A written report in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

ORGANIC & INORGANIC CHEMISTRY I

LIMITING REACTANT AND PERCENTAGE YIELD

Activity No. 9

(Written Report)

Submitted by:

Corpuz, Princess Camille T.

Lelis, Jasnald L.

Pacio, Krystal Gayle F.

Villanueva, Nadine Nica L.

Submitted to:

Dr. Nelson R. Villarante

ABSTRACT:

This experiment is about identifying the limiting reactants and finding the percentage yield. A
general formalism for defining and identifying limiting reagent in closed systems is proposed and it
is correlated to usual definitions and identification methods. An alternative definition of limiting
reagent is proposed, based on real situations after the reaction is complete. Useful equations
relating the limiting reagent to products and excess reagents of the limiting reagent is completely
consumed or not and to reaction yields are given and briefly applied. Reactant is the reagent that is
completely consumed during a chemical reaction. The Na2CO3 and CaCl2 Once this reagent is
consumed the reaction will be clumped you will be left with solid NaCl2 after evaporating the
filtered solution NaCl2. This salt crystallizes % water as it has a very stable cubic crystals structure.
Beside there’s no opportunity to form double because calcium carbonate is not soluble in water at
all. The reaction is a one to one mole reaction. So you need equal member of moles of both
reactants to have no excess. An excess reagent is the reactant that is left over once the limiting
reagent is consumed. The maximum theoretical yield of a chemical reaction is dependent upon the
limiting reagent thus the one that produces the least amount of product is the limiting reagent.

I. INTRODUCTION

Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that
involves using relationships between
reactants and/or products in a chemical
reaction to determine desired quantitative
data. In Greek, stoicheion means element
and metron means measure,
so stoichiometry literally translated means
the measure of elements. It is important in
chemistry because it uses calculations to
determine the quantities (masses, volumes)
of reactants and products involved in
chemical reactions. It is the mathematical
part of chemistry.
A limiting reagent is a chemical reactant that
limits the amount of product that is formed.
The limiting reagent gives the smallest yield
of product calculated from the reagents
(reactants) available. This smallest yield of
product is called the theoretical yield.
To find the limiting reagent and theoretical
yield, carry out the following procedure:
1. Find the moles of each reactant present.
2. Calculate the moles of a product formed
from each mole of reactant.
3. Identify the reactant giving the smaller
number of moles of product. This reactant is
the Limiting Reagent.
4. Calculate the grams of product produced
by the Limiting Reagent. This is the
theoretical yield.
The theoretical yield is the amount of the
product in grams formed from the limiting
reagent while the actual yield is the amount
of the product in grams actually formed in
the laboratory. The percent yield is the
percent of the product formed based upon
the theoretical yield.
 STEP
Use the wash bottle to lightly wet the filter paper to keep it in place. 9
STEP
Get a piece of filter paper, weigh and record the mass of it. Then use it to set up the filtering apparatus. 8
STEP
Allow the contents in the beaker for 5 mins to see what will happen to the suspended solid particles. 7
STEP
Record these qualitative observations. 6
STEP
Pour both contents into the 250mL beaker and observe the results. 5
STEP
Record their volume. 4
STEP
In the other graduated cylinder, put 25mL of CaCl ₂ solution. 3
STEP
In one of those graduated cylinders, put 25mL of Na₂CO ₃ solution. 2
STEP
Obtain two clean & dry graduated cylinders and beaker. 1
PROCEDURE:
Filter Paper
Wash bottle
(2) 25-mL graduated cylinders
Balance
Drying Oven
Filtering apparatus (ring with stand, funnel)
(3) 250-mL beakers
0.50 M calcium chloride solution, CaCl2
0.70 M sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3
MATERIALS:
METHODOLOGY II.
T h eoretical Yield ∈Grams
x 100 Yield=
Actual Yield∈Grams
Percentage Yield Formula
 92.8 Percent Yield
1.25 Theoretical mass produced
CaCl₂ Limiting Reactants
0.0125 Moles of CaCl2
0.175 Moles of Na2CO3
1.16 Actual mass produced
2.00 Weight of Filter Paper + precipitate
0.840 Weight of the filter paper
of flour and water
combination or mixture solution
Looks like a Qualitative Observation of NaCO3 solution and CaCl2
A. Limiting Reagent and percentage yield
DATA AND RESULTS III.
% YIELD = THEORETICAL MASS PRODUCED(GRAMS ) x 100
ACTUAL MASS PRODUCED( GRAMS)
STEP
Calculate the percentage yield of that chemical by using the formula. 18
STEP
Determine what chemical is the limiting reactant. 17
STEP
Compute the moles of each of the chemicals that added together to react using the data you
16
collected.
STEP
Weigh and record the mass of the dry filter paper containing CaCO₃ precipitate. 15
STEP
After 30-45 mins, remove it and allow that to cool for a few minutes. 14
STEP
Put your labeled beaker with filter paper and precipitate in drying oven for 30-45 mins. 13
STEP
Remove the filter paper containing CaCO₃ precipitate and suspend it in the third 250mL beaker. 12
STEP
Use the wash bottle to rinse the precipitate in the filter paper to remove the residual NaCl that
11
remains.
Swirl the beaker with contents to suspend the precipitate in the solution then put it carefully in the STEP
10
10
filter funnel.Use the wash bottle to rinse the remaining precipitate in the beaker.
Computation:

ACTUAL MASS = Weight of the filter paper + Precipitate – Weight of the filter paper

= 2 – 0.840

ACTUAL MASS = 1.16 grams

ActualYield ∈Grams
PERCENTAGE YIELD = x 100
T h eoretical Yield∈Grams

1.16 g
= x 100
1.25 g

PERCENTAGE YIELD = 92.8

IV. DISCUSSION We now proceed to the filtration of the solution.

In this experiment, we observe the reaction of
0.70 M Sodium Carbonate Solution and 0.50 M
Calcium Chloride solution. First we gathered all
the materials needed for this experiment. In a
one dry 250mL graduated cylinder we put 25mL
of Sodium Carbonate Solution also we put the
Calcium Chloride Solution in the other dry 250
mL graduated cylinder. After we record the
volume of each solution we now pour the
contents of both graduated cylinder into another
250mL beaker and later on we let it for 5
minutes and start to observe what is happening
with the solutions. Our qualitative observation
of Na2CO3 and CaCl2 solution after 5 minutes
it showed an appearance of a combination or a
mixture of flour with water.
Weigh and record the filter paper first. We set up
the filtering apparatus and used a wash bottle to
lightly wet the filter paper to keep it in place.
Before we pour the solution in the filter funnel
swirl the beaker and its contents to suspend the
precipitate in the solution. Then pour it carefully
and slowly into the filter funnel, use the wash
bottle to rinse the precipitate in the filter paper.
This will remove any residual NaCl(aq) that
remains with the precipitate after the filtering is
complete. We remove the wet filter paper
containing CaCO3 precipitate and suspend it in
the third 250mL beaker also we labeled it. We
put the labeled beaker in the drying oven for
about 45 minutes.
After 45 minutes, we remove the beaker and let
it to cool down for a few minutes. We weigh and
record the mass of the dry filter paper containing
the CaCO3 precipitate with the use of analytical
balance.
After the observations and gathering the data
collected we now proceed to the calculations and
determining which chemical is the limiting
reactant that showed to our data.
The study
of
Sharon Bewick, et al., (2017) "Theoretical Yield
and Percent Yield". In a chemical reaction, the
limiting reagent is the reactant that determines
how much of the products are made. The other
reactants are sometimes referred to as being in
excess, since there will be some leftover after
the limiting reagent is completely used up. The
maximum amount of product that can be
produced is called the theoretical yield. In the
case of the hot dogs and hot dog buns, our
theoretical yield is four complete hot dogs, since
we have four hot dog buns. Enough about hot
dogs, though! In the following example we will
identify the limiting reagent and calculate the
theoretical yield for an actual chemical reaction.
Limiting Reactant is the reactant in a chemical
reaction that limits the amount of product that
can be formed. The reaction will stop when all
of the limiting reactant is consumed.
Excess Reactant is the reactant in a chemical
reaction that remains when a reaction stops
when the limiting reactant is completely
consumed. The excess reactant remains because
there is nothing with which it can react.
Percent Yield
Chemical reactions in the real world don't
always go exactly as planned on paper. In the
course of an experiment, many things will
contribute to the formation of less product than
would be predicted. Besides spills and other
experimental errors, there are usually losses due
to an incomplete reaction, undesirable side
reactions, etc. Chemists need a measurement
that indicates how successful a reaction has
been. This measurement is called the percent
yield.
To compute the percent yield, it is first necessary
to determine how much of the product should be
formed based on stoichiometry. This is called
the theoretical yield, the maximum amount of
product that could be formed from the given
amounts of reactants. The actual yield is the
amount of product that is actually formed when
the reaction is carried out in the laboratory. The
percent yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the
theoretical yield, expressed as a percentage.
PERCENT YIELD
Actual Yield∈Grams
Yield= x 100
T h eoretical Yield ∈Grams
Percent yield is very important in the
manufacture of products. Much time and money
is spent improving the percent yield for
chemical production. When complex chemicals
are synthesized by many different reactions, one
step with a low percent yield can quickly cause a
large waste of reactants and unnecessary
expense.
Typically, percent yields are understandably less
than 100% because of the reasons indicated
earlier. However, percent yields greater than
100% are possible if the measured product of the
reaction contains impurities that cause its mass
to be greater than it actually would be if the
product was pure. When a chemist synthesizes a
desired chemical, he or she is always careful to
purify the products of the reaction.
According to the experiment of the National
Center for Biotechnology Information that
Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda,
soda ash and soda crystals), Sodium Carbonate
is the disodium salt of carbonic acid with
alkalinizing property. When dissolved in water,
sodium carbonate forms carbonic acid and
sodium hydroxide. As a strong base, sodium
hydroxide neutralizes gastric acid thereby acting
as an antacid.
It has a Chemical formula: Na₂CO₃
(O = 45.29 %, Na = 43.38 %, C = 11.33 %)
Molar mass = 105.9884 ± 0.0017 g·mol-1
Hygroscopic white powder (anhydrous), it is the
sodium salt of carbonic acid [CO₃, H₂O]; in
everyday language, also known as washing soda,
because of its sodium content and its usually
crystalline form. However, this should not be
confused with salt Caustic soda NaOH, or with
sodium bicarbonate NaHCO₃.
Sodium carbonate crystallizes from water to
form three different hydrates:
 sodium carbonate decahydrate (natron)
 sodium carbonate heptahydrate (not
known in mineral form)
 sodium carbonate monohydrate
(thermonatrite)
Production (natural): Sodium carbonate is
soluble in water, and can occur naturally in arid
regions, especially in mineral deposits
(evaporates) formed when seasonal lakes
evaporate. Deposits of the mineral natron* have
been mined from dry lake bottoms in Egypt
since ancient times, when natron was used in the
preparation of mummies and in the early
manufacture of glass. The anhydrous mineral
form of sodium carbonate is quite rare and
called natrite.
Formerly, it is also produced from the ashes of
seaweed (kelp or seaweed in Brittany) or plants
(Salicornia in the Mediterranean).
The composition of Calcium chloride is an ionic
compound of calcium and chlorine. It is highly
soluble in water and it is deliquescent. It is a salt
that is solid at room temperature, and it behaves
as a typical ionic halide. It has several common
applications such as brine for refrigeration
plants, ice and dust control on roads, and in
cement. It can be produced directly from
limestone, but large amounts are also produced
as a by-product of the Solvay process. Because
of its hygroscopic nature, it must be kept in
tightly-sealed containers.
Molecular Weight: 110.978 g/mol
In the research of NCBI, Calcium Carbonate is
the carbonic salt of calcium (CaCO₃). Calcium
carbonate is used therapeutically as a phosphate
buffer in hemodialysis, as an antacid in gastric
hyperacidity for temporary relief of indigestion
and heartburn, and as a calcium supplement for
preventing and treating osteoporosis. (NCI04)
Molecular Formula: CaCO₃ or CCaO₃
Molecular Weight: 100.086 g/mol
V. CONCLUSION
We conclude that the limiting reactant is
CaCl₂. When we combine the Sodium
Carbonate and Calcium Chloride it will form
as insoluble precipitate which you can filter
and dry it using an instrument like oven.
And when it is dry, it will be left with only
the solid of NaCl which looks like a chalk or https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/co
marble. mpound/5284359 (accessed Oct. 12,
2018).
 Sharon Bewick, et al., (2017)
VI. QUESTION AND ANSWER "Theoretical Yield and Percent
1. If you were to evaporate the filtered Yield". Retrieved from :
solution to dryness, would you be https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook
left with only solid NaCl? Explain. _Maps/Introductory_Chemistry/Boo
k
Yes, you will be left with solid NaCl₂ %3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-
after evaporating the filtered solution 12)/12%3A_Stoichiometry/12.9%3A
NaCl₂. This salt crystallizes % water _Theoretical_Yield_and_Percent_Yi
as it has a very stable cubic crystals eld
structure. Beside there’s no  Retrieved from: http://hydro-
opportunity to form double because land.com/e/ligne-
calcium carbonate is not soluble in en/doc/Na2CO3.html
water at all.
2. What theoretical volume of the
Na₂CO₃ solution used in this
experiment would result in no excess
reactant?

The reaction is a one to one mole

reaction. So you need equal member
of moles of both reactants to have no
excess.

VII. REFERENCES
 Retrieved from:
http://www.csun.edu/~hcchm001/LI
MITREG.pdf
 Silva, D. J. R. D. (2017). The Basis
of the Limiting Reagent Concept,
Its Identification and
Applications. World Journal of
Chemical Education, 5(1), 1-8.
Retrieved from:
http://pubs.sciepub.com/wjce/5/1/1/
 National Center for Biotechnology
Information. PubChem Compound
Database; CID=5284359,
VIII. CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the following members have participated in the working of this report.

Name/Signature Name/Signature

Name/Signature Name/Signature
Dr. Nelson R. Villarante

(Professor)