FORCED 6

December 1999

MIGRATIONreview
published by
the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project

Culture in exile
Special feature on culture:
• culture, welfare and identity
of Karenni, Afghan and
Tibetan refugees
• the role of art, music and
theatre in working with
displaced communities
see pages 4 - 24

Internal displacement in
Turkey, Burma and Algeria
see page 25

Issues of the new millennium

see page 29

Updates on Burundi, Haiti

and the Ombudsman for
Humanitarian Accountability
see pages 42 - 43

Launch of Global IDP

Database
see page 47

PLUS regular features:

• conferences, debate,
publications and news
 from the
fromeditors
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ
SURYLGHVDIRUXPIRUWKHUHJXODU
H[FKDQJHRISUDFWLFDOH[SHULHQFHLQIRU
PDWLRQDQGLGHDVEHWZHHQUHVHDUFKHUV
UHIXJHHVDQGLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHRSOH
DQGWKRVHZKRZRUNZLWKWKHP,WLVSXE
the editors
OLVKHGWKUHHWLPHVD\HDULQ(QJOLVK
6SDQLVKDQG$UDELFE\WKH5HIXJHH
6WXGLHV&HQWUH8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUGLQ

DVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKH*OREDO,'3
3URMHFW1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLO
7KH6SDQLVKWUDQVODWLRQ5HYLVWDGH
0LJUDFLRQHV)RU]RVDVLVSURGXFHGE\
+(*2$LQ%LOEDR6SDLQ
(GLWRUV
0DULRQ&RXOGUH\ 'U7LP0RUULV
6XEVFULSWLRQV$VVLVWDQW
6KDURQ(OOLV
Forced Migration review
56&4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK+RXVH
6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.
Corinne Owen
T his issue includes a
feature section on
culture in exile, with a
brief introduction by the
editors on page 4. It also
includes a section on the
most pressing issues
(relating to forced
migration) of the new
millennium as perceived
and written about by
7HO
eight individuals from
)D[ different fields.
(PDLOIPU#THKR[DFXN
Remember that our regular Debate section is your forum for discussion of any
Global IDP Project issues arising. If you would like to discuss any aspect relating to our feature
&KHPLQ0RwVH'XERXOH
&+*HQHYD section or to challenge or support any of the ‘issues of the new millennium’, do
6ZLW]HUODQG please write to us at fmr@qeh.ox.ac.uk or at the address opposite. In this issue’s
7HO Debate section, readers respond to FMR 5’s focus on ‘Learning from Kosovo’.
)D[
(PDLOLGSVXUYH\#QUFFK
The next issue - FMR 7, due out in April - will include a feature section on land and
6XEVFULSWLRQUDWHV property issues. Deadline for submissions for this feature: 14 February. Deadline
,QGLYLGXDOV…86SHUDQQXP
,QVWLWXWLRQV…86SHUDQQXP
for submission of information relating to conferences, websites, publications,
)5((IRUUHVLGHQWVRIGHYHORSLQJ research and the Debate section: 1 March.
FRXQWULHVVWXGHQWVXQZDJHG
DQGUHIXJHHV,'3V In the August 2000 issue we will be looking at issues of respect and accountability.
0XOWLSOHVXEVFULSWLRQUDWHVDYDLODEOH
VHHSDJH Deadline for articles: 15 May (but it would be preferable if potential contributors
would submit ideas for articles as early as possible). Deadline for other sections:
&RS\ULJKWDQGGLVFODLPHU 15 June.
0DWHULDOIURP)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ
PD\EHIUHHO\UHSURGXFHGEXWSOHDVH
DFNQRZOHGJHWKHVRXUFH3KRWRJUDSKV As you may have noticed from the front cover, the Refugee Studies Programme
VKRXOGRQO\EHUHSURGXFHGLQWKHFRQWH[W has changed its name to the Refugee Studies Centre. See page 39 to find out
RIWKHDUWLFOHVLQZKLFKWKH\DSSHDU
DQGFUHGLWHG0DWHULDODQGLQIRUPDWLRQ
FRQWDLQHGLQ)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ DUH
WKHRSLQLRQVRIWKHDXWKRUVDQGGRQRW
QHFHVVDULO\UHIOHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKH
(GLWRUVWKH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUHRU
WKH1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLO
)RUWKFRPLQJIHDWXUHV
$SULO3URSHUW\DQGODQGLVVXHV
$XJXVW5HVSHFWDQGDFFRXQWDELOLW\
:HHQFRXUDJHWKHVXEPLVVLRQRI
PDWHULDOLQ(QJOLVK6SDQLVKRU$UDELF
UHODWLQJHLWKHUWRWKHVSHFLDOIHDWXUH
RIHDFKLVVXHRUWRDQ\RWKHUDVSHFW
RIIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQ
:HEVLWH
)05DUWLFOHVFDQEHDFFHVVHGDW
ZZZIPUHYLHZRUJRUYLDWKH*OREDO,'3
3URMHFWZHEVLWHDWZZZQUFQRLGSKWP
3ULQWHGE\2;)$0RQHQYLURQPHQWDOO\
IULHQGO\SDSHU
,661 Marion Couldrey & Tim Morris, Editors
2 December 1999, 6
why! And it is with great regret that we have to announce that Dr David Turton,
Director of the Refugee Studies Centre, will be leaving in late 2000 and that the
Director’s position is now being advertised. Details are given on page 39.
Deadline for applications is 15 February.
On pages 40 and 47, the Global IDP Project (formerly the
Global IDP Survey) announces the launch of its database
and its plans for the future. Add www.idpproject.org to
your e-bookmarks now!
If you wish to access and download any articles from this
FMR (or its predecessor, the RPN), visit our website at
www.fmreview.org
Thanks to further funding by the Ford Foundation, Cairo
office, of the Arabic edition of FMR, we are currently
establishing a regional Editorial Board with a part-time Coordinator whose job it
will be to help ensure a stronger regional flavour to Nashra Al-Hijra Al-Qasriya.
And, finally, congratulations to our colleague Sharon Westlake (FMR Subscriptions
Assistant) on her recent marriage - now Mrs Sharon Ellis.
With our best wishes for 2000.
&RYHUSKRWRJUDSKBurundi, Panos Pictures/Giacomo Pirozzi
FORCED MIGRATION review
 contents Introduction: culture in exile
contents
4

‘Traditional’ culture and refugee welfare in north-west Thailand

by Sandra Dudley 5

Music and refugee lives: Afghans in eastern Iran and California

by John Baily 10

Imagining home: the reconstruction of Tibet in exile

by Clare Harris 13

The role of art in psychosocial care & protection for displaced children
by Bo Viktor Nylund, Jean Claude Legrand and Peter Holtsberg 16

Psychosocial rehabilitation of IDP children: using theatre, art,

music and sport
by Nazim Akhundov 20

Theatre for development: a dynamic tool for change

by Helen Scott-Danter 22

Hard cases: internal displacement in Turkey, Burma and Algeria

by Roberta Cohen 25

Issues of the new millennium 29

Debate

Response to issue 5’s feature on ‘Learning from Kosovo’ 35

Regular features

Conferences 38
Refugee Studies Centre news 39
Global IDP Project news 40
Update 42
Publications 44

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 3

culture in exilefeature

Introduction: culture in exile

UNICEF/HQ99-0383/Mark Thomas
7
KHQHZPLOOHQQLXPPD\LQVSLUH
KRSHDQGJRRGLQWHQWLRQVIRUWKH
IXWXUHRIRXUZRUOGEXWLWFDUULHV
ZLWKLWWKHEXUGHQRIFRQIOLFWVRIWKH
SDVWDQGWKRVHLQHYLWDEO\RIWKHIXWXUH
:HKDYHLQYLWHGDQXPEHURILQGLYLGXDOV
WRZULWHDVKRUWSLHFHIRUWKLV)05
SSKLJKOLJKWLQJRQHRUWZRLVVXHV
UHODWHGWRIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQZKLFKWKH\
EHOLHYHQHHGWREHWDFNOHGZLWKXUJHQF\
LQWKLVWKHILUVWGHFDGHRIWKHQHZPLO
OHQQLXP(DFKZULWHUXUJHVDFWLRQRQ
LVVXHVFORVHWRWKHLUKHDUWVDQGXVXDOO\
FHQWUDOWRWKHLUZRUNVRPHPHQWLRQ
GHYHORSPHQWVZKLFKJLYHWKHPKRSH
ZKLOHRWKHUVILQGOLWWOHWRVXSSRUWRSWL
PLVP7KHWRSLFVWKH\GLVFXVVDUHDOORI
PDMRUVLJQLILFDQFHWRWKRVHZRUNLQJZLWK
UHIXJHHVDQGLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGSHRSOH

Kosovan refugee children play games in Stenkovic Camp 1, FYR Macedonia

,QWKHOLJKWRIWKHVHDQGJLYHQWKHSUHV
VXUHVRQDOODJHQFLHV·UHVRXUFHVERWK
ILQDQFLDODQGVWDIILQJLWPD\VHHPWKDW
RXUSULRULWLHVZLOOQHHGWREHHYHUPRUH
WLJKWO\IRFXVHGRQWKHPRVWLPPHGLDWH
QHHGVRIGLVSODFHGSHRSOHVXFKDVVKHO
WHUIRRGDQGSURWHFWLRQ<HWWKHUHDUH
RWKHUOHVVWDQJLEOHQHHGVDWVWDNHDQGLQ
WKLV)05ZHPDNHVSDFHIRUDGLIIHUHQW
IRFXVLQYLWLQJFRQWULEXWRUVWRGLVFXVV
WKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIDUWDQGFXOWXUHIRU
GLVSODFHGFRPPXQLWLHVDQGIRUWKRVH
ZKRZRUNZLWKWKHP
)UHHGRPWRH[SUHVVRQH·VFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\
FDQEHDSRZHUIXOZD\WRPDLQWDLQD
FRPPXQLW\·VPHQWDODQGHYHQSK\VLFDO
KHDOWK)UHHGRPRIH[SUHVVLRQLVDOVRD
ULJKWDQGDVRXUODQJXDJHRIDVVLVWDQFH
PRYHVIURPQHHGVEDVHGWRULJKWVEDVHG
UHVSHFWIRUWKHHPSRZHULQJIRUPVRI
FXOWXUDOH[SUHVVLRQVKRXOGLQIRUPRXU
WKLQNLQJDQGSODQQLQJ
:KHQSHRSOHIOHHIURPWKHWKUHDWRI
GHDWKDQGWRWDOGLVSRVVHVVLRQWKHWKLQJV
DQGVWRULHVWKH\FDUU\ZLWKWKHPPD\EH
DOOWKDWUHPDLQVRIWKHLUGLVWLQFWLYHSHU
VRQKRRGWRSURYLGHIRUIXWXUHFRQWLQXLW\
6DQGUD'XGOH\ LQ¶7UDGLWLRQDOFXOWXUH
DQGUHIXJHHZHOIDUHLQQRUWKZHVW
7KDLODQG·GHVFULEHVWKHFRQFUHWHOLQNV
EHWZHHQDUHIXJHHJURXS·VXVHRIGUHVV
DQGWKHLUPHQWDODQGSK\VLFDOZHOOEHLQJ
6KHKLJKOLJKWVWKHQHHGIRUWKRVHZRUN
LQJZLWKGLVSODFHGFRPPXQLWLHVWR
GHYHORSJUHDWHUDZDUHQHVVRIDQGVHQVL
WLYLW\WRZDUGVFXOWXUDOLVVXHVLQRUGHUWR
PD[LPLVHWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHLU
DVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHV,Q¶0XVLFDQG
UHIXJHHOLYHV·-RKQ%DLO\H[DPLQHVWKH
UROHRIPXVLFLQWKHOLYHVRIWZRGLIIHU
HQWJURXSVRI$IJKDQUHIXJHHVLQ,UDQ
DQG&DOLIRUQLDIRFXVLQJRQTXHVWLRQVRI
FRPPXQLW\VROLGDULW\DQGWKHFRQWLQXLW\
RIWUDGLWLRQDOFXOWXUH &ODUH+DUULV ORRNV
DWKRZWKH7LEHWDQUHIXJHHFRPPXQLW\
GXULQJWKHODVW\HDUVKDVFRQVFLRXVO\
FRQVWUXFWHGDFRPPXQLW\LQH[LOH,Q
¶,PDJHVRIH[LOH·VKHGHVFULEHVWKHFRP
PXQLW\·VREMHFWLYHVLQUHWDLQLQJFHUWDLQ
DVSHFWVRILWVSUHH[LOHWUDGLWLRQVZKLOH
UHMHFWLQJRWKHUV
7KHQH[WWKUHHDUWLFOHVPRYHIURPWKH
TXHVWLRQRIVHOIH[SUHVVLRQE\GLVSODFHG
DUWGUDPDGDQFHDQGPXVLFLQWKH
SV\FKRORJLFDOFDUHDQGSURWHFWLRQRIGLV
SODFHGFKLOGUHQ7KHDUWLFOHGUDZVRQ
H[DPSOHVIURP.RVRYR&RORPELD6UL
/DQND$OJHULD&URDWLDDQG5ZDQGD7KLV
LVIROORZHGE\DVKRUWDUWLFOHE\1D]LP
$NKXQGRY HQWLWOHG¶3V\FKRVRFLDOUHKD
ELOLWDWLRQRI,'3FKLOGUHQ·ZKLFKIRFXVHV
PRUHFORVHO\RQXVLQJPXVLFDUWWKHDWUH
DQGVSRUWLQZRUNLQJZLWK,'3FKLOGUHQ
LQ$]HUEDLMDQ/DVWO\+HOHQ6FRWW
'DQWHULQ¶7KHDWUHIRUGHYHORSPHQWD
G\QDPLFWRROIRUFKDQJH·H[DPLQHVWKH
UROHRIWKHDWUHLQSURPRWLQJUHFRQFLOLD
WLRQDQGLQKHOSLQJSRVWFRQIOLFW
FRPPXQLWLHVLQ0R]DPELTXHDGGUHVV
WKHLUPRVWSUHVVLQJVRFLDOLVVXHV
7KLVIHDWXUHVHFWLRQDOVRLQFOXGHVDSLHFH
RQ¶&XOWXUDODFWLYLWLHVLQ$OJDKLQUHIXJHH
FDPSLQ<HPHQ·E\/LEDQ$EGLNDULP D
6RPDOLUHIXJHHLQ<HPHQDQH[WUDFW
IURP'DYLG3DUNLQ·V ZULWLQJRQ
¶0HPHQWRHV·DQGSDUWRIDSRHPE\
-RVHSK$EXN
:HQHHGWREURDGHQRXUDZDUHQHVVRI
'DYLG3DUNLQ SHRSOHWRH[DPLQLQJKRZDJHQFLHVFDQ
(QDEOLQJGLVSODFHGSHRSOHWRUHWDLQ´DOO
WKDWUHPDLQVRIWKHLUGLVWLQFWLYHSHUVRQ
KRRGµPD\EHYLWDOIRUWKHLUIXWXUHIRU
WKHLUKHDOWKIRUKROGLQJWKHPWRJHWKHU
DVDFRPPXQLW\DQGIRUPDLQWDLQLQJRU
UHVWRULQJWKHLUGLJQLW\DIWHUWKHWUDXPD
RIH[LOH7KHILUVWWKUHHDUWLFOHVIRFXVRQ
WKLVDVSHFW
4 December 1999, 6
XVHHOHPHQWVRIDUWDQGFXOWXUHWR
LPSURYHWKHKHDOWKDQGZHOOEHLQJRIGLV
SODFHGLQGLYLGXDOVDQGFRPPXQLWLHV
,Q¶7KHUROHRIDUWLQSV\FKRVRFLDOFDUH
DQGSURWHFWLRQIRUGLVSODFHGFKLOGUHQ·
%R9LNWRU1\OXQG-HDQ&ODXGH/HJUDQG
DQG3HWHU+ROWVEHUJ RI81,&()DQDO\VH
HOHPHQWVRI81,&()·VSURJUDPPHVXVLQJ
ZKDWLVLPSRUWDQWIRUGLVSODFHGSHRSOH
DURXQGWKHZRUOG9LWDOWKRXJKLWLVWR
HUHFWVKHOWHUVIHHGIDPLOLHVEXLOGFOLQLFV
DQGSUHYHQWDEXVHVWKHFRQWLQXDWLRQRI
GLVSODFHGFRPPXQLWLHV·FXOWXUHLQLWV
PDQ\IRUPVLVDOVRHVVHQWLDODQGVKRXOG
EHLQH[WULFDEO\OLQNHGWRWKHSURYLVLRQRI
PRUHWDQJLEOHIRUPVRIDVVLVWDQFH
7KH(GLWRUV
FORCED MIGRATION review
 culture in exilefeature

‘Traditional’ culture and refugee

welfare in north-west Thailand
by Sandra Dudley

The effects of displacement on culture can have SHRSOHZKRDOORULJLQDWHLQ.DUHQQL6WDWH

EXWGLIIHUPDUNHGO\IURPHDFKRWKHU
significant impacts on the psychological and ¶.DUHQQL·LWVHOILVDQXPEUHOODWHUP
XQGHUZKLFKDQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQW
physical welfare of individual refugees and on HWKQROLQJXLVWLFDOO\VHOIGHILQHGJURXSV
JDWKHU0RVWRULJLQDWHLQ.DUHQQL6WDWH
the social dynamics within a refugee population. EXWRWKHUZLVHVKRZJUHDWGLYHUVLW\LQ

<
HWUHIXJHHVDQGUHOLHIDJHQFLHV
DOLNHRIWHQXQGHUHVWLPDWHRUIHHO
WRRRYHUZRUNHGWRLQFRUSRUDWHWKH
LPSRUWDQFHRIFXOWXUDOIDFWRUVLQDVVLV
WDQFHSURJUDPPHV3RWHQWLDOFXOWXUDO
HWKQLFLW\DQGODQJXDJHVRFLRHFRQRPLF
FRQGXFWHGLQDQGZLWK
DQGHGXFDWLRQDOEDFNJURXQGVUHOLJLRQ
.DUHQQLUHIXJHHVOLYLQJLQFDPSVRQWKH
SROLWLFDODZDUHQHVVDQGWKHH[SHULHQFH
%XUPHVHERUGHULQ7KDLODQG·VQRUWK
RIGLVSODFHPHQWLWVHOI'LVSODFHPHQWKDV
ZHVWHUQSURYLQFHRI0DH+RQJ6RQ
QRWRQO\EURXJKWJUHDWHUFRQWDFWZLWK
.DUHQQLSHRSOHKDYHEHHQIOHHLQJIURP
QRQ.DUHQQLRXWVLGHUVDQGWKHZLGHU
FRQIOLFWVEHWZHHQ UHIXJHHFRPPXQLWLHV
KRVWFRPPXQLWLHVDQGUHOLHIDJHQFLHVDUH
RIFRXUVHLPSRUWDQW/HVVRIWHQUHFRJ
QLVHGKRZHYHULVWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI
FXOWXUDOYDULDWLRQDQGWHQVLRQZLWKLQ WKH
UHIXJHHFRPPXQLW\
7KLVDUWLFOHDUJXHVWKDWLIUHOLHIDJHQFLHV
GHYHORSDJUHDWHUDZDUHQHVVRIFXOWXUDO
SDWWHUQVDQGSRWHQWLDOFXOWXUDOFRQIOLFW
ZLWKLQDVZHOODVEHWZHHQFRPPXQLWLHV
WKHLUDVVLVWDQFHSURJUDPPHVPD\EH
PRUHHIIHFWLYHO\DQGDSSURSULDWHO\
GHVLJQHGDQGLPSOHPHQWHG7KHFDVH
VWXG\GLVFXVVHGKHUHIRFXVHVRQWKH
SHUVSHFWLYHRIRQHJURXSZLWKLQD
UHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQ7KHUHLVQRWVSDFH
WRH[SORUHIXOO\WKHSHUVSHFWLYHVRIRWKHU
PHPEHUVRIWKDWUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQRU
RIWKHUHOLHIDJHQF\H[FHSWZKHUHWKH\
LPSDFWXSRQWKHUHIXJHHVFRQFHUQHG0\
DLPKRZHYHULVQRWSULPDULO\WRFULWLFLVH
WKH1*2EXWUDWKHUWRKLJKOLJKWWKH
H[SHULHQFHRIRQHJURXSRIUHIXJHHV
7KLVLVQRWDQHYDOXDWLRQRIRQHVLWXD
WLRQEXWDGHVFULSWLRQRIDSURFHVV ,WLV
SDUWO\DFDVHVWXG\RIWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRI
FXOWXUDOIDFWRUVLQWKHUHIXJHHH[SHUL
HQFHDQGSDUWO\DQDWWHPSWWRDGGUHVV
DQLQHTXDOLW\LQWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFKGLI
IHUHQWSHUVSHFWLYHVWKRVHRIGLIIHUHQW
VHFWRUVZLWKLQDUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQDQG
.DUHQQL.D\DK6WDWHLQHDVWHUQ%XUPD
DQGVHHNLQJUHIXJHRQWKH7KDLVLGHRI
WKHERUGHUIRUVRPH\HDUVWKHILUVWVLJ
QLILFDQWQXPEHUVDUULYLQJLQ7KH
PDLQ1*2ZRUNLQJZLWKWKH.DUHQQLLVD
PHGLFDODJHQF\UHVSRQVLEOHDPRQJ
RWKHUWKLQJVIRUWKHWUDLQLQJRIVWDIIIRU
FDPSFOLQLFV
,QHDUO\WKHWRWDO.DUHQQLUHIXJHH
SRSXODWLRQZDVDERXW%\WKHHQG
RILWKDGGRXEOHGWR,WQRZ
VWDQGVDWRYHU 7KHGUDPDWLF
LQFUHDVHEHWZHHQDQGUHVXOW
HGIURPWKHDUULYDORIQHZUHIXJHHVLQ
RQHRIWKH.DUHQQLFDPSVLQDQGDIWHU
-XQHEHFDXVHRI¶YLOODJHUHORFD
WLRQV·LQVLGH.DUHQQL6WDWHHQIRUFHGE\
WKH%XUPHVHDUP\IURP0D\
RQZDUGV&RQGLWLRQVLQWKLVFDPSGHWHUL
RUDWHGUDSLGO\DQGJUHDWGHPDQGVZHUH
SODFHGXSRQVSDFHRQH[LVWLQJUHVLGHQWV
DQGWKH&DPS&RPPLWWHHRQ1*2VWDII
DQGRQ.DUHQQLPHGLFV1HZUHIXJHHV
ZHUHDUULYLQJLQSRRUSK\VLFDOVWDWHVDV
DUHVXOWRIZKLFKG\VHQWHU\DQGPDODULD
PRUELGLW\DQGPRUWDOLW\UDWHVZLWKLQWKH
FDPSPDUNHGO\LQFUHDVHG%\ODWH
FRQGLWLRQVKDGVWDELOLVHGEXWWRGDWH
VPDOOHUQXPEHUVRISHRSOHVRPHRI
ZKRPKDYHEHHQLQKLGLQJLQWKHMXQJOH
IRURYHUWZR\HDUVKDYHFRQWLQXHGWR
ZRUOGEXWKDVDOVRWKURZQWRJHWKHU
GLYHUVHJURXSVZKRSUHYLRXVO\KDGOHVV
FRQWDFWZLWKDQGLQIOXHQFHXSRQHDFK
RWKHU&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHHIIHFWVRIVRPH
.DUHQQLJURXSVXSRQRWKHUVDUHVRPH
WLPHVJUHDWHUWKDQWKHHIIHFWVRIDQ\
VLQJOHRXWVLGHIRUFH
7KHUHFHQWSRVWDUULYDOVDUHHWKQL
FDOO\.D\DKWKHPDMRULW\.DUHQQLHWKQLF
JURXS7KHPDMRULW\RIWKHSUHH[LVWLQJ
UHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQVLQWZRRIWKHWKUHH
PDLQ.DUHQQLUHIXJHHFDPSVDUHDOVR
HWKQLFDOO\.D\DK7KHUHDUHKRZHYHU
VRPHLPSRUWDQWGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ
WKHVHJURXSV
8QOLNHPDQ\RIWKHSUHH[LVWLQJUHIXJHH
SRSXODWLRQPRVWUHFHQWDUULYDOVFDQQRW
VSHDN%XUPHVHDQGLQWKHLUYLOODJHVKDG
QRDFFHVVWRKHDOWKFOLQLFVRUVFKRROV
%HIRUHFURVVLQJWKHERUGHUPRVWKDG
DSSDUHQWO\UDUHO\LIHYHUVHHQPRWRU
YHKLFOHVRUIRUHLJQHUV7KHLUYLOODJHVDUH
UHPRWHSHUPDQHQWKLOOVHWWOHPHQWVVXV
WDLQHGE\VXEVLVWHQFHDJULFXOWXUH0RVW
KDYHQRWFRQYHUWHGWR&KULVWLDQLW\DQG
LQVWHDGIROORZWUDGLWLRQDO.D\DKUHOLJLRQ
DQGFXUDWLYHSUDFWLFHV9LOODJHEDVHG
VSKHUHVRIDFWLYLW\DQGFRQWDFWDUHVPDOO
DQGWUDYHOWRORFDOWRZQVDQGPDUNHWVLV
WKRVHRIUHOLHIDJHQFLHVJHWDLUHG DUULYH LQIUHTXHQW7UDYHOIDUWKHUDILHOGLVUDUH
LQGHHG8QOLNHWKHORQJHUVWD\LQJ
Background Diversity within the refugee UHIXJHHVWKH\DOVRZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQ
community RIVRPHPHQKDYHOLWWOHFRQFHSWLRQRI
7KLVDUWLFOHLVEDVHGRQDQWKURSRORJLFDO
WKHSDQ.DUHQQLQDWLRQDOLVPEHKLQGWKH
ILHOGUHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGE\WKHDXWKRU
([SHULHQFHVDWWKHKDQGVRIWKH%XUPHVH RQJRLQJFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQWKH.DUHQQL
DWWKHUHTXHVWRIWKH1*2FRQFHUQHG
DUP\DQGVXEVHTXHQWGLVSODFHPHQWWR DQG%XUPHVHDUPLHV)XUWKHUPRUHPDQ\
GXULQJWKHFRXUVHRIZLGHUILHOGUHVHDUFK
UHIXJHHFDPSVKDYHWKURZQWRJHWKHU ZRPHQLQSDUWLFXODUKDGQRWSUHYLRXVO\

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 5

 culture in exilefeature
VHHQRWKHU.D\DKZRPHQVXFKDVWKRVH
DPRQJWKHORQJHUVWD\LQJUHIXJHHVZKR
GRQRWGUHVVDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\DVWKH\GR
The importance of culture:
traditional Kayah female dress
,QWKHLURZQH\HVDVZHOODVLQWKRVHRI
WKHPRVWO\&KULVWLDQSUHH[LVWLQJ
UHIXJHHVWKHVHUHFHQWDUULYDOVDUH¶WUDGL
WLRQDO·.D\DKZKR¶FRQWLQXHWRGRDVRXU
JUDQGPRWKHUVDQGJUDQGIDWKHUVGLG·
ZKLOHWKHLUHWKQLFFRXVLQVDSSDUHQWO\GR
QRW)RULQVLGHUVDQGRXWVLGHUVDOLNHWKH
PRVWREYLRXVHPEOHPRIWKLV¶WUDGLWLRQ
DO·LGHQWLW\LVZRPHQ·VFORWKLQJ
$OPRVWDOOSUHH[LVWLQJ.DUHQQLUHIXJHH
ZRPHQHWKQLFDOO\.D\DKRURWKHUZLVH
YDULRXVRUQDPHQWVLQFOXGLQJVLOYHUHDU
SOXJVDQGPDQ\ULQJVDURXQGWKHNQHHV
7KHVNLUWDQGKHDGFORWKVDUHDOZD\V
KRPHPDGHXVLQJKRPHJURZQQDWXUDO
O\G\HGKRPHVSXQFRWWRQ
$WUDGLWLRQDO.D\DKZRPDQVHHVWKLV
GUHVVDVDQH[WHQVLRQRIKHUVHOIPDUNLQJ
KHUQRWRQO\DV.D\DKEXWDOVRDVD
ZRPDQRIFHUWDLQDJHDQGPDULWDOVWDWXV
,WLVDOVRDVRXUFHRISULGHDQGPDUNHURI
LGHQWLW\IRUDOOWUDGLWLRQDO.D\DKPDOH
DQGIHPDOH+RZHYHUWKHFLUFXPVWDQFHV
LQZKLFKWKH\KDGWROHDYHKRPHPHDQW
WKDWIHZZRPHQFRXOGEULQJZLWKWKHP
VSDUHFORWKHVDQGRUFRWWRQZLWKZKLFK
WRPDNHPRUH7KH\KDGRQO\WKHFORWKHV
WKH\ZRUHDQGLIWKRVHFORWKHVEHFDPH
WRRZRUQRUGLUW\RQFHLQWKHFDPSWKH
7KHVHDQ[LHWLHVZHUHUHDOHQRXJKEXW
WKH\ZHUHDOVRGXHWRGUHVVEHFRPLQJD
IRFXVIRUZLGHUVWUHVVHVUHVXOWLQJIURP
GLVSODFHPHQW,QSDUWWKLVZDVEHFDXVH
WKHSURGXFWLRQRIWUDGLWLRQDOWH[WLOHVLV
DVLPSRUWDQWDVWKHWH[WLOHVWKHPVHOYHV
WKHSURFHVVRIZHDYLQJOLNHWKHSURFHVV
RIIDUPLQJLVDVLPSRUWDQWWRWKH
LQWHJULW\RI.D\DKFXOWXUHDVDUHLWVHQG
SURGXFWV6XGGHQO\EHLQJXQDEOHHLWKHU
WRZHDYHRUIDUPZDVDVWUHVVIXOH[SHUL
HQFHWKDWH[DFHUEDWHGWKHWUDXPDRI
YLROHQWGLVSODFHPHQWLWVHOI
Inter-community dynamics:
impacts of host communities
and relief agencies
7KHPDMRULW\VWLOOZHDUWUDGLWLRQDOGUHVV
ZHDUDVDURQJUHDFKLQJWRPLGFDOIDQG
7VKLUWRUWUDGLWLRQDOWXQLF,WLVFRQVLG
HUHGLPSURSHUDQGXQIHPLQLQHWRVKRZ
DQ\OHJDERYHPLGFDOIRUWRVKRZWKH
RQO\DOWHUQDWLYHZDVWRVWDUWZHDULQJWKH
EXWWKHUHKDYHEHHQQXPHURXVFDVHVRI
XELTXLWRXVVDURQJDQG7VKLUW
ZRPHQDEDQGRQLQJLWDQGVLQFHWKH
UDWHRIFKDQJHKDVLQFUHDVHG:RPHQ
7RFKDQJHGUHVVLQWKLVZD\KRZHYHULV
FRQFHUQHGIHHOWKH\KDGQRUHDOFKRLFHLQ
FKHVWDUHDH[FHSWZKHQEUHDVWIHHGLQJ
%\FRQWUDVWDOOUHFHQWO\DUULYHG.D\DK
ZRPHQZHDURUZRUHRQDUULYDODVKRUW
VNLUWFORWKH[SRVLQJNQHHVDQGORZHU
WKLJKVDEUHDVWFORWKH[SRVLQJWKHEDFN
DQGRIWHQRQHEUHDVWDKHDGFORWKDQG
GLVWUHVVLQJ%RWKPDOHDQGIHPDOHUHFHQW
WKHPDWWHUDQGLQYDULDEO\DUHXQKDSS\LQ
DUULYDOVWKLQNWUDGLWLRQDOO\GUHVVHG
WKHLUQHZVDURQJDQG7VKLUW2WKHUV·
ZRPHQYHU\EHDXWLIXO0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\
DWWLWXGHVDOVRSOD\DQLPSRUWDQWSDUW
LPPHGLDWHO\RQDUULYDOWUDGLWLRQDOGUHVV
)RUH[DPSOHVRPHZRPHQFKDQJHGDIWHU
DQREYLRXVPDUNHURIGLIIHUHQFHLQDVLW
LOOQHVVDQGVXEVHTXHQWUHIHUUDOWR0DH
XDWLRQRIVXGGHQH[SRVXUHWRSHRSOH
+RQJ6RQKRVSLWDO6RPHWLPHVWKHUH
ZKRGRQRW
ZHUHSUDFWLFDOUHDVRQVVXFKDVLOOQHVV
ORRNRUDFW
FDXVLQJZHLJKWORVVDQGOHJULQJVFRQVH
VLPLODUO\ZDV
TXHQWO\IDOOLQJRIILIDSDUWRIWUDGLWLRQDO
WKHRQO\YLVLEOH
GUHVVLVUHPRYHGHYHQXQLQWHQWLRQDOO\
HYLGHQFHRI
DVKHUHWKHUHVWLVDOVRUHPRYHGEXW
ZKDWDQGZKR
PRUHGLVWXUELQJZHUHFODLPVWKDW¶GRF
WKH\ZHUHDQG
WRUVLQWKHKRVSLWDOGRQ·WOLNHRXU
KDGEHHQ$OO
FORWKHV·&HUWDLQO\WKHODFNRIDGHTXDWH
QHZDUULYDOV
EUHDVWFRYHUDJHRIIHQGHG7KDLFXOWXUDO
RIHLWKHUVH[
QRUPVDQGFRQWULEXWHGWRLOOIHHOLQJ
DQGZKDWHYHU
DJHKRSHG
ZRPHQZRXOG 6XFKDWWLWXGHVZHUHGLIILFXOWIRUQHZ
EHDEOHWRFRQ DUULYDOVWRFRPSUHKHQG:RPHQIHOWFRQ
WLQXHZHDULQJ IXVHGDQGXQKDSS\XQFHUWDLQRIZKDW
WUDGLWLRQDO ZDVZURQJ7KHPHGLFDO1*2ZKLOHLW
FORWKHVEXW FHUWDLQO\GLGQRWDFWLYHO\SHUSHWXDWHQHJ
ZHUHZRUULHG DWLYHDWWLWXGHVQHLWKHUIXOO\UHDOLVHG
WKLVZRXOG WKHLULPSDFWQRUDFWLYHO\VRXJKWWRFRQ
EHFRPHLPSRV WUDGLFWWKHP
VLEOHLQWKH
FDPSZLWKRXW ,QGHHGLQWU\LQJWRDGGUHVVWKHFRQIOLFW
FRWWRQDQG EHWZHHQWUDGLWLRQDO.D\DKDQG7KDL
ZLWKRXWPRQH\ LGHDVRIGHFHQF\WKH1*2LQDGYHUWHQWO\
WREX\LW,Q H[DFHUEDWHGWKHZRPHQ·VFRQIXVLRQ
HVSHFLDO 5DWKHUWKDQWU\LQJWRGLVFXVVWKHPDWWHU
O\WKHLQDELOLW\ ZLWKWKHZRPHQDQGZLWK7KDLKRVSLWDO
RIZRPHQWR VWDIIWKH\ZHUHFRPSOLFLWLQDSURFHVV
FRQWLQXHSUR ZKHUHE\LWZDVVXJJHVWHGWRZRPHQ
GXFLQJWH[WLOH EHLQJUHIHUUHGWRKRVSLWDOWKDWIRUWKHLU
LWHPVLQWKH RZQVDNHLWZRXOGEHHDVLHULIWKH\ZHUH
WRFKDQJHWKHLUGUHVVEHIRUHOHDYLQJWKH
Sandra Dudley/Richard

FDPSGLUHFWO\
FDXVHGPXFK FDPS7KLVSURFHVVZDVLQLWLDWHGE\
JURXSDQGSHU FDPSFOLQLFVWDIIWKHPVHOYHVPHPEHUV
VRQDOGLVWUHVV RIWKHORQJHUVWD\LQJOHVVWUDGLWLRQDO

6 December 1999, 6 FORCED MIGRATION review


UHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQWKDWLV1*2VWDII
GLGQRWSHUVRQDOO\VXJJHVWFKDQJLQJ
FORWKHVEXWQHYHUWKHOHVVGLGQRWHQJDJH
ZLWKWKHFOLQLFVWDII·VVXJJHVWLRQV
$WWKDWWLPHWKH1*2ZDVYLVLWLQJWKH
FDPSGDLO\DQGGULYLQJVLFNZRPHQDQG
WXUHV,WDSSHDUHGWRWKHQHZDUULYDOVWKDW
WKH1*2GLGQRWIXOO\DSSUHFLDWHHLWKHU
WKHFXOWXUDOVLJQLILFDQFHRIWUDGLWLRQDO
GUHVVDQGZHDYLQJRUWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRI
QHZDUULYDOV·UHOLDQFHRQWKHLURZQGLV
WLQFWFRPPXQLW\VWUXFWXUHV:KLOHWKH
1*2GLGQRWFRQGXFWDQHYDOXDWLRQRI
culture in exilefeature
Conclusions
5HOLHIDJHQFLHVSOD\DVLJQLILFDQWSDUWLQ
VXFKVLWXDWLRQV,WLVWRWKHFUHGLWRIWKH
DJHQF\FRQFHUQHGKHUHWKDWWKH\
UHTXHVWHGWKHDVVLVWDQFHRIDQDQWKUR
SRORJLVWLQXQGHUVWDQGLQJPRUHDERXW
RWKHUVWRKRVSLWDO0RVWRIWKRVHZRPHQ
ZHUHLQGLVWUHVVHGVWDWHVQRWRQO\
EHFDXVHRIWKHLULOOQHVVHVDQGUHFHQW
H[SHULHQFHVRIYLROHQFHDQGGLVSODFH
PHQWEXWDOVREHFDXVHIRUWKHILUVWWLPH
WKH\IRXQGWKHPVHOYHVLQERWKDPRWRU
YHKLFOHDQGDQHZVRUWRIGUHVVWKH
VDURQJRIZKLFKWKH\IRXQGGLIILFXOWWR
WKLVSURMHFWYHUVXVQRSURMHFWVLWXDWLRQ
LQIRUPDOO\WKH\ODWHUDSSHDUHGWRVKDUH
WKLVFRQFOXVLRQ
Intra-community dynamics:
attitudes of other refugees
,PSDFWVRQFXOWXUHHTXDOWRRUJUHDWHU
WKHQHZDUULYDOV)XUWKHUPRUHVXEVH
TXHQWWRP\UHVHDUFKWKH1*2GLG
DWWHPSWWRDGGUHVVFOLQLFVWDII·VDWWL
WXGHV1RQHWKHOHVVZKLOHWKHDJHQF\ZDV
FHUWDLQO\QRWWREODPHIRUDOOWKHFORWKLQJ
DVVRFLDWHGWHQVLRQVVRPHRILWVDFWLRQV
H[DFHUEDWHGWKHVLWXDWLRQ,WFRXOGDOVR
KDYHHQJDJHGPRUHH[WHQVLYHO\ZLWKWKH
NHHSXS)XUWKHUPRUHSDUHQWVUHSRUWHG
WKDWZKHQFKLOGUHQZHUHLOOHQRXJKWR
UHTXLUHKRVSLWDOUHIHUUDOERWK1*2VWDII
DQGUHIXJHHFOLQLFZRUNHUVDGYLVHGWKDW
LWZRXOGEHHDVLHUIRUWKHIDWKHUWR
DFFRPSDQ\WKHP6XFKDGYLFHZDVJHDUHG
WRZDUGVPLQLPLVLQJRIIHQFHWRWKHKRVW
FRPPXQLW\7KLVZDVXQGHUVWDQGDEOHDQG
H[SHGLHQWEXWLWKDGOHVVLPSDFWLQHDVLQJ
WKHVLWXDWLRQRIQHZO\DUULYHGUHIXJHHV
$OVRSUREOHPDWLFZDVDODWHUZHDYLQJ
SURMHFW,QJLYHQWKHFXOWXUDO
LPSRUWDQFHRIWUDGLWLRQDOIHPDOHGUHVV
DQGWKHDQ[LHW\FDXVHGE\ZRPHQ·V
LQDELOLW\WRFRQWLQXHSURGXFLQJLW,
UHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWKHUHOLHIDJHQF\FRQ
VLGHUIDFLOLWDWLQJDUHIXJHHUXQZHDYLQJ
SURMHFWDPRQJWKHUHFHQW.D\DKDUULYDOV
WKDQWKRVHRIWKHUHOLHIDJHQF\DQGWKH QHZDUULYDOVWKDQLWGLG7KHVLWXDWLRQDW
KRVWFRPPXQLW\ZHUHDOVRJHQHUDWHG WKHORFDOKRVSLWDOIRUH[DPSOHDQGWKH
ZLWKLQWKHUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQLWVHOI DWWLWXGHVRIUHIXJHHFOLQLFVWDIIPLJKW
7KHSUHH[LVWLQJOHVVWUDGLWLRQDOUHIXJHH KDYHEHHQVLJQLILFDQWO\DOWHUHGE\D
FRPPXQLW\·VDWWLWXGHVWRWKHQHZ VWUDWHJ\RIGLVFXVVLQJLVVXHVRIFXOWXUDO
DUULYDOVZHUHFRQWLQXDOO\UHLQIRUFHGE\ GLIIHUHQFHDQGSHUKDSVE\IDFLOLWDWLQJDQ
WUDGLWLRQDOIHPDOHGUHVV0RVWKDGVHHQ DZDUHQHVVEXLOGLQJSURJUDPPHRIGLV
WUDGLWLRQDOO\GUHVVHG.D\DKZRPHQ FXUVLYHFRQWDFWEHWZHHQQHZDQGROG
EHIRUHEXWQRWLQVXFKODUJHQXPEHUV UHIXJHHV
)RUOHVVWUDGLWLRQDOUHIXJHHV
WKLVGUHVVVPDFNHGRIEDFN
ZDUGQHVVODFNRIHGXFDWLRQ cultural differences within a
DQGDQXQ&KULVWLDQLPPRG
HVW\/RQJHUVWD\HUV·WDON refugee population can
DERXWWKHQHZDUULYDOV
IRFXVHGRQWKHLPSURSULHW\RI cause distress
WUDGLWLRQDOGUHVVDQGRQZKDW
WKH\VXSSRVHGZDVWKHQHZ
UHIXJHHV·LJQRUDQFHRIEDVLFK\JLHQH ,QHVVHQFHWKHUHZDVLQVXIILFLHQW
6XFKWDONEHFDPHSUREOHPDWLFDVLWILO DOORZDQFHIRULWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIFXO
7KH1*2VXEVHTXHQWO\GLGLQGHHGIDFLOL
WHUHGWKURXJKWRLQWHUDFWLRQVEHWZHHQWKH WXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVZLWKLQWKHUHIXJHH
WDWHDZHDYLQJSURMHFWEXWDPRQJ
WZRJURXSV FRPPXQLW\DQGLLWKHLPSRUWDQFHRI
PHPEHUVRIWKHORQJHUVWD\LQJFRPPX
FXOWXUHQRWRQO\LQWKHSUHGLVSODFHPHQW
QLW\LQDQRWKHUFDPS
,QWHUDFWLRQVZLWKUHIXJHHFOLQLFVWDII SDVWEXWDOVRLQWKHQHZUHIXJHHV·H[SH
PHPEHUVRIWKHORQJHUVWD\LQJFRPPX ULHQFHVRIDUULYDOLQDUHIXJHHFDPSDQG
:KLOHWKLVZDVQRWQHFHVVDULO\DGHOLEHU
QLW\UHODWLYHO\ZHOOHGXFDWHGDQGDOPRVW DVVRFLDWHGFRQWDFWVZLWKQRQWUDGLWLRQDO
DWHGHFLVLRQGLUHFWO\WRVXEVWLWXWHD
DOO&KULVWLDQZHUHSDUWLFXODUO\LQIOXHQ .DUHQQL7KDLVDQGH[SDWULDWHUHOLHI
SURMHFWDPRQJORQJHUVWD\HUVIRURQH
WLDO(YHQWKHVPDOOHVWUHPDUNRU
DPRQJQHZDUULYDOVDQGIURPWKH1*2·V
XQLQWHQWLRQDOKLQWRIGLVDSSURYDOIURP
SHUVSHFWLYHWKHUHPD\KDYHVHHPHGQR
WKHVHLQGLYLGXDOVFRXOGEHSLFNHGXSE\
ZRUNHUV7KHUHZDVDQGLVVORZQHVVWR
H[SORUHVRFLDOVWUXFWXUHVZLWKLQWKHQHZ
UHIXJHHFRPPXQLW\RUDWOHDVWWRHQJDJH
FRQQHFWLRQLWZDVQRQHWKHOHVVWKXV
QHZUHIXJHHVDOUHDG\LQDIUDJLOHVWDWH ZLWKWKHPWRWKHVDPHGHJUHHDVWKHSUH
LQWHUSUHWHGE\DQGGLVWUHVVLQJIRUUHFHQW
DQGFDXVHGLVWUHVV7KHSRZHURIWKHVH H[LVWLQJSRSXODWLRQLQWKHGHVLJQDQG
DUULYDOVSDUWLFXODUO\DVWKH\KDGGLV
LQGLYLGXDOVLQDGYHUWHQWO\WRFDXVHGLV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIUHOLHISURJUDPPHV
FXVVHGDSRVVLEOHZHDYLQJSURMHFWRIWKHLU
WUHVVZDVQRWVXUSULVLQJJLYHQWKHLU 7KHHIIHFWRIWKLVZDVH[DFHUEDWHGE\LWV
RZQZLWK1*2VWDIIDQGP\VHOI:KLOHQR
HOHYDWHGUROHDVWHDFKHUVDQGVSHFLDOLVWV FRQWUDVWZLWKLWKHUHOLHIDJHQF\·VORQJ
SURPLVHVKDGEHHQPDGHWRQHZDUULYDOV
ZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\ VWDQGLQJJRRGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIDQG
WKH\IHOWWKH\KDGEHHQSDVVHGRYHUDQG
HQJDJHPHQWZLWKORQJHUVWD\LQJUHIXJHHV
OHWGRZQ7KHSURMHFWWKDWGLGJHWVHWXS
0RVWVLJQLILFDQWO\IURPWKHSHUVSHFWLYH DQGLLDQXQGHUVWDQGDEOHFRQFHUQQRW
ZDVFHUWDLQO\XQFRPSOLFDWHGWRGHVLJQ
RIUHOLHIDJHQFLHVWKHVHQHJDWLYHUHIXJHH WRRIIHQGWKHKRVWFRPPXQLW\DQGWKXV
DQGLPSOHPHQWDV1*2VWDIIDOUHDG\KDG
UHIXJHHLQWHUDFWLRQVDOVRGHPRQVWUDWHG FRPSURPLVHZRUNLQJUHODWLRQVKLSV
UHDVRQDEOHNQRZOHGJHRIDQGFRQWDFWV
RQHZD\LQZKLFKDSSURDFKHVWRFXOWXUDO GHYHORSHGRYHUDORQJSHULRG
ZLWKLQORQJHUVWD\LQJUHIXJHHFRPPXQLW\
VWUXFWXUHV,WZRXOGKDYHEHHQPRUH IDFWRUVFDQDIIHFWWKHVXFFHVVRIZHOIDUH
SURJUDPPHV7KH\RXQJZRPDQZKRVH $PRQJWKHORQJHUVWD\LQJUHIXJHHFRP
SUREOHPDWLFIRUWKH1*2WRGHVLJQD
EDE\ZDVDFXWHO\LOOZLWKG\VHQWHU\EXW PXQLW\WKHDJHQF\ZRUNVFORVHO\ZLWK
ZHDYLQJSURMHFWLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWK
ZKRWHDUIXOO\UHIXVHGWRUHWXUQWRWKH WKRVHLQNH\SRVLWLRQVVXFKLQGLYLGXDOV
UHFHQWDUULYDOVJLYHQLQVXIILFLHQWNQRZO
FOLQLFEHFDXVHLWVUHIXJHHVWDIIKDGWROG DUHDOZD\VLQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHLUFRP
HGJHRIWKHQHZUHIXJHHV·FRPPXQLW\
KHULWZDVKHURZQIDXOWIRUEHLQJGLUW\ PXQLW\KLJKO\UHVSHFWHGUHODWLYHO\
VWUXFWXUHVDQGFRQVHTXHQWGLIILFXOWLHVLQ
ZDVDSDUWLFXODUO\SRLJQDQWH[DPSOHRI ZHOOHGXFDWHGDQGXVXDOO\&KULVWLDQ
GHYHORSLQJJRRGZRUNLQJUHODWLRQVKLSV
WKHQHJDWLYHLPSDFWRILQVHQVLWLYLW\ 7KHLULQIOXHQFHZRXOGLQDQ\HYHQWKDYH
ZLWKNH\LQGLYLGXDOVZLWKLQWKRVHVWUXF

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 7

culture in exilefeature

UNHCR/26018/01.1996/HJ Davies
EHHQVLJQLILFDQWEXWLWZDVIXUWKHU
VWUHQJWKHQHGDQGSHUSHWXDWHGE\WKH
DJHQF\·VUHOLDQFHRQWKHPWRDFWDV
JREHWZHHQVDQGE\WKHDJHQF\QRW
IXOO\DFNQRZOHGJLQJWKHSRWHQWLDO
LPSDFWRIORQJHUVWD\HUV·QHJDWLYH
DWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVWKHQHZDUULYDOV
+HUHDVLQWKHDJHQF\·VFRQFHUQWKDW
WKH7KDLKRVWFRPPXQLW\VKRXOGQRW
EHRIIHQGHGWKHDJHQF\DQGLWVSDUW
QHUVZHUHHIIHFWLYHO\VHQVLWLYHWRHDFK
RWKHUDWWKHH[SHQVH²DOEHLWXQLQWHQ
WLRQDORIWKHOHVVZHOOXQGHUVWRRG
QHZDUULYDOV

&HUWDLQO\DJHQFLHVKDYHWRWDNHLQWR
DFFRXQWSROLWLFDODQGSUDFWLFDOFRQVLG
HUDWLRQVDVZHOODVFXOWXUDORQHVEXW
WKH\DUHDOVRRIWHQLQDSRVLWLRQWR
IDFLOLWDWHPXWXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJERWK
EHWZHHQPHPEHUVRIWKHUHIXJHHDQG
KRVWFRPPXQLWLHVZLWKZKRPWKH\
ZRUNFORVHO\DQGZLWKLQFRPSOH[
UHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQV)XUWKHUPRUHLQ
H[DPSOHVVXFKDVWKHRQHSUHVHQWHG
KHUHIRUQHZDULYDOVDQGRWKHUUHOD
WLYHO\YXOQHUDEOHVHFWRUVRIWKH
UHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQ¶FXOWXUH·LVRIWHQ
RIPRUHLPPHGLDWHFRQFHUQWKDQ
SROLWLFDODVSHFWVRIUHIXJHHDJHQF\
KRVWUHODWLRQVKLSV5HIXJHH
SRSXODWLRQVDUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\
KRPRJHQRXVLQHLWKHUFXOWXUHRU
QHHGVDQGFXOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVZLWKLQ
DUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQFDQFDXVHGLV
WUHVVDVPXFKDVFDQGLIIHUHQFHV
EHWZHHQLWDQGWKHKRVWFRPPXQLW\
DQGUHOLHIZRUNHUV,QFRPSOH[SRSX
ODWLRQVHVSHFLDOO\²DVKHUHZKHUH
SRZHULQIOXHQFHDQGPXWXDOUHIXJHH
1*2XQGHUVWDQGLQJDUHQRWHTXDOO\
GLVWULEXWHGLWLVQRWVXIILFLHQWWRUHO\
RQJRRGZRUNLQJUHODWLRQVKLSVZLWK
UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIRQO\VRPHVHFWRUV
RIWKHSRSXODWLRQ

,QVXPFXOWXUDOHOHPHQWVVXFKDV
ZRPHQ·VFORWKLQJPD\VHHPRQWKH
VXUIDFHWDQJHQWLDOWRWKHVWDUNUHDOLW\
RIEHLQJDUHIXJHHEXWLQIDFWWKH\DUH
LQWHJUDOWRLWDQGWRDVVRFLDWHGZHOIDUH
LVVXHV$VVXFKWKH\VKRXOGKDYHVLJQLIL
FDQWLQIOXHQFHRQWKHGHVLJQDQG
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIUHOLHISURJUDPPHV
6DQGUD'XGOH\LVFRPSOHWLQJKHU
'3KLOLQ6RFLDO$QWKURSRORJ\DW
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\
(PDLOVGXGOH\#MHVXVR[DFXN
3DUWVRIWKLVSDSHUILUVWDSSHDUHGLQ6'XGOH\
¶5HFHQWDUULYDOVLQ.DUHQQL&DPSDQHWKQRJUDSKLF
UHSRUW·DQXQSXEOLVKHGUHSRUWSUHSDUHGIRU
,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HVFXH&RPPLWWHHLQ7KDLODQGDQGLQ
6'XGOH\¶$VSHFWVRIUHVHDUFKZLWK.DUHQQL
UHIXJHHVLQ7KDLODQG·%XOOHWLQRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&RPPLWWHHRQ8UJHQW$QWKURSRORJLFDODQG
(TXDOO\LQFUHDVHGFXOWXUDONQRZOHGJH
DQGVHQVLWLYLW\RQWKHSDUWRIUHOLHIDJHQ
FLHVFDQJRVRPHZD\WRZDUGVPLQ
LPLVLQJIXUWKHUGLVWUHVVDQGLWVQHJDWLYH
LPSDFWVRQSK\VLFDODQGSV\FKRORJLFDO
6RXUFHORFDO1*2 (WKQRORJLFDO5HVHDUFK81(6&2
$JHQF\DUHDFRRUGLQDWRUSHUVRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ )RUIXUWKHULQIRUPDWLRQRQ%XUPD%XUPHVHUHIXJHHV
 DQGKXPDQULJKWVDEXVHVYLVLW
ZZZLORRUJSXEOLFHQJOLVKJEGRFVJE
7KDQNVWR(GLWK%RZOHV.HUU\'HPXV]+HOHQ'DOWRQ P\DQPDUKWP
WKH(PVOLH+RUQLPDQ)XQGRIWKH5R\DO ZZZKUZRUJKUZUHSRUWVWKDL
KHDOWKFDXVHGE\FXOWXUDOFRQIOLFWEHLW
EHWZHHQUHIXJHHVDQGRXWVLGHUVRUZLWK
LQWKHUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQLWVHOI
8 December 1999, 6
$QWKURSRORJLFDO,QVWLWXWH2OG0HPEHU·V6FKRODUVKLS ZZZIUHHEXUPDRUJORNDQDWLQGH[KWPO
DQGIXUWKHUJUDQWVIURP-HVXV&ROOHJHDW2[IRUG ZZZEXUPDIXQGRUJ
8QLYHUVLW\WKH&KDDQG3HWHU/LHQKDUGW)XQGVDW ZZZVRURVRUJEXUPDLQGH[KWPO
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\DQGWKH(YDQV)XQG&DPEULGJH ZZZNDUHQRUJ
8QLYHUVLW\
FORCED MIGRATION review

Mementoes
7
KHJUHDWVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDO
OHYHOOHUDWWKHSRLQWRIIRUFHG
GLVSODFHPHQW>@LVQRWWKH
QDWXUHRIDUHIXJHH·VQDWLRQDORUHWKQLF
LGHQWLW\>@EXWZKHWKHUKHRUVKHKDV
WKHWLPHWRJDWKHUWRJHWKHUHQRXJKRI
ZKDWLVQHHGHGIRUSUDFWLFDOXVHVDVZHOO
DVIRUSHUSHWXDWLQJDSHUVRQDODQG
WKHQFHFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\
Cultural activities in Algahin
refugee camp in Yemen
$
VDJURXSRIUHIXJHHVSDFNVWKHLU
EHORQJLQJVUHDG\WREHUHSDWUL
DWHGYROXQWDULO\WRWKHLU
KRPHODQGDQHZJURXSRIUHIXJHHVIURP
6RPDOLDDUULYHVLQWUXFNVJXDUGHGE\D
PRWOH\FUHZRISROLFHPHQDQGDUPHG
culture in exilefeature
DGGUHVVHVWKHSUREOHPVWKDWIRUFHG
WKHPWRIOHHWKHLUFRXQWU\LQWKHILUVW
SODFHDQGWKHSUREOHPVWKH\IDFHLQWKH
QHZ¶SODFHRIUHIXJH·
0,'1,02FDPHLQWREHLQJLQ1RYHPEHU
(YHQXQGHU>@FRQGLWLRQVRILPPHGLDWH PLOLWLDV%DWWHUHGDQGVRPHWLPHVUREEHG LQRUGHUWRDLQWURGXFHFXOWXUDO
IOLJKWRUGHSDUWXUHSHRSOHGRLIWKH\ RIWKHLUYDOXDEOHSRVVHVVLRQVXSRQ DFWLYLWLHVIRUWKH6RPDOLUHIXJHHFRPPX
FDQVHHNPLQLPDOUHPLQGHUVRIZKR DUULYDODWWKHEHDFKHVWKHQHZDUULYDOV QLW\WURXEOHGE\WKHPRQRWRQ\RIFDPS
WKH\DUHDQGZKHUHWKH\FRPHIURP
DUHUHOHDVHGLQWRWKHFDPSDQGDIWHUD OLIHEUDLVHKHDOWKDZDUHQHVVDQGF
$ORQJVLGHWKHLWHPVWRVHOORUXVHLQ
GHIHQFHHQURXWHDQGWKHIRRGIDUPLQJ IHZPLQXWHVWKH\DVNPHPEHUVRIWKH FHPHQWXQLW\DPRQJWKHUHIXJHHV7KH
WRROVPDWWUHVVHVEODQNHWVPHGLFLQHV H[LVWLQJFDPSSRSXODWLRQDERXWOLIHLQ JURXSPDGHLWVGHEXWWKURXJKVWDJLQJ
SURWHFWLYHDPXOHWVDQGFKLOGUHQFDUULHG WKHFDPS7KH\DUHWROGWKDWPDQ\ KHDOWKGUDPDVVSRQVRUHGE\&$5(
RQVKRXOGHUVRUUXQQLQJDORQJVLGHDUH UHIXJHHVFKRRVHYROXQWDU\UHSDWULDWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDOZKLFKFRQWULEXWHGVLJQLIL
VRPHWLPHVWKHFRPSUHVVHGIDPLO\SKR WROLYHLQWKHLUZDUWRUQFRXQWU\LQVWHDG FDQWO\WRDKHDOWKFHQWUHLPPXQLVDWLRQ
WRVOHWWHUVDQGSHUVRQDOHIIHFWVRIOLWWOH
RIOLYLQJLQDQ´RSHQDLUMDLOµZLWKOLPLWHG FDPSDLJQ,QDGGLWLRQZLWKWKHKHOSRI
RUQRXWLOLWDULDQRUPDUNHWYDOXH,QUDUH
IUHHGRPRIPRYHPHQWQRMRERSSRUWXQL SXSLOVRIWKHFDPSSULPDU\VFKRROVXS
LQVWDQFHVWKHVHWDNHSUHFHGHQFHWKXV
RQHPDQLVUHSRUWHGDVFDUU\LQJQRWKLQJ WLHVDQGDKRVWRIXQVSHDNDEOHDEXVHV SRUWHGE\5DGGD%DUQHQ0,'1,02
PRUHWKDQDELEOHDVLIWRLQGLFDWHLWV SHUIRUPHGHGXFDWLRQDOSOD\VDERXWWKH
LPSRUWDQFHDVEHLQJJUHDWHUWKDQWKDWRI 7KLVLVDVFHQHIURPDSOD\HQWLWOHG ULJKWVRIWKHGLVDEOHGFKLOGZLWKDQ
RWKHUSURSHUW\ ¶6RPDOLVZKRLVWREODPHIRU\RXULOOV"· HPSKDVLVRQLQFOXVLYHHGXFDWLRQIRUFKLO
GUHQZLWKGLVDELOLWLHVDQGFKLOGUHQ
ZKLFK0,'1,02PXVLFJURXSVWDJHGIRU
,WPD\VHHPREYLRXVDQGRIOLWWOH
WKH6RPDOLUHIXJHHFRPPXQLW\LQ DIIHFWHGE\ZDU
FRQVHTXHQFHWKDWSHRSOHDERXWWRIOHH
VKRXOGLIWKH\FDQWDNHVRPHVPDOO $OJDKLQUHIXJHHFDPSLQ7KHSOD\
LWHPOLQNLQJWKHPSHU 'HVSLWHWKHOLPLWHGQXP
VRQDOO\WRWKHLUOLIH EHURIPXVLFDO
EHIRUHGHSDUWXUH<HW LQVWUXPHQWVDYDLODEOH
ZULWODUJHDPRQJWKH
0,'1,02FRQWLQXHVWR
LQGLYLGXDOVRIDIOHHLQJ You poets, novelists, story-tellers and playwrights, HQWHUWDLQWKH6RPDOL
DQGVRPHWLPHVGLV
SDUDWHSRSXODWLRQWKHVH Wake up and arise, UHIXJHHFRPPXQLW\LQ
SHUVRQDOPHPHQWRHV $OJDKLQFDPS5HFHQWO\
SURYLGHWKHPDWHULDO
You literary treasurers; WKH\UHOHDVHGDFDVVHWWH
PDUNHUVRIWHPSODWHV Folktales, songs, proverbs of your tradition, RIHGXFDWLRQDODQGKHDOWK
LQVFULEHGZLWKQDUUDWLYH
VRQJVSOD\HGRQWKH
DQGVHQWLPHQWZKLFK Poems, essays and novels of your new ways,
6RPDOLODQJXDJHUDGLR
PD\ODWHUUHDUWLFXODWH
WKHVKLIWLQJERXQGDULHV
Cry out to be recorded and read too. ¶7KHYRLFHRISHDFH·EDVHG
RIDVRFLRFXOWXUDO LQ(WKLRSLD0,'1,02·V
See how beautiful your lyrics are;
LGHQWLW\ SOD\VDQGVRQJVKDYHD
Look at your dances VWURQJHPRWLRQDOLPSDFW
E\3URIHVVRU'DYLG
And your dancers in their wingless RQWKH6RPDOLUHIXJHH
3DUNLQRIWKH,QVWLWXWH
RI6RFLDODQG&XOWXUDO FRPPXQLW\ZKRUHPHP
Race into the skies! EHUKDSSLHUGD\VDQGZKR
$QWKURSRORJ\
8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG GHSORUHWKHIXWLOLW\RIWKH

From ‘Prologue’ by Joseph Abuk FLYLOZDULQ6RPDOLD

([WUDFWHGIURP¶0HPHQWRHVDV
WUDQVLWLRQDOREMHFWVLQKXPDQ
GLVSODFHPHQW·-RXUQDORI Joseph Abuk lives in Juba, South Sudan.
E\/LEDQ$EGLNDULP
0DWHULDO&XOWXUH 9RO He is a Mundari elder who has recently been working for the YMCA,
6DJH3XEOLFDWLRQV/RQGRQ
Sudan. Until the war disrupted all cultural activities, he was the Director of
4XRWDWLRQRQEDFNFRYHUDOVR
IURPWKLVDUWLFOH:HEVLWH the Culture Centre in Juba which is now occupied by hundreds of IDPs
ZZZXFODFXNDQWKURSRORJ\

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 9

culture in exilefeature

Music and refugee lives:

Afghans in eastern Iran and
California by John Baily

UNHCR/26263/11.1996/R LeMoyne
Refugee communities are often deprived of
their customary means of musical expres-
sion, either because they have become
separated from their musicians or from their
traditional musical instruments, or due to a
lack of opportunity in the host country.

