12 9 2019

3 P E R l O D I C l T Y

Development Of Periodic Table

JohnTriads i Law of Triads

set of 3 elements increasing order of atomic mass

Li Na K 7 39
2
23

7 23 29

J A R Newlands arranged in increasing order of atomic masses

Every
8 element has properties similar to the first element just like musical notes

Li Be B C N O F Na

Mendeleev's Periodic Table

Periodic law TheProperties

of elements are periodic functions of their atomic masses

Mendeleev's Periodic Table consists of

Vertical columns Groups g

Horizontal rows Periods 7

Modern Periodic Table by Henry Moseley also as Longform Of Periodic Table

Physical Chemical Properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers

electronic configurations

Modern periodic table consists of

18 groups

7 periods

Elements with similarities in properties in the same group as they have same valence e

fall

Classification of
elements in Modern Periodic Table

Metals Non metals Metalloids

placeddiagonally

from group 13to 17

Elements are also classified as

a Representative elements maingroup group A

b Noble gases Group18 or Zerogroup valency O

c Transitionelements Group 3 to 121Group B

d Inner transition elements

place separately at the bottom of periodic table

Elements are classified as S P d fblock elements

S block Group I Alkali metals form alkalis ns General Configuration

b
Group 2 Alkaline earthmetals oxidesformedin Earth'scrust ni ns2np

P Block

Group 13 Boron family n5np

Group 14 Carbon family ns

np
Group 15 Pnictogens n5np3 havechalking properties don'tsupport combustion

Group 16 Chalcogens n5np formoxides

Group 17 Halogens n5np5 found in sea salt

Group IS Noblegases n5npb

d block elements are transition elements

Group 3 to Group 12

General config ns Cn 1 d

First member starts from 4th period

f block elements
transition elements are f block elements

Inner

their position is between transition elements

2 14

general configuration ns Cn 1 d n 2 f n 6 or n 7

48 series Lantanides rare earth elements Ce 58 to La 71

f
b series Actinides radioactive Th 90 to Lr 103

P E R I OD S 13 9 2019

1stPeriod shortest 2 elements

2nd 3rdperiods short 8 elementseach
4th 5thPeriods 18elements each

Total in all 118 elements of which 94 occur naturally

Physical Properties Trends

1 Atomic size radius is the distance between the nucleus outermost electron

measured by X ray diffraction method

decreases across the period

generally atomic size from left to right
because the effective nuclear charge increases

Li Be B C N O F
2nd 2 I 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 217
3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Increase down thegroup fromtop to bottombecause i

a number of shellsincrease
b Shielding effect is more due to number of inner shells increasing down thegroup

Li 2 I no of shellsincrease
Na 2 8 I s p d 7 f nuclear charge decrease
K 2,8 8 1 Order of Shielding Effect shielding effect increases
R 2 8 18 1
Cs

Based on bonding atomic radius can be of 3 types

1 Covalent Radius
onehalf of thenuclear distance betweenatoms of homodiatomic molecule Az

2 Vanderwaals Radius
one half distance between the centres of nuclei of 2 nearest like atoms belonging to
adjacent molecule

H Ce Ce H
molecule
3 Metallic Radius
one half the distance between the centres 2 adjacent atomsin metallic crystals
e
order of size

M M

Vanderwaals radius metallic radius 7 covalent radius

Force of attraction chemically combined

4 tonicRadius

cation radius L atomicradius because positive charge increases nuclear charge will increase
13
Ex Fe C Fe L Fe

Anion radius atomic radius nuclearcharge decreases

2 t
Ex O O O
3
N y O 2 y p i
7ploe SplOe gploe
Igptse
161318C
Z 3 12 Z
Na O O Al Mg s K 11
tiptoe Sploe Spse Bptoe 2,8 2 8,8 2,8 8

3 2 12 2
Increasing order Al Na O O My K S
 17 9 2019
Effective Nuclear Charge N S V
N 2 I
Zegg I Z S onlyappliestoperiod C 2 4
atomicno no ofcoreelectrons f 2 y

Group
2 I Li Be B C N O F
2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 2,5 2,6 2,7
2 8 I Na Mg Al
ii to iz lo
z Group ShellsT core e T S E T Nocharged
2 8 8 I K Period nochange nochange t T
is is

Ex Na Ng S Ce
11 10 1210 1610 17 10
I 2 6 7

Ionization Energy
the amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous neutral atom

Xg 1 Energy X t le

General Trend
Period Increases Zegg T
Group Decreases Atomic size S E T
He
Ne
First N F
1E H Be c
8
B
Li
atomic number

Noble gases have highest 1 E in therespective period

Helium has highest 1 E among all elements

Electron
Affinity
amount of energy releasedwhen an electron is added to a gaseous neutral atom

