Episode 39 :

SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS

Ceo , Founder & Head of SHacademy
Chemical Engineering , Al-Muthanna University, Iraq
Oil & Gas Safety and Health Professional – OSHACADEMY
Trainer of Trainers (TOT) - Canadian Center of Human
Development
Problem:
1 -experiments with shear box jenike on a particulate catalyst to give the family
yield locus as in 1. given that the bulk density is 1000 kg/m3 particulates and wall
friction angle is 15
a-from design chart silo cone, do design a mass flow hopper for the material.
b-if the average size is 100 um, calculate the discharge flow rate passing through
the discharge opening

2 - For the above materials using stainless steel is required to store 1000 tons of
particulate in it. Coefficient of friction at the wall is given as 0.45 for each value
and the formula that you use the appropriate justify the design.
a - draw the dimensions of the silo you and draw a vertical stress profile and the
wall of the silo whole time say powerful particle
b- specify the maximum vertical stress and the wall of the silo you
c - if you use several different approaches in the design you provide appropriate
recommendations to your employer for work before the end of the casting device
fabrication started.
d - if problems such as the formation of the entrance are available after a certain
time interval suggest measures - flow improvement measures to be taken to your
employer
Procedures of design:

1- Calculation of Simi included angle( θ ) and flow

factor (ff ):
2- Calculation of CAS
3- Calculation of min. outlet diameter (B)
4- Calculation of discharge rate
5- Calculation of silo dimensions
6- Determination of vertical stress and wall stress
profile
7- Calculation of max. vertical stress and max. wall
stress
8- Methods of blockage clearance
Calculation of Simi included angle( θ ) and
flow factor ( ff ):

For the given data :

-Effective angle of internal friction ( δ )= 40o
-Angle of wall friction (δw) = 16o

By using the following chart we will find the

value of θ and ff
θ = 30o
ff=1.5
From the Fig. 1

θ = 30o
ff=1.5

Fig. 1: calculation of θ and ff

Simi Included Angle ( θ )

30o θ = 30o

Fig. 2: Simi Included Angle θ

Calculation of Critical Applied Stress (CAS)

From the given relationship between compaction

stress ( σ1 ) and yield stress (YS) :
𝑌𝑆 = (𝜎1 )0.45

According to this equation several point will be

created to draw the flow function curve. The
intersection of this curve with line through the
origin having slop of 1/ff will give the value of
Critical Applied Stress (CAS)
Data For MFF curve and 1/ff line
MFF 1/ff
𝜎1 YS 𝜎1 YS
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 0.667
2 1.366 2 1.334
3 1.639 3 2.001
4 1.866 4 2.668
 3

From Fig.3 2.5 1/ff

Yield Stress
MFF
CAS = 1.39 1.5 CAS
MFF
1/ff
1

0.5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5

Compaction Stress

Fig. 3: Calculation of Critical Applied

Stress (CAS)
Calculation of minimum outlet diameter (B)
𝐻 (𝐶𝐴𝑆)
𝐵=
𝜌𝑏 𝑔
𝜌𝑏 : 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜃
𝐻 = 2.0 +
60
30
𝐻 = 2.0 +
60
𝐻 = 2.5
2.5(1.39)(1000)
𝐵=
(1000)(9.81)

𝐵 = 0.355 𝑚
Calculation of discharge rate ( m.)
For. particle diameter less than 500 μm
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑏 𝐴 𝑉0

4 𝑉0 2 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜌1/3 𝜇 2/3 𝑉0 4/3

+ 15 5/3
=𝑔
𝐵 𝜌𝑝 𝑑 𝑝

V0: Average velocity of solid discharge (m/s)

A: Area of outlet opening
B: Outlet diameter
μ , ρ : Viscosity and density of air
ρp: Particle density
dp: Particle diameter
ρb: Bulk density
ρ= 1.184 kg/m3 , μ= 1x10-5 Pa.s
and ρp= 1200 kg/m3
2
4 0.5 𝑉0 (1.184)1/3 (1𝑥10−5 )2/3 𝑉0 4/3
+ 15 −6 5/3
= 9.81
0.355 1200 100𝑥10

𝑉0 = 1.156 𝑚/𝑠
. 𝜋
𝑚 = (1000)( 0.3552 )(1.156)
4
.
𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟒𝟐 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
 Dimensions of Bin and Conical section
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑖𝑛
𝜋 3 3
𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝐷 −𝐵 + 𝐷 𝐻 D
24 tan 𝜃 4
H

Assume H/D=5
Total volume = 1000 m3

𝜋 3 3
5 3 θ
1000 = 𝐷 − 0.355 + 𝜋𝐷
24(0.577 4 θ

𝑫 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟐 𝒎
B

𝐻 = 5 𝐷 = (5)6.22 𝑚
𝑯 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎
Determination of vertical stress (σv) and
wall stress (σw) with the silo height
Section 1
H=D
The silo will be divided to three
sections (from top to bottom) to Section 2
calculate vertical and wall stress H>D
with height in each section:

Section 1 : h=D
Section 3
Section 2 : h˃ D conical
Section 3 : conical section
Section 1 :

𝜌𝑏 𝑔 𝐴 −𝜇 𝐾 𝐶 ℎ
𝜎𝑣 = 1 − exp
𝐾𝜇𝐶 𝐴

𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝐷
4
𝜋
𝐴 = (6.22)2 = 30.385 𝑚2
4
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝐷
𝐶 = 2𝜋 6.22 = 39.08 m
𝜇 = 0.45
𝐾 = 0.6
(1000)(9.81)(30.385) −(0.45)(06)(39.08) ℎ
𝜎𝑣 = 1 − exp
(0.6)(0.45)(39.08) 30.385
𝜎𝑤 = 1.5 𝐾𝜎𝑣
For the values of h=0 to h=D=6.22 m the following
data obtained for 𝜎𝑣 and 𝜎𝑤
Section 1 Data of σ v and σ w
h σv σw
0 0 0
1 8282.585 4969.551
2 14136.76 8482.056
3 18374.52 11024.71
4 21199.12 12719.47
5 24727.28 14836.37
6 27445.2 16467.12
6.22 28100.3 16860.18
Section 2:
K=0.6
μ=0.45
Kμ = 0.27
From Fig: 4 for several values of
h/D and Kμ = 0.27
find the values of σv/γD .
σv/γD=a
γ=ρg
σv = a γ D
And σw= K σv
The results of σv and σw in the
following table.
Fig. 4: calculation of σv/γD
Section 2: Data of σ v and σ w

h σv σw
7 30458.2 18274.92
15 50018.2 30010.92
20 60021.8 36013.08
25 67823.6 40694.16
31.106 75425.5 45255.3
 Section 3:
Calculation of h0 and h D
𝐷/2
ℎ0 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
6.22/2
ℎ0 = = 5.39 𝑚
0.577
h
B
𝐵/2 h0
ℎ𝐵 =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
0.355/2 hB θ
ℎ𝐵 = = 0.307 𝑚
0.577

ℎ = ℎ0 − ℎ𝐵
ℎ = 5.39 − 0.307
ℎ = 5.083 𝑚
Calculation of σv and σw σv
𝑛
ℎ0 − ℎ ℎ0 ℎ0 − ℎ
𝜎𝑣 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑔 𝐾
𝑛−1
+ ℎ𝑐 −
𝑛−1 ℎ0
σw
𝜇 σα
𝑛 = 1+𝑚 𝐾 1+
tan 2𝛼
−1 θ
α
𝑚 = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟

0.45
𝑛 = 1 + 1 0.6 1 + −1
tan 120

𝑛 = −1.111

𝐴 − 𝜇 𝐶 𝐾 ℎ𝑇
ℎ𝑐 = 1 − exp
𝐶𝐾𝜇 𝐴

ℎ 𝑇 = 31.106 𝑚
 30.385 − (39.08)(0.45)(0.6)(31.106)
ℎ𝑐 = 1 − exp
(39.08)(0.45)(0.6) 30.385

ℎ𝑐 = 2.88
−1.111
5.39 − ℎ 5.39 5.39 − ℎ
𝜎𝑣 = (1000)(9.81)(0.6) + 2.88 −
−1.111 − 1 −1.111 − 1 5.39

𝜎𝑤 = 𝐾 𝜎𝑣

For the values of h=0 to h=5.083 m the following data

obtained for 𝜎𝑣 and 𝜎𝑤
Section 3: Data of σ v and σ w

h σv σw
5 75425 113137.5
4 22270.08 33405.12
3 10054.63 15081.95
2 5013.691 7520.536
1 2292.473 3438.71
0 0 0
Fig. 5 vertical and wall stress profile
 Calculation of Kmax.

From Fig. 6
for α = 30
δ = 40
and ϕw = 16

Kmax = 22

Fig. 6: Kmax. For δ = 40

 Calculation of σv max and σw max

At H= 31.106 m
σv = 75425.5 Pa
σw= 45255.3
σv max = Kmax * σv max
σv max = 22 x 75425.5

σv max = 1659.4 Kpa

σw max = Kmax * σw
σw max = 22 x 45255.3
σw max = 995.61 Kpa
 Methods of Blockage Clearance

There are many methods for blockage

clearance in silo when build-ups formed :

1- AIR-SLIDE Flow-Aid:
it is the ultimate material flow problem
solver.
which is used to create and maintain
material flow while also eliminating
sticky and tacky build-up, arching, rat
holes, and blockages. As shown in the pictures
(1) (2)

(3)
2- Vibrating Bin Dischargers

Vibrating Bin Dischargers are designed to ensure even flow of

granular or powdered materials out of a holding silo or
hopper
Bin vibrating discharge
References:

1- Teknologi Zarah , 2008 Siti Masrinda Tasrin

2- introduction to particle tecnologi , 2008

Martin Rhodes
 Thanks for Watching
Please follow me / SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS