Goals Questions Types of information in the

aswer.
Language What will the course be used Sounds
for? Vocabulary
How proficient does the user Grammatical Structures
have to be? Functions
What communicative activities Set phrases and set sentences
will the learner take part in? Tasks
Where will the language be
used?
Ideas What the content matter will Topics
the learner be working with? Themes
Texts
Skills How will the learner use the Listening
language? Speaking
Under what conditions will the Reading
language be used? Writing
Who will the laerners use the Degree of accuracy.
language with? Degree of fluency.
Text What will the language be used Genres and discourse types
to do? Sociolinguistic skills.
What language uses is the
learner already familiar with?

Types of Need Focus Method Example

Necessities Proficiency Self-report Level of vocabulary
Proficiency testing knowledge (Nation and
Beglar, 2007)
Level of fluency e.g.
reading speed.
Situations of use Self-report Analysis of text
(Nation, 2006)
Observation and Analysis of exams and
analysis assignments
(Friederichs and
Pierson, 1981:
Horowitz, 1986)
Review of previous Analysis of tasks
research (Brown et al, 1984)
Corpus analysis MICASE.
Lacks Proficiency Self-report Vocabulary Tests.
Testing
Situation of use Self-report Examiners’ reports
Observation and Analysis of tasks (Ellis,
analysis 1986)
Wants Wishes Self-report
Use Observation Records of choices of
activities Teachers’
observation.