7
KLVPDWWHUVEHFDXVHRIWKHFUXFLDO
UROHWKDWPXVLFPDNLQJSOD\VLQ
KXPDQOLIHVXFKDVWKHZD\LW
EULQJVSHRSOHWRJHWKHULQVSHFLDOUHOD
WLRQVKLSVLWVFDSDFLW\IRUHPRWLRQDO
H[SUHVVLRQLWVLPSRUWDQFHLQHQFXOWXUD
WLRQDQGLWVUROHLQWKHDUWLFXODWLRQRI
LGHQWLW\0RUHEURDGO\PXVLFQRWRQO\
UHIOHFWVZLGHUVRFLDODQGFXOWXUDO
SURFHVVHVEXWFDQDOVRSURYLGHDPHDQV
IRUFUHDWLQJLQWHUDFWLQJZLWKDQGFRQ
WUROOLQJWKHP0XVLFLVZRUWK
LQYHVWLJDWLQJIRULWVEHQHILFLDOSRWHQWLDO
LQGHDOLQJZLWKOLIHDVDUHIXJHH
0XVLFPDNLQJLQWKH$IJKDQWUDQVQDWLRQ
DOFRPPXQLW\LOOXVWUDWHVWKHSULQFLSOH
YHU\ZHOO7KLVDUWLFOHFRPSDUHVWZR
UHIXJHHFRPPXQLWLHVLQ0DVKDGHDVWHUQ
QRZLQWKHKDQGVRIH[SDWULDWH
$IJKDQV
Mashad
+LVWRULFDODQGFXOWXUDOOLQNVEHWZHHQ
HDVWHUQ,UDQDQGZHVWHUQ$IJKDQLVWDQ
HVSHFLDOO\EHWZHHQWKHFLWLHVRI+HUDW
DQG0DVKDGDUHYHU\FORVH7KH
$IJKDQUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQLQ,UDQLV
SUHGRPLQDQWO\6KLDKDQG3HUVLDQ
VSHDNLQJ*HRJUDSKLFDOSUR[LPLW\KDV
DOORZHG$IJKDQVWRPRYHEDFNDQG
IRUWKRYHUWKHODVW\HDUVEHWZHHQ
WKHWZRDGMDFHQWDUHDV0RVWUHIXJHHV WKHFRXQWU\HVSHFLDOO\-DODODEDG7KH\
OLYHLQUHQWHGSULYDWHDFFRPPRGDWLRQ EURXJKWWR1:)3DUDWKHU¶VRSKLVWLFDWHG·
QRWLQUHIXJHHFDPSV+RZHYHUWKHLU YHUVLRQRI3DVKWXQPXVLFLQIOXHQFHGE\
OHJDOVWDWXVLVSUHFDULRXVDQGWKH\DUH FODVVLFDOO\WUDLQHGPXVLFLDQVLQ.DEXO
VXEMHFWWRSHULRGLFZDYHVRIDUUHVWVDQG LWVHOIDQRXWSRVWRI1RUWK,QGLDQFODVVL
,UDQDQG)UHPRQW&DOLIRUQLD7KHFRP
SDULVRQDOORZVRQHWRLQFOXGHDQXPEHU
RIYDULDEOHVVXFKDVJHRJUDSKLFDOGLV
WDQFHEHWZHHQFRXQWULHVRIRULJLQDQG
UHIXJHODQJXDJHUHOLJLRQDQGRWKHU
NLQGVRIFXOWXUDOVLPLODULW\DQG
SURVSHFWVIRUWKHIXWXUHLQWHUPVRI
VHFXULW\HPSOR\PHQWDQGHYHQWXDOLQWH
JUDWLRQ7KHVHIDFWRUVDUHOLNHO\WRKDYH
UHOHYDQFHIRUPDQ\UHIXJHHFRPPXQL
WLHV,QWKHFDVHRI$IJKDQLVWDQWKHUHLV
DQDGGLWLRQDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQ²WKHEDQ
QLQJRIPXVLFE\WKH7DOHEDQ 7KLVJLYHV
PXVLFDODFWLYLW\LQWKH$IJKDQGLDVSRUD
DGGHGLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHUHDUHQR
DFFHVVLEOHDUFKLYHVHQWHUWDLQPHQWLQGXV
IRUFHGUHSDWULDWLRQV7KLVJLYHVWKH
UHIXJHHVDFKURQLFIHHOLQJRILQVWDELOLW\
DQGLQVHFXULW\ ZLWKUHVXOWLQJGHSUHV
VLRQDQGORZPRUDOH
$IJKDQSURIHVVLRQDOPXVLFLDQVKDYHFHU
WDLQDGYDQWDJHVRYHUPDQ\RWKHUUHIXJHHV
LQWKDWWKH\KDYHDVNLOOWRRIIHU,Q
3DNLVWDQLQWKHVIRUH[DPSOH ZKHQ
PXVLFZDVEDQQHGLQWKHUHIXJHHFDPSV
UXQE\PXOODKV$IJKDQPXVLFLDQVRSHU
DWHGIURPWKHPXVLFLDQVTXDUWHURI
3HVKDZDUDQGPDGHDUHDVRQDEOHOLYLQJ
SOD\LQJIRU3DNLVWDQLSDWURQV $IJKDQ
XUEDQPXVLFLVFORVHO\UHODWHGVW\OLVWLFDO
O\WRWKH3DVKWXQPXVLFRI1:)3
FDOPXVLF%HWZHHQDQGPXVLF
ZDVPRUHRUOHVVEDQQHGLQ,UDQEXW
WKLQJVKDGFKDQJHGE\WKHODWHV,Q
PDQ\RIWKHSURIHVVLRQDOPXVL
FLDQVZKRKDGOLYHGLQ+HUDWLQWKH
VZHUHORFDWHGLQ0DVKDG$IHZ
KDGEHHQWKHUHIRU\HDUVRWKHUVKDG
UHFHQWO\DUULYHGWRHYDGHWKH7DOHEDQ
DQGWREHDEOHWRFRQWLQXHWRPDNHDOLY
LQJIURPPXVLF
7KH$IJKDQPXVLFLDQVLQ0DVKDGZHUH
EXV\LQWKHLUFRPPXQLW\$VZRUNLQJ
PXVLFLDQVWKH\SOD\HGPDLQO\IRU$IJKDQ
ZHGGLQJVOLYHPXVLFIRUWKHPHQ·VJDWK
HULQJEHLQJDQHVVHQWLDOLQJUHGLHQWIRUD
WU\RUERG\RIH[SHUWNQRZOHGJHDVXVHG 1RUWK:HVW)URQWLHU3URYLQFHDQGPRVW ¶SURSHU·ZHGGLQJ1RWRQO\GRHVJRRG
WRH[LVWDW5DGLR$IJKDQLVWDQ$IJKDQ RIWKHPXVLFLDQVIURP$IJKDQLVWDQZHUH PXVLFFRQIHUSUHVWLJHDORQJFRQFHUWRI
LVWDQ·VFRQVLGHUDEOHPXVLFDOKHULWDJHLV 3DVKWXQVSHDNHUVIURPWKHVRXWKHDVWRI PXVLFLVLPSRUWDQWIRUVWUXFWXULQJWKH

10 December 1999, 6 FORCED MIGRATION review


ZHGGLQJSDUW\DVDQHYHQWDQGFHUWDLQ
ULWXDOVRQJVVKRXOGDOVREHSHUIRUPHG
7KXVPXVLFLVDQLPSRUWDQWSDUWRIWKDW
PRVWQRUPDWLYHRIKXPDQDFWLYLWLHVJHW
WLQJPDUULHGDFFRUGLQJWRFXVWRP
,QWKH$IJKDQPXVLFLDQVDQGDFWRUV
LQ0DVKDGZHUHZHOORUJDQLVHG:LWKWKH
KHOSRI1DVUXGGLQ6DOMXTLDQGRWKHUHGX
FDWHG$IJKDQVWKH\KDGIRUPHGDQ
DVVRFLDWLRQFDOOHG$IJKDQ5HIXJHH
$UWLVWVLQ,UDQ0DVKDG0RVWRIWKHVH
PXVLFLDQVZHUHPHPEHUVRIWKUHHIDPLO\
EDQGVDQGWKHDVVRFLDWLRQDOVRLQFOXGHG
DQXPEHURIDFWRUVDQGSOD\ZULJKWVIRU
PHUO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKWKH+HUDW7KHDWUH
7KHPXVLFLDQVDQGDFWRUVZHUHDWWKH
KHDUWRI+HUDWLLQWHOOHFWXDODQGDUWLVWLF
OLIHLQ0DVKDG7KHDVVRFLDWLRQKDG
RUJDQLVHGDQXPEHURISXEOLFFRQFHUWV
WKDWDWWUDFWHGDQ,UDQLDQDVZHOODVDQ
$IJKDQDXGLHQFHDQGLQ'HFHPEHU
WKH\SXWRQDELJFRPHG\VKRZLQDFLQH
PDLQ0DVKDGWKDWUDQIRUHLJKWQLJKWV
7KHVRQJWH[WVEHLQJLQ'DULUDWKHUWKDQ
3DVKWRPDGHWKHPUHDGLO\DFFHVVLEOHWR
3HUVLDQVSHDNHUVLQ,UDQ
6W\OLVWLFDOO\WKHPXVLFZDVYLUWXDOO\
LGHQWLFDOWRKRZLWKDGEHHQLQ+HUDW
7KLVLVWKH$IJKDQXUEDQVW\OHZKLFK
RULJLQDWHGLQ.DEXODQGUHDFKHGRWKHU
FLWLHVODUJHO\E\UDGLREURDGFDVWV7KH
W\SLFDOJURXSFRQVLVWHGRIDVLQJHUZLWK
DVPDOO,QGLDQKDQGSXPSHGKDUPRQL
XPWDEODGUXPVDQGUXEDE
DQGGXWDUOXWHV$OWKRXJK
WKHVW\OHZDV
XQFKDQJHGWKHUH
ZDVVRPHFKDQJH
RIUHSHUWRLUHZLWK
IHZHURIWKHOLJKW
URPDQWLFSRSXODU
VRQJVRIWKH
SDVW
John Baily
FORCED MIGRATION review
DQGPRUHHPSKDVLVRQVHULRXV3HUVLDQ
JKD]DOV HVSHFLDOO\WKRVHRQUHOLJLRXV
WKHPHVDQGDQHZLQWHUHVWLQTDZZDOL
WKH6XILPXVLFIURP,QGLDDQG3DNLVWDQ
$QGWKHUHZHUHQHZVRQJVDERXW$IJK
DQLVWDQWKDWDUWLFXODWHGWKH$IJKDQ
UHIXJHHV·RZQDVSLUDWLRQV
7DONLQJZLWKSHRSOHIURP81+&5DQG
,&5,LQ7HKUDQLWZDVDSSDUHQWWKDWWKLV
PXVLFDODFWLYLW\FRXOGEHXWLOLVHGLQVHY
HUDOZD\V7KHUHZHUHSRVVLELOLWLHVIRU
FRPPXQLW\ZRUNLQDUHDVZLWKPDQ\
UHIXJHHVLQFOXGLQJFDPSVQHDUWKHERU
GHU$QDWWHPSWZDVPDGHWRHVWDEOLVKD
PXVLFVFKRRO$QGLWZDVDOVR
UHDOLVHGWKLVZDVDZD\RI
DGGUHVVLQJ,UDQLDQVSUHVHQWLQJD Afghans have found it
PRUHSRVLWLYHLPDJHRIWKH
$IJKDQUHIXJHHDVVRPHRQHZLWK hard to adapt to life in
VRPHWKLQJWRRIIHULQWKHZD\RI
DUWLVWLFDFWLYLW\ the USA.
7KHSUHVHQFHRIPXVLFLDQVDFWLYH
LQWKHUHIXJHHFRPPXQLW\PHDQVWKDW
IRU$IJKDQVWKHUHLVD¶OLIHRIPXVLF·
ZKLFKFDQEHUHDGLO\XQGHUVWRRGLQ
WHUPVRIWKHIROORZLQJ ODQJXDJHUHOLJLRQFXOWXUHFXVWRPVDQG
WKHSULPDU\HIIHFWRIPXVLFLVWRJLYH
WKHOLVWHQHUDIHHOLQJRIVHFXULW\IRULW
V\PEROL]HVWKHSODFHZKHUHKHZDVERUQ
KLVHDUOLHVWFKLOGKRRGVDWLVIDFWLRQVKLV
UHOLJLRXVH[SHULHQFHKLVSOHDVXUHLQ
FRPPXQLW\GRLQJVKLVFRXUWVKLSDQGKLV
ZRUN DQ\RUDOORIWKHVHSHUVRQDOLW\
VKDSLQJH[SHULHQFHV
0XVLFKHUHFDQEHVHHQDVKDYLQJD
JHQHUDOLVHGWKHUDSHXWLFUROHKHOSLQJWR
PDLQWDLQDVHQVHRIQRUPDOLW\DQGVWD
ELOLW\2XWVLGHVXSSRUWRUJDQLVDWLRQV
OLNH81+&5QHHGWRUHFRJQLVHWKHLPSRU
WDQWUROHPXVLFLDQVSOD\LQQRUPDOLVDWLRQ
DQGVKRXOGSURYLGHVXSSRUWIRUWKHLU
DFWLYLWLHV,QDGGLWLRQJLYHQWKHVSHFLDO
FLUFXPVWDQFHVZLWKLQ$IJKDQLVWDQVXFK
DJHQFLHVQHHGWRVHHPXVLFLDQVDVFXVWR
GLDQVRIDQLPSRUWDQWFXOWXUDOKHULWDJH
DQGDVSHRSOHQHHGLQJVSHFLDOSURWHFWLRQ
IURPIRUFHGUHSDWULDWLRQDQGUHWULEX
WLRQE\WKH7DOHEDQ
Rahim Khushnawaz,
Mashad
culture in exilefeature
Fremont
8QOLNH0DVKDGZKLFKLVYHU\FORVHWR
$IJKDQLVWDQ)UHPRQWLVKRPHWRRQHRI
WKHPRVWGLVWDQW$IJKDQUHIXJHHFRP
PXQLWLHV,QWKH6DQ)UDQFLVFR%D\DUHD
WKHUHDUHDQHVWLPDWHG$IJKDQV
ZLWKDERXWLQ)UHPRQW7KH\DUH
SUHGRPLQDQWO\HGXFDWHGSHRSOHIURPWKH
FLWLHVRI.DEXO.DQGDKDUDQG-DODODEDG
DQGPDQ\RIWKRVHZKRFDPHDV
UHIXJHHVKDGIRUPHUO\ZRUNHGIRU
:HVWHUQGLSORPDWLFHGXFDWLRQDOFXOWXUDO
RUDLGDJHQFLHVEHIRUHWKH&RPPXQLVW
FRXSRI
)UHPRQWVWDQGVLQFRQWUDVWWR0DVKDG
RQDOOWKHSRLQWVOLVWHGDERYHLWLVJHR
JUDSKLFDOO\GLVWDQWZLWKDGLIIHUHQW
ODZV7KHFRPPXQLW\GRHVQRWOLYHLQ
IHDURIIRUFLEOHUHSDWULDWLRQWRWKH
DXWKRULWLHVWKH$IJKDQVDUHSHUKDSVMXVW
DQRWKHUJURXSRILPPLJUDQWVWREHHYHQ
WXDOO\LQWHJUDWHGLQWRPDLQVWUHDP
$PHULFDQVRFLHW\7KH\DSSHDUWREHUHO
DWLYHO\VXFFHVVIXOHFRQRPLFDOO\WKHUH
DUHPDQ\$IJKDQRZQHGEXVLQHVVHVDQG
WKHFRPPXQLW\UHFHQWO\EXLOWLWVHOID
ODUJHPRVTXH
+RZHYHU$IJKDQVKDYHIRXQGLWKDUGWR
DGDSWWROLIHLQWKH86$7KHUHLVDJRRG
GHDORIFXOWXUDOPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJDQG
$IJKDQVILQGWKHPVHOYHVGHDOLQJZLWK
RIILFLRXVVRFLDOVHUYLFHDJHQFLHVZKLFK
SURPRWHDIHDURIWUDQVJUHVVLQJ
XQKHDUGRI86ODZVHVSHFLDOO\WKRVH
UHJDUGLQJWKHZHOIDUHRIFKLOGUHQ7KHUH
DUHLQWHUJHQHUDWLRQDOGLIIHUHQFHVZLWK
\RXQJ$IJKDQVEHFRPLQJYHU\$PHULFDQ
L]HGDQGSUREOHPVZLWKODFNRIUHVSHFW
IRUWKHROGHUJHQHUDWLRQ7KHUHLVDQ
REVHVVLRQZLWKZKDWLVJRLQJRQLQ
$IJKDQLVWDQDQGZLWKWU\LQJWRXQGHU
VWDQGZKDWZHQWZURQJZKHQWKH
0XMDKLGHHQFRDOLWLRQIDLOHGWRVHFXUH
SHDFHDIWHUWKHIDOORIWKH&RPPXQLVWV
7KHORFDO$IJKDQUDGLRVWDWLRQ9RLFHRI
$IJKDQLVWDQ5DGLR+RXUVKDVFRQ
VWDQWSKRQHLQVIURPOLVWHQHUVZKR
GHEDWHWKHODWHVWQHZV,QWHUQDWLRQDO
,PPLJUDQW6HUYLFHVLQ)UHPRQWSOD\VDQ
LPSRUWDQWUROHLQPRQLWRULQJWKHVWDWHRI
WKHFRPPXQLW\DQGKHOSLQJLQGLYLGXDOV
$PHGLFDOVXUYH\ UHYHDOHGDFRPPXQLW\
December 1999, 6 11
culture in exilefeature
ZLWKDORWRIVWUHVVPHQWDOSUREOHPV
GHSUHVVLRQDQGDKLJKGHDWKUDWH
$PRQJWKHUHIXJHHVZKRZHQWWRWKH
86$ZHUHDQXPEHURIPXVLFLDQVPRVWO\
VLQJHUVVRPHRIZKRPKDGEHHQELJ
VWDUVLQ$IJKDQLVWDQVXFKDV.K\DO
=DODQG)HULGD0DKZDVK6KDK:DOL:DOL
+DLGDU6DOLPDQGKLVVLVWHU6DOPD
7\SLFDOO\VXFKVLQJHUVZHUHIURPDQ
HGXFDWHGPLGGOHRUHYHQXSSHUFODVV
XUEDQEDFNJURXQGLQFRQWUDVWWRWKH
PXVLFLDQVLQ0DVKDGZKRZHUHPDLQO\
IURPSRRUO\HGXFDWHGKHUHGLWDU\PXVL
7KHSRVLWLYHEHQHILWVRIVXFKFRQFHUWV
IRUWKHORFDOFRPPXQLW\RI)UHPRQWDUH
UHFRJQLVHGE\$IJKDQFRPPXQLW\OHDG
HUVVXFKDV6KHU$KPDG'LUHFWRURI
,QWHUQDWLRQDO,PPLJUDQW6HUYLFHV+H
ZRUNVQRWRQO\ZLWK$IJKDQVEXWZLWK
PDQ\GLIIHUHQWQDWLRQDOLWLHVDQGVRKDV
DQLQWHUHVWLQJWUDQVFXOWXUDOSHUVSHFWLYH
+HVHHVPXVLFDVDQLQWHJUDWLQJIRUFH
EULQJLQJPHPEHUVRIWKHFRPPXQLW\
WRJHWKHUDQGVHUYLQJWRPDLQWDLQ$IJKDQ
FXOWXUHDQGLGHQWLW\$VKHWROGPH VXSSRUWDQGUHFRJQLWLRQIRUHVWDEOLVKLQJ
´0XVLFEULQJVXQLW\WRWKHSHRSOHROG
,IRQO\DIHZOHDUQKRZWRGRLWQRZ
WKH\FDQSDVVLWRQWRRWKHUV
7KHUHPD\ZHOOEHDQHOHPHQWRIZLVKIXO
WKLQNLQJKHUH&RPPXQLWLHVOLNH)UHPRQW
ZKLFKDUHIDUIURP$IJKDQLVWDQQHHGDQ
H[SHUWDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHLUPXVLFDO
QHHGVDQGKRZWKHVHDUHEHVWVHUYHG
7KHDWWHPSWHGSUHVHUYDWLRQRI¶WUDGLWLRQ
DOPXVLF·LVXQOLNHO\WREHHIIHFWLYHLQWKH
ORQJUXQ0XVLFLDQVLQ)UHPRQWQHHG
DPXVLFWKDWLVERWKPRGHUQL]HGDQG
ZHVWHUQL]HG\HWZKLFKUHPDLQVGLVWLQFWO\
FLDQIDPLOLHVDQGXVXDOO\KDGKDGD
VWURQJOLQNZLWK5DGLR$IJKDQLVWDQ,Q
DGGLWLRQLQWKH86$WKHUHLVD\RXQJHU
JHQHUDWLRQRIPXVLFLDQVRIDPDWHXU
EDFNJURXQGXVXDOO\EURXJKWXSLQ
$PHULFDDQGPXFKLQIOXHQFHGE\
$PHULFDQFXOWXUH
$VLQ0DVKDGWKH
PDLQYHQXHIRU
PXVLFPDNLQJLV Music brings unity
WKHZHGGLQJD
PRGHUQLVHGYHU to the people
VLRQOLNHWKH
ZHGGLQJVLQ.DEXO
SUHZLWKZRPHQDQGPHQPL[HG
WRJHWKHUDQGHYHU\RQHZHDULQJ:HVWHUQ
GUHVV7KHUHDUHDOVRFRQFHUWVLQH[SHQ
VLYHIXQFWLRQURRPVOLNHWKRVHRIWKH
5DGLVVRQ+RWHOLQ)UHPRQW$IJKDQ
EDQGVLQ)UHPRQWVKRZDFRQVLGHUDEOH
GHJUHHRIDFFXOWXUDWLRQ7UDGLWLRQDO
$IJKDQLQVWUXPHQWVOLNHUXEDEGXWDU
DQGWDQEXUDUHKDUGWRILQGLQWKH86$
DQG\RXQJWRJHWKHUDQGKHOSVXVQRWWR
ORVHRXULGHQWLW\:H$IJKDQVKDYHVRPH
GLIIHUHQFHVEXWWKHFRQFHUWVDUHWKHRQO\
WLPHVZKHQZHIRUJHWDERXWHYHU\WKLQJ
$OOSHRSOHIURPGLIIHUHQWSDUWVGLIIHUHQW
VHFWVZHFRPHDQGEX\RXUWLFNHWVDQG
JRWRWKHFRQFHUWVµ
,QKLVYLHZVRPHLPPL
JUDQWFRPPXQLWLHVWKDW
KDYHLQYHVWHGLQPDLQWDLQ
LQJWKHLUFXOWXUHVKDYH
EHQHILWWHGJUHDWO\WKH
$IJKDQVKDYHQRWPDQ
DJHGWRGRWKLVYHU\ZHOO
WRZKLFKKHDWWULEXWHVVRPHRIWKHLU
KHDOWKSUREOHPV+HEHOLHYHVWKDWPXVLF
FRXOGSURYLGHDWKHUDSHXWLFUROHIRULQGL
YLGXDOVDQGWHOOVWKHIROORZLQJDQHFGRWH
WRPDNHWKHSRLQW7ZR\HDUVHDUOLHUWKH
VLQJHUV1DJKPDDQG0DQJDOZHUHRYHU
IURP3DNLVWDQ2QHQLJKWWKH\ZHUHLQYLW
HGWR6KHU$KPDG·VKRPH$PRQJWKH
JXHVWVZDVWKHGLVWLQJXLVKHGHOGHUO\
$IJKDQ7KLVVKRXOGKHOSWKHPLQIRUJ
LQJDQHZ$IJKDQ$PHULFDQLGHQWLW\
Conclusions
$IJKDQPXVLFLQ0DVKDGDQG)UHPRQW
VKRZVWZRUDWKHUGLIIHUHQWUROHVIRU
PXVLFLQUHIXJHHOLIH6SDWLDOO\DQGFXO
WXUDOO\SUR[LPDWH,UDQSURYLGHVD
WHPSRUDU\VDIHKDYHQIRUDUHIXJHHSRS
XODWLRQWKDWZLOOLQDOOOLNHOLKRRGUHWXUQ
WR$IJKDQLVWDQLIDOEHLWRQDQHZEDVLV
RISHULRGLFVRMRXUQLQJWRPD[LPLVHEHQ
HILWV0XVLFKHUHVHHPVWREHDOODERXW
QRUPDOL]DWLRQUHDVVXUDQFHWLFNLQJRYHU
NHHSLQJWKLQJVJRLQJWKURXJKGLIILFXOW
WLPHVIRUDEULJKWHUIXWXUHDWKRPH,Q
WKH86$$IJKDQUHIXJHHVKDYHSHUKDSV
ZRNHQXSWRWKHSUREDELOLW\WKDWWKH\
DUHQRWJRLQJKRPHDQGWKDWWKH\KDYH
JRWWRPDNHWKHPRVWRIZKDWWKH\KDYH
LQ$PHULFD0XVLFSURYLGHVRQHPHDQV
WKURXJKZKLFKWRFUHDWHDQHZLGHQWLW\
DVSHUPDQHQWFLWL]HQVDVZHOODVSURYLG
7KHFHQWUDOSHUIRUPHUUHPDLQVWKHVROR
$IJKDQKLVWRULDQDQGMRXUQDOLVW*RO LQJWKHUDSHXWLFH[SHULHQFHVDWLQGLYLGXDO
VLQJHUEXWQRZLQVWUXPHQWVOLNHNH\
$KPDG.DU]DLDJUHDWPXVLFORYHU$IWHU DQGFRPPXQLW\OHYHOV
ERDUGVZLWKWKHLUEXLOWLQGUXP
GLQQHUWKHPXVLFLDQVDVNHGWRSOD\IRU
PDFKLQHVDQGHOHFWULFSLDQRVDUHXVHG -RKQ%DLO\LV5HDGHULQ
KLPDQGWKH\SHUIRUPHGWLOOWZRLQWKH
7KHVHFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVPRGHUQL]HG (WKQRPXVLFRORJ\*ROGVPLWKV
PRUQLQJ.DU]DLZDVVRZHDNZKHQKH
H[WHQVLRQVRIWKH,QGLDQKDUPRQLXP &ROOHJH8QLYHUVLW\RI/RQGRQ+H
DUULYHGWKDWKHKDGWREHVXSSRUWHGE\
6XFKEDQGVFRQWLQXHWRXVHWDEODGUXPV FDUULHGRXWHWKQRPXVLFRORJLFDOILHOG
WZRSHRSOHZKHQKHOHIWKHZDVZDONLQJ
7KHPXVLFDOVW\OHKDVDOVRXQGHUJRQH ZRUNLQWKHFLWLHVRI+HUDWDQG
RQKLVRZQIHHW$Q\RQHIDPLOLDUZLWK
VRPHGHJUHHRIZHVWHUQL]DWLRQZLWKWKH .DEXOIRUWZR\HDUVLQWKHV
WKHXVHRIPXVLFWKHUDS\LQSDOOLDWLYH
LQWURGXFWLRQRIVLPSOHKDUPRQLFSULQFL ZLWKIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKRQ$IJKDQ
FDUHLQWKH:HVWZLOOILQGWKLVDIDPLOLDU PXVLFLQ3DNLVWDQ,UDQ8.DQG
SOHVERUURZHGIURP:HVWHUQPXVLF
H[DPSOHRIWKHUHVWRUDWLYHSRZHURI 86$7KLVLVDSUHOLPLQDU\UHSRUW
PXVLF IURPWKHRQJRLQJSURMHFW¶0XVLF
,QUHFHQW\HDUVWKHUHKDVDOVRGHYHORSHG
LGHQWLW\DQGWKHUDS\LQWKH$IJKDQ
WKHSUDFWLFHRIEULQJLQJFHOHEUDWHG WUDQVQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\·
,QUHFRJQLWLRQRIWKHLPSRUWDQWUROHRI
UHIXJHHPXVLFLDQVRYHUIURP3DNLVWDQWR
PXVLF,QWHUQDWLRQDO,PPLJUDQW6HUYLFHV
PDNHSURWUDFWHGFRQFHUWWRXUVLQWKH86  5H\HV$GHODLGD6RQJVRIWKH&DJHGDQG6RQJVRI
KDVGRQHZKDWLWFDQWRHVWDEOLVKDWUDGL
7KHVHWHQGWREHPDVWHUPXVLFLDQVIURP WKH)UHH 3KLODGHOSKLD7HPSOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
WLRQDO$IJKDQPXVLFFRXUVHWRWHDFK
WKHROGPXVLFLDQVTXDUWHULQ.DEXOVXFK  %\PXVLFWKH7DOHEDQPHDQWKHVRXQGVRIPXVLFDO
WDEODDQGKDUPRQLXP7KH\KDYH LQVWUXPHQWVHLWKHUDORQHRUDFFRPSDQ\LQJWKHKXPDQ
DV$PLU0RKDPPDG5DKLP%DNKVKDQG
VHFXUHGWKHVHUYLFHVRI8VWDG$VLI YRLFH8QDFFRPSDQLHGVRQJLVQRWFODVVLILHGDV¶PXVLF·
+DML+DPDKDQJ3URPRWLQJFRQFHUWVOLNH 7KH7DOHEDQFRQGRQHDQGEURDGFDVWRQ5DGLR6KDULDW
0DKPRRGDPDVWHUPXVLFLDQIURP
WKLVZDVDQ$IJKDQEXVLQHVVDFWLYLW\LQ
.DEXOQRUPDOO\UHVLGHQWLQ/RQGRQ+H
WKHVHVSHFLDOO\LQWKHPRQWKRI
VWD\VLQ)UHPRQWIRUH[WHQGHGSHULRGVWR
5DPDGDQZLWKFRQFHUWVHYHU\QLJKWLQ
UXQ$IJKDQPXVLFFODVVHV6KHU$KPDG·V
KRWHOVFDIHVDQGWHDKRXVHVLQFLWLHVOLNH
YLHZLVWKDWJUHDWPXVLFLDQVDUHG\LQJ
+HUDW
HYHU\GD\DQGLIQHZRQHVDUHQRW
WUDLQHG$IJKDQPXVLFZLOOGLVDSSHDU
IRUPHUO\5DGLR$IJKDQLVWDQUHFLWDWLRQRI7KH+RO\
.RUDQDQGYDULRXVNLQGVRIUHOLJLRXVVLQJLQJLQFOXGLQJ
VRQJVLQ3DVKWXZLWKUHOLJLRXVWH[WVDQGZKDWFDQEH
LGHQWLILHGDVIRONVRQJOLNHPHORGLHV
 7KLVPXVLFDOKHULWDJHLVDFRPSOH[PDWWHUEULQJLQJ
WRJHWKHUHOHPHQWVRIPXVLFDOSUDFWLFHIURPVHYHUDO
UHJLRQDOHWKQLFJURXSVZLWKDVWURQJLQSXWRI1RUWK
,QGLDQFODVVLFDOPXVLFDQGPXVLFWKHRU\

12 December 1999, 6 FORCED MIGRATION review

 culture in exilefeature

Imagining home:
 $VVKRZQLQWKHILOP $PLU$Q$IJKDQUHIXJHH
PXVLFLDQ·VOLIHLQ3HVKDZDU3DNLVWDQ %DLO\-
/RQGRQ5R\DO$QWKURSRORJLFDO,QVWLWXWH

 /RPD[$¶)RONVRQJVW\OH·$PHULFDQ
$QWKURSRORJLVW

the reconstruction of
 /LSVRQ-*DQG2PLGLDQ3$$IJKDQ&RPPXQLW\
+HDOWK$VVHVVPHQW6DQ)UDQFLVFR%D\$UHD
&DOLIRUQLD'HSWRI+HDOWK6HUYLFHV

Tibet in exile
Music of the East Timorese
in Lisbon
(DVW7LPRUHVHUHIXJHHVLQ/LVERQKDYH
IRU\HDUVPDLQWDLQHGWKHLUGLVWLQFW
PXVLFFXOWXUHLWVHOIDPL[WXUHRI
LQGLJHQRXVDQGZHVWHUQHOHPHQWV by Clare Harris
LPSRUWHGE\3RUWXJXHVHFRORQLVDWLRQ
DVDZD\RIDUWLFXODWLQJWKHLUVRFLDO
DQGFXOWXUDOLGHQWLWLHVH[SUHVVLQJ
WKHLUVROLGDULW\ZLWKWKHVWUXJJOHLQ Since 1959 when the 14th Dalai Lama escaped
(DVW7LPRUDQGDGGUHVVLQJWKH
3RUWXJXHVHKRVWFRPPXQLW\DERXWWKH
from Tibet, more than 130,000 Tibetans have
SUREOHPVFRQIURQWLQJWKHH[FRORQ\,Q
WKHUHFHQWFULVLV*ROGVPLWKVJUDGXDWH
followed him into exile.

7
VWXGHQW0DULD0DQXHO6LOYDUHSRUWVD
KLVXQSUHFHGHQWHGPDVVPLJUD PDWWHURIJUHDWLPSRUWDQFH:HNQRZ
GUDPDWLFLQFUHDVHLQPXVLFDODFWLYLW\LQ
WLRQRI7LEHWDQVLVWKHUHVXOWRI WKDWRXUFKLOGUHQLQ7LEHWDUHEHLQJ
/LVERQZLWKVHYHUDOPRUHPXVLFDO
DQRQJRLQJFRQIOLFWEHWZHHQ VQDWFKHGDZD\IURPWKHLUSDUHQWVDQG
HQVHPEOHVHVWDEOLVKHGDQGDQLQFUHDVH
7LEHWDQGWKH3HRSOH·V5HSXEOLFRI&KLQD EHLQJEURXJKWXSDV&KLQHVH
LQWKHQXPEHURISHUIRUPDQFHV7KHVH
JURXSVSHUIRUPZLWKWUDGLWLRQDOPXVL
FDOLQVWUXPHQWVDQGGDQFHFRVWXPHV
XVLQJERWKVRQJWH[WVLQ7HWXQDQG
SRHWU\LQ3RUWXJXHVH7KHVHJURXSV
PDNHJUHDWHIIRUWVWRLPSURYHWKH
VWDQGDUGRISHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHWUDGL
WLRQDOUHSHUWRLUHZKLFKWKH\VHHDVD
SRZHUIXOZD\WRGLVSOD\WKHLUVSHFLDO
LGHQWLW\DVDSHRSOHDQGDQDWLRQ
Music of Iraqi Jews in Israel
$OWKRXJKQRWIRUFHGPLJUDQWVLQWKH
FRQYHQWLRQDOVHQVHWKH-HZLVKSRSXOD
WLRQRI%DJKGDGDQG,UDTLQJHQHUDO
VXIIHUHGPDQ\RIWKHH[SHULHQFHVRI
UHIXJHHVDIWHUWKHLUPLJUDWLRQWR,VUDHO
LQIROORZLQJSRJURPVLQ
35&RYHUTXHVWLRQVRISROLWLFDODXWRQR
P\DQGFXOWXUDOVHOIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ
7LEHWDQVFRQWLQXHWRIROORZWKHLUVSLULWX
DOOHDGHULQWRH[LOHGXHWRDIHDURI
SHUVHFXWLRQDQGWKHRQJRLQJUHSUHVVLRQ
RI7LEHWDQUHOLJLRQDQGFXOWXUHZLWKLQ
ZKDWWKH&KLQHVHJRYHUQPHQWFDOOVWKH
7LEHWDQ$XWRQRPRXV5HJLRQRIWKH
3HRSOH·V5HSXEOLF7KLVDUWLFOHDQDO\VHV
WKHUHDVRQVZK\FXOWXUDOPDWWHUVKDYH
EHHQJLYHQDKLJKSULRULW\E\DSDUWLFXODU
JURXSRIUHIXJHHVDQGGHPRQVWUDWHVWKH
ZD\VLQZKLFK7LEHWDQVKDYHDVVHUWHG
WKHLUVHQVHRIFRPPXQDOLGHQWLW\DQG
DJHQF\WKURXJKWKHEXLOWHQYLURQPHQW
DQGLPDJHV
Education for the next generation
&RPPXQLVWVQRWDV7LEHWDQ%XGGKLVWV
6RLQWKHQH[WJHQHUDWLRQWKHFKLOGUHQLQ
,QGLDPD\EHYHU\LPSRUWDQWSHRSOHD
QXFOHXVRIWKHSHDFHIXOUHOLJLRXVOLIHZH
ZLVKWRUHWDLQµ ,QRUGHUWRPHHWWKLV
FKDOOHQJHKHVHWDERXWDFTXLULQJODQG
IURPWKHJRYHUQPHQWRI,QGLDDQGIXQG
LQJIURP1*2V0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\PDQ\
RIWKHSURMHFWVHVWDEOLVKHGDOORYHU,QGLD
LQFRUSRUDWHGDFXOWXUDOFRPSRQHQW
GHVLJQHGWRDVVLVWLQWKHSURFHVVRI
HQFXOWXUDWLRQ,QJHQHUDOLWFRXOGEH
DUJXHGWKDWWKLVFXOWXUHVSHFLILFDJHQGD
KDVSOD\HGDPDMRUUROHLQVKDSLQJZKDW
DIWHU\HDUVPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHGWREH
DYHU\VXFFHVVIXOUHIXJHHFRPPXQLW\
The image of Tibet in exile
%DJKGDGDQG%DVUDDQGLQFUHDV
LQJDQWL-HZLVKPHDVXUHVLQ,UDT
*ROGVPLWKVJUDGXDWH'U6DUD
0DQDVVHKUHSRUWVDYHU\KLJKOHYHORI
PXVLFDODFWLYLW\DPRQJWKHROGHUJHQ
HUDWLRQLQWKLVFRPPXQLW\ZLWK
IUHTXHQWFRQFHUWVDQGWULSVWRWKH5HG
6HDDQGRWKHUUHVRUWVZKHUHWKH\
HQMR\WKH$UDEPXVLFRI\HDUVDJR
7KH,UDTLFRPPXQLW\LVIRUWXQDWHLQ
WKDWPDQ\RIWKHRXWVWDQGLQJWUDGL
WLRQDOPXVLFLDQVLQ%DJKGDGZHUH
-HZLVKFRQVWLWXWLQJDQLPSRUWDQW
VRXUFHRIPXVLFDOH[SHUWLVHZKLFKWKH
FRPPXQLW\FDQGUDZXSRQWRGD\7KLV
/LNHDOOUHIXJHHV7LEHWDQVOLYHLQWKH
KRSHRIUHWXUQWRWKHLUKRPHODQGEXWLQ
KLVILUVW\HDULQH[LOHWKH'DODL/DPD
UHFRJQLVHGWKDWWKLVDVSLUDWLRQPLJKWQRW
EHLPPHGLDWHO\IXOILOOHG)URPWKHVWDUW
KHHPSKDVLVHGWKHQHHGWRUHFRQVWUXFW
WKHPRQDVWLFLQVWLWXWLRQVRI7LEHWLQ
H[LOHWRSUHVHUYHFXOWXUDOWUDGLWLRQVDQG
WRHGXFDWHWKH\RXQJHUJHQHUDWLRQLQ
7LEHWDQYDOXHV
,QWKH\HDUZKHQWKHILUVWUHIXJHHVFKRRO
ZDVIRXQGHGDW0XVVRRULHLQQRUWKHUQ
)RUWKHIURQWLVSLHFHWRKLVPDQXDOIRU
DVSLULQJ7LEHWDQSDLQWHUVWKHH[LOHG
DUWLVW*HJD/DPDGHVLJQHGDQLPDJHRI
7LEHWWKDWSODFHGLWDWWKHFHQWUHRIWKH
ZRUOG 7KLVGHSLFWLRQRIWKHYDFDWHG
KRPHODQGGHPRQVWUDWHVWKHSULGHWKDW
7LEHWDQH[LOHVGHULYHIURPWKHJOREDO
DZDUHQHVVRI7LEHWDQFXOWXUHDQGWKHLU
KRSHWKDW7LEHWDQ%XGGKLVWYDOXHVSUH
HPLQHQWO\HPERGLHGLQWKHILJXUHRIWKH
WK'DODL/DPDZLOOVSUHDGIDUDQG
ZLGH+RZHYHULWDOVRVXJJHVWVWKH
LPSDFWRIWKHVHQVHRIORVVDQGGLVSODFH
PXVLFDODFWLYLW\LVLQZDUGGLUHFWHG
KHOSLQJWRPDLQWDLQDGLVWLQFW,UDTL
-HZLVKFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHDQGDUJXDEO\
SURYLGLQJFRQWLQXHGWKHUDS\IRUWKH
WUDXPDVRIWKHSDVW
FORCED MIGRATION review
,QGLDKHZURWH´,WLVHYHQKDUGHU
IRUFKLOGUHQWKDQIRUDGXOWVWREH
XSURRWHGDQGWDNHQWRDQHQWLUHO\GLIIHU
HQWHQYLURQPHQW:HKDGWRGR
VRPHWKLQJGUDVWLFWRSUHVHUYHWKHLU
KHDOWKDQGWKHLUHGXFDWLRQZDVDOVRD
PHQWWKDWDFFRPSDQLHVWKH¶YLUWXDO
VRFLDOLGHQWLW\·RIUHIXJHHVDQLGHQWLW\
ZKRVHFRUHHOHPHQWLV´WKHURRWRIWKHLU
WURXEOHVWKH\OHDYHKRPHEHFDXVHRI
ZKRWKH\DUHµ 7KLQNLQJDERXWWKH7LEHW
WKH\KDYHEHHQIRUFHGWRDEDQGRQ
December 1999, 6 13
culture in exilefeature
XQLILHV7LEHWDQH[LOHVLQWKHIDFH ERGKLVDWWYDVWRJDLQPHULWDQG
RIFKDOOHQJHVWRWKHLUHWKQLFDQG RFFDVLRQDOO\WRDVVLVWLQPHGLWD
SROLWLFDOLGHQWLW\DQGFRQILUPV WLRQDQGYLVXDOLVDWLRQDQGVRRQ
WKHLGHDRIDRULJLQDWLQJVRXUFH DVWKH\GLGLQSUH7LEHW
LQZKLFKWKHLUFXOWXUDOURRWVPD\ <HWLPDJHVPDGHE\7LEHWDQ
EHUHSOHQLVKHG H[LOHVDQGQRWMXVWWKDQJND
+RZHYHUWKHGHOLQHDWLRQRIWKH
KLVWRULF7LEHWDQKRPHODQGZKLFK
DSSHDUVRQPDQ\RIWKHSXEOLFD
WLRQV7VKLUWVSRVWHUVDQGERRNV
RIWKHH[LOHFRPPXQLW\DOVRKDV
DPRUHH[SOLFLWO\SROLWLFDOIXQF
WLRQDVDQLFRQRIQHR
QDWLRQKRRG7KHVKDSHRIWKH
ODQG¶7LEHW·KDVWDNHQRQDQLFRQ
LFVWDWXVLQVWDQWO\UHFRJQLVDEOH
WRH[LOHG7LEHWDQVDQGWKHLUVXS
SRUWHUVZRUOGZLGHDVFRQILUP
DWLRQWKDWDQLQGHSHQGHQW7LEHW
H[LVWHGDQGFRYHUHGDVHFWLRQRI
WKHJOREHDVODUJHDV:HVWHUQ
(XURSH,WLVHVVHQWLDOWKDWWKH
H[LOHVUHPHPEHUDQGGHSLFWWKH
¶7LEHW·WKDWZDVWDNHQRYHUE\WKH
&KLQHVHEHJLQQLQJLQDQG
IXOO\HIIHFWHGE\DQGWKDW
WKH\FRQWLQXHGHVSLWHWKHUDY
Clare Harris
DJHVRI&KLQHVHFRORQLDOLVPWR
LPDJLQHLWLQDVWDWHRIXQLW\ZLWK
IL[HGERXQGDULHV*HJD/DPDKDV
FUHDWHGDQLFRQRIWKHQDWLRQWKDW
7LEHWDQVGUHDPRIZKLOHWKH\DUHIRUFHG
WRPDNH7LEHWDQHZLQRWKHUORFDWLRQV
Reconstruction of pre-exile
traditions
&UHDWLQJH[LOLF7LEHWZDVLQLWLDOO\DPDW
WHURIGHDOLQJZLWKWKHEUXWHIDFWVRI
SK\VLFDOVXUYLYDOLQKRVWFRXQWULHVSDU
SDLQWLQJVDOVRSURYLGHUHFRJQLV
DEOHSURRIRI7LEHWDQLGHQWLW\
WKHWDQJLEOHHYLGHQFHRIGLIIHU
HQFHDQGFXOWXUDOGLVWLQFWLYHQHVV
IURPWKHQHZORFDOFRQWH[W7KLV
LVPRVWPDUNHGO\WKHFDVHIRU
SXEOLFLPDJHVVXFKDVPXUDOVLQ
WKHQHZPRQDVWHULHVDQGWHP
SOHVRI'KDUDPVDODRUJRYHUQ
PHQWVSRQVRUHGEXLOGLQJVVXFK
DVWKH/LEUDU\RI7LEHWDQ:RUNV
DQG$UFKLYHVZKHUHWKHGHWDLOHG
SDLQWLQJRIDUFKLWHFWXUDOIHDWXUHV
GUHVVHVWKHFRQFUHWHIUDPHLQ
7LEHWDQVW\OH
Aims of reconstruction
7KHUHDUHWKUHHPDLQDLPV
EHKLQGWKHRIILFLDODJHQGD
 )LUVWO\LWHQDEOHVH[LOHVWR
UHSUHVHQWH[LOLF7LEHWZLWKLQWKH
KRVWFRPPXQLW\RI,QGLDDQGWKH
ZLGHUZRUOG7KHEXLOWHQYLURQ
%XGGKLVW¶LQVLGHUV·DWHUPZKLFKHPSKD
PHQWLVWKHSULPDU\IRFXVIRU
VLVHVWKHLUPHPEHUVKLSRIDFRPPXQLW\
PDUNLQJUHIXJHHVSDFHVDV7LEHWDQ
RI7LEHWDQ%XGGKLVWVDQGLQZKLFKSUH
(YHQLQWKHILUVWGHFDGHRIH[LOH
H[LOLFUHJLRQDODQGVHFWDULDQLGHQWLWLHV
RUSKDQDJHVVXFKDVWKRVHDWWKH
KDYHEHHQVXEVXPHGIRUWKHVDNHRI
VRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOVXUYLYDO7KHQDQJSD
7LEHWDQ+RPHV)RXQGDWLRQLQ
VHQVHRI7LEHWDQQHVVLVUHIOHFWHGLQFXO
0XVVRRULH83,QGLDZHUHGHVLJQHG
DFFRUGLQJWRWKHSULQFLSOHVRI7LEHWDQ
WXUDOVW\OHDQGWKHGUHDPRIUHGUDZLQJ
DUFKLWHFWXUH,QWKHVWDJLQJRI
7LEHWDQQDWLRQKRRGLVWKHUHIRUHGHSLFWHG
¶DXWKHQWLF·7LEHWLQGDQFHRSHUDDQG
E\*HJD/DPDLQWKHKDQGRIDQDUWLVW
WKHDWUHSURGXFWLRQVLPDJHVRIWKH
JULSSLQJD7LEHWDQVW\OHEUXVKZKRVH
WLFXODUO\,QGLDZKLFKLVJLYHQGXHSURP KRPHODQGIUHTXHQWO\SURYLGHWKH
SRLQWWRXFKHVRQWKHKHPRIWKHVHDWHG
LQHQFHLQ*HJD/DPD·VPDSSLQJRIWKH EDFNGURSZLWKWKH3RWDOD3DODFHWKH
6KDN\DPXQL%XGGKDDVKHPDNHVWKH
7LEHWDQORFDOWRJOREDOQH[XV7KHVR IDYRXUHGLPDJLQHGORFDWLRQ
HDUWKWRXFKLQJJHVWXUH7KHSUHVHUYD
FDOOHG¶FDSLWDOLQH[LOH·DW'KDUDPVDODLQ
WLRQLQSUDFWLFHHWKRVRIWKH'DODL/DPD
+LPDFKDO3UDGHVK,QGLDZKLFKFRQWDLQV
WKHH[LOHJRYHUQPHQWPRQDVWLFLQVWLWX
WLRQVDQGWKHKRPHRIWKHWK'DODL
/DPD7HQ]LQ*\DWVRKDVEHHQWKHSUL
PDU\ORFDWLRQLQDQGIURPZKLFKWKH
VHOIFRQVFLRXVUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRISUH
¶WUDGLWLRQV·KDVEHHQH[HFXWHG
$QH[LOLFHOLWHRIUHOLJLRXVILJXUHVDQG
DUWLVWVZULWHUVSHUIRUPHUVDQGPXVL
FLDQVKDVEHHQDWWKHIRUHIURQWRIWKH
SURPRWLRQRIZKDWLVLQIDFWDQLQYHQWHG
 7KHVHFRQGUROHIRULPDJHVUHIHUVWR
DQGWKHH[LOHJRYHUQPHQWKDVPHDQWWKDW
WKHQHHGWRHGXFDWHWKHJHQHUDWLRQV
WKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKH7LEHWDQ
JURZLQJXSLQH[LOHDQGWRSURYLGH
KRPHODQGDQGWKHJOREDOFRPPXQLW\
WKHPZLWKDSSURSULDWHLPDJHU\IRU
LQWRZKLFKWKHUHIXJHHVKDYHEHHQGLV
WKHQHZFRQGLWLRQV6RPHRIWKHVH
SODFHGLVPHGLDWHGWKURXJKWKH%XGGKD
LPDJHVDUHH[SOLFLWO\GLGDFWLFEXWWKH
DQGWKH7LEHWDQSDLQWHUDUHOLJLRFXOWXUDO
PDMRULW\DUHGHVLJQHGWRHQVXUHWKDW
GHILQLWLRQRIZKDWLWLVWREH7LEHWDQKDV
EHHQJLYHQSULRULW\DQGSDLQWLQJLVUHF WKHYLVXDOZRUOGLQZKLFKUHIXJHH
RJQLVHGDVRQHRIWKHSULPDU\VLJQLILHUV FKLOGUHQJURZXSLQIRUPVWKHPRI
RIH[LOLFLGHQWLW\ WKHLUFXOWXUHDQGUHOLJLRQ+HQFHDW
WKH7LEHWDQ+RPHV)RXQGDWLRQHDFK
,QH[LOHWKDQJNDUHOLJLRXVVFUROOSDLQW KRPHZDVSURYLGHGZLWKDVLPSOH
WUDGLWLRQRIZKDWLWPHDQVWREH7LEHWDQ
DIWHUDQLQYHQWLRQGHILQHGLQ
WHUPVRIWKHLPDJLQHGFRPPXQLWLHVRI
7LEHWDQ%XGGKLVPDQGQHRQDWLRQDOLVP
:LWKLQDQGZLWKRXWWKHHOLWH7LEHWDQ
H[LOHVUHIHUWRWKHPVHOYHVDVQDQJSD RU
14 December 1999, 6
LQJVUHPDLQHPSRZHULQJZLWKLQ7LEHWDQ
%XGGKLVWSUDFWLFHDQGDVPDUNHUVRI
LPSRUWDQWOLIHHYHQWV7KH\FRQWLQXHWR
KDYHDUROHZKHQFRPPLVVLRQHGIRUWKH
FRPPHPRUDWLRQRIWKHGHDGWRDLGJRRG
UHELUWKWRWHOOWDOHVRIWKH%XGGKDDQG
LPDJHRIWKH%XGGKDIRUWKHLUFRP
PXQDOVSDFH
 )LQDOO\WKHUHLVDGHHSFRQVFLRXVQHVV
RIUHFHQWKLVWRU\DQGWKHQHHGWR
FRXQWHUDFWWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRI
FORCED MIGRATION review

%XGGKLVWLPDJHVLQ7LEHWDQGWKH
&KLQHVHGHSLFWLRQRI7LEHW$V*HJD
/DPD·VPDSSLQJRIH[LOHVKRZVD
VKDUSGHPDUFDWLRQPXVWEHPDGH
EHWZHHQ7LEHWDQG&KLQD)RUH[LOHG
LPDJHPDNHUVGUDZLQJWKHOLQHVRI
GLIIHUHQFHKDVEHHQDQHVVHQWLDOSROLW
LFDOWDVNDQGPDNLQJDQLPDJHLQ
¶7LEHWDQ·VW\OHLVWKXVDVWDWHPHQWRI
UHVLOLHQFHDQGUHVLVWDQFH
7KHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHVHWKUHHDLPV
KDVPHDQWWKDWWKHLPDJHRI7LEHWZKLFK
LVUHFRQVWUXFWHGLQH[LOHLVHQYLVDJHGLQ
WHUPVRIWKHSDVWDQGWKHWUDGLWLRQDO
6LQFHIRUH[LOHV¶WUDGLWLRQ·UHIHUVWRDOO
WKDWZHQWEHIRUHWKHGLVDVWURXVEUHDNRI
WKHUHVXOWRIDVHOHFWLYLW\H[HUFLVHLQ
ZKLFKRQHKLVWRULFVW\OHKDVEHHQDFFRUG
HGWKHHTXLYDOHQWRIVWDWHSDWURQDJH
%URDGO\VSHDNLQJWKHUHOLJLRXVDQG
SUHVHUYDWLYHHWKRVRI'KDUDPVDODSODFHV
KLJKYDOXHRQSUHVW\OHVRISDLQWLQJ
ZKLOHWKHSROLWLFVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQLQ
WKDWSODFHKDVPHDQWWKDWRWKHUDVSHFWV
RIWKHKLVWRU\RI7LEHWDQFXOWXUHKDYHWR
EHQHJDWHG+HQFHWKHTXHVWLRQRIH[DFWO\
KRZ7LEHWDQH[LOLFLPDJHVVKRXOGEH
GHVLJQHG²WKDWLVLQZKLFKVW\OH²LVD
PDWWHURIFRQVHTXHQFHQRWPHUHO\RI
FRQQRLVVHXUVKLSLQWKH'KDUDPVDODDUW
ZRUOG,QWKHVDGHEDWHRYHUDQ
LPSRUWDQWSXEOLF FRPPLVVLRQGHPRQ
VWUDWHGWKDWLQWKHLUDGRSWLRQRU
culture in exilefeature
UHSXWDWLRQVSULRUWRPDNLQJWKHMRXUQH\
LQWRH[LOH7KHDUWLVWVZLWKLQWKLVJURXS
DUHYLHZHGE\RWKHU7LEHWDQH[LOHVDVDQ
HQGDQJHUHGDQGWKHUHIRUHH[WUHPHO\
SUHFLRXVVSHFLHV7KHLUNQRZOHGJH
GHWHUPLQHGE\\HDUVRISK\VLFDOSUHV
HQFHLQ7LEHWPHDQVWKDWWKH\DUH
SHUFHLYHGDVFXOWXUDOUHSRVLWRULHVZLWK
DQHPERGLHGDXWKHQWLFLW\ZKLFKWKH
\RXQJHUJHQHUDWLRQFDQRQO\KRSHWR
HPXODWH
'U&ODUH+DUULVLV/HFWXUHU&XUDWRU
DWWKH3LWW5LYHUV0XVHXPLQ2[IRUG
8.(PDLOFODUHKDUULV#SUPR[DFXN
7KLVDUWLFOHLVDQHGLWHGH[WUDFWIURP ,QWKH,PDJHRI
LWVDSSHDOLVSRZHUIXOZLWKLQD
SURFHVVRISV\FKRORJLFDODQGFXOWXUDO
UHWULHYDO
7KHPDMRULW\RIH[LOLFLPDJHVDSSHDUWR
UHFUHDWHWUDGLWLRQDODUWLVWLFVW\OHVDQG
WHFKQLTXHVEXWDQXQGLIIHUHQWLDWHG
QRWLRQRIWUDGLWLRQFRQFHDOVWKHGHEDWHV
DQGGLOHPPDVZKLFKXQGHUSLQWKHP
:RUNVZKLFKIRUQRQ7LEHWDQVPD\FRQ
IRUPWRDWUDQVSDUHQWFDWHJRU\ RIWUDG
LWLRQDO7LEHWDQDUWZKLFKKDVVLPSO\
EHHQSUHVHUYHGDQGUHORFDWHGDUHRIWHQ
Women performing a dance from Central Tibet in front of the Nmgyal Temple
Clare Harris
FORCED MIGRATION review
UHMHFWLRQRIFHUWDLQVW\OHVUHIXJHH
SDLQWHUVDUHVHHQWRLQVFULEHDSROLWLFDO
QDUUDWLYHIRUMXVWDVWKHUHLVQRVXFK
WKLQJDVDQ¶LQQRFHQWH\H·WKHUHLVQR
LQQRFHQWEUXVK7KRVHZKRZLHOGWKH
EUXVKDUHUHTXLUHGWRGHPRQVWUDWHERWK
LQWKHLUZRUNVDQGOLYHVWKDWWKHLU
7LEHWDQQHVVLVOHJLWLPDWHDQGDXWKHQWLF
7KHFRQWLQXDWLRQRI7LEHWDQFXOWXUDO
SUDFWLFHVLQH[LOHKDVWKHUHIRUHODUJHO\
EHHQHQWUXVWHGWRWKRVHZKRZHUHERUQ
LQ7LEHWDQGZKRKDGILUPO\HVWDEOLVKHG
7LEHW SXEOLVKHGE\5HDNWLRQ%RRNV/RQGRQDVWXG\
RIWKHUROHRIYLVXDOFXOWXUHLQ7LEHWDQFRPPXQLWLHV
DIWHU
)RUIXUWKHULQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHFXOWXUHRI7LEHWYLVLW
WKHZHEVLWHRIWKH7LEHWDQ*RYHUQPHQWLQH[LOHDW
ZZZWLEHWFRPDQGWKHOLVWRIOLQNVDW
ZZZWLEHWRUJVIWFXOWXUDOOLQNVKWP
'DODL/DPD0\/DQG0\3HRSOH 
*HJD/DPD7KH3ULQFLSOHVRI7LEHWDQ$UW
''H9RV¶7KH5HIXJHH3UREOHP·7LEHW-RXUQDO 9RO
;;
December 1999, 6 15
culture in exilefeature
The role of art in psychosocial
care and protection for displaced
children by Bo Viktor Nylund,
Jean Claude Legrand and Peter Holtsberg
The psychosocial care and protection of children
affected by armed conflict and displacement are
extremely important components of humanitarian
action.
7
KLVLVUHFRJQL]HGE\$UWLFOHRI
WKH&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH5LJKWVRI
WKH&KLOGZKLFKGHDOVZLWKWKH
FKLOG·VULJKWWRSV\FKRORJLFDOUHFRYHU\
DQGVRFLDOUHLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHFKLOGYLF
WLPRIDUPHGFRQIOLFW,QUHFHQW\HDUV
HPSKDVLVKDVLQFUHDVLQJO\EHHQRQSUR
YLGLQJDFWLYLWLHVIRUFKLOGUHQWRFUHDWHD
VDIHDQG¶QRUPDO·HQYLURQPHQWUDWKHU
WKDQIRFXVLQJRQSV\FKRORJLFDODQDO\VLV
DQGWUHDWPHQW
81,&()·VSROLF\KDVDOVRGHYHORSHGVLPL
ODUO\WKDWLVWRZDUGVWKHQHHGWREXLOG
DQHQYLURQPHQWFRQGXFLYHWRWKHFKLOG·V
UHFRYHU\DQGUHLQWHJUDWLRQ7KLVLQFOXGHV
SURYLGLQJHGXFDWLRQIRUFKLOGUHQEXW
DOVRRUJDQLVLQJRWKHUIRUPVRIDFWLYLWLHV
LQFOXGLQJIDFLOLWLHVIRUSOD\DQGDUWLVWLF
DFWLYLWLHV&KLOGGHYHORSPHQWLVDFRP
SOH[G\QDPLFSURFHVVWKDWLQYROYHV
JURZWKDQGFKDQJHDWPDQ\OHYHOV
$YHQXHVKDYHWREHIRXQGE\ZKLFKQRU
PDOGHYHORSPHQWIORZFDQEH
UHHVWDEOLVKHGIRUFKLOGUHQZKRKDYH
H[SHULHQFHGWUDXPD2QHVXFKDYHQXH
WKDW81,&()KDVIRXQGH[WUHPHO\VXF
FHVVIXOKDVEHHQWKHXVHRIDUWLQFOXGLQJ
GUDPDPXVLFSXSSHWU\DQGGUDZLQJ
'LVSODFHGFKLOGUHQ²LQSDUWLFXODULQWHU
QDOO\GLVSODFHGFKLOGUHQ²DUHDPRQJ
WKRVHZKRVXIIHUPRVW:KLOHWKHUHLVD
UHJLPHWRFRYHUUHIXJHHVLQWHUQDOO\GLV
VLQJOHDJHQF\LQFKDUJHRIDVVLVWDQFHDQG
SURWHFWLRQSURJUDPPHV,'3VWHQGWRIDOO
WKURXJKWKHFUDFNV7KH*XLGLQJ
3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW SUR
YLGHFHUWDLQJXLGHOLQHVEXWKDYHOLWWOH
IRFXVRQFKLOGUHQ
7KLVDUWLFOHH[DPLQHV81,&()·VUHFHQW
H[SHULHQFHVLQXVLQJDUWLQSV\FKRVRFLDO
FDUHDQGSURWHFWLRQSURJUDPPHVIRUGLV
SODFHGFKLOGUHQDQGLGHQWLILHVVRPHNH\
OHVVRQVOHDUQHG,QWKHFRQWH[WRIWKLV
DUWLFOH¶SURWHFWLRQ·HQFRPSDVVHV´DOO
DFWLYLWLHVDLPHGDWREWDLQLQJIXOOUHVSHFW
IRUWKHULJKWVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOLQDFFRU
GDQFHZLWKWKHOHWWHUDQGWKHVSLULWRI
WKHUHOHYDQWERGLHVRIODZµ:HDUHWKXV
QRWQHFHVVDULO\VSHDNLQJRISK\VLFDOSUR
WHFWLRQEXWXQGHUVWDQGSURWHFWLRQDVD
EURDGHUFRQFHSW,WLVDOVRLPSRUWDQWWR
QRWHWKDW81,&()LVQRWGRLQJWKLVDORQH
EXWLVZRUNLQJZLWKORFDODQGLQWHUQD
WLRQDO1*2VDQGJRYHUQPHQWDXWKRULWLHV
EHLW6DUYRGD\DLQ6UL/DQND5DGGD
%DUQHQLQ6XGDQRUWKH0LQLVWU\RI
/DERXULQ$IJKDQLVWDQ
Structure for implementation
,QLPSOHPHQWLQJSV\FKRVRFLDOSUR
JUDPPHV81,&()WULHVWRXWLOLVHH[LVWLQJ
VWUXFWXUHVVXFKDVVFKRROVFHQWUHVIRU
\RXWKFKLOGFDUHDQGVRFLDOVHUYLFHVRU
KHDOWKFHQWUHV2QHVXFKH[DPSOHFRPHV
DSURJUDPPHWRJHWKHUZLWKJRYHUQPHQW
PLQLVWULHVDQG1*2VZLWKWKHJRDORI
DGGUHVVLQJWKHSV\FKRVRFLDOFRQGLWLRQRI
WKHFKLOGUHQVXIIHULQJIURPWUDXPD7KH
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKLVSURMHFWLVIDFLOL
WDWHGE\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHVRFLDOVDIHW\
QHWLVLQJRRGFRQGLWLRQDQGWKHVRFLDO
VHUYLFHVZHOOGHYHORSHGDQGIXQFWLRQLQJ
$FWLYLWLHVLQFOXGHJURXSSOD\VSRUWVDQG
FXOWXUDODFWLYLWLHVVXFKDVDUWGUDZLQJ
WKHDWUHDQGHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIUHFUHDWLRQDO
SDUNV
7KHVFKRROVWUXFWXUHLVFULWLFDOVLQFHLW
IXOILOVWZRIXQFWLRQVLWDGGUHVVHVWKH
QHHGIRUQRUPDOF\DQGDVHQVHRIVWDELOL
W\IRUFKLOGUHQDQGLWSURYLGHVDIRUXP
IRUUHDFKLQJFKLOGUHQWKURXJKWKHXVHRI
DUW6FKRROVSOD\DNH\UROHDQGWHDFKHUV
DQGHGXFDWRUVDUHWUDLQHGWREHDEOHWR
GHDOZLWKWKHVHLVVXHVLGHQWLI\FKLOGUHQ
DWULVNDQGKHOSWKHFKLOGUHQ
*LYHQWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIIRUPDOHGXFD
WLRQLQ6UL/DQNDHQUROOLQJGLVSODFHGDQG
UHWXUQHHFKLOGUHQLQFODVVHVLVDKLJKSUL
RULW\IRU,'3IDPLOLHV81,&()6UL/DQND
KDVUHFRJQLVHGWKDWPDQ\RIWKHVHUH
HQUROOHGVWXGHQWVDUHVWLOOGHHSO\DIIHFWHG
E\WKHFRQIOLFWDQGWKDWWHDFKHUVDUHLQD
XQLTXHSRVLWLRQWRREVHUYHVWXGHQWVIDF
LQJDGMXVWPHQWGLIILFXOWLHV81,&()KDV
LQLWLDWHGWUDLQLQJSURJUDPPHVIRUSULPD
U\VFKRROWHDFKHUVWRKHOSUHFRJQLVHVLJQV
RISV\FKRVRFLDOQHHGVLQ,'3FKLOGUHQ
DQGWRJXLGHDSSURSULDWHLQWHUYHQWLRQVRU
UHIHUUDOV
81,&()·V$OEDQLDLQLWLDWLYHWRFUHDWH
¶FKLOGIULHQGO\VSDFHV·LQZDV
LPSRUWDQWLQDVLWXDWLRQZKHUHWKHUHLV
QRH[LVWLQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUH2QHREMHFWLYH
SODFHGSHRSOH,'3VVWLOOKDYHWRUHO\RQ
DGKRF DUUDQJHPHQWVDQGFRRUGLQDWLRQ
DPRQJDJHQFLHVDQG1*2VIRUD
UHVSRQVHWRWKHLUULJKWVDQGQHHGV6LQFH
WKHUHDUHQRLQWHUQDWLRQDOOHJDOLQVWUX
PHQWVRQWKHULJKWVRI,'3VDQGQR
16 December 1999, 6
IURP$OJHULD ZDVWRSURYLGHLQWHJUDWHGEDVLFVHUYLFHV
IRUFKLOGUHQDQGPRWKHUVLQOLQHZLWK
WKHUHDUHPDQ\FKLOGUHQLQWKHPRVW WKHLUDJHDQGQHHGVVXFKDVEDE\FDUH
DIIHFWHGDUHDVZKRDUHVXIIHULQJWUDXPD SUHVFKRROSULPDU\VFKRROUHFUHDWLRQDO
DQGZKRDUHLQQHHGRISV\FKRORJLFDO DFWLYLWLHVFRXQVHOOLQJSV\FKRVRFLDOVXS
FDUHDQGSURWHFWLRQ81,&()LPSOHPHQWV SRUWEDVLFKHDOWKDQGQXWULWLRQ
FORCED MIGRATION review

Children paint their new reality, Tuzla, Former Yugoslavia.
HGXFDWLRQLQWKHVDPHSK\VLFDOORFDWLRQ
&KLOGSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKHVHOHFWLRQDQG
LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDFWLYLWLHVSURYHGWR
EHRQHRIWKHNH\IDFWRUVRIVXFFHVVRI
WKLVLQLWLDWLYH
Restoring normalcy
$IWHUH[SRVXUHWRRYHUZKHOPLQJOLIH
WKUHDWHQLQJHYHQWVFKLOGUHQDOORYHUWKH
ZRUOGPDQLIHVWHPRWLRQDOGLVWUHVV
WKURXJKVRPHIRUPRIEHKDYLRXUDO
FKDQJHGHYHORSPHQWDOGHOD\RUGLVWXU
EDQFH,QVXFKVLWXDWLRQVWKHHVVHQWLDO
SUHPLVHVIRUKHDOWK\GHYHORSPHQWDUH
WKUHDWHQHG
3V\FKRVRFLDOSURJUDPPLQJFRQVLVWVRI
VWUXFWXUHGDFWLYLWLHVGHVLJQHGWRDGYDQFH
FKLOGUHQ·VSV\FKRORJLFDODQGVRFLDOGHYHO
RSPHQWDQGWRVWUHQJWKHQSURWHFWLYH
IDFWRUVWKDWOLPLWWKHHIIHFWVRIDGYHUVH
LQIOXHQFHV5HHVWDEOLVKLQJDVWDEOHIDPL
O\OLIHDQGDVHQVHRIQRUPDOF\LVFUXFLDO
)DPLOLDUURXWLQHVFUHDWHVHQVHSXUSRVH
DQGPHDQLQJDQGDOORZFKLOGUHQWRVWDUW
IXQFWLRQLQJDJDLQDVIXOO\DVSRVVLEOH
3URYLGLQJFKLOGUHQZLWKQXUWXULQJRSSRU
WXQLWLHVIRUH[SUHVVLRQLVDOVRHVVHQWLDO
&KLOGUHQQHHGDSSURSULDWHYHKLFOHVWR
WHOOWKHLUVWRULHVDQGWREHKHDUGDQG
DFNQRZOHGJHG7KLVLVZKHUHDUWLVWLF
FORCED MIGRATION review
DFWLYLWLHVRIIHUDQXPEHURIDGYDQWDJHV
◗ 7KH\DOORZFKLOGUHQWRGHDOZLWKWKHLU
SDVW$UWDOORZVWKHFKLOGWRUHPRYH
KLPKHUVHOIIURPWKHVSRWOLJKWRIWKH
VLWXDWLRQ7KURXJKDFWLYLWLHVSURPRW
LQJWKHLUGLUHFWH[SUHVVLRQRUHYHQ
EHLQJVSHFWDWRUVRISHUIRUPDQFHV
SOD\HGLQIURQWRIWKHPFKLOGUHQDUH
RIIHUHGDPHDQVWRPHGLDWHWKHLURZQ
HPRWLRQVDQGIHHOLQJV7KLVDOVR
DOORZVWKHPWRUHDOL]HWKDWZKDWLV
KDSSHQLQJWRWKHPLVDOVRKDSSHQLQJ
WRRWKHUV
◗ 7KH\DOORZFKLOGUHQWRGHDOZLWKWKHLU
SUHVHQW'HYHORSHGLQDFXOWXUDOO\
DSSURSULDWHHQYLURQPHQWDUWDFWLYLWLHV
FUHDWHRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRURUJDQL]HG
QRQYLROHQWDFWLYLWLHVDLPHGDWIDFLOL
WDWLQJFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGLQWHUDFWLRQ
DPRQJSHHUV7KHVHDFWLYLWLHVNHHS
FKLOGUHQDZD\IURPRWKHUPRUHKDUP
IXODFWLYLWLHVLQFOXGLQJGUXJDEXVH
UHFUXLWPHQWDVFKLOGVROGLHUVDQGVH[
XDOH[SORLWDWLRQ
◗ 7KH\DOORZFKLOGUHQWRGHDOZLWKWKHLU
IXWXUH7KHSHUIRUPDQFHVRSHQXS
FORVHGGRRUVZLWKLQWKHFKLOGXQOHDVK
LQJHPRWLRQVZKLFKWKH\KDYHEHHQ
IRUFHGWRKROGEDFN2YHUWLPHSV\
culture in exilefeature
UNICEF/95-0555/Roger LeMoyne
FKRVRFLDODFWLYLWLHVLQVWLOLQWKHFKLO
GUHQDVHQVHRIKRSHIRUWKHPVHOYHV
E\DOORZLQJDQGHQFRXUDJLQJWKHPWR
WHOOWKHLUVWRU\DQGE\VRGRLQJ
SXWWLQJWKHHYHQWLQWRSHUVSHFWLYH
7KXVLWDOORZVWKHFKLOGWRFRQWLQXH
OLIHDQGVWDUWORRNLQJSRVLWLYHO\DWWKH
IXWXUH
Forms of art used to address
psychosocial care and protection
$UWLVHIIHFWLYHIRUVHYHUDOUHDVRQV
◗ ,WSURYLGHVDZD\IRUVHQVLWLYHLVVXHV
WREHDGGUHVVHGLQDZD\ZKLFKLV
DIILUPDWLYHDQGHDVLO\DFFHVVLEOHE\
FKLOGUHQ
◗ 7KURXJKWKHXVHRIDUWLWLVSRVVLEOHWR
UHDFKFKLOGUHQRQWKHLUOHYHOVLQFHDUW
FDQEHZKDWHYHUWKHVSHFWDWRUSHU
IRUPHUZDQWVLWWREH
◗ ,WDOORZVFKLOGUHQWRH[SUHVVWKHP
VHOYHVDQGWRDUWLFXODWHWKHLUIHHOLQJV
IHHOLQJVWKDWZRXOGRWKHUZLVHEHLQWHU
QDOLVHGIRUUHDVRQVVXFKDVIHDUDQG
FRQIXVLRQFRQFHUQLQJWKHLUVLWXDWLRQ
,WLVDZD\WRHQGLVRODWLRQRIWUDXPD
WLVHGDQGGLVSODFHGFKLOGUHQ
December 1999, 6 17
culture in exilefeature

UNICEF/94-0876/Roger LeMoyne
7KHUROHRIFXOWXUHLVFHQWUDOIRUSV\
FKRVRFLDOSURJUDPPLQJ&XOWXUDOO\
JURXQGHGLQWHUYHQWLRQVZLOOWDNHLQWR
FRQVLGHUDWLRQDQGUHVSHFWWKRVHEHOLHIV
DQGSUDFWLFHVZKLFKFRQVWLWXWHWKH
IUDPHZRUNRIORFDOVRFLDOLVDWLRQSUDF
WLFHV/RFDOFRPPXQLWLHVKDYHGHYHORSHG
RYHUFHQWXULHVDZHDOWKRILQGLJHQRXV
SV\FKRVRFLDOUHVRXUFHVLQUHVSRQVHWR
WKHGDLO\FKDOOHQJHVSRVHGE\FULVHV
7KHVHFXOWXUDOUHVRXUFHVPD\LQFOXGH
WUDGLWLRQDOSDWWHUQVRIFKLOGUHDULQJULWHV
RIPRXUQLQJULWXDOVIRUKHDOLQJQRUPV
RIFDULQJIRUFKLOGUHQDQGFHUHPRQLHVRI
FOHDQVLQJDUWLVWLFH[SUHVVLRQVVXFKDV
GDQFHVRQJVPXVLFDQGERG\SDLQWLQJ
DUHHVVHQWLDOYHKLFOHVIRUWKHKHDOLQJ
PHDQVGHYHORSHGE\WKLVFXOWXUH

(YHU\FXOWXUHKDVLWVRZQIRUPRIDUW
ZLWKZKLFKWRDUWLFXODWHDQGH[SUHVV
IHHOLQJV7KLVIDFLOLWDWHVWKHXVHRIDUWDV
DZD\RIUHDFKLQJFKLOGUHQVLQFHWKH
PHFKDQLVPVDUHDOUHDG\LQSODFH
+RZHYHUDUWPXVWEHXVHGYHU\GHOLFDWH
O\DQGZLWKH[WUHPHFDXWLRQ&XOWXUDO
DZDUHQHVVDQGVHQVLWLYLW\DUHLPSRUWDQW
,IVRPHWKLQJLVSUHVHQWHGWRFKLOGUHQ
WKH\QHHGWREHDEOHWRUHODWHWRWKH
FKDUDFWHUVDQGJHVWXUHV,WLVDOVRLPSRU
WDQWWKDWZKDWLVEHLQJWDXJKWWRWKH
FKLOGUHQLVUHLQIRUFHGE\WKHDGXOWVDQG
WKHLQVWLWXWLRQVDURXQGWKHP

Drawing and painting

7KURXJKSDLQWLQJFKLOGUHQFDQH[SUHVV
HPRWLRQVZKLFKDUHWRRGLIILFXOWWR
H[SUHVVYHUEDOO\DQGRWKHUSHRSOHFDQ
VHHZKDWWKH\DUHIHHOLQJ$VZLWKSHUIRU
WKHLUWHDFKHUVDQGSDUHQWVLQSDUWLF
XODUWRHQDEOHDEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
RIWKHLPSDFWRIYLROHQFHRQFKLOGUHQ
WRUDLVHDZDUHQHVVDQGXQGHUVWDQG
LQJRIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIFRPPXQL
WKHIUHHGRPWRDFWRXWWKHLUHPRWLRQV
XQGHUWKHJXLVHRIEHLQJVRPHRQHRU
VRPHWKLQJHOVH'UDPDFDQDOVREHXVHG
DVDIRUPRIHQWHUWDLQPHQWLQZKLFKFKLO
GUHQDUHPDLQO\SDUWLFLSDQWV\HWLQYROYHG
PDQFHVWKHVHIRUPVRIDUWDOVRVKRZWKH
FKLOGUHQWKDWWKHUHLVPRUHWROLIHWKDQ
ZKDWLVKDSSHQLQJWRWKHPULJKWQRZ
,Q&URDWLDWKHSUHVFKRRODQGSULPDU\
VFKRROV\VWHPVZHUHXVHGWRKHOSFKLO
GUHQZKRKDGH[SHULHQFHGWKHZDULQWKH
%DONDQVDQGZKRKDGEHHQGLVSODFHGE\
LW7KH/HW·V+HOS7KHP*URZ3URMHFW
LQYROYHGRUJDQLVLQJDQGHGXFDWLQJWHDFK
HUVDQGSURYLGLQJWKHPZLWKWKH
QHFHVVDU\IDFLOLWLHVDQGPDWHULDOVDQG
WKH6WHSE\6WHSWR5HFRYHU\3URMHFW
LQYROYHGXVLQJDUWWKHUDS\WRKHOSSDU
HQWVDQGFKLOGUHQDUWLFXODWHDQGH[SUHVV
WKHLUHPRWLRQV81,&()KDVLPSURYHG
WKHHGXFDWLRQV\VWHPFUXFLDOLQKHOSLQJ
FKLOGUHQWUDXPDWLVHGE\ZDUDQGGLV
SODFHPHQWWKURXJKDWKUHHOHYHOSURFHVV
 GLUHFWKHOSIRUWKHFKLOGUHQWKHP
VHOYHV
 LQGLUHFWO\KHOSLQJWKHFKLOGUHQ
WKURXJKDGPLQLVWHULQJVXSSRUWWR
18 December 1999, 6
FDWLQJZLWKFKLOGUHQ LQDWKHPHWKDWLVLPSRUWDQWWRWKHP
 WKURXJKSXEOLFLQIRUPDWLRQDQGFDP
SDLJQVWRFRQYH\PHVVDJHVRQ ,QWKHUHIXJHHFDPSVZKLFKZHUHVHWXS
SRVLWLYHVFKRROLQJDQGXSEULQJLQJ DFURVVWKHERUGHUIURP.RVRYRLQWKH
QHLJKERXULQJFRXQWULHVRI$OEDQLDDQG
Dance and music 0DFHGRQLDWKHDWUHJURXSVIURPRWKHU
FRXQWULHVZHUHLQYLWHGE\81,&()LQ
7KHQRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQYROYHG
RUGHUWREULQJVRPHWKLQJGLIIHUHQWLQWR
LQSOD\LQJPXVLFGDQFLQJDQGSHUIRUP
WKHUHIXJHHFDPSVDSDUWIURPWKHWHQVH
LQJSDQWRPLPHVUHSUHVHQWVDZD\RI
FRPPXQLFDWLRQZKLFKFKLOGUHQXVHG ZDLWLQJDQGWKHVWUXJJOHWRUHWDLQRQH·V
GLJQLW\ZKLFKFKDUDFWHULVHGWKHLUGDLO\
EHIRUHWKH\ZHUHDEOHWRVSHDNDQG
OLYHV7KHWKHDWUHJURXSVZRUNHGWRJHWK
WKHUHIRUHLVDYHU\FUHDWLYHWRROERWKIRU
HUZLWKWKHSV\FKRORJLVWVLQWKHFDPSVLQ
WKHFKLOGWRH[SUHVVKLPKHUVHOIDQGIRU
RUGHUWRPDNHWKHFKLOGUHQZDQWWR
DGXOWVWRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKFKLOGUHQ
H[SUHVVWKHPVHOYHV7KHHIIHFWZDVYHU\
0RUHRYHULWLVHDV\WRFUHDWHDQGSHU
SRVLWLYH$OWKRXJKWKHFDPSVZHUHVWLOO
IRUPDUWLQWHUPVRIHFRQRPLFFRVW
WKHUHDQGWKHSROLWLFDOVLWXDWLRQ
*HVWXUHVDQGVRXQGVFDQEHXVHGDQG
UHPDLQHGWKHVDPHWKHFKLOGUHQRIWKH
VLPSOHRXWILWVDQGFRVWXPHVFDQEHFUH
FDPSVZHUHJLYHQDFKDQFHWREHRUGL
DWHGXVLQJHYHU\GD\LWHPVDQGPDWHULDO
QDU\WREHVSHFWDWRUVIRURQFHDV
RSSRVHGWREHLQJIROORZHGDQGREVHUYHG
Drama
E\WKHZRUOGWKURXJKWKHPHGLD
3HUIRUPLQJZHDULQJFRVWXPHVDQGSOD\
LQJZLWKSXSSHWVSUHVHQWFKLOGUHQZLWK
FORCED MIGRATION review

Challenges in using art in
psychosocial programmes
0DQ\FULWLFVRISV\FKRVRFLDOSURJUDPPHV
IHHOWKDWVSHQGLQJPRQH\DQGUHVRXUFHV
RQDEVWUDFWWKLQJVVXFKDVWKHSV\FKRVR
FLDOZHOOEHLQJRIFKLOGUHQDOWKRXJK
LPSRUWDQWLVDOX[XU\ZKLFKFDQQRWEH
MXVWLILHG0RUHRYHUPDQ\FRQWHQGWKDW
WKHRQO\ZD\LQZKLFKWKHFKLOGUHQFDQ
JRXSWKH5LYHU$WUDWRWRFDUU\RXW
SVFKRVRFLDOSURJUDPPHVZLWKFKLOGUHQ
ZKRRWKHUZLVHZRXOGQRWEHUHDFKHG
6LPSO\VXSSRUWLQJLQIUDVWUXFWXUHZRXOG
QRWDGGUHVVWKHVSHFLDOSURWHFWLRQQHHGV
RIFKLOGUHQLQXUJHQWQHHGRISV\FKRVR
FLDOFDUHDQGSURWHFWLRQ([SHULHQFHDOVR
VKRZVWKDWV\VWHPVFKDQJHVORZO\DQG
WKHHDUOLHURQHLVDEOHWRLQWHUYHQHWKH
EHWWHU
culture in exilefeature
VRFLDOFDUHDQGSURWHFWLRQDUHORRNHG
DWLQDKROLVWLFPDQQHU
◗ 3V\FKRVRFLDOFDUHDQGSURWHFWLRQDOORZ
FKLOGUHQWRGHDOZLWKWKHLUSDVWSUH
VHQWDQGIXWXUH7KH\DUHQHFHVVDU\
IRUUHVWRULQJQRUPDOF\DQGIRFXVLQJ
RQPRUHWKDQMXVWWKHPDWHULDOQHHGV
RIFKLOGUHQ
UHFRYHULVE\LPSURYHPHQWRIWKHLUHFR
QRPLFVXUURXQGLQJV7KHFRVWRISV\FKR
VRFLDOUHKDELOLWDWLRQIRUFKLOGUHQKRZHY
HULVH[WUHPHO\VPDOOZKHQFRPSDUHGWR
WKDWRIRWKHUH[SHQGLWXUHVDQGWKHEHQH
ILWVFDQEHHQRUPRXVIRUWKHFKLOG
,WLVGLIILFXOWWRVKRZWDQJLEOHUHVXOWVRI
SV\FKRVRFLDOSURJUDPPHVDQGWKHUHIRUH
GLIILFXOWWRHYDOXDWHWKHP)XUWKHUPRUH
DVPDQ\SV\FKRVRFLDOSURJUDPPHVDUH
SDUWRIDSUHYHQWLYHVWUDWHJ\WKHUHVXOWV
RIWKHLQWHUYHQWLRQZLOOQRWEHQRWLFHG,W
LVDOVRQHFHVVDU\WRUHFRJQL]HWKDWWKHXVH
RIDUWLQSV\FKRVRFLDOSURJUDPPHVZLOO
QRWDOZD\VEHVXFFHVVIXODQGWKDWLWZLOO
QRWEHWKHEHVWPHWKRGIRUDOOFKLOGUHQ
+RZHYHUWKLVDUJXPHQWVKRXOGEH
ZHLJKHGDJDLQVWWKHFKLOG·VULJKWDQGQHHG
WRSOD\DQGLQWHUDFWZLWKRWKHUFKLOGUHQ
6RPHFULWLFVDOVRUHIHUWRWKHXVHRIDUW
DVD:HVWHUQFRQFHSWDQGVD\WKDWWKHUH
PD\EHRWKHUFXOWXUDOO\PRUHDSSURSUL
DWHRUUHOHYDQWLQWHUYHQWLRQVIRU
SV\FKRVRFLDOVXSSRUW,WLVLPSRUWDQWWR
◗ $UWLQPDQ\GLIIHUHQWIRUPVKDV
Building capacity through and SURYHGDVXFFHVVIXOIRUPRISV\FKR
involving adolescents in VRFLDOFDUHDQGSURWHFWLRQDQGWKLVLV
EHFRPLQJDQLQFUHDVLQJO\LPSRUWDQW
psychosocial programmes
DVSHFWRIKXPDQLWDULDQDFWLRQ
/HDUQLQJIURPPDQ\\HDUV·LQYROYHPHQW
◗ &KLOGUHQKDYHDULJKWWRSV\FKRVRFLDO
LQWKHGHVLJQRISV\FKRVRFLDOFDUHDQG
FDUHDQGSURWHFWLRQDQGWKHVHSUR
SURWHFWLRQ81,&()KDVLQFUHDVLQJO\SXW
JUDPPHVDUHQHFHVVDU\IRUWKH
HPSKDVLVRQFRPSOLDQFHZLWKKXPDQL
UHFRYHU\RIVRFLHW\DVDZKROH,WLV
WDULDQSULQFLSOHVLQFOXGLQJWKHSULQFLSOH
QRWHQRXJKVLPSO\WRVXSSRUWLQIUD
RILQYROYLQJORFDOFRPPXQLWLHVDQG
VWUXFWXUH7DUJHWWHGSURJUDPPHVDUH
EXLOGLQJFDSDFLW\IRUSXUSRVHVRIVXV
QHHGHGLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKDWSV\
WDLQDELOLW\$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVKDVEHHQ
FKRORJLFDOUHFRYHU\DQGVRFLDO
WKHLQYROYHPHQWRIWKH,'3FRPPXQLW\
UHLQWHJUDWLRQFDQWDNHSODFH
LQWKHGHVLJQDQGGHOLYHU\RISUR
JUDPPHVLQ&RORPELD
◗ 3V\FKRVRFLDOSURJUDPPHVPXVW
LQFOXGHDQHOHPHQWRILQYROYLQJWKH
OHDGHUVIRUWKHUDSHXWLFJDPHVDQG
EHQHILFLDULHVDQGEXLOGLQJFDSDFLW\
UHFUHDWLRQDODFWLYLWLHV>LQFOXGLQJSXS
,QWKLVZD\QRWRQO\ZLOOWKHSUR
SHWU\VLQJLQJDQGGDQFLQJ@DQ
JUDPPHVSHUVH EHEHQHILFLDOWR
LPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWRI(O5HWRUQR
FKLOGUHQEXWWKHLUDFWXDOLPSOHPHQWD
ZHUHUHFUXLWHGIURPDPRQJWKH>DGROHV
WLRQZLOODOVREULQJEHQHILWVWRWKH
FHQW@LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGDQG
FRPPXQLW\
¶SURGXFWLRQJURXSV·ZHUHIRUPHGDPRQJ
,'3VWRSURGXFHVKRXOGHUEDJVWR\VDQG
7KHDXWKRUVDOOZRUNDWWKH8QLWHG
RWKHUSURJUDPPHPDWHULDO7UDLQLQJ
UHPHPEHUWKDWSV\FKRVRFLDOSUR
JUDPPHVXVLQJDUWDUHQRWDQHQGLQ
WKHPVHOYHVDQGWKDWWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQW
WKHORFDOFXOWXUHDQGWKHYLHZVRIWKH
WDUJHWSRSXODWLRQZLOOEHDXVHIXOSDUWRI
DFKHFNOLVWWRHQVXUHDQDSSURSULDWHDQG
XVHIXOLQWHUYHQWLRQ
Two-tiered strategy
)RU81,&()WKHUHDVRQLQJLVVLPSOH,QD
KXPDQULJKWVEDVHGDSSURDFKWRSUR
JUDPPLQJGXHUHJDUGPXVWEHJLYHQWR
WKHIXOOVSHFWUXPRIFKLOGUHQ·VULJKWV
81,&()DLPVWR 7KHSXUSRVHRISURWHFWLRQZDVGHILQHGDWWKH7KLUG
 SURYLGHDSSURSULDWHVRFLDOVHUYLFHV
DFURVVDOOWKHVHFWRUVWRUHDFKDQG
VXSSRUWFKLOGUHQDWULVNDQG
 SXWLQSODFHWDUJHWWHGLQLWLDWLYHVWR
UHDFKGLVDGYDQWDJHGFKLOGUHQZKRDUH
PLVVHGE\RUOHIWRXWRIPDLQVWUHDP
SURJUDPPHV
PDWHULDOVIRU(O5HWRUQRGHOD$OHJULD
LQFOXGHGD¶9ROXQWHHU·V0DQXDO·WKDW
HPSRZHUHG,'3DGROHVFHQWVE\SURYLGLQJ
EDVLFLQVWUXFWLRQLQHDUO\FKLOGKRRGGHYHO
RSPHQWDQGWKDWFRQWLQXDOO\HPSKDVLVHG
WKHHVVHQWLDOUROHRIIDPLO\DQGFRPPX
QLW\VWUXFWXUHVWRWKHFKLOG·VZHOOEHLQJ
&RPPXQLW\YROXQWHHUVPRUHRYHUZHUH
DVNHGWRVKDUHWKHLUH[SHULHQFHDQG
WUDLQLQJZLWKRWKHUGLVSODFHGRUUHWXUQHH
FRPPXQLWLHVHQKDQFLQJWKHLUVWDWXVDQG
VHOIHVWHHP2ISDUWLFXODUQRWHQXPEHUV
RIGLVSODFHGWHHQDJHUVZHUHUHFUXLWHGDV
OHDGHUVRISOD\JURXSVSURYLGLQJWKHVH
DGROHVFHQWVZLWKDQLPSRUWDQWDQFKRUWR
WKHFRPPXQLW\DWDWLPHRIFRQVLGHUDEOH
VWUHVVLQWKHLURZQOLYHV
Key lessons learned
◗ 3V\FKRVRFLDOSURJUDPPHVVKRXOGEH
LPSOHPHQWHGWKURXJKH[LVWLQJVWUXF
WXUHVZKHUHYHUWKRVHVWUXFWXUHVH[LVW
:KHUHWKHUHDUHQRVWUXFWXUHVRU
ZKHUHVWUXFWXUHVDUHZHDNLWPD\EH
1DWLRQV&KLOGUHQ·V)XQG81,&()
7KHYLHZVH[SUHVVHGLQWKLVSDSHUDUH
WKRVHRIWKHDXWKRUVDQGDUHQRWQHF
HVVDULO\VKDUHGE\81,&()RUWKH81
)RUVSHFLILFLQIRUPDWLRQUHODWLQJWRLVVXHVUDLVHGLQ
WKLVDUWLFOHYLVLW
ZZZXQLFHIRUJHPHUJ
ZZZHVVH[DFXNF DFX
ZZZZDUFKLOGRUJ
ZZZUHOLHIZHELQWOLEUDU\GRFXPHQWV
6HHUHSRUWIURP,QWHUUHJLRQDO3URJUDPPLQJ
:RUNVKRSRQ3V\FKRVRFLDO&DUHDQG3URWHFWLRQ
FRQWDFW81,&()&KLOG3URWHFWLRQ6HFWLRQ813OD]D
1HZ<RUN1<86$
81'RFXPHQW(&1$GGRI)HE

:RUNVKRSRQ3URWHFWLRQIRU+XPDQ5LJKWVDQG
+XPDQLWDULDQ2UJDQL]DWLRQVKRVWHGE\,&5&*HQHYD
-DQ
¶0LVVLRQWR6UL/DQNDZLWKD9LHZWR'HYHORS)LHOG
3UDFWLFHLQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW·81,&()2IILFHRI
(PHUJHQF\3URJUDPPHVDOVRDYDLODEOHRQZHE
VLWHDWZZZXQLFHIRUJ
6HH0DFNVRXG0+HOSLQJ&KLOGUHQ&RSHZLWKWKH
6WUHVVHVRI:DU²$0DQXDOIRU3DUHQWVDQG7HDFKHUV
81,&()
&DGGHOO$¶7KH+HDOLQJ3RZHURIWKH$UWV·81,&()
,QIRUPDWLRQ%XOOHWLQ0DFHGRQLD
&DQWZHOO1¶6WDUWLQJIURP=HUR²7KH3URPRWLRQDQG
3URWHFWLRQRI&KLOGUHQ·V5LJKWVLQ3RVW*HQRFLGH
5ZDQGD-XO\²'HFHPEHU·81
7DUJHWHGLQWHUYHQWLRQVLQFOXGHWKH¶(O QHFHVVDU\WRHVWDEOLVKFHUWDLQDUHDV ¶0LVVLRQWR&RORPELDZLWKD9LHZWR'HYHORS)LHOG
5HWRUQRGHOD$OHJULD·SURJUDPPHLQ IRUZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQZKHUHSV\FKR 3UDFWLFHLQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW·DYDLODEOHDW
&RORPELD,QWKLVVLWXDWLRQPRELOHWHDPV ZZZXQLFHIRUJ

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 19

culture in exilefeature

Psychosocial rehabilitation of
IDP children: using theatre, art,
music and sport
by Nazim Akhundov

In any group of IDP children, there will be children WRZDUGVVRPHWKLQJJRRGNLQGDQGSRVL

WLYHHLWKHUUHFROOHFWLQJLWIURPWKHSDVW
who require psychotherapeutic interventions and RUWUDQVIHUULQJLWWRWKHIXWXUH

children who need only social and educational 3. Music

rehabilitation. 0XVLFDOIRONORUHDSSHDOVWRWKHDJHROG
PHFKDQLVPRIPXVLF·VFRPSOH[SV\FKR

'
LYLGLQJWKHP²VHWWLQJDSDUW
SUREOHPDWLFFKLOGUHQLQIURQWRI
WKHZKROHFRPPXQLW\²LVQRW
DGYLVDEOH2QWKHRWKHUKDQGVHWWLQJXS
RQO\VRFLDODFWLYLWLHVOHDYLQJSV\FKRORJL
SDUWLFLSDWLRQQRWDVPHGLFDOWUHDWPHQW
EXWDVSDUWRIFUHDWLYHSOD\DFWLYLWLHV
1. Theatre
7KLVVHFWLRQKDVURRWVLQFRPPRQZLWK
SK\VLFDOHIIHFWPXVLFWH[WDQGUK\WKP
7RDFHUWDLQGHJUHHWKHVHHIIHFWVDUH
SUHGLFWDEOHVWHUHRW\SHGDQGOHDYHOHVV
VSDFHIRULQGLYLGXDOL]HGDVVRFLDWLRQV
(DFKOHVVRQVWDUWVZLWKVRQJVZLWKDVDG
FDOO\VHYHUHO\WUDXPDWL]HGFKLOGUHQ FRPSRQHQWSHUFHQWRIWKHWLPH
*0RUHQR·VPHWKRGRISV\FKRGUDPD
ZLWKRXWGXHDWWHQWLRQLVZURQJ7KLV WKHQVRQJVZLWKPRUHQHXWUDOFRQWHQWXS
7KHGLIIHUHQFHLVKRZHYHUWKDWFKLOGUHQ
DUWLFOHVXPPDUL]HVWKHFHQWUDOHOHPHQWV WRSHUFHQWDQGDWWKHHQGFRPH
GRQRWUHHQDFWWKHLURZQH[SHULHQFHV
RIDSURJUDPPHRISV\FKRVRFLDOUHKDELOL VRQJVDQGGDQFHVZLWKDQRSWLPLVWLF
DQGSUREOHPV,QVWHDGLQGLUHFWLQWHUYHQ
WDWLRQIRU,'3FKLOGUHQLQ$]HUEDLMDQ
IURPWRLPSOHPHQWHGE\WKH
1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLOZLWK%87$
&KLOGUHQ·V+XPDQLWDULDQ)RXQGDWLRQDQ
$]HUEDLMDQL1*27KHPHWKRGRORJ\EDO
DQFHVWKH¶WKHUDSHXWLF·DQGWKH¶VRFLDO·
HOHPHQWVRIQRUPDOSV\FKRVRFLDOUHKDELO
LWDWLRQDYRLGLQJGLYLVLRQDQGLQYROYLQJ
FKLOGUHQLQWKHDWUHDUWVSRUWDQGPXVLF
Methodology
7KHPDMRUSULQFLSOHLV¶UHVWRUDWLRQRIWKH
FKLOG·VZRUOG·DQGWKHFRUQHUVWRQHRI
WKLVLVWKHFKLOG·VQHHGIRUSOD\7KLV
LPSOLHVDOVRZRUNLQJZLWKSDUHQWVWHDFK
HUVDQGWKHHOGHUO\WRUHHVWDEOLVK
LQWUDFRPPXQDOLQWUDIDPLOLDODQGLQWHU
SHUVRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSV
7KHFKLOGUHQPD\SDUWLFLSDWHLQRQHRI
KDSS\FRPSRQHQWSHUFHQW
WLRQLQWRSUREOHPVWDNHVSODFH
3V\FKLDWULVWVDQGSV\FKRORJLVWVLQGLYLGX 4. Sport
DOL]HDQGDGDSWZHOONQRZQIDLU\WDOHV
6SRUW\LHOGVOHVVSRVVLELOLW\IRUGLUHFWHG
DQGOHJHQGVIRUWKH¶FKLOGDFWRUV·7KH
LQWHUYHQWLRQLQWRFKLOGUHQ·VSV\FKRJHQLF
OLYHVRIWKHFKDUDFWHUVWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV
SUREOHPVEXWKDVPRUHLPSDFWRQ
DQGEHKDYLRXUDQGZKDWLVDOVRLPSRU
EHKDYLRXUDOSUREOHPV,QJHQHUDOWKLV
WDQWWKHZD\VLQZKLFKWKH\VROYHWKHLU
VHFWLRQXVHVWHDPVSRUWVVXFKDVUHOD\
SUREOHPVDUHYHU\FORVHWRWKHOLYHVRI
UDFHFRPSHWLWLRQVWKHUHVXOWVDUH
WKH,'3FKLOGUHQ
LPSURYHGHPRWLRQDOKHDOWKUHKDELOLWD
2. Art WLRQDQGLQWHUSHUVRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSV7KH
JDPHVDOVRFUHDWHIDYRXUDEOHFRQGLWLRQV
7KHPHWKRGRORJ\DSSOLHGLQWKHDUWVHF
IRUDGGUHVVLQJSHUVRQDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
WLRQLVEDVHGRQDUWWKHUDS\DGDSWDWLRQ
VXFKDVZLWKGUDZDOHJRFHQWULVP
OLHVLQWKHVHOHFWLRQRIWKHPHV$WILUVW
GHSUHVVLRQDQGIUXVWUDWLRQ
LQWKH¶GLDJQRVWLFSHULRG·FKLOGUHQDUH
RIIHUHGDIUHHWKHPHIRUGUDZLQJ9HU\
Application
RIWHQFKLOGUHQLOOXVWUDWHWKHLUWUDXPDWLF
H[SHULHQFHV)ROORZLQJWKLVFKLOGUHQDUH
7KLVPHWKRGRIFRPSOH[PDVVSV\FKRVR
DVNHGWRGUDZSLFWXUHVZLWKFRPSOHWHO\
FLDOUHKDELOLWDWLRQRI,'3FKLOGUHQFDQEH
GLIIHUHQWWKHPHVVXFKDV¶P\ZRUVWGD\·
DSSOLHGRQWKUHHGLIIHUHQWOHYHOVZLWKWKH
IRXU¶VHFWLRQV·WKHDWUHDUWVSRUWRU RQHGUDZLQJDQG¶P\EHVWGD\V·WKUHH
XVHRIYDULRXVVSHFLDOLVWV
PXVLFDOIRONORUH'HSHQGLQJRQWKH WRIRXUGUDZLQJV$IWHUVHYHUDOOHVVRQV
PRWLIVDQGJDPHVFHQDULRVWKHOHYHODQG FKLOGUHQDUHRQFHPRUHDVNHGWRGUDZRQ
/HYHO 7KLVLQYROYHVWZRVSHFLDOLVWVD
WKHIRFXVRILQWHUYHQWLRQVKLIWVIURP D¶IUHH·WRSLF$IWHUVHYHUDOVXFKIUHHWRS
PHGLFDOSV\FKRORJLFDOWRWKHHGXFDWLRQDO
ZLWKDQHPSKDVLVRQFKLOGUHQ·VULJKWV
(DFKFKLOGFKRRVHVKLVKHUSUHIHUUHG
SV\FKLDWULVWRUSV\FKRORJLVWDQGDSUR
LFVWKHQXPEHURIFKLOGUHQZKRUHIOHFW
IHVVLRQDOJURXSOHDGHUZKRVHEDFN
WKHLUWUDXPDWLFH[SHULHQFHVLQWKHLU
JURXQGFRUUHVSRQGVZLWKWKHVHFWLRQ
GUDZLQJGHFUHDVHVFRQVLGHUDEO\,WLV
VHFWLRQDQGEHFDXVHRIWKLVHOHPHQWRI
IUHHFKRLFHWKHFKLOGUHQDQGWKHFRP
PXQLW\DVWKHZKROHLQWHUSUHWWKHLU
20 December 1999, 6
SURILOHWKHDWUHSURGXFHUDUWLVWHWF
LPSRUWDQWWRHQVXUHWKDWDIWHUDFWXDOL]D
7KHSV\FKLDWULVWGHVLJQVDSOD\VFHQDULR
WLRQWDNHVSODFHGXULQJWKHGUDZLQJ
IRUWKHZRUNRIWKHVHFWLRQWKHJURXS
SURFHVVWKHFKLOGUHQDUHWKHQGLUHFWHG
OHDGHULPSOHPHQWVWKLVSODQPDNLQJLW
FORCED MIGRATION review
 culture in exilefeature
DWWUDFWLYHDQGLQWHUHVWLQJIRUFKLOGUHQ WKHGLIIHUHQWJURXSVDQGHWKQLFFXOWXU RIDVVLVWDQFHZLWKD¶SV\FKR·ZRUGLQLW
0HGLFDOSV\FKRORJLFDOVRFLDODQGWRD DOFRPSRXQGVRI,'3VFKLOGUHQ LPSOLHVRQHLVFUD]\
OHVVHUH[WHQWSHGDJRJLFDOLQWHUYHQWLRQV HOGHUO\ZRPHQXUEDQUXUDOHWF
DUHDSSOLHG ◗ ZKLFKW\SHVRISV\FKRVRFLDODVVLVWDQFH ◗ ,QWHUYHQWLRQWKURXJKJDPHVDWWUDFWV
DUHWKHPRVWVXLWDEOHLQWKHZRUNRQ FKLOGUHQLQODUJHQXPEHUVDQGDOORZV
/HYHO 7KLVLQYROYHVRQHSV\FKLDWULVW GLIIHUHQWVWDJHVRIGLVSODFHPHQW WKHPWRLQWHUDFWLQPL[HGJURXSV
RUSV\FKRORJLVWDQGIRXUWRHLJKWVRFLDO
ZRUNHUV7KHODWWHUDUHWUDLQHGLQWKH
EDVLFVRILQWHUYHQWLRQPHWKRGRORJ\7KH
ZRUNRIWKHSV\FKLDWULVWLVFRQILQHGWR
¶GLIILFXOW·FKLOGUHQDQGVXSHUYLVLRQRIWKH
VRFLDOZRUNHUV$FRPPRQPLVWDNHLVD
WHQGHQF\RQWKHSDUWRIWKHVRFLDOZRUN
HUVWRIRFXVRQHLWKHUWKHPRVWWDOHQWHG
◗ ZKLFKDFWLYLWLHVVRFLDOZRUNHUVVKRXOG
FKRRVHLQRUGHUWREULQJPD[LPXP
EHQHILWWR,'3V
:HZRXOGOLNHWRFRPPHQWRQWKHVWDWH
PHQWLQWKHDUWLFOHE\$QLFD0LNXV.RV
DQG6DQMD'HUYLVNDGLF-RYDQRYLF WKDW
´«WLPHLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWKHDOHU
◗ )UHHGRPRIFKRLFHRIVHFWLRQE\FKLO
GUHQWHQGVWRHQVXUHWKHPRVWVXLWDEOH
W\SHRIDFWLYLW\DQGWKHUHIRUHWKHPRVW
DSSURSULDWHIRUPRILQWHUYHQWLRQIRU
HDFKFKLOG
◗ 'HSHQGLQJRQQHHGVDQGUHVRXUFHV
RUWKHPRVWGHSULYHGFKLOGUHQ0DLQO\ 7KHVWDWHRIPHQWDOKHDOWKDQGSV\ SV\FKRVRFLDOUHKDELOLWDWLRQFDQEH
VRFLDOSHGDJRJLFDODQGWRDOHVVHUH[WHQW FKRVRFLDOIXQFWLRQLQJLPSURYHLQWKH GRQHE\WKHFRPELQHGWHDPRISV\FKL
PHGLFDOSV\FKRORJLFDOW\SHVRILQWHUYHQ
WLRQVDUHDSSOLHG
/HYHO7KLVLQYROYHVVRFLDOZRUNHUV
RQO\WKRXJKWKH\VWLOOUHTXLUHWUDLQLQJ
,QWHUYHQWLRQLVLPSOHPHQWHGRQWKH
VRFLDOSHGDJRJLFDODQGWRDPXFKOHVVHU
H[WHQWWKHPHGLFDOSV\FKRORJLFDOOHYHO
PLOGQHXURWLFUHDFWLRQVVSRQWDQHRXVO\
PDMRULW\RIFKLOGUHQZLWKRXWSV\FKRVR DWULVWVSV\FKRORJLVWVDQGVRFLDO
ZRUNHUVRUDOWHUQDWLYHO\E\WKHWUDLQHG
FLDOLQWHUYHQWLRQµ2XUH[SHULHQFHGRHV
VRFLDOZRUNHUV
QRWVXSSRUWWKLVVWDWHPHQW&RPSDUDWLYH
HYDOXDWLRQRIWKHFKLOGUHQZKRWRRNSDUW
◗ 2INH\LPSRUWDQFHLQWKHWKUHHOHYHOV
LQRXUDFWLYLWLHVDQGWKRVHH[FOXGHGIURP
RISV\FKRVRFLDOUHKDELOLWDWLRQLVWKH
WKHPVKRZVDVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFH
WUDLQLQJRIVRFLDOZRUNHUVIURPDPRQJ
DPRQJWKHP
WKHLQKDELWDQWVRIWKHFDPSWUDQVIHU
ULQJWRWKHPWKHUROHRI
Lessons learned ¶UHKDELOLWDWLRQLVW·
GHFUHDVH
:KDWOHYHOWRFKRRVHZLOOGHSHQGRQWKH
IROORZLQJ FRPELQDWLRQRIERWKWKHWKHUDSHXWLF
◗ VWDJHRISV\FKRVRFLDOUHKDELOLWDWLRQ
◗ RFFXUUHQFHRISV\FKRJHQLFGLVWXU
EDQFHVDPRQJFKLOGUHQ
◗ DYDLODELOLW\RISV\FKLDWULVWVSV\FKROR
JLVWVZLWKH[SHULHQFHLQJURXS
SV\FKRWKHUDSHXWLFDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQ
ZRUNDQGIDPLOLDULW\ZLWKWKHHWKQLF
DQGUHJLRQDOHQYLURQPHQWLQTXHVWLRQ
◗ ILQDQFLDOUHVRXUFHV
◗ 3V\FKRVRFLDOUHKDELOLWDWLRQHVSHFLDOO\
ZLWKFKLOGUHQVKRXOGEHGRQHDVD
DQGWKHVRFLDOEDVHGRQH[DPLQDWLRQ
◗ 'HSHQGLQJRQWKHSUHVHQFHDQGFKDU
DFWHURISV\FKRWUDXPDDQGWKH
LQGLYLGXDOUHDFWLRQVRIFKLOGUHQWKHUH
VKRXOGEHDUDQJHRISV\FKRVRFLDO
DFWLYLWLHVLQWKHIROORZLQJVHTXHQFH FLDOO\LIWKHLUOLIHLQWKHFDPSVVSDQVD
IURPPHGLFDOSV\FKRORJLFDODQGVRFLDO
SHGDJRJLFDOWRSXUHO\VRFLDODQG
HGXFDWLRQDOH[WUDFXUULFXODUHGXFD
%DVHGRQILHOGZRUNH[SHULHQFHDQGWKH
UHVXOWVRIH[DPLQDWLRQZHFDPHWRWKH
FRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHEHVWZD\WRSURJUHVV
LQSV\FKRVRFLDOUHKDELOLWDWLRQLVWRPRYH
IURPWKHPHGLFDOSV\FKRORJLFDOFRPSOH[
WRDFWLYLWLHVZLWKSXUHO\VRFLDOSHGDJRJL
FDODQGHGXFDWLRQDOFRPSRQHQWV$OOWKLV
VKRXOGEHGRQHZLWKWKHVDPHJURXSRI
FKLOGUHQLQWKHVDPHFRPPXQLW\HVSH
ORQJSHULRGRIWLPH
1D]LP$NKXQGRYLVDSV\FKLDWULVW
Results assessment
$VVHVVPHQWVKRXOGLQGLFDWH
◗ ZKHWKHUWKHZRUNEULQJVWDQJLEOH
EHQHILW
◗ ZKLFKW\SHVRISV\FKRVRFLDODVVLVWDQFH
DQGLQWHUYHQWLRQVDUHWKHEHVWZLWK
BUTA/NRC
IDP Camp CI, Sabirabad region, Azerbaijan
FORCED MIGRATION review
WLRQ
◗ $OOWKHVHDFWLYLWLHVFDQEHRUJDQLVHG
DWWUDFWLYHO\DQGHGXFDWLRQDOO\IRUFKLO
GUHQWKURXJKJDPHVLQ¶VHFWLRQV·7KLV
DYRLGVFUHDWLQJSUHMXGLFHV0DQ\SHR
SOHLQRXUFXOWXUHDVZHOODVLQPDQ\
RWKHUVVWLOOWKLQNWKDW
DFFHSWLQJDQ\W\SH
$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRURIWKH0HGLFDO
,QVHUYLFH7UDLQLQJ,QVWLWXWHDQG
0HGLFDO&RRUGLQDWRURI%87$
&KLOGUHQ·V+XPDQLWDULDQ
)RXQGDWLRQ (PDLOQD]LP#LQWUDQVD]
%87$LVFXUUHQWO\SUHSDULQJDERRN
LQFOXGLQJWKHPDLQSULQFLSOHVRIWKH
DERYHPHWKRGRORJ\SOXVFRQFUHWH
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVDERXWVWDQ
GDUGL]HGJDPHVIRUXVHLQ
LQWHUYHQWLRQV&RQWDFW%87$
DW1DMDI1DULPDQRY6W$
$SW%DNX$]HUEDLMDQ
7HOID[
(PDLOQD]LP#LQWUDQVD]
0RUHQR-/7KH(VVHQWLDO0RUHQR
:ULWLQJVRQ3V\FKRGUDPD*URXS
0HWKRGDQG6SRQWDQHLW\
6SULQJHU3XEOLVKLQJ&R,6%1
;
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZLVVXH
'HFHPEHUSS6HH
ZZZIPUHYLHZRUJ RUHPDLOWKH
(GLWRUVIRUGHWDLOV
December 1999, 6 21
culture in exilefeature

Theatre for development: a

dynamic tool for change
by Helen Scott-Danter

A group of actors stands in a frozen image of a WKHVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFEDVHVRIWKHLU

OLYHVDIWHUWKHXSKHDYDORIZDU$IWHUWKH
community whose members do not communicate. SOD\RQHRIWKHPHQVDLG´%HIRUHWKH
ZDUWKHUHZDVXQLW\DQGWUXVWEHWZHHQ
A man comes from the audience and moves the XVEXWWKHZDUGHVWUR\HGWKDWDQGZH
VWLOOKDYHQRWEXLOWLWXSµ
actors around to create an image of everyone
7KHFRQFHUQVWKDWPRVWSHRSOHUDLVHGLQ
standing in reconciliation. Then a man and a 1DZDJHQHGXULQJWKHVRFLDOVXUYH\ZHUH
woman create an image of ‘transition’, where the WRGRZLWKWKHLUODFNRIORFDOVHUYLFHV
QHHGIRUFOHDQZDWHUPRUHDFFHVVLEOH
actors show a willingness to communicate by sit- KHDOWKFHQWUHHWFZKHUHDVWKHLVVXHV
ZKLFKVXUIDFHGGXULQJWKHWKHDWUHSUH
ting in a circle drinking the local brew. The actors VHQWDWLRQDQGZKLFKZHUHGLVFXVVHGDQG
DFWHGRXWZHUHWRGRZLWKVRFLDOUHODWLRQ
then show the three images in succession and the VKLSVDQGWKHVRFLDOFDXVHVLQKLELWLQJ

audience applauds. GHYHORSPHQW,GHDOO\WKRVHZRUNLQJZLWK

WKHFRPPXQLW\VKRXOGVWD\LQWKHDUHD

7
KHVHLPDJHVRULJLQDWHIURPWUDLQ LVVXHVZLWKLQDSDUWLFXODUFRPPXQLW\LV WKURXJKRXWWKHSURFHVVLQYROYLQJWKH
LQJLQ3DUWLFLSDWRU\/HDUQLQJ EHLQJUHDOLVHGSDUWLFXODUO\LQDFRXQWU\ ORFDOFRPPXQLW\LQDOOVWDJHVLQFOXGLQJ
$SSUDLVDO3/$WHFKQLTXHVDQG OLNH0R]DPELTXHZKHUHWKHUHLVDVWURQJ WKHSOD\PDNLQJ7KLVDOVRHQVXUHVPRUH
SDUWLFLSDWRU\WKHDWUHIRUPHPEHUVRI WKHDWULFDOGDQFHDQGRUDOWUDGLWLRQ HIIHFWLYHIROORZXS
VHYHQWKHDWUHFRPSDQLHVDFURVV=DP 7KHDWUHIRU'HYHORSPHQW7I'LVDQ
EH]LD3URYLQFH0R]DPELTXH7KHSUR H[FHOOHQWPHDQVRIFUHDWLQJDULFKHUSLF 7KHUHDUHPDQ\LGHDVDQGWHFKQLTXHVLQ
JUDPPHZDVIXQGHGE\81'38QLWHG WXUHRXWRIWKHLVVXHVSUHVHQWHG7KH 7I'RQHRIWKHPRVWSRSXODUFRPLQJ
1DWLRQV'HYHORSPHQW3URJUDPPHDQG
WRRNSODFHLQ1RYHPEHUDQG'HFHPEHU

0R]DPELTXHVXIIHUHGDFLYLOZDU
EHWZHHQDQGDVDUHVXOWRI
ZKLFKDSSUR[LPDWHO\RQHWKLUGRIWKH
FRXQWU\·VSRSXODWLRQZDVLQWHUQDOO\GLV
SODFHG 7RGD\PRVWUHIXJHHVKDYH
UHWXUQHGDQGWKHVLWXDWLRQKDVPRUHRU
OHVVVWDELOLVHG,QWKHIDLUO\LVRODWHGFRP
PXQLW\RI1DZDJHQHLQ=DPEH]LD
3URYLQFHPXFKRIWKHSRSXODWLRQLV
FRPSULVHGRIGLVSODFHGSHRSOHZKRIRU
RQHUHDVRQRUDQRWKHUKDYHGHFLGHGWR
UHPDLQWKHUHLVDQXQHDV\PL[EHWZHHQ
WKRVHIURPGLIIHUHQWDUHDVZLWKOLWWOH
PXWXDOKHOSVKRZQEHWZHHQWKHP
7UDGLWLRQDOO\WKHXVHRIWKHDWUHLQD
GHYHORSPHQWHQYLURQPHQWKDVLQYROYHG
SHUIRUPLQJSOD\VZLWKDVWURQJVRFLDO
PHVVDJHZLWKOLWWOHRUQRDXGLHQFHSDU
WLFLSDWLRQRUGLVFXVVLRQ0RUHDQGPRUH
WKHSRWHQWLDORIWKHDWUHDVDPHDQVRI
GLVWDQFHZKLFKDQHQDFWPHQWSURYLGHV
DOORZVIRUGLVFXVVLRQHYHQRIVHQVLWLYH
LVVXHVZLWKRXWFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUV
IHHOLQJSHUVRQDOO\LPSOLFDWHG
Theatre for Development in
Nawagene
7ZRZHHNVEHIRUHWKLVWUDLQLQJWKHSHR
SOHRI1DZDJHQHPHWDWWKHVWDUWRID
SDUWLFLSDWRU\VRFLDOVXUYH\XVLQJ3/$
WHFKQLTXHV7KHZRPHQDUHQRZKHUHWR
EHVHHQWKH\DUHVLWWLQJXQGHUDKXJH
PDQJRWUHHZKHUHWKH\FDQOLVWHQZLWK
RXWDSSHDULQJWRSDUWLFLSDWH7KUHHGD\V
ODWHUWKH\DUHVLWWLQJZLWKWKHPHQOLV
WHQLQJWRWKHUHVXOWVJDWKHUHGIURPWKH
WKUHHGD\VDQGDGPLWWLQJWKDWWKH\KDG
VWDUWHGE\QRWJLYLQJWKHLUUHDOQDPHV
$GLVFXVVLRQHQVXHVDERXWWKHSUREOHPV
RIWKHDUHD7KH\GHFLGHWRWU\WRFUHDWH
DPDUNHWWRJHWKHUDV\PERORIFRPLQJ
WRJHWKHUDQGWKHWUXVWQHHGHGWRFRQ
VWUXFWRQH7KHPDUNHWFDQEHVHHQDV
IURPWKH%UD]LOLDQWKHDWUHSUDFWLWLRQHU
$XJXVWR%RDODQGKLV,PDJHDQG)RUXP
PHWKRGV ,Q,PDJHWKHDWUH DFWRUVXVH
WKHLUERGLHVWRFUHDWHDIUR]HQLPDJHRI
DVLWXDWLRQ7KLVLVGRQHWKURXJKPRGHO
OLQJHDFKRWKHUWRFUHDWHHYHUPRUH
FRPSOH[VLOHQWWDEOHDX[ZKLFKFDQWKHQ
EHDQLPDWHGDQGDQDO\VHGLQGLIIHUHQW
ZD\V,Q)RUXP7KHDWUHDSOD\LVHQDFW
HGDQGDOORUSDUWRILWLVUHSOD\HGDQG
WKHDXGLHQFHFDQLQWHUYHQHWRFKDQJHWKH
DFWLRQ2QHRIWKHDFWRUVWDNHVWKHSDUW
RID¶-RNHU·RUIDFLOLWDWRUZKRKHOSVWR
JHQHUDWHGHEDWHDQGHQFRXUDJHDXGLHQFH
SDUWLFLSDWLRQWKURXJKRXWWKHSURFHVV
+RZHYHULWVKRXOGQRWEHWRRSUHVFULS
WLYHLQWKHVHQVHWKDWWKHH[HUFLVHV
VKRXOGEHDGDSWHGWRWKHJLYHQVLWXDWLRQ
7KXVLQWKHSOD\ZKLFKWRRNSODFHLQ
1DZDJHQHWKHUHZHUHWZRNH\VFHQHV
RIIHULQJRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUGLVFXVVLRQ
DERXW1DZDJHQH·VSDVWDQGSUHVHQW
$WWKHHQGWKH-RNHUDVNHGSHRSOHWR
FKRRVHDVFHQHWREHUHSHDWHGVRWKDWD
GLVFXVVLRQDQGRIH[SORULQJSHUWLQHQW WKHFRPPXQLW\VHHNLQJWRUHHVWDEOLVK VSHFWDWRURUVSHFWDWRUVFRXOGFKDQJH

22 December 1999, 6 FORCED MIGRATION review


SODFHVZLWKDFKDUDFWHULQRUGHUWRWU\WR
UHVROYHWKHGLOHPPD
7KHLPDJHWKHDWUHGHVFULEHGLQWKHILUVW
H[DPSOHLVDYLYLGPHDQVRIORRNLQJDW
WKHSUREDEOHDQGSUHIHUDEOHRXWFRPHVRI
DVLWXDWLRQDQGFDQSLQSRLQWWKHSRLQWRI
FKDQJHWRDOORZIRUWKHSUHIHUDEOHRXW
FRPH
Social issues
2QHRIWKHWKHDWUHJURXSVLQYROYHGLQ
WKHWUDLQLQJZDVDWWDFKHGWRD'XWFK
GHYHORSPHQWDJHQF\=RD5HIXJHH&DUH
ZKLFKVDZWKHGUDPDH[SHULHQFHDVD
WRROWRGLVFRYHUWKHVRFLDOLVVXHVZKLFK
OLHEHQHDWKWKHVXUIDFH
7KLVJURXSFUHDWHGDSOD\ZLWKFRPPX
QLW\ZRUNHUVQHDU0LODQJHRQWKHERUGHU
ZLWK0DODZLDFRXQWU\ZKLFKKDG
UHFHLYHGPRUHWKDQDPLOOLRQUHIXJHHV
IURP0R]DPELTXHGXULQJWKHZDU7KH
DUHDLVQRZHFRQRPLFDOO\FRPSOHWHO\
GHSHQGHQWRQ0DODZL,WZDVSDUWLFXODUO\
LQWHUHVWLQJWRVHHKRZWKHWKHDWUHWRROV
ZHUHDGDSWHG,QVWHDGRIRQHLPDJH
UHDVRQPDQ\ZRPHQZDQWHGWROHDYH
KRPH7KHGUDPDFUHDWHGWKHIRUXPIRU
WKLVWDERRVXEMHFWWREHPHQWLRQHG(YHQ
WKRXJKWKHVXEMHFWZDVQRWSXUVXHGLW
JDYHDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUZRPHQWR
DFNQRZOHGJHLWDQGWROHDUQWKDWWKH\DUH
QRWDORQH
,QVWHDGRIUHSOD\LQJWKHSOD\WKUHHVSHF
WDWRUVFKRVHWRLPSURYLVHGLIIHUHQW
DVSHFWVRIGRPHVWLFOLIHLQWKHSDVW
VKRZLQJWKHPXWXDOUHVSHFWDPRQJIDPL
O\PHPEHUVZKLFKFRQWUDVWHGZLWKWKH
GLVKDUPRQ\ZKLFKZDVHYLGHQWLQWKH
SOD\$IWHUZDUGVDJURXSRIZRPHQ
VDLG´%XWZHGRQ·WZDQWWRUHWXUQWRWKH
SDVWZHMXVWZDQWUHVSHFWXQLW\DQG
SDWLHQFHZLWKLQWKHKRPHµ7KHVHZHUH
WKHTXDOLWLHVLWZDVDJUHHGZKLFKZHUH
QHHGHGZLWKLQWKHFRPPXQLW\DVDSUH
UHTXLVLWHWRPHHWLQJWKHLUHFRQRPLF
QHHGV
7KHDWUHLVDSRWHQWWRRODVDIRUXPIRU
GLVFXVVLRQRISUREOHPVDULVLQJRXWRI
WKHZDU,WFDQDOVRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHU
WUDGLWLRQDOFRSLQJPHFKDQLVPVDQG
UHVRXUFHVVXFKDVLQLWLDWLRQDQGEXULDO
culture in exilefeature
KHDOHUVDQGWKHFXOWXUDOLQVWLWXWLRQV
HVVHQWLDOIRUFRPPXQLWLHVWRUHEXLOG
WKHLUZD\RIOLIHµ
%HFDXVHWKHOLQHEHWZHHQUHDOLW\DQGILF
WLRQLVSHULORXVO\WKLQDWWLPHVWKHDWUH
ZKLFKGHDOVGLUHFWO\ZLWKFRQIOLFWVKRXOG
EHXVHGZLWKFDXWLRQDQGSHUKDSVRQO\
ZKHQDFHUWDLQSHULRGKDVSDVVHG
'XULQJWKHFRQIOLFWLWVHOIFDUHVKRXOGEH
WDNHQWRILQGDXQLI\LQJWKHPHZKLFKLV
GLVWDQFHGIURPWKHFRPPXQLW\
,WLVHVVHQWLDOWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQFHVRI
H[SHULHQFHEHWZHHQPHQDQGZRPHQLQ
WLPHVRIFRQIOLFWDQGWKHUHVXOWDQWGLV
SODFHPHQWEHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW)RU
LQVWDQFHUDSHLVRIWHQXVHGDVDZHDSRQ
RIZDUEXWEHFDXVHRIWKHVWLJPD
DWWDFKHGWKHVWRULHVPD\UHPDLQKLGGHQ
DQGXQWROGHYHQWRFORVHIHPDOHUHOD
WLYHV,WLVXQUHDVRQDEOHWKHUHIRUHWR
H[SHFWWKHVHVWRULHVWRHPHUJHGXULQJ
WKHWKHDWUHLQGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVV
(YHQWXDOO\WKHODWWHUPD\FUHDWHWKHFRQ
GLWLRQVZKHUHE\WKH\DUHDOOXGHGWRWKXV
HQDEOLQJZRPHQWRIHHOWKDWWKH\DUHQRW
DORQH
WKHUHZDVDQLPDJHIRUHDFKFKDSWHURI ULWHVRUWUDGLWLRQDOVRFLDOSUDFWLFHVIRU
WKHFRPPXQLW\·VKLVWRU\IURPWKHZDU H[DPSOHPXWXDODJULFXOWXUDOKHOSRU Other examples of Theatre for
WRSUHVHQWSUREOHPVRIERUGHUSROLFH ORFDOPDUNHWVKDYHEHHQGLVUXSWHGDQG Development
VWHDOLQJSURGXFHDWWKHHQGRIZKLFKD WRIDFLOLWDWHGLVFXVVLRQDVWRKRZDQG
PDQIURPWKHDXGLHQFHFRPPHQWHG´WKH ZKHWKHUWKH\VKRXOGEHUHYLYHG$VWKH ,Q)RUXPWKHDWUHWKHDXGLHQFHQHHGVWR
ZDULVQRWRYHUµDQGWKHVKRUWLQLWLDWLRQ
FHUHPRQ\IRUJLUOVFRPSDUHGWRWKHWZR
PRQWKORQJRQHRIWKHSDVW
7KHSOD\JHQHUDWHGKHDWHGGLVFXVVLRQV
ZLWKRQHZRPDQPHQWLRQLQJLQFHVWDVD
SV\FKLDWULVW'U3DWULFN%UDFNHQVDLGLQ
´'LIIHUHQWVRFLHWLHVDQGGLIIHUHQW
FXOWXUDOJURXSVKDYHWKHLURZQZD\VRI
FRSLQJZLWKVXIIHULQJDQGWKHDUULYDORI
:HVWHUQH[SHUWVFDQKDYHWKHHIIHFWRI
XQGHUPLQLQJERWKWKHSRVLWLRQRIORFDO
KDYHWKHVDPHH[SHULHQFHDVWKHVXEMHFW
RIWKHSOD\LQRUGHUWRUHSODFHWKHSUR
WDJRQLVWLQWKHLUVHDUFKIRUDGLIIHUHQW
RXWFRPH$SOD\DERXWDV\OXPVHHNHUV
ZKLFKWRRNSODFHLQ2[IRUGLQZDV
FUHDWHGLQWZRSDUWVWKHILUVWSDUWJLYLQJ
WKHDV\OXPVHHNHU·VVWRU\WKH
VHFRQGWKHVWRU\DERXWDSHUVRQ
UHSUHVHQWLQJ¶FRQFHUQHGRI
2[IRUG·7KLVJDYHWKHDXGLHQFH
WKHFKDQFHWRUHSODFHWKHSURWDJ
RQLVWV7KHH[GHWDLQHHVZKR
KHOSHGWRFUHDWHWKHPDWHULDOIRU
WKHILUVWSDUWRIWKHSOD\
WKURXJK%RDO·V,PDJH7KHDWUH
IRXQGWHOOLQJWKHLUVWRULHV´VXU
SULVLQJO\WKHUDSHXWLFµ DQGDVD
UHVXOWWKHWKHDWUHFRPSDQ\FRQ
WLQXHVWRYLVLWWKH&DPSVILHOG
GHWHQWLRQFHQWUHWRSOD\GUDPD
JDPHVWRDLGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
7KH5,6(SURMHFW5XUDOSHRSOH·V
,QVWLWXWHIRU6RFLDO(PSRZHU
PHQWLQ1DPLELDXVHGDQ
H[HUFLVHIURPSV\FKRGUDPD
UNICEF/94-0588/Betty Press

ZKLOHZRUNLQJZLWKDJURXS

Unaccompnied Rwandan boys perform a

‘psychodrama’, acting out the killings
they have witnessed. The children have
made fake guns. Nyamata, Rwanda.

FORCED MIGRATION 23
culture in exilefeature

Panos Pictures/Jan Hammond

H[SHULHQFLQJLQWHUQDO
FRQIOLFWVZKLFK
WKUHDWHQHGWKHFRQ
WLQXDWLRQRIWKHLU
JDUGHQSURMHFW7KH
JURXSPHPEHUVKDG
WRSRVLWLRQWKHP
VHOYHVDURXQGWKH
JDUGHQWRROVWRV\P
EROL]HWKHLU
UHODWLRQVKLSZLWK
HDFKRWKHUDVZHOODV
WKHJURXSDVD
ZKROH7KURXJKWKH
GLVFXVVLRQZKLFKIRO
ORZHG´KLGGHQ
DWWLWXGHVKDGEHHQ
XQFRYHUHGDQG
H[SORUHG5HIOHFWLRQ
KDGODLGWKHZD\IRU
QHZDFWLRQµ 7KLV
SURMHFWZDVVXSSRUW
HGE\2;)$0ZKR
FDOOHGLW/LVWHQLQJ
7KHDWUH

,QFDVHVZKHUHDVHOI
PRQLWRULQJ
Mixing mud for walls of new community meeting house, Zambezia, Rwanda
SURFHGXUHZRXOGEH
XVHIXOWKHH[DPSOH
IURP0LODQJH0R]DPELTXHZKHUHFRP
PXQLW\ZRUNHUVZHUHDWWDFKHGWRD
GHYHORSPHQWDJHQF\FRXOGEHUHSOLFDWHG
$QRWKHUH[DPSOHRFFXUUHGLQ0DOL
ZKHUHWKHGHYHORSPHQWDJHQF\626
6DKHOVHWXSDGUDPDXQLWXVLQJORFDO
SHRSOHDVDZD\´WROLVWHQWRWKHYLOODJH
SHUIRUPHUVDQGPRQLWRUWKHPRRGDQG
YLHZVRIWKHFRPPXQLW\7KHDWUHIRU
'HYHORSPHQWSURYLGHGDQRQJRLQJIHHG
EDFNV\VWHPµ
◗ 7KHSRZHURI,PDJH7KHDWUHFDQEH
Lessons learnt with wider regional
or global implications
◗ 8VHGLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKSDUWLFLSDWR
U\VXUYH\WHFKQLTXHV7I'FDQEH
XVHGWRFUHDWHDULFKSLFWXUHLQWHUSUH
WDWLRQRIWKHH[LVWLQJVRFLHW\DOWKRXJK
GLIILFXOWWRJXDUDQWHH)RULQVWDQFHLQ
1DZDJHQHWKHORFDODGPLQLVWUDWLRQ
VHQWVRPHRQHZLWKQRH[HFXWLYH
SRZHUWRZDWFKWKHSURFHHGLQJV2QH
H[DPSOHRIHIIHFWLYHFRQWLQXDWLRQLV
WKH0DUDWKRGLWKHDWUHFRPSDQ\LQ
/HVRWKRZKLFKKHOGWKHDWUHZRUN
VKRSVIRUYLOODJHKHDOWKZRUNHUV
7KHVHWKHQUHWXUQHGWRWKHLUYLOODJHV
DQGFUHDWHGWKHDWUHZLWKIHOORZYLO
ODJHUV
XVHGWRORRNDWDJURXS·VRZQLVVXHV
WRVHQVLWL]HSUDFWLWLRQHUVWRWKHQHHGV
DQGDVSLUDWLRQVRIUHIXJHHVDQGDVD
WRROWRVKRZQRQUHIXJHHVVRPHRI
WKHSUREOHPVHQFRXQWHUHGLQRUGHUWR
HQFRXUDJHPRUHXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
Conclusion
,QVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHWKHUHLVSURIRXQGGLV
WUXVWIHDUDQGDQJHUWKHDWUHLVDXVHIXO
PHGLXPWREULQJSHRSOHWRJHWKHUWRVKDUH
VWRULHVDQGWULJJHUHPRWLRQDOUHVSRQVHV
7KHPRGHORIXVLQJSDUWLFLSDWRU\OHDUQLQJ
PHWKRGVWRH[SORUHDJURXS·VPDLQFRQ
FHUQVDQGWKHQFUHDWLQJDSOD\LQRUGHUWR
GHEDWHWKHLVVXHVFRXOGEHXVHGLQPDQ\
VLWXDWLRQV7KHDWUHLVDOLEHUDWLQJDQGXQL
I\LQJH[SHULHQFHDVZHOODVEHLQJIXQ
)ROORZXSLVHVVHQWLDOKRZHYHULQRUGHU
WRWXUQWKHFRPPXQLW\·VUHIOHFWLRQLQWR
DFWLRQ
+HOHQ6FRWW'DQWHULVDGUDPDWK
HUDSLVWWKHDWUHIRUGHYHORSPHQW
SUDFWLWLRQHU&RQWDFW1XLJ+RXVH
8SSHU(GLQEDQH3RUWUHH,VOHRI
6N\H,9358.
LWLVGHSHQGHQWRQWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVV
RIWKHIDFLOLWDWRURUMRNHUWRKHOSSHR
SOHWRDQDO\VHWKHGUDPDWLFVLWXDWLRQ
◗ 7KHLGHDOLVWRVWD\ZLWKLQWKHDUHDWR
HQFRXUDJHSDUWLFLSDWLRQWKURXJKRXW
WKHSURFHVVLQFOXGLQJWKHFUHDWLQJ
◗ /HJLVODWLYHWKHDWUH7KLVIRUPRIWKH
DWUHLVDQH[WHQVLRQRI)RUXPWKHDWUH
DQGFDPHDERXWWKURXJK%RDOEHFRP
LQJDPHPEHURIDSRZHUIXOUHJLRQDO
FRXQFLO+HHQFRXUDJHGVPDOOWKHDWUH
FRPSDQLHVWRXVH)RUXPWKHDWUHWR
DVNSHRSOHZKDWODZVWKH\ZRXOGOLNH
)D[
1HZLWW0$+LVWRU\RI0R]DPELTXH /RQGRQ
+XUVWDQG&RPSDQ\
%RDO$*DPHVIRU$FWRUVDQG1RQ$FWRUV 
/RQGRQDQG1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
%UDFNHQ3LQ,QGHSHQGHQWRQ6XQGD\-XQH
DQGSHUIRUPLQJRIWKHSOD\RUDVLQ
0LODQJHDQG0DOLWRXVHWKHFRPPX
QLW\JURXSVLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHFRQWLQ
XDWLRQDQGWKRURXJKSDUWLFLSDWLRQ
.H\SOD\HUVZLWKLQWKHDUHDQHHGWR
KDYHVXIILFLHQWLQYROYHPHQWGXULQJ
WKHZKROHSURFHVVLQRUGHUWRHQVXUH
HIIHFWLYHIROORZXS7KLVLVVRPHWLPHV
24 December 1999, 6
LQYHQWHGRUFKDQJHG(YHQZLWKRXWD
FRRSHUDWLYHPHPEHURISDUOLDPHQWDV
LQWKHVLWXDWLRQRI%RDOLWPD\EH
XVHGLQDORFDOZD\E\DGHYHORSPHQW
JURXSWRORRNDWZKDWDVSHFWVRIWKH
JURXSWKHSHRSOHZLWKZKRPLWZRUNV
ZRXOGOLNHWRFKDQJH
6HHDOVR%UDFNHQ3 3HWW\&HGV5HWKLQNLQJWKH
7UDXPDRI:DU/RQGRQ)UHH$VVRFLDWLRQ
%RRNV
1RUULV$¶$V\OXP²7KHDWUHIRUGHYHORSPHQWLQ
2[IRUG· 3/$1RWHVSS
0DYURFRUGDWRV$¶7KHDWUHIRUGHYHORSPHQWSDUWLFL
SDWRU\PRQLWRULQJDQGFXOWXUDOIHHGEDFN·3/$1RWHV
SS6HHDOVR:KHQ3HRSOH3OD\3HRSOH
/RQGRQ=HG%RRNV
FORCED MIGRATION review
 culture in exilefeature

Hard cases: internal displacement

in Turkey, Burma and Algeria
by Roberta Cohen
$WDFRQIHUHQFHRUJDQL]HGLQ:DVKLQJWRQ
In some countries, the internally displaced are '&LQ-DQXDU\E\WKH%URRNLQJV
beyond the reach of international humanitarian ,QVWLWXWLRQ3URMHFWRQ,QWHUQDO
'LVSODFHPHQWDQGWKH86&RPPLWWHHIRU
organizations. 5HIXJHHV86&5LQWHUQDWLRQDOH[SHUWV
DQG1*2VH[DPLQHGWKHSOLJKWRILQWHU

$
OWKRXJKWKHGLVSODFHGSRSXOD
WLRQVFRQFHUQHGPD\EHLQGLUH
QHHGRIDVVLVWDQFHDQGSURWHF
WLRQDQGFRXOGEHQHILWLPPHDVXUDEO\
IURPRXWVLGHVXSSRUWIHZRUQRVWHSV
DUHWDNHQRUVWUDWHJLHVGHYHORSHGWR
JDLQDFFHVVWRWKHP:KHUHDVFRQIOLFWLV
WKHLQKLELWLQJIDFWRULQVRPHFDVHVLQ
RWKHUVWKHJRYHUQPHQWVFRQFHUQHGGR
QRWUHTXHVWDLGDQGE\DQGODUJHUHMHFW
QDOO\GLVSODFHGSHUVRQV,'3VLQWKHWKUHH
.DUHQQLVXIIHUSROLWLFDODQGHFRQRPLF
FRXQWULHVDQGVXJJHVWHGSRVVLEOHVWUDWH
H[FOXVLRQUHVWULFWLRQVLQKLJKHUHGXFD
JLHVIRUGHDOLQJZLWKWKHVHGLIILFXOWFDVHV
WLRQDQG¶FXOWXUDO%XUPDQL]DWLRQ·7KH
5RKLQJ\DDUHHYHQGHQLHGFLWL]HQVKLS
ZKLOHQRQ%XGGKLVWVVXIIHUUHOLJLRXVSHU
Turkey: regional leverage
VHFXWLRQ
$Q\ZKHUHIURPKDOIDPLOOLRQWRWZRPLO
$OWKRXJK7XUNH\DQG%XUPDGHSLFWWKH OLRQ.XUGVKDYHEHHQIRUFLEO\GLVSODFHG
LQVXUJHQFLHVLQWKHLUFRXQWULHVDV¶WHUURU E\7XUNLVKFRXQWHULQVXUJHQF\FDP
LVW·DQGUHVSRQGWRWKHPZLWKPLOLWDU\ SDLJQVVHHNLQJWRURRWRXWVXSSRUWIRU
DFWLRQWKHSUREOHPVDWEDVHDUHSROLWL WKHWKH.XUGLVWDQ:RUNHUV3DUW\3..
DQ\WKDWLVRIIHUHG2QO\UDUHO\GRHVWKH
FDODQGUHTXLUHQHJRWLDWLRQVRYHU 7REHVXUHWKH3..KDVDOVRDWWDFNHG
816HFXULW\&RXQFLOGHHPVXFKVLWXD
DXWRQRP\RURWKHUIRUPVRISRZHU DQGNLOOHGFLYLOLDQVDQGFRQWULEXWHGWR
WLRQVWREHWKUHDWVWRLQWHUQDWLRQDOSHDFH
VKDULQJ,Q$OJHULDWRRWKHJRYHUQPHQW WKHLUGLVSODFHPHQWEXWJRYHUQPHQWRSHU
DQGVHFXULW\DQGGHPDQGHQWU\
H[FOXVLYHO\EODPHVWHUURULVWVIRUWKHYLR DWLRQVKDYHEHHQWKHSUHSRQGHUDQW
OHQFHWKDWFDXVHVGLVSODFHPHQW,WFRQ FDXVH7KH7XUNLVKPLOLWDU\UHSRUWHGO\
/HDGLQJH[DPSOHVRIJRYHUQPHQWVWKDW
YHQLHQWO\RYHUORRNVWKHLPSDFWRILWV KDVHPSWLHGPRUHWKDQYLOODJHV
VXFFHVVIXOO\EDULQWHUQDWLRQDOLQYROYH
RZQUROHLQFDQFHOOLQJWKHHOHFWLRQ DQGKDPOHWVLQWKHVRXWKHDVWVLQFH
PHQWZLWKWKHLUGLVSODFHGSRSXODWLRQV
WKDWWKH,VODPLF6DOYDWLRQ)URQWZDV EXUQHGKRPHVDQGILHOGVDQGFRPPLW
DUH7XUNH\%XUPDDQG$OJHULD7KHVLWX
H[SHFWHGWRZLQ0RUHRYHULWVIDLOXUHWR WHGRWKHUVHULRXVKXPDQULJKWVDEXVHV
DWLRQVLQWKHWKUHHFRXQWULHVDUHRI
SURWHFWLWVRZQSRSXODWLRQIURPWKH DJDLQVW.XUGLVKFLYLOLDQV+XQGUHGVRI
FRXUVHTXLWHGLIIHUHQW,Q7XUNH\DQG
PDVVDFUHVDQGYLROHQFHWKDWHQVXHG WKRXVDQGVKDYHFURZGHGLQWRVKDQW\
%XUPDJRYHUQPHQWVKDYHGHOLEHUDWHO\
EHFDPHDPDMRUFDXVHRILQWHUQDOIOLJKW WRZQVRXWVLGHPDMRUFLWLHVZLWKRXW
XSURRWHGSHRSOHLQRUGHUWRGHVWUR\
DFFHVVWRSURSHUVDQLWDWLRQKHDOWKFDUH
WKHLUSRVVLEOHOLQNVWRLQVXUJHQF\PRYH
2XWVLGHHIIRUWVWRLQIOXHQFHWKHWKUHH RUHGXFDWLRQDOIDFLOLWLHVDQGZLWKRXW
PHQWV,Q$OJHULDGLVSODFHPHQWLVD
JRYHUQPHQWVDUHPDGHGLIILFXOWE\WKHLU VWDEOHHPSOR\PHQWSURVSHFWV
E\SURGXFWRIFRQIOLFWSULPDULO\EHWZHHQ
WKHJRYHUQPHQWDQG,VODPLVWLQVXUJHQW IDLOXUHWRUHTXHVWLQWHUQDWLRQDODVVLV
JURXSV WDQFHDQGE\WKHLU
VKLHOGLQJWKHPVHOYHV
,Q7XUNH\DQG%XUPDWKHGLVSODFHGSRS EHKLQGWKH¶VDQFWLW\· Even ICRC has been unable
XODWLRQVDUHHWKQLFPLQRULW\JURXSVWKDW RIVRYHUHLJQW\%XUPD
KDYHORQJVXIIHUHGSROLFLHVRIH[FOXVLRQ GRHVQRWZDQWWR to operate in Turkey
DQGPDUJLQDOL]DWLRQE\WKHLUJRYHUQ DFNQRZOHGJHDSURE
PHQWV,Q7XUNH\WKH.XUGLVKPLQRULW\ OHPRILQWHUQDO
GLVSODFHPHQWLQLWVFRXQWU\ZKLOH7XUNH\ 'HVSLWHUHSHDWHGSURPLVHVWKHJRYHUQ
ZKLFKFRPSULVHVDERXWSHUFHQWRI
VLJQLILFDQWO\PLQLPL]HVLWVPDJQLWXGH PHQWKDVWDNHQIHZVWHSVWRIDFLOLWDWH
WKHSRSXODWLRQKDVEHHQVXEMHFWHG
DQGVHYHULW\LQVLVWLQJLWFDQKDQGOHLWE\ WKHUHWXUQRIIRUFLEO\GLVSODFHG.XUGVWR
VLQFHWKHIRXQGLQJRIWKHVWDWHWRIRUFHG
LWVHOIGHVSLWHHYLGHQFHWRWKHFRQWUDU\ WKHLUKRPHVDVVLVWWKHPWRUHVHWWOHRU
DVVLPLODWLRQ7KH.XUGLVKODQJXDJHPD\
%RWKWU\WRFRQFHDOWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFK FRPSHQVDWHWKHPIRUWKHORVVRIWKHLU
QRWEHWDXJKW.XUGLVKODQJXDJHEURDG
WKHLURZQSROLFLHVRUDFWLRQVPD\KDYH SURSHUW\1RUGRHVLWDOORZRWKHUVWR
FDVWVDUHLOOHJDO.XUGLVKSXEOLFDWLRQV
FRQWULEXWHGWRWKHFRQIOLFWDQGGLVSODFH KHOS7KHRQO\ORFDOKXPDQLWDULDQ1*2
DQGPHGLDDUHUHVWULFWHG.XUGLVKSROLWL
PHQW,QWKHFDVHRI$OJHULDRXWVLGH DOORZHGWRRSHUDWHLQWKHVRXWKHDVWKDV
FDOSDUWLHVDUHEDQQHGRUKDUDVVHG,Q
LQWHUYHQWLRQZRXOGFRQWUDGLFWWKHJRY EHHQVKXWGRZQ1RLQWHUQDWLRQDO1*2
%XUPDWKHHWKQLFPLQRULWLHVZKLFKFRQ
HUQPHQW·VDVVHUWLRQVWKDWLWLV KDVEHHQSHUPLWWHGHQWU\(YHQ,&5&KDV
VWLWXWHRQHWKLUGRUPRUHRIWKH
DGHTXDWHO\FDULQJIRULWVSRSXODWLRQDQG EHHQXQDEOHWRRSHUDWHLQ7XUNH\7KH
SRSXODWLRQDQGLQFOXGH.DUHQ0RQ
WKDWWKHYLROHQFHLVXQGHUFRQWURO UHTXHVWRIWKH5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH81
&KLQ6KDQ5RKLQJ\D.DFKLQDQG

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 25

culture in exilefeature
6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDORQ,QWHUQDOO\'LV
SODFHG3HUVRQV)UDQFLV'HQJWRYLVLWWKH
FRXQWU\KDVUHFHLYHGQRUHVSRQVH
7KHUHDUHQRQHWKHOHVVVRPHSRVVLEOH
$OWKRXJKJHQHUDOO\UHOXFWDQWWRH[HUW
SUHVVXUHRQ7XUNH\ELODWHUDOO\WKH
8QLWHG6WDWHVPD\EHZLOOLQJWRVXSSRUW
PXOWLODWHUDOLQLWLDWLYHVZLWKLQ26&()RU
GHFDGHVWKH86UHOLHGXSRQ7XUNH\DVD
EHHQFRQVFULSWHGDVIRUFHGODERXURQ
URDGUDLOZD\VDQGLUULJDWLRQSURMHFWVRU
DV¶SRUWHUV·IRUWKHPLOLWDU\7KRXVDQGV
ZKRWU\WRHVFDSHEXWGRQRWUHDFKWKH
7KDLRURWKHUERUGHUVZKHUHVRPH
DYHQXHVRIDFWLRQ,QDIWHUUHSHDW
HGO\GHQ\LQJHQWU\WRWKHUDSSRUWHXUVRI
WKH81+XPDQ5LJKWV&RPPLVVLRQWKH
7XUNLVKJRYHUQPHQWGLGSHUPLWWKH
5DSSRUWHXURQ7RUWXUHDQGWKH:RUNLQJ
*URXSRQ'LVDSSHDUDQFHVWRYLVLW6RPH
DWWULEXWHGWKLVFKDQJHLQSRVLWLRQWR
7XUNH\·VPLOLWDU\YLFWRULHVRYHUWKH3..
DQGLWVGHVLUHWREHDFFHSWHGLQWRWKH
VWUDWHJLFDQGPLOLWDU\SDUWQHUILUVW
DJDLQVWWKH6RYLHW8QLRQPRUHUHFHQWO\
IRUDLURSHUDWLRQVRYHU,UDTDQGDVD
EULGJHWRFHQWUDO$VLD$VLQVWDELOLW\
ZLWKLQ7XUNH\KDVEHFRPHPRUHDSSDU
HQWKRZHYHUPHPEHUVRI&RQJUHVVDQG
WKHIRUHLJQSROLF\FRPPXQLW\KDYH
EHJXQWRTXHVWLRQWKH86DSSURDFK
1*2VZRXOGGRZHOOWRSUHVVWKH86WR
KDYHEHFRPHUHIXJHHVKDYH
HQGHGXSKLGLQJLQPRXQWDLQVDQGMXQ
JOHVLQGLUHQHHGRIIRRGVKHOWHUDQG
PHGLFDODWWHQWLRQ
7KHJRYHUQPHQWKDVGHQLHGHQWU\WRWKH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DERXU2UJDQL]DWLRQDQG
IRUWKHSDVWIRXU\HDUVWRWKH81·V
6SHFLDO5DSSRUWHXURQ0\DQPDUDSSRLQW
(XURSHDQ8QLRQ(8,QGHHGWKH(8·V ZRUNZLWKLQWKH26&(IUDPHZRUNWRSUR HGE\WKH&RPPLVVLRQRQ+XPDQ5LJKWV
OHYHUDJHRYHU7XUNH\LVRQHSRVVLEOH PRWHDSROLWLFDOVROXWLRQIRUWKH.XUGV ,WKDVDOVRSUHYHQWHGDFFHVVE\LQWHUQD
HQWU\SRLQWIRUSUHVVLQJIRUEHWWHUSROL DQGVXSSRUW26&(LQYROYHPHQWLQPRQL WLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQRUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG
FLHVDQGSUDFWLFHVWRZDUGWKH.XUGV,Q
WRULQJDQGIDFLOLWDWLQJ,'3UHWXUQV 1*2VWRFRQIOLFWDUHDV,WKDVJDLQHGIRU
FLWLQJKXPDQULJKWVJURXQGVLQ
LWVHOIWKHUHSXWDWLRQRIDSDULDKEHFDXVH
SDUWWKH(8H[FOXGHG7XUNH\IURPPHP
7KH81DQG%UHWWRQ:RRGV,QVWLWXWLRQV RILWVUHIXVDOWRKRQRXUWKHHOHF
EHUVKLSDQGWKH(XURSHDQ3DUOLDPHQW
VKRXOGDOVREHHQFRXUDJHGWRSOD\D WLRQVZKLFKEURXJKWWKH1DWLRQDO/HDJXH
EORFNHGGHYHORSPHQWDLG*LYHQ7XUNH\·V
VWURQJHUUROH6SHFLILFDOO\WKH81 IRU'HPRFUDF\1/'WRSRZHUDQG
LQWHUHVWLQDGPLVVLRQWKH(8FRXOGLQVLVW
'HYHORSPHQW3URJUDPPH81'381,&() EHFDXVHRILWVHJUHJLRXVKXPDQULJKWV
XSRQFHUWDLQVWHSVEHLQJWDNHQZLWK
DQGWKH:RUOG%DQNFRXOGWU\WRH[SDQG UHFRUG
UHJDUGWRIRUFHGGLVSODFHPHQW7RJDLQ
GHYHORSPHQWSURJUDPPHVLQWKHVRXWK
HQWU\LQLQWRWKH(XURSHDQ&XVWRPV
HDVWWKHOHDVWGHYHORSHGSDUWRIWKH ,VRODWLRQRIWKHUHJLPHKDVEHHQWKHSRO
8QLRQ7XUNH\XQGHUWRRNVHYHUDOUHIRUPV
FRXQWU\VHWXSSURMHFWVIRUGLVSODFHG
.XUGVRXWVLGHWKHPDMRUFLWLHVDQGKHOS
7KH3DUOLDPHQWDU\$VVHPEO\RIWKH
ZLWKUHWXUQV7KH(PHUJHQF\5HOLHI
&RXQFLORI(XURSHRIZKLFK7XUNH\LV
LF\RIFKRLFHRIPRVW:HVWHUQJRYHUQ
PHQWVDQGKXPDQULJKWVRUJDQL]DWLRQV
1RQHWKHOHVVVRPHSROLF\PDNHUVDQG
DOUHDG\DPHPEHUFRXOGDOVRSOD\DIDU
PRUHVWULQJHQWPRQLWRULQJUROHZLWK
UHJDUGWRIRUFHGGLVSODFHPHQWFRPSHQ
VDWLRQDQGUHWXUQV$VDUHVXOWRIFDVHV
EURXJKWEHIRUHWKH(XURSHDQ+XPDQ
5LJKWV&RXUWDQG+XPDQ5LJKWV
&RPPLVVLRQ7XUNH\KDVKDGWRSD\
VRPHLQFRPSHQVDWLRQWR
7XUNLVKYLFWLPVRIKXPDQULJKWVDEXVH
PRVWRIZKRPZHUH.XUGVZKRVHKRPHV
DQGYLOODJHVZHUHGHVWUR\HG
7XUNH\LVDOVRDPHPEHURIWKH
2UJDQL]DWLRQIRU6HFXULW\DQG&R
&RRUGLQDWRU(5&WKH81·V¶UHIHUHQFH H[SHUWVKDYHSURSRVHGVWHSVRIOLPLWHG
SRLQW·IRU,'3VFRXOGUHTXHVWWKH5HVLGHQW HQJDJHPHQWWRH[HUWLQIOXHQFH7KH\
5HSUHVHQWDWLYH&RRUGLQDWRUWRUHJXODUO\ SRLQWRXWWKDWLQUHFHQW\HDUVWKHJRY
UHSRUWRQFRQGLWLRQVRIGLVSODFHPHQW HUQPHQWKDVEHJXQWRRSHQLWVHOIXSWR
DQGSODFHWKHLVVXHRQWKHDJHQ
GDRI81LQWHUDJHQF\PHHWLQJV
7KH81V\VWHPFRXOGDOVRJHW
EHKLQGWKHUHTXHVWRIWKH
OCHA should take the
6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO·V
5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRQ,'3V
lead in pressing for an
WRYLVLW7XUNH\ inter-agency needs
Burma (Myanmar): focus assessment mission.
on humanitarian aid
RSHUDWLRQLQ(XURSH26&(WKHUHJLRQDO
ERG\EHVWVXLWHGWRFUHDWHDSROLWLFDO
IUDPHZRUNLQZKLFKDGLDORJXHEHWZHHQ
WKH7XUNLVKJRYHUQPHQWDQG.XUGLVK
OHDGHUVFRXOGEHLQWURGXFHG26&(FDQ
PHGLDWHGLVSXWHVGLVSDWFKPLVVLRQVWR
HDVHORFDOWHQVLRQVDQGGHSOR\PRQLWRUV
RQWKHJURXQG$OWKRXJKLWVGHFLVLRQVDUH
E\FRQVHQVXV26&(KDVVSHFLDOSURFH
GXUHVIRUWDNLQJDFWLRQZKHQJRYHUQ
PHQWVIDLOWRFRRSHUDWHZLWKLW1RUZD\
DQG$XVWULD26&(·VRXWJRLQJDQGLQFRP
LQJFKDLUVERWKKDYHEHHQSURPLQHQWLQ
IRFXVLQJDWWHQWLRQRQLQWHUQDOGLVSODFH
PHQWZRUOGZLGH1RZDVPHPEHUVRIWKH
H[HFXWLYH ¶WURLND· WKH\FRXOGEHHQFRXU
DJHGWRLQWURGXFHDPRUHYLJRURXV26&(
UROHZLWKUHJDUGWRIRUFHGGLVSODFHPHQW
DQG.XUGLVKPLQRULW\ULJKWV
26 December 1999, 6
)RUFLEOHGLVSODFHPHQWLVDGHOLEHUDWH
SROLF\RI%XUPD·VPLOLWDU\JRYHUQPHQW
,WKDVWKUHHPDLQDLPVWREUHDNXS
SRWHQWLDODUHDVRIRSSRVLWLRQWRWKH
UHJLPHWRGHVWUR\WKHOLQNVEHWZHHQWKH
LQVXUJHQWPRYHPHQWVRIHWKQLFPLQRUL
WLHVDQGWKHLUORFDOV\PSDWKL]HUVDQGWR
PDNHZD\IRUODUJHVFDOHGHYHORSPHQW
SURMHFWV2YHUWKHSDVWGHFDGHXSWR
PLOOLRQSHRSOHRUPRUHKDYHEHHQ
IRUFLEO\XSURRWHG
7KHUHORFDWLRQVWKHPVHOYHVKDYHEHHQ
FDUULHGRXWEUXWDOO\DFFRPSDQLHGE\
UDSHSLOODJHWKHEXUQLQJRIILHOGVDQG
FRQILVFDWLRQVRIODQG7KHDUHDVRIUHVHW
WOHPHQWKDYHLQWKHPDLQEHHQGHYRLGRI
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGEDVLFQHFHVVLWLHV
0DQ\RIWKHLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGKDYH
IRUHLJQLQYHVWPHQWWRXULVPDQGGHYHO
RSPHQWDLG$OWKRXJKLWVRYHUDOOJRDOLV
WRUHLQIRUFHLWVRZQSRVLWLRQHVSHFLDOO\
WKDWRILWVPLOLWDU\LWVHHNVDFFHSWDQFH
UHJLRQDOO\DQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\DQGPXVW
DOVRGHDOZLWKDGHWHULRUDWLQJHFRQRPLF
VLWXDWLRQ7KLVFRXOGRIIHUVRPHOHYHUDJH
WRSRWHQWLDOGRQRUVWROLQNDVVLVWDQFHWR
SROLWLFDOUHIRUPV,Q1RYHPEHUWKH
2IILFHRIWKH816HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO
ZKLFKKDVEHHQSUHVVLQJIRUUHIRUPV
LQWURGXFHGWKHSRVVLELOLW\ERWKWRWKH
JRYHUQPHQWDQGRSSRVLWLRQRISURYLGLQJ
:RUOG%DQNORDQVOLQNHGWRSROLWLFDO
UHIRUP
&DXWLRQRIFRXUVHLVLQRUGHU$Q2SHQ
6RFLHW\,QVWLWXWHUHSRUWIRXQGWKDWPRVW
RIWKHSURILWVIURPLQWHUQDWLRQDOLQYHVW
FORCED MIGRATION review
 culture in exilefeature

Panos Pictures/Jasper Young

PHQW´JRGLUHFWO\WRWKHUHJLPHRU
WKHVPDOOFOLTXHRIVROGLHUVDQGEXVL
QHVVPHQFORVHWRWKHMXQWDµ $Q\
GHYHORSPHQWDLGZRXOGKDYHWREH
SUHGLFDWHGRQIXOODFFHVVWRWKRVHLQ
QHHGH[WHQGWRWKHERUGHUDUHDV
ZKHUHHWKQLFPLQRULWLHVUHVLGHDQGEH
FDUHIXOO\GHVLJQHGDQGLPSOHPHQWHG
WRLQFOXGHHGXFDWLRQKHDOWKUHIRUHVWD
WLRQDQGDJULFXOWXUDOSURJUDPPHV

,WVKRXOGEHQRWHGWKDWWKHJRYHUQ
PHQWKDVEHHQSURPLVLQJEXWQRW
GHOLYHULQJGHYHORSPHQWDLGWRHWKQLF
PLQRULW\JURXSVWKDWOD\GRZQWKHLU
DUPV7KLVFRXOGVXJJHVWDQHQWU\
SRLQWIRUVSRQVRUVRILQWHUQDWLRQDO
SURJUDPPHVWRH[SORUHZKHWKHUWKH\
FRXOGLQWURGXFHSURMHFWVWRWKHEHQH
ILWRIWKHVHJURXSV

0HDQZKLOH81DJHQFLHVLQ%XUPD
VXFKDV81+&581,&()81'3DQG
:+2FRXOGPDNHDPRUHYLJRURXV
HIIRUWWKURXJKWKHSURJUDPPHVWKH\
GRFRQGXFWWRILQGRXWDERXWWKH
KXPDQLWDULDQUHOLHIQHHGVRI,'3V
,QGHHGWKH2IILFHIRUWKH&R
RUGLQDWLRQRI+XPDQLWDULDQ$IIDLUV
2&+$VKRXOGWDNHWKHOHDGLQSUHVV
LQJIRUDQLQWHUDJHQF\QHHGVDVVHVV
PHQWPLVVLRQ7RROLWWOHSULRULW\KDV
EHHQJLYHQWRGDWHWRSURYLGLQJIRRG
DQGPHGLFLQHVWR,'3V$SDUWIURP
WKHREVWDFOHRIDFFHVVWKHUHLVWKH
IHDUWKDWDLGZLOOEHGLYHUWHGWRWKH
PLOLWDU\DQGSURILWWKHJRYHUQPHQW
7KHUHLVDOVRKRZHYHUWKHWXQQHO
YLVLRQRIGRQRUVZKLFKIRFXVHVRQ
ORQJUDQJHGHPRFUDWL]DWLRQJRDOV
WKHUHVWRUDWLRQRI$XQJ6DQ6XX.\L
DQGWKH1/'WRSRZHUEXWRYHUORRNV
WKHLPPHGLDWHKXPDQLWDULDQQHHGVRI
WKHGLVSODFHG

,QSDUWLFXODUVWUHQJWKHQLQJFURVV
ERUGHUSURJUDPPHVWRUHDFKGLV
SODFHGSHUVRQVFRXOGKHOSDGGUHVV
KXPDQLWDULDQQHHGV7KHUHFRUG
VKRZVWKDWLQGLJHQRXVRUJDQL]DWLRQV
KDYHEHHQDEOHWREULQJIRRGDQG
KHDOWKVHUYLFHVFURVVERUGHUWRLVRODWHG
,'3V$QRWKHUSURPLVLQJGHYHORSPHQWLV
WKHJRYHUQPHQW·VUHFHQWDJUHHPHQWWR
DOORZ,&5&WRPDLQWDLQ´DSHUPDQHQW
SUHVHQFHLQYDULRXVERUGHUVWDWHVµ7KLV
FRXOGRIIHUDQRSSRUWXQLW\WRFROOHFW
LQIRUPDWLRQRQ,'3VDQGSURYLGHWKHP
ZLWKDVVLVWDQFH*UHDWHUSUHVHQFHIRU81
*RYHUQPHQWVLQWKHUHJLRQOLNH-DSDQ
FRXOGEHSUHVVHGWRUDLVHKXPDQLWDULDQ
FRQFHUQV,Q-DSDQSURYLGHGTXDVL
GHYHORSPHQWDLGIRUWKHILUVWWLPHLQWHQ
\HDUVEXWDWWDFKHGQRH[SOLFLWFRQGL
WLRQV/REE\LQJWKH-DSDQHVHJRYHUQ
PHQWVKRXOGEHFRPHDUHJXODUIHDWXUHRI
KXPDQULJKWVDQGKXPDQLWDULDQVWUDWHJ\
*RYHUQPHQWVLQWKH$VVRFLDWLRQRI6RXWK
DQLWDULDQLVVXHV7KH¶IOH[LEOHHQJDJH
PHQW·SROLF\SURSRVHGE\7KDLODQGDQG
WKH3KLOLSSLQHVFDOOVIRUGLVFXVVLRQRI
KXPDQULJKWVDQGGHPRFUDF\LVVXHVEXW
VKRXOGH[WHQGWRIRUFHGUHORFDWLRQSUDF
WLFHVDQGWKHQHHGIRUKXPDQLWDULDQ
DFFHVV
6RPH(XURSHDQDQG86FRUSRUDWLRQV
DJHQFLHVLQERUGHUDUHDVLVVRPHWKLQJ (DVW$VLDQ1DWLRQV$6($1ZKLFK VXFKDV7RWDODQG812&$/FRQWLQXHWR
WKH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDOVKRXOGDGYRFDWHLQ DSSURYHG%XUPHVHPHPEHUVKLSLQ RSHUDWHLQ%XUPD)RUFHGUHORFDWLRQVDQG
KLVWDONVZLWKWKHUHJLPHDQGRSSRVLWLRQ VKRXOGOLNHZLVHEHXUJHGWRUDLVHKXP IRUFHGODERXUDUHUHSRUWHGO\EHLQJXVHG

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 27

culture in exilefeature
WRFRQVWUXFWIDFLOLWLHVVXFKDVRLO
SLSHOLQHVIURPZKLFKWKH\GLUHFWO\EHQH
ILW7KHWZRFRPSDQLHVLQIDFWDUHEHLQJ
VXHGLQWKH86IRUDOOHJHGFRPSOLFLW\LQ
VXFKSUDFWLFHV6LQFHWKHLUUHSXWDWLRQV
DUHRQWKHOLQHWKHWLPHPD\EHULJKWWR
XUJHWKHPWRUHYLHZWKHLUSROLFLHVDQG
SUDFWLFHVDQGUDLVHLVVXHVZLWKWKHJRY
HUQPHQWVXFKDVWKHQHHGWRDYRLG
GLVSODFHPHQWHQJDJHLQIDLUODERXUSUDF
WLFHVDQGFRPSHQVDWHWKRVHGLVSODFHG
Algeria: the information void
7KHVFDOHRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWLQ
$OJHULDDQGWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHGLV
SODFHGDUHODUJHO\XQNQRZQEHFDXVH
HQWU\KDVJHQHUDOO\EHHQGHQLHGWR
KXPDQULJKWVDQGUHIXJHHRUJDQL]DWLRQV
HVSHFLDOO\VLQFHDQGWRPDQ\MRXU
QDOLVWV0RUHRYHUWKRVHZKRPDQDJHWR
PDNHVLWHYLVLWVDUHOLPLWHGE\ODFNRI
DFFHVVDQGVHFXULW\
ULVNVDQGKDYHQRW
WHQGHGWRFROOHFWLQIRU
PDWLRQDERXWWKRVH
serious human rights violations
IRUFLEO\GLVSODFHGDVD
UHVXOWRIWKHYLROHQFH
have to take precedence over
6RPHSODFHWKHWRWDO
QXPEHULQWKHWKRX
concerns of state sovereignty
VDQGVRWKHUVLQWKH
WHQVRIWKRXVDQGVRU
IDUPRUH:KDWLVNQRZQLVWKDW
$OJHULDQVVLQFHKDYHEHHQIOHHLQJ
IURPYLOODJHVWRODUJHUWRZQVDQGFLWLHV
WRDYRLGPDVVDFUHVE\,VODPLVWLQVXUJHQW
JURXSVDVZHOODVILJKWLQJEHWZHHQWKHVH
JURXSVDQGJRYHUQPHQWVHFXULW\IRUFHV
DQGDPRQJWKHLQVXUJHQWVWKHPVHOYHV
7KHIDFWWKDWWKHDUP\DQGVHFXULW\
DWWDFNVDQGDWURFLWLHVDJDLQVWYLOODJHUVLQ
UXUDODUHDV
1RWZLWKVWDQGLQJSUREOHPVRIDFFHVVDQG
VHFXULW\DQGWKHJRYHUQPHQW·VGLVFRXU
DJHPHQWRIRXWVLGHIDFWILQGLQJHQWU\
SRLQWVGRH[LVWWRVHFXUHLQIRUPDWLRQ
DQGPRQLWRUWKHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKRVH
IRUFHGWRIOHH/RFDOMRXUQDOLVWVDQG
KXPDQULJKWVJURXSVUHPDLQDFWLYH
GHVSLWHKDUDVVPHQWDQGUHVWULFWLRQVDQG
VRPH1*2VOLNHWKH$OJHULDQ/HDJXHIRU
WKH'HIHQFHRI+XPDQ5LJKWVWKH
$OJHULDQ/HDJXHIRU+XPDQ5LJKWVDQG
WKH$OJHULDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLOKDYHPDQ
DJHGWRFROOHFWVRPHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXW
IRUFHGGLVSODFHPHQW7KHUHDUHDOVR81
DJHQFLHVRQWKHJURXQGLQSDUWLFXODU
81+&5DQG81'3ZKLFKZKLOHQRW
GHDOLQJGLUHFWO\ZLWKWKHLQWHUQDOO\GLV
SODFHGFRXOGEHWDVNHGZLWKSURYLGLQJ
LQIRUPDWLRQ
0RVWLPSRUWDQWDFLYLOLDQJRYHUQPHQW
FDPHLQWRRIILFHLQ$SULODQGLW
KDVLQWURGXFHGDQDPQHVW\IRU,VODPLF
LQVXUJHQWVDQGSOHGJHGWRUHGXFHYLR
OHQFH:KLOHLWVUHFRUGLVVWLOOXQFOHDU
WKHUHLVUHDVRQWREHOLHYHWKDWLWPD\
SURYHUHVSRQVLYHWRRXWVLGHLQIOXHQFH
(YHQLQGHOHJDWLRQVIURPWKH(8
DQGWKH81JDLQHGHQWU\DQGWKHJRY
Conclusion
(YHQLQWKHPRVWGLIILFXOWFDVHVWKHUH
DUHVWUDWHJLHVDYDLODEOHWRDOOHYLDWH
IRUFHGGLVSODFHPHQW5HJLRQDORUJDQL]D
WLRQVGRQRUJRYHUQPHQWVDQGWKH81
DOOKDYHSRWHQWLDOOHYHUDJH6HFUHWDU\
*HQHUDO.RIL$QQDQKDVWROGWKH
&RPPLVVLRQRQ+XPDQ5LJKWVDQGWKH
*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\WKDWVHULRXVKXPDQ
ULJKWVYLRODWLRQVLQSDUWLFXODU´WKHYLR
OHQWUHSUHVVLRQRIPLQRULWLHVµKDYHWR
WDNHSUHFHGHQFHRYHUFRQFHUQVRIVWDWH
VRYHUHLJQW\7KLVVKRXOGHQFRXUDJH
2&+$WRWXUQLWVDWWHQWLRQWRWKHFDVHV
RI7XUNH\%XUPDDQG$OJHULD
7KHUHDUHVRPHRIFRXUVHZKRZLOODUJXH
WKDWOLPLWHGLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVRXUFHVDUH
EHWWHUVSHQWRQFRXQWULHVPRUHOLNHO\WR
FRRSHUDWH%XWZRXOGLWQRWEHXQFRQ
VFLRQDEOHWRLJQRUHPLOOLRQVRI,'3V
VLPSO\EHFDXVHWKH\DUHFDXJKWXSLQVLW
XDWLRQVGHHPHGWRRGLIILFXOW"
7KH81LVH[SHFWHGWRIRFXVRQDOO,'3V
$OWKRXJKLWVPRGXVRSHUDQGLLVWRGHDO
ZLWKJRYHUQPHQWVWKDWUHTXHVWDLGLW
FHUWDLQO\FDQXVHLWVGLVFUHWLRQDU\
DXWKRULW\WRPRQLWRUVLWXDWLRQVDQGLQLWL
DWHDFWLRQVRQEHKDOIRIWKRVHZKR
FOHDUO\IDOOZLWKLQYDFXXPVRIUHVSRQVL
ELOLW\LQPHPEHUVWDWHV7RGROHVV
ZRXOGEHWRIDLOLQLWVPDQGDWH
5REHUWD&RKHQLV&R'LUHFWRURIWKH
%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ3URMHFWRQ
,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWDQGFRDXWKRU
ZLWK)UDQFLV0'HQJRI0DVVHVLQ
)OLJKW7KH*OREDO&ULVLVRI,QWHUQDO
IRUFHVKDYHIUHTXHQWO\IDLOHGWRLQWHU 'LVSODFHPHQW%URRNLQJV
HUQPHQWVXEVHTXHQWO\VHWXSRIILFHV
YHQHWRVWRSWKHDWWDFNVRQFLYLOLDQVXS (PDLO5&2+(1#EURRNHGX
WKURXJKRXWWKHFRXQWU\WRSURFHVVGLV
WRKDYHUHSRUWHGO\EHHQNLOOHG
DSSHDUDQFHFDVHV7KHQHZJRYHUQPHQW
KDVOHGVRPHWREHOLHYHWKDWPHPEHUVRI
FRXOGEHHQFRXUDJHGE\WKH81DQG(8 7KHLQIRUPDWLRQEHIRUHWKHPHHWLQJRI-DQ
WKHVHFXULW\IRUFHVDUHGLUHFWO\LQYROYHG ZDVSURYLGHGE\IRXU86&5DQDO\VWV%LOO)UHOLFNZKR
WRHVWDEOLVKRIILFHVWRGHDOZLWKDUELWUDU\
ZLWKWKHDUPHGJURXSV*RYHUQPHQW YLVLWHG7XUNH\-DQD0DVRQDQG+LUDP5XL]ZKRYLVLW
GLVSODFHPHQWDQGWRLQYLWHWKH HG%XUPDDQG6WHYH(GPLQVWHUZKRUHVHDUFKHGWKH
ODQGDSSURSULDWLRQVFKHPHVDERXW
5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH816HFUHWDU\ $OJHULDQVLWXDWLRQ6HH%LOO)UHOLFN7KH:DOORI'HQLDO
ZKLFKOLWWOHLVNQRZQKDYHDOVREHHQ ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWLQ7XUNH\ 86&51RYHPEHU
*HQHUDORQ,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG3HUVRQV
FLWHGDVDFDXVHRIGLVSODFHPHQW
,QWHUQDWLRQDOIHDURIDQ,VODPLFVWDWHLQ
$OJHULDOHG:HVWHUQFRXQWULHVWRJLYH
WDFLWVXSSRUWWRWKHPLOLWDU\JRYHUQPHQW
WKDWQXOOLILHGWKHHOHFWLRQV<HWLWV
VHFXULW\IRUFHVKDYHHQJDJHGLQKLJKO\
DEXVLYHSUDFWLFHVVXFKDVDUELWUDU\
DUUHVWVWRUWXUHDQGGLVDSSHDUDQFHV
0HDQZKLOH,VODPLVWVKDYHUXWKOHVVO\WDU
JHWHGIRUNLOOLQJWKRVHSHUFHLYHGWREH
¶HQHPLHV·RIIXQGDPHQWDOLVW,VODPLFYDO
XHVDQGWKRVHGLUHFWO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKH
VWDWHDQGKDYHFDUULHGRXWLQGLVFULPLQDWH
28 December 1999, 6
WRYLVLW
'HYHORSPHQWDJHQFLHVFRXOGDOVRSOD\D
UROH7KH\FRXOGH[SORUHWKHLPSDFWRI
IOLJKWIURPUXUDODUHDVRQ$OJHULD·VSRRU
DJULFXOWXUDORXWSXWDQGRQWKHKRXVLQJ
VKRUWDJHLQWKHFLWLHV7KHLUSURJUDPPHV
FRXOGKHOSDEVRUEDWOHDVWVRPHRIWKH
HVWLPDWHGSHUFHQWRI$OJHULDQ\RXQJ
PHQZKRDUHXQHPSOR\HGDQGPRUHOLNH
O\WREHGUDZQLQWRWKHLQVXUJHQW
DFWLYLWLHVWKDWSURGXFHGLVSODFHPHQW
VHHSDJHRIWKLV)05IRUGHWDLOV-DQD0DVRQ
1R:D\2XW1R:D\,Q7KH&ULVLVRI,QWHUQDO
'LVSODFHPHQWLQ%XUPD 86&5-DQDQG6WHYH
(GPLQVWHU,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWLQ$OJHULD7KH
,QIRUPDWLRQ9RLG 86&5-DQ
7KH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDOKDVDPDQGDWHIURPWKH
*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\WRXVHKLVJRRGRIILFHVWRWDONWRDOO
SDUWLHVLQWKHFRQIOLFWDQGHQFRXUDJHGHPRFUDWL]DWLRQ
DQGQDWLRQDOUHFRQFLOLDWLRQ
0DVRQTXRWLQJ2SHQ6RFLHW\,QVWLWXWH¶%XUPD
&RXQWU\LQ&ULVLV·
:LOOLDP%UDQLJDQ¶5LJKWV9LFWLPVLQ%XUPD:DQWD
86&RPSDQ\WR3D\· :DVKLQJWRQ3RVW 
FORCED MIGRATION review
Issues of the new millennium
In this feature, eight individuals discuss key issues for
the coming years and recommend significant books
of the last deacde (indicated by
Dams and
displacement
E\(OL]DEHWK&ROVRQ
3URIHVVRU(PHULWXV
8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD
)LHOGZRUNXQGHU)LUH DOUHDG\VRDSSDUHQWLQWKHKDUGHQLQJRI
&RQWHPSRUDU\6WXGLHVRI
9LROHQFHDQG6XUYLYDO
HGLWHGE\&DURO\Q1RUGVWURP
$QWRQLXV5REEHQ8QLY&DOLIRUQLD
3UHVV,6%1
8QGHUVWDQGLQJ
,PSRYHULVKPHQWWKH
&RQVHTXHQFHVRI
'HYHORSPHQW,QGXFHG'LVSODFHPHQW
HGLWHGE\&KULVWRSKHU
0F'RZHOO%HUJKDKQ%RRNV
,6%1
FORCED MIGRATION review
)
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ ZLOOKDYHQRODFN
RIVXEMHFWPDWWHULQWKHQH[WGHFDGHVDQG
SUREDEO\WKURXJKRXWWKHWZHQW\ILUVWFHQ
WXU\LIWKHODVWGHFDGHLVDQ\WKLQJWRJR
E\(YHUPRUHPDVVLYHSRSXODWLRQPRYH
PHQWVVHHPLQVWRUH6RPHZLOODULVHIURP
ZKDWDUHSUREDEO\QRZLUUHYHUVLEOHHQYL
URQPHQWDOFKDQJHVVXFKDVFOLPDWLF
ZDUPLQJDQGWKHVHDULVHVWKDWZLOORYHU
ZKHOPORZO\LQJDUHDV7KHVHZHFDQKRSH
DWEHVWWRPLQLPL]HEXWWKH\ZLOOFHUWDLQO\
H[DFHUEDWHKRVWLOLW\WRZDUGVLPPLJUDQWV
RSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUUHIXJHHVDQGWKHLQWHU
QDOO\GLVSODFHGDQGZLOOSXWLQFUHDVLQJ
SUHVVXUHRQUHVRXUFHVDOUHDG\LQGLVSXWH
0RUHKDUGWKLQNLQJQHHGVWREHGRQH
DERXWKRZWKHZRUOGZLOOFRSHZLWKVXFK
RXWIORZVGUDZLQJXSRQZKDWZHQRZ
NQRZIURPH[SHULHQFHZLWKWKHIRUFHG
PLJUDWLRQVRIWKHWKFHQWXU\
5HVHDUFKLQWRVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHODUJHVFDOH
HQWHUSULVHVKDYHXSURRWHGSRSXODWLRQVWR
PDNHZD\IRUK\GURHOHFWULFGDPVLUULJD
WLRQVFKHPHVDQGFRPSDUDEOHSURMHFWV
GHPRQVWUDWHWKDWWKHVHUDUHO\EHQHILW
WKRVHXSURRWHG%HQHILWVWRWKRVHZKRGR
JDLQZKRXVXDOO\OLYHLQFLWLHVDQGKDYH
SROLWLFDODQGHFRQRPLFSRZHUDUHXVXDOO\
RIIVHWLQWKHORQJUXQE\GDPDJHWRWKH
HQYLURQPHQWDQGWKHORVVRISURGXFWLYLW\
DVZDWHUWDEOHVDUHDIIHFWHGULYHUDLQHV\V
WHPVMHRSDUGL]HGDQGHYHQWXDOO\GDPV
VLOWHGXS:KHQDFDGHPLFVEHJDQWKH
VWXG\RIIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
GHYHORSPHQWWKHDLPZDVWRILQGZD\VWR
PLQLPL]HWKHLPSDFWRQWKRVHXSURRWHG
%\WKHHQGRIWKHFHQWXU\KRZHYHUPDQ\
KDYHFRQFOXGHGWKDWRYHUDOOWKHDGYHUVH
HIIHFWVZRXOGPDNHWKHPQRQVWDUWHUVLI
GHFLVLRQVZHUHEDVHGRQDSSUDLVDOVRI
ORQJWHUPRXWFRPHV
5HVHDUFKKDVKDGVRPHLPSDFWRQLQWHU
QDWLRQDODJHQFLHVLQYROYHGLQSODQQLQJ
DQGILQDQFLQJPDMRULQWHUYHQWLRQVZLW
QHVVWKH:RUOG%DQNJXLGHOLQHVZKLFKFDOO
IRUDVVHVVPHQWRIVRFLDOFRQVHTXHQFHVRI
DQ\SURMHFWDQGIRULPSURYLQJWKHORWRI
WKHGLVSODFHG7KHJXLGHOLQHVKRZHYHU
FDQEHLJQRUHGDQGIUHTXHQWO\DUHE\
JRYHUQPHQWVGRPLQDWHGE\WKHGHVLUHWR
LPSULQWWKHLUVWDPSXSRQWKHODQGVFDSH
RUPHHWWKHQHHGVRIVRPHVHJPHQWRI
WKHLUSRSXODWLRQDQGWKH\FDQEH
ZDWHUHGGRZQDVLQGHHGWKH\KDYHEHHQ
UHFHQWO\:KDWLVHQFRXUDJLQJLVWKHHPHU
JHQFHRIDFRXQWHUPRYHPHQWRIWKRVH
DIIHFWHGZKRVHORFDOO\EDVHGRUJDQL]D
WLRQVDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\OLQNHGLQWR
LQWHUQDWLRQDOQHWZRUNVWKDWSXEOLFL]H
SODQVEHIRUHWKH\DUHLPSOHPHQWHGDQG
UHFUXLWDOOLHVDFURVVWKHZRUOGZKRDUH
VRPHWLPHVDEOHWRKDOWWKRVHSODQVZKLOH
WKH\DUHVWLOORQSDSHU:KDWDFDGHPLFV
OHDUQVSHDNVQRZWRWKRVHZKRUHVLVW
EHLQJPRYHGZKHQRXWVLGHUVZDQWWKHLU
ODQGDQGRWKHUUHVRXUFHVDVZHOODVWR
WKRVHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWU\LQJWRPLQLPL]H
LPSDFWVRIXSURRWLQJRUSURYLGHEHWWHU
FRQGLWLRQVRIUHVHWWOHPHQW
:HKDYHOHVVWRHQFRXUDJHXVZLWKUHVSHFW
WRWKHIRUFHVWKDWFUHDWHUHIXJHHVGULYHQ
RXWE\HWKQLFFOHDQVLQJDQGRWKHUIRUPV
RIYLROHQFH%XWDJDLQDFDGHPLFVDUHUHF
RJQL]LQJWKDWZKLOHUHVHDUFKRQZKDW
KDSSHQVDIWHUXSKHDYDOKDVWDXJKWXVD
JRRGGHDODERXWWKHH[LVWHQWLDOZRUOGRI
WKHUHIXJHHLQFOXGLQJWKHUHVSRQVHRI
KRVWVDQGWKHFXOWXUDOG\QDPLFVRILQWHU
QDWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQVVHWXSWRDVVLVW
WKHPLWKDVKDGOLWWOHRUQRLPSDFWRQWKH
LQWHUHVWVWKDWFRQWLQXHWRSURGXFH
UHIXJHHVDQGWKHLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHG
1HLWKHUKDVLWPDGHFRXQWULHVPRUHZLOO
LQJWRUHFHLYHODUJHQXPEHUVRIWKH
GLVSODFHGDQGLWLVGRXEWIXOWKDWLWKDV
VLJQLILFDQWO\FKDQJHGWKHSUDFWLFHRIDJHQ
FLHVZKRVHSHUVRQQHORIWHQLQVLWXDWLRQV
RIH[WUHPHVWUHVVPXVWGHDOZLWKWKRVH
GHILQHGDVSRZHUOHVVYLFWLPV
$JDLQWKHUHLVVRPHLQGLFDWLRQWKDWZH
DUHEHJLQQLQJWRPRYHEH\RQGUHVHDUFK
RQWKRVHDOUHDG\LQPRWLRQWRDQH[DPLQD
WLRQRIWKHYLROHQFHWKDWSUHFHGHVIOLJKW
DQGH[LOH%HIRUHXSURRWLQJLQWKHFDPSV
DQGILUVWSODFHVRIDV\OXPLQSODFHVRI
UHVHWWOHPHQWDQGRQUHWXUQKRPHLIWKLV
LVSRVVLEOHDSULPDU\QHHGLVDFFHVVWR
ODZWKHDELOLW\WRKROGRWKHUVDFFRXQWDEOH
IRUWKHLUDFWLRQV
December 1999, 6 29
Responsibility of ,WLVJHQHUDOO\DVVXPHGWKDWLQWHUQDWLRQDO
LQVWLWXWLRQVDUHDJHQWVRIGHPRFUDF\DQG
WDQFHDQGSURWHFWLRQWRUHIXJHHVQHHGVWR
EHPDGHDQVZHUDEOHIRULWVDFWVRIRPLV
KXPDQULJKWV EXWWKLVDVVXPSWLRQIDLOV VLRQDQGFRPPLVVLRQ,QRWKHUZRUGV
international WKHWHVWRIUHDOLW\:KLOHDQXPEHURI
LQWHUQDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGWKHLULQVWUX
81+&5VKRXOGLQFXUUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQ
LQWHUQDWLRQDOODZIRUYLRODWLQJLWVPDQ

institutions
E\%6&KLPQL
6FKRRORI,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WXGLHV
-DZDKDUODO1HKUX8QLYHUVLW\
PHQWVGRSURPRWHKXPDQULJKWVWKHUH
DUHRWKHUVZKRVHSROLFLHVXQGHUFXW
GHPRFUDF\DQGOHDGWRWKHJURVVYLRODWLRQ
RIKXPDQULJKWV<HWWKHVHLQVWLWXWLRQV
DUHQRWKHOGUHVSRQVLEOHLQLQWHUQDWLRQDO
ODZIRUWKHLULOOHJDODFWV
7KHUHLVJURZLQJHYLGHQFHIRUH[DPSOH
WKDWWKHVWUXFWXUDODGMXVWPHQWSUR
GDWH8QIRUWXQDWHO\81+&5¶VWLOOUHPDLQV
ODUJHO\XQDFFRXQWDEOH· )RUH[DPSOHLWLV
QRWUHVSRQVLEOHLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZLILW
¶LQFRUUHFWO\GHFODUHVWKDWDVRXUFH6WDWHLV
VDIHIRUUHWXUQFORVHVDFDPSDQGSHU
PLWVRUIDFLOLWDWHVWKHUHSDWULDWLRQRIWKH
UHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQZKRVXIIHUSHUVHFX
WLRQRQUHWXUQ·
JUDPPHV6$3VUHFRPPHQGHGE\ $FRUUHODWLYHRILQWHUQDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQV
LQWHUQDWLRQDOILQDQFLDOLQVWLWXWLRQV,),VWR SRVVHVVLQJOHJDOSHUVRQDOLW\DQGULJKWVWR
7KLUG:RUOGFRXQWULHVQRWRQO\OHDGWR RIIHUKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHWRDGYDQFH
WKHYLRODWLRQRIHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDO
ULJKWVRIWKHLUSHRSOHVEXWDOVRFUHDWH
FRQGLWLRQVLQZKLFKFRPPXQDOHWKQLF
FRQIOLFWVFDQEHLJQLWHGE\LUUHVSRQVLEOH
OHDGHUVUHVXOWLQJLQWKHJURVVYLRODWLRQRI
FLYLODQGSROLWLFDOULJKWVWKHURRWFDXVHRI
PDVVGLVSODFHPHQWV7KHUHLVDOVRVXIIL
FLHQWHYLGHQFHWRVXJJHVWWKDWVWDWHV
XQGHUJRLQJ6$3VDUHUHOXFWDQWWRKRVW
UHIXJHHVDQGDUHRIWHQFRQVWUDLQHGWRYLR
ODWHWKHFDUGLQDOSULQFLSOHRILQWHUQDWLRQDO
UHIXJHHODZQDPHO\WKHSULQFLSOHRIQRQ
UHIRXOHPHQW 7RSXWLWGLIIHUHQWO\WKH
PDMRUSURMHFWRI,),VHFRQRPLFOLEHUDOLVD
WLRQKDVSRVHGJUDYHWKUHDWVWR
GHPRFUDF\DQGKXPDQULJKWVDQGUHVXOWHG
LQODUJHVFDOHKXPDQGLVSODFHPHQWVHYHQ
DVLWKDVXQGHUPLQHGWKHLQVWLWXWLRQRI
DV\OXP7KXVDNH\LVVXHZKLFKQHHGVWR
EHDGGUHVVHGLQWKHFRPLQJ\HDUVLVKRZ
WRPDNH,),VDFFRXQWDEOHLQLQWHUQDWLRQDO
ODZIRUWKHLUSROLFLHVDQGDFWLRQV
/LNHZLVHDOEHLWRQDGLIIHUHQWSODQH
81+&5ZLWKLWVPDQGDWHWRRIIHUDVVLV
The protection :KHWKHUDFDGHPLFVWXG\IRFXVHVRQ
UHIXJHHLQWHJUDWLRQUHIXJHHVDQGWKHHQY
LURQPHQWRUKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFH,
FODLPVHWFLVUHVSRQVLELOLW\ZKLFKLV¶D
JHQHUDOSULQFLSOHRILQWHUQDWLRQDOODZ·
FRQFHUQHGZLWK¶WKHLQFLGHQFHDQGFRQVH
TXHQFHVRILOOHJDODFWV·LQSDUWLFXODUWKH
SD\PHQWRIFRPSHQVDWLRQIRUORVV
FDXVHG6DGO\WKHODZRQWKHVXEMHFWRI
UHVSRQVLELOLW\RILQWHUQDWLRQDOLQVWLWXWLRQV
LVXQGHYHORSHG2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUH
LVQRGHQ\LQJWKHXUJHQF\WRHYROYHDQG
DGRSWLQWKHFRPLQJGHFDGHDOHJDOLQVWUX
PHQWHYHQDQRQELQGLQJRQHZKLFKDUW
LFXODWHVWKHSULQFLSOHVDQGQRUPVJRYHUQ
LQJWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RILQWHUQDWLRQDO
LQVWLWXWLRQV
2UIRUG$¶/RFDWLQJWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO0LOLWDU\DQG
0RQHWDU\,QWHUYHQWLRQVDIWHUWKH&ROG:DU·+DUYDUG
,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DZ-RXUQDO 
5XWLQZD%¶7KH7DQ]DQLDQ*RYHUQPHQW·V5HVSRQVHWR
WKH5ZDQGDQ(PHUJHQF\· -RXUQDORI5HIXJHH6WXGLHV 

*LOEHUW*¶5LJKWV/HJLWLPDWH([SHFWDWLRQV1HHGVDQG
5HVSRQVLELOLWLHV81+&5DQGWKH1HZ:RUOG2UGHU·
,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI5HIXJHH/DZ
 %URZQOLH,3ULQFLSOHVRI3XEOLF,QWHUQDWLRQDO/DZ
2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV)RXUWKHGLWLRQ
,PDJLQDWLYHWKLQNLQJRQKRZUHIXJHHSUR
WHFWLRQLVEHVWDFKLHYHGDQGKRZWKLV
OLQNVZLWKDVHULHVRIRWKHUVRFLR
of refugees
E\5LFKDUG%ODFN
/HFWXUHULQ+XPDQ*HRJUDSK\LQWKH
6FKRRORI$IULFDQDQG$VLDQ6WXGLHV
KDYHEHHQLQWHUHVWHGLQDOOWKUHHDNH\
XQGHUSLQQLQJLVVXHUHPDLQVWKDWRIWKH
OHJDOVWDWXVOHYHORISURWHFWLRQRIUHIXJHHV
7RRRIWHQWKHLVVXHRISURWHFWLRQLV
LJQRUHGE\DJHQFLHVLWHYHQVHHPVWREH
HFRQRPLFDQGSROLWLFDOFRQFHUQVLV
ZHOFRPH+RZHYHULWLVGLIILFXOWWRHVFDSH
WKHGDQJHUWKDWUHQHJRWLDWLRQRIUHIXJHHV·
ULJKWVZLOOOHDGWRWKHLUORVVUDWKHUWKDQ
WKHLUDXJPHQWDWLRQ
DQG&R'LUHFWRURIWKH6XVVH[&HQWUH
IRU0LJUDWLRQ5HVHDUFKERWKDWWKH
8QLYHUVLW\RI6XVVH[
$ULVWLGH5=ROEHUJ$VWUL
VLGHOLQHGVRPHWLPHVE\81+&5DQGE\
DFDGHPLFVLQWKHVRFLDOVFLHQFHVZKR
DVVXPHWKLVWREHDOHJDOSUHVHUYH7KH
LPSRUWDQFHRISURWHFWLRQDVDQLVVXHKDV
EHHQLQFUHDVHGIXUWKHUE\SURSRVDOVVXFK
DVWKRVHRIWKH5HIRUPXODWLRQRI5HIXJHH
6XKUNH 6HUJLR$JXD\R
(VFDSHIURP9LROHQFH&RQIOLFW
DQGWKH5HIXJHH&ULVLVLQWKH
'HYHORSLQJ:RUOG283
,6%1
30 December 1999, 6
/DZ3URMHFW-LP+DWKDZD\RUUHFHQWVXJ
JHVWLRQVZLWKLQWKH(8WRUHSODFHWKH
*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQDOWRJHWKHU7KLVLV
FOHDUO\DQLVVXHWKDWLVQRWJRLQJWRJR
DZD\
FORCED MIGRATION review
Protection of the 7KHILQDO\HDUVRIWKHPLOOHQQLXPKDYH
EHHQWXPXOWXRXVRQHV
internally 7KHZRUOGZDWFKHGLQKRUURUDVKXQ
GUHGVRIWKRXVDQGVRIUHIXJHHVSRXUHG
displaced DFURVVWKH<XJRVODYLDQERUGHUVIURP
.RVRYRLQWR0DFHGRQLDDQG$OEDQLD
E\)UDQFLV0'HQJ VHHNLQJSURWHFWLRQDQGDVVLVWDQFHKDY
LQJEHHQIRUFLEO\H[SHOOHGIURPWKHLU
5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH6HFUHWDU\ KRPHVIRUQRUHDVRQRWKHUWKDQEHORQJ
*HQHUDORQ,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG LQJWRWKHZURQJHWKQLFJURXS:KLOHWKH
3HUVRQV LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\VFUDPEOHGWR
DVVLVWWKHVHUHIXJHHVWKRVHWKDW
UHPDLQHGLQ.RVRYRFRQWLQXHGWREHUDY
'DYLG$.RUQ ([RGXVZLWKLQ DJHGE\DFRQIOLFWWKDWGLGQRW
%RUGHUV%URRNLQJV GLVFULPLQDWHEHWZHHQFRPEDWDQWVDQG
,QVWLWXWLRQ FLYLOLDQV,Q(DVW7LPRUPLOLWLDJURXSV
,6%1 WHUURULVHGVFRUHVRI7LPRUHVHLQWRIOHH
LQJWKHLUKRPHVLQIHDURIWKHLUOLYHV
&RXQWOHVVJULVO\DFWVRIGLVPHPEHUPHQW
ZHUHFRPPLWWHGRQLQQRFHQW6LHUUD
/HRQHFLYLOLDQVDVSDUWRIWKHRQJRLQJ
FRQIOLFWLQWKDWFRXQWU\DQGLQDQHIIRUW
WRWHUURULVHSRSXODWLRQVLQWROHDYLQJ
WKHLUKRPHV,QQXPHUDEOHRWKHUH[DP
SOHVLOOXVWUDWHWKHPDJQLWXGHRIWKH
FULVHVZHKDYHIDFHGDQGFRQWLQXHWR
IDFHWKDWKDYHUHQGHUHGPLOOLRQVGHVWL
WXWHDQGKRPHOHVV
:KLOHWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHIXJHHUHJLPH
FDQRIIHUUHDG\VROXWLRQVWRWKRVHWKDW
IOHHSHUVHFXWLRQDQGVHHNLQWHUQDWLRQDO
SURWHFWLRQDFURVVERUGHUVZKDWVROX
WLRQVH[LVWIRUWKHFRXQWOHVVRWKHUVWKDW
DUHOHIWGLVSODFHGZLWKLQERUGHUVLQFRQ
VWDQGDUGVIRU,'3VFXOPLQDWLQJLQWKH
*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVRQ,QWHUQDO
'LVSODFHPHQW ,QDYHU\VKRUWSHULRGRI
WLPHWKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVKDYHJDLQHG
LQWHUQDWLRQDOUHFRJQLWLRQDQGVWDQGLQJ
EXWWRDFKLHYHWKHPXFKQHHGHG
LPSURYHPHQWRQWKHJURXQGLQWKHWUHDW
PHQWRI,'3VLWLVLPSHUDWLYHWKDWWKH
*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVEHJLYHQWKHZLGHVW
SRVVLEOHGLVVHPLQDWLRQ)XUWKHUVLQFH
WKH3ULQFLSOHVKDYHQRPRQLWRULQJ
PDFKLQHU\RIWKHLURZQLWLVHVVHQWLDO
WKDWLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQLVDWLRQVUHJLRQDO
ERGLHVDQG1*2VV\VWHPDWLFDOO\PRQLWRU
WKHFRQGLWLRQVRI,'3VLQWHUPVRIWKH
3ULQFLSOHVDQGGUDZDWWHQWLRQWRWKH
JDSVLQWUHDWPHQWIRXQG
,WLVP\IHUYHQWKRSHWKDWRYHUWKHQH[W
GHFDGHDFWXDOPRQLWRULQJPDFKLQHU\ZLOO
EHFUHDWHGDWWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHJLRQDO
DQGQDWLRQDOOHYHOVVRDVWRSURPRWHWKH
ZLGHVWDQGPRVWHIIHFWLYHLPSOHPHQWD
WLRQRIWKH3ULQFLSOHVZRUOGZLGH,WLV
RQO\ZKHQWKHREOLJDWLRQVRIWKH
3ULQFLSOHVSHUPHDWHDOOOHYHOVRIJRYHUQ
PHQWDQGFLYLOVRFLHW\DQGWKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\JLYHVSULRULW\
WRWKHLUEHLQJREVHUYHGWKDWWKHSOLJKW
RIWKHLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGZLOOPDUNHGO\
LPSURYH
7KH81KDVWDNHQRWKHUVWHSVWRZDUGV
HQKDQFLQJWKHHIIHFWLYHDQGWLPHO\
UHVSRQVHRIWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\
WRWKHQHHGVRIWKHLQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHG
IOLFWVLWXDWLRQVWKDWDUHLQFUHDVLQJO\ 7KH(PHUJHQF\5HOLHI&RRUGLQDWRU(5&
LQWHUQDOLQQDWXUH" RIWKH2IILFHIRUWKH&RRUGLQDWLRQRI
7KHUHLVJURZLQJDZDUHQHVVZLWKLQWKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\RIWKHPDJQL
WXGHRIWKHFULVLVRILQWHUQDO
GLVSODFHPHQWWKDWDIIHFWVEHWZHHQ
DQGPLOOLRQSHRSOHZRUOGZLGH:KLOH
WKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHSURWHFWLRQRI
,'3VIDOOVILUVWDQGIRUHPRVWRQQDWLRQDO
JRYHUQPHQWVDQGORFDODXWKRULWLHVLWLV
YLWDOWKDWWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\
SURYLGHSURWHFWLRQDQGDVVLVWDQFHIRU
,'3VLQFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKHJRYHUQ
PHQWVFRQFHUQHG,QWHUQDWLRQDO
SURWHFWLRQDQGDVVLVWDQFHEHFRPHHVSH
FLDOO\QHHGHGZKHUHJRYHUQPHQWVODFN
WKHZLOORUWKHFDSDFLW\WRSURYLGHIRU
WKHLURZQGLVSODFHGSRSXODWLRQVZKLFK
LVWUDJLFDOO\RIWHQWKHFDVHLQFRQIOLFWV
FDXVHGE\RUUHVXOWLQJLQDFXWHFULVHVRI
QDWLRQDOLGHQWLW\
2YHUWKHSDVWWZR\HDUV)RUFHG
0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZKDVNHSWWKHLQWHUQD
+XPDQLWDULDQ$IIDLUV2&+$KDVEHHQ
FKDUJHGZLWKWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\WRDFWDV
IRFDOSRLQWZLWKLQWKH81V\VWHPIRUDQ\
,'3UHODWHGLVVXHVDQGDVVXFKLV
DWWHPSWLQJWRHQKDQFHWKHFDSDFLW\RI
WKH81DVDZKROHWRUHVSRQGWRVLWXD
WLRQVRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWWKURXJK
VWURQJFRRUGLQDWLRQDQGDFOHDUGLYLVLRQ
RIUHVSRQVLELOLW\DPRQJLQWHUQDWLRQDO
DJHQFLHV,WUHPDLQVWREHVHHQZKHWKHU
WKLVFROODERUDWLYHDSSURDFKZLOOSURYH
VXFFHVVIXORUZKHWKHUDPRUHWDUJHWHG
DUUDQJHPHQWZLOOEHQHHGHG
$YDLODEOHLQ(QJOLVK)UHQFK6SDQLVK5XVVLDQ
$UDELFDQG&KLQHVH)RUDFRS\LQ(QJOLVKRU)UHQFK
FRQWDFW$OOHJUD%DLRFFKL2&+$'&81
3OD]D1<1HZ<RUN86$(PDLO
EDLRFFKL#XQRUJ
$OVRVHHZZZQRWHVUHOLHIZHELQW
)RUDFRS\LQ6SDQLVK5XVVLDQ$UDELFRU&KLQHVH
FRQWDFW(ULQ0RRQH\81&+53DODLVGHV1DWLRQV
*HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG(PDLOHPRRQH\KFKU#
XQRJFK
6HHDOVR'HQJ)DQG&RKHQ5 0DVVHVLQ)OLJKW7KH
*OREDO&ULVLVRI,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQW%URRNLQJV
WLRQDOFRPPXQLW\LQIRUPHGRISURJUHVV ,QVWLWXWLRQ'HQJ)DQG&RKHQ5HGV 7KH)RUVDNHQ
RQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRILQWHUQDWLRQDO 3HRSOH&DVH6WXGLHVRIWKH,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG
%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 31

Consistency :KHUH\RXDUHLQWKHZRUOGZKHQIRUFHGWR
PLJUDWHODUJHO\GHWHUPLQHVWRZKDWH[WHQW
LIDWDOO\RXZLOOKDYHRWKHUVLQWHUYHQHRQ
and conviction \RXUEHKDOIREWDLQDGHJUHHRISURWHFWLRQ
DQGEHDEOHWRIXOILO\RXUEDVLFKXPDQULJKWV
E\'DYLG%U\HU WRZDWHUIRRGVKHOWHUDQGRWKHUQHFHVVLWLHV
5HFRJQLWLRQRIWKHULJKWRIUHIXJHHVDQG
'LUHFWRU2[IDP*% GLVSODFHGSHRSOHWRSURWHFWLRQDQGWKH
JURZLQJZLOOLQJQHVVRIWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO
FRPPXQLW\WRSURYLGHLWHYHQDWWKH
H[SHQVHRIGRZQJUDGLQJVWDWHVRYHUHLJQ
0LFKDHO,JQDWLHII 7KH W\KDYHEHHQZHOFRPHGHYHORSPHQWVRI
:DUULRU·V+RQRU(WKQLF:DU WKHODVWKDOIFHQWXU\3URWHFWLRQLVWKHNH\
DQGWKH0RGHUQ&RQVFLHQFH WRHQDEOLQJSHRSOHWRDFKLHYHDOOWKHLU
2ZO%RRNV,6%1 RWKHUEDVLFKXPDQULJKWV3URJUHVVKDV
'HVSLWHFDOOVIRUFRQVLVWHQF\IHZSROLWLFDO
OHDGHUVKDYHEHHQEXVWLQJDJXWWRKHOS
SURWHFWDQGVXFFRXUWKHKXQGUHGVRIWKRX
VDQGVRIUHIXJHHVDQGGLVSODFHGEHLQJ
SXVKHGDURXQGKXJHDUHDVRIFHQWUDODQG
ZHVW$IULFDDQGRWKHUSDUWVRIWKHZRUOG
7KLVFUHDWHVRUH[DFHUEDWHVWKHVHULRXV
GLOHPPDVDQGGLIILFXOWHWKLFDOFKRLFHV
ZKLFKDLGDJHQFLHVKDYHWRPDNH,QVRPH
SODFHVDLGZRUNHUVDUHPXUGHUHGVRWKDW
WKHLURUJDQLVDWLRQVFDQQRWDVVLVWSHRSOH
ZKREHLQJWDUJHWWHG,QRWKHUSODFHVEHLQJ
DOORZHGWRKHOSPD\FRPHDWDSULFHVXFK
DVWKHGDQJHURISURSSLQJXSGXELRXVPLO
LWDU\VWUDWHJLHVRIFRQFHQWUDWLQJRU
EHHQVORZDQGHUUDWLF²VRPHWLPHVVKDPH GLVSHUVLQJFLYLOLDQSRSXODWLRQV
IXOO\VR²EXWXQGHQLDEOH:KDWHYHUWKH
PL[HGPRWLYHVRIWKRVHZKRLQWHUYHQH 7KHTXHVWLRQWKHQLVZKDWWRGR7KHUH
)HUJDO.HDQH/HWWHUWR'DQLHO
IRUFHGPLJUDWLRQVDQGKXPDQULJKWVDEXV DUHQRHDV\DQVZHUVUHVSRQVHVZLOORIWHQ
'HVSDWFKHVIURPWKH+HDUW
HVKDYHEHHQEHODWHGO\FKHFNHGRUDPHOLR
3HQJXLQ8.,6%1
UDWHGPRVWUHFHQWO