X g t e X g Energy

General Trend Period Increases

Group decreases

Note E A of Cl F
E A of S O
E A Of noble gases is considered as zero
 Cl F

small size morerepulsion of e

2ndPeriod Li Be B C N O F
60 70 27 122 70 141 328
1525 2ps

2nd E A is always positive

1st EA O t te O t i Hea ve
2ndEA 0 t le 0 2 Hea Ve

Electro Negativity
tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of e in a covalent bond

GeneralTrend
Period Increases
Group Decreases

High electromagnetic element N C O C F

Metallic Non metallic characters

Metallic character ability of losing e

increases down the group
decreases across the period

Non metallic character ability of gaining e

decreases down the
group
increases across the period

Melting Points depends on structure bonding types of force of attraction that exists in the
element
Group I Group 17

Li 7 Na K Rb Cs F L Ce s Br C I
strength of metallic bonding decreases M.p increases down thegroup because
due to increase in atomicsize atomic weight increases

Metallicbonding delocalizes e Intermolecular forces

M E IL I I N G P O Il N T S across the period 19 9 2019

Carbon
Sg Pc
6 Silicon
ni 14 Size ofmolecule
E is largerelatively
13
5 12
4 it
3
1 2 15 16 17 IS
Atomic number

chemical Properties determined

by the e configuration of element

Group 18 Noble gases He 15

unreactive have stable config ns2np6 octet
colourless monoatomic

Group 1 Alkalimetals
more reactive metals
good conductors low density lightmetals
these metals are stored in liquid paraffin not to get exposed to air moisture
these are good reducing agents

Reactivity of alkalimetals increase down thegroup

Cs is most reactive metal
Reaction with water
Alkali metals form Hydroxides release hydrogen gas

Li H2O LiOH Hz

Nat H2O NaOH Hz

Hydrogen gas which is produced is ignated by the heat produced catches

fire
Alkali metals alsoreact with Halogens to formsalts

2 Na t Clz 2NaCl
2 K t Br s 2KBr

Group 17 Halogens
Mostreactive non metals
act as goodoxidizing agents
reactivity decreasesdown the group

F 7 Cl Br 7 I F Ce Br I At
gases liquid solids
Displacement reactions among halogen

Cl 1 2KBr 2KCe t Br

Br t Kce no reaction

Brzt NAI 2NaBr Iz

Test for Halide Ions
the presence of halideions can be detected by adding silvernitrate solution

Agt X Agx silver salt

light Agce White
v AgBr Cream
AgtYzXz AGI yellow

I
AgtNOj Natch NANO Agee
i
soluble soluble Insoluble Precipitate

20 9 2019
Trends across Period 3

Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 Metalliccharacters decreases

Element Mg Al
Na P Si
Ce S Ar across period 3
StructureOfElement Giant Metallic Giant simple covalent Nonmetallic character increases
ionic covalent across period 3
Formula ofOxide Nazo MgO AlOg Sio Pu06 502 Cleo
I 12 3 4 t 3 4 I
R 0,0 SO Cl O
5 6 17
Acid base Basic Reacts Am
character oxideswlacidstoform Pho A C l D l C
of
salt water teric
showsbothacidic basiccharacters

Basic Oxides NazO 121Ice 2Nace H2O

MgO 2Hle Mgce H2O

Amphoteric Oxide Also 16 HCl 2Alce 3h20

Basic Acid Salt Water

Alzo 14NaOH 2NazAlOz 121120

Acidic Base Salt Water
SodiumAluminate
Acidic Oxides siOz 2NaOH Nazsioz H2O 1131303 ousacid HNOz Oils
17406 31120 21131303 Phosphorous acid Hz1304 ic acid HNO xyl
5oz H2O HzPO3 Sulphurous acid Hrs sulfide
Cego t Hao s 2140cL Hypochlorous acid Ha hydrogen

Practice Qs

Spectrochemical series arranged in the order of their ability to split the d orbital
t
CO CN NHz OH H2O Ce SZ Br I
Red 31
In absorption spectrum of CT Hao 6 is shown below use the colour wheel to suggestcolour of
the complex ion

Linux duty de
Energy is absorbed light OE
o
E
Et dnydnzdyz

4004501082551506006150 tootoodoo

Magnetic Properties Of Transition Metals

Diamagnetic repelled by magnetic field
Nounpaired e 2n
Paramagnetic attracted to Magnetic field elements with 1 or more unpaired e

Paramagnetism increases with no

of unpaired e
Transition metals show paramagnetism as they contain unpaired e in d orbital

Ferromagnetic permanent magnet

In ferromagnetism e of atoms are grouped into domains parallel throughout the compound

r
Il radom iron nNiine foobait

Iron exhibits ferromagnetism Chromium Nickel

OE OE high frequency

low frequency colour