volt) 35 36 38 34.5 40.1 42 43 44.5 44.8

First, the rate of heat transfer (𝑄̇ ) can be calculated through the following equation:
𝑉2
̇ 𝑄= 𝑅 (3)

Where, 𝑄̇ is the heat transfer rate in (W), 𝑉 is thevoltage in (V), R is the resistance in ohm (Ω)
and for this heater element resistance is (R=54.3 Ω) .
All the next calculations steps are done for the iris opening 8.
𝑣 2
𝑄̇ = 𝑅
2 2
(35) 𝑉
𝑄̇ = (54.3)Ω = 22.56 𝑊

The heat flux (𝑞̇ ) is calculated by applying equation (4):

𝑄̇
𝑞̇ = 𝐴 (4)
𝑠
𝑤
Where𝑞̇ is the heat flux in (𝑚2 ) and 𝐴𝑠 is the surface area in (𝑚2 ) and it is equal to2.482 ×

10−3 𝑚2.
𝑄̇
𝑞̇ =𝐴
𝑠

5
 22.56 w 𝑤
= 2.482×10−3 𝑚2 = 9089.44 𝑚2

The difference in the temperature between the air temperature and the active element surface
temperature is needed to find out the heat transfer coefficient, which can be found using equation
(5):
∆𝑇= 𝑡𝑠 -𝑡𝑎 (5)
Where 𝑡𝑠 is the active element surface temperature in (℃) and 𝑡𝑎 is the air temperature in (℃).

∆𝑇= 𝑡𝑠 - 𝑡𝑎
∆𝑇= 95- 23.1= 71.9℃

Using equation (6) for the convection heat transfer, the experimental heat transfer coefficient can
be found
𝑞̇=ℎ(𝑡𝑠 -𝑡𝑎 ) (6)
By rearranging,
𝑞̇
ℎ𝑒𝑥= (𝑡 (7)
𝑠 −𝑡𝑎 )
𝑤
Where hex is the experimental heat transfer coefficient in .
𝑚2 .𝑘
𝑞̇
ℎ𝑒𝑥=
(𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡𝑎 )
𝑤
9089.44 2 𝑤
ℎ𝑒𝑥= (95−23.1)𝐾
𝑚
= 126.4𝑘.𝑚2

Equation (8) can be applied to get the air duct velocity (𝑈):
𝐻𝑡
𝑈=74.294√ 𝑝 𝑎 (8)
𝑎

Where 𝑈 is the velocity of the air duct in (m/s), H is the pressure drop in (mm𝐻2 𝑂), 𝑇𝑎 is the air
temperature in K and 𝑃𝑎 is the atmospheric pressure in 𝑃𝑎 .
𝐻𝑡
𝑈 =74.294√ 𝑝 𝑎
𝑎

(4mm𝐻2 𝑂)(23.1+273)𝐾
=74.294√ = 8.03 m/s
1.01325×105 𝑝𝑎

After that, Reynolds number (𝑅𝑒 ) has been calculated using equation (9) :
𝜌.𝐷.𝑉
𝑅𝑒 = (9)
𝜇

6
Where 𝜌 is the density of air (Kg/𝑚3 ), D is the active element diameter in (m) which is 15.8 mm
and 𝜇 is the viscosity of the air in (𝑃𝑎 . 𝑠) .
Equation (9) can be represented in another form as follows:
𝐷𝑉
𝑅𝑒 = (10)
𝑣

Where 𝑣 is the kinematic viscosity in (𝑚2/s).

All the properties are taken at the film temperature which can be calculated as follows:[5]
𝑇𝑠 +𝑇𝑎
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚= (11)
2
(95+23.1)𝑐 °
𝑇𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚= = 59.05 ℃
2
𝑚2 [5] 𝐷𝑉
Using 𝑣 = 19.134 × 10−6 , 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑠 𝑣
𝑚
(8.03) .(15.8×10−3 )𝑚
𝑠
𝑅𝑒 = 𝑚2
= 6630.814
(19.134×10−6 )
𝑠

The Nusselt number can be evaluated by using equation (12) or (13):

Nu = 0.174 𝑅𝑒 0.165 400 < 𝑅𝑒 < 40000 (12)
𝜇
Nu = (0.4𝑅𝑒 0.5 + 0.06𝑅𝑒 0.666 )𝑝𝑟 0.4 ( 𝜇𝑎)0.25 10 < 𝑅𝑒 < 105 (13)
𝑠

Where 𝜇𝑎 is the viscosity at the air temperature, and 𝜇𝑠 is the viscosity at the surface temperature
and 𝑃𝑟 is the prntdl number and it can be calculated using equation (14):
𝐶𝑝𝜇
𝑃𝑟 = (14)
𝑘

Where 𝐶𝑝the specific heat capacity in (KJ/Kg.K), 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity in (W⁄ (m2.K)),
and 𝜇 is the viscosity at the average the film temperature.
𝐶𝑝. 𝜇
𝑃𝑟 =
𝑘
KJ Kg s.m.K 1000𝐽
=1.008724𝐾𝑔.𝐾 × 20.0863× 10−6 𝑚.𝑠 × 0.0285𝐽 × 1𝐾𝐽

= 0.711
Then, using equation (13) where 𝜇𝑎 =21.9392× 10−6 Pa.s and 𝜇𝑠 =21.716× 10−6 pa.s [5]
𝜇
Nu = (0.4 𝑅𝑒 0.5 + 0.06𝑅𝑒 0.666 )𝑝𝑟 0.4 ( 𝜇𝑎)0.25
𝑠

21.9392×10−6
Nu = (0.4 (663.814)0.5 + 0.06(6630.814)0.666 )(0.711)0.4 ( 21.716×10−6 )0.25

= 46.906

7
 The theoretical heat transfer coefficient is calculated using equation (15):
𝑁𝑢.𝐾
ℎ𝑇𝐻 = (15)
𝐷
𝑁𝑢.𝐾
ℎ 𝑇𝐻 = 𝐷
46.906×0.0285𝑤 1
ℎ𝑇𝐻 = × (15.8×10−3 )𝑚
𝑚.𝑘
𝑤
= 84.6 𝑚2 .𝑘

The above calculation steps are repeated for the rest of the iris opening.

The table below show all the measured and the calculated parameters obtained through this
experiment.

Table 3 Heat, Heat Flux, Temperature Difference, Velocity, Theoretical and Experimental Heat
Transfer Coefficients.

TEST NO 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

𝑸̇ (𝑾) 22.55985 23.8674 26.593 28.73389 29.61344 32.48619 34.05157 36.46869 36.96206

𝒒̇ (𝑾) 9089.385 9616.198 10714.34 11576.91 11931.28 13088.71 13719.41 14693.27 14892.05

ts-ta (𝑲) 71.9 71.6 71.4 71.8 71.9 72.2 71.5 71.4 72

hex (𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 . ℃) 126.417 134.3044 150.0608 161.2383 165.9427 181.2841 191.8798 205.7881 206.834

𝑽 (𝒎/𝒔) 8.034421 10.63213 13.93011 17.96854 19.68687 22.71327 25.73572 27.56384 27.82735

Re 6630.814 8775.48 11481.25 14833.7 16239.59 18770.34 21240.29 22730.9 22984.63

Pr 0.711 0.72 0.71 0.711 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71

Nu 46.906 53.56 61.25 70.86 74.6 81.07 87.0183 90.4755 91.016

hth (𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 . ℃) 84.6 96.7 110.68 127.93 134.7455 146.3 157.1369 163.44 164.295

8
 250 hex and hth vs Reyonold Number

200
h( W/m2.K)

150

100

50

0
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Reynold Number (Re)
Expeimental Theoritical

Figure 2 Experimental and Theoretical Heat Transfer Coefficients Vs. Reynolds Number

Discussion of Results

It can be seen from Table 1 that there is a direct relation between the velocity of the flowing fluid
and the heat transfer rate. As the iris damper’s diameter of the fan increased, the infusion of air
increased leading the velocity of the air to be increased. In fact, the increase in the speed of the
fluid produces an increase in the friction exerted by the fluid on the active heating element which
raises the heat transfer rate. The implemented calculations for the experimental heat transfer
coefficient (hex) also show an increase with the increasing in the velocity of the flowing fluid. As
can be seen from Table 1 that the experimental value of the heat transfer coefficient (hex)
obtained at velocity of 8.034421 m/s was 126.417 W/m2.℃, while the experimental value of the
heat transfer coefficient (hex) obtained at higher velocity of 27.82735 m/s was about 206.834
W/m2.℃. Both values of the experimental heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer

9
were rapidly increasing although the difference in the temperature between the fluid and the
element surface temperature.

The relation between Reynolds number and both theoretical and experimental values of the heat
transfer coefficients were shown in Figure 1 above. It is obvious to say from the figure above
that both the experimental and the theoretical heat transfer coefficients are increasing as the
Reynolds number increased since the Reynolds number is dependent on the velocity of the fluid
that had influenced on both the heat transfer rate and the heat transfer coefficient. At velocity of
13.93011 m/s, the experimental value of heat transfer coefficient was 150.0608 W/m2.℃,
however the theoretical value of heat transfer coefficient was 110.68 W/m2.℃. The difference
between them is 26.24% which is considerable. This may be due to the incorrectly reading the
pressure drop accurately from the inclined manometer or even because of the heat losses along
the heating element.

Conclusion

To conclude, the rate of heat transfer and the surface heat transfer coefficient at steady state for a
selected single tube heat exchanger in a cross flow of air have been determined at different flow
velocities. The calculations which are implemented show that the heat transfer rate increases
with the increasing in the speed of the flowing fluid. This indicates a directly proportional
relationship between the velocity of the fluid and the rate of heat transfer. Furthermore, it was
found that as the speed of the fluid increases, the heat transfer coefficient of the surface increases
which also satisfies the direct relationship between them. Moreover, the experimental and the
theoretical values of the heat transfer coefficient have been compared. There was a considerable
difference between them. This may be due to some error occurred in the experiment.

10
References

1.Cengel, Y.A.; Ghajar, A.J.. Heat transfer: A practical approach. "Chapter 1"; 2th ed. McGraw-
Hill, Boston (1998).
2. Holman, J.P. (2010). Heat transfer."Chapter1, chapter 5, chapter 7" 10th ed. McGraw-Hill
Higher Education, Singapore (2010).
3.. N. de Nevers. Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers "Chapter 6, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill,
2004.

4."laminar and turbulent flow. "available via https://www.vapourtec.com/flow-

chemistry/laminar-turbulent/ [Accessed 4 Oct. 2018].

5.“Thermodynamic constants of air,”. Available via

http://www.peacesoftware.de/einigewerte/luft_e.html [Accessed 4 Oct. 2018].

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Appendix

Table 4 Active Heating Element Dimensions

Diameter of Active Element (D) (m) 0.0158

Length of Active Element Heated 0.05

Surface (L) (m)

Heated Surface Area of Active Element 2.482× 10−3

(As ) m2

Cross Section Area of Duct (Ac ) m2 9.75× 10−3

Minimum Flow Area through the Plain 4.160× 10−3

Tube Bundle (m2)

Heater Element Resistance (R) (Ω ) 54.3

Table 4 Properties of Air at Average Film Temperature for each Iris Damper Number

N0 𝑻𝒂𝒗𝒈 𝜹 Cp 𝝁 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝑲 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

. ⁄
(𝑲𝑱 𝒌𝒈. 𝑲)
(℃) (𝒎𝟑 ⁄𝒌𝒈) (𝑷𝒂. 𝒔) (𝑾⁄𝒎𝟐 . 𝑲 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔

8 59.05 1.0498 1.0087 20.0863 28.5244 19.134

7 59.1 1.0496 1.00873 20.0426 28.5279 19.139

6 59.4 1.04867 1.00875 20.1024 28.5493 19.17

5 59.1 1.0496 1.00873 20.0426 28.5270 19.139

4 59.25 1.04914 1.00874 20.0955 28.5386 19.154

3 58.9 1.05023 1.008712 20.0794 28.5137 19.119

2 59.15 1.04945 1.008732 20.0909 28.5315 19.144

1 59.3 1.04898 1.008744 20.0978 28.5422 19.1593

0 59 1.04992 1.00972 20.084 28.5208 19.129

12
Table 5 Viscosity of Air at Measured Temperature

Temperature (0C) Viscosity 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 (Pa.s)

22.8 18.3709

23 18.3808

23.1 18.3858

23.2 18.3907

23.3 18.3957

23.4 18.4006

23.6 18.4106

23.7 18.4155

94.9 21.7115

95 21.716

95.1 21.7205

95.2 21.7249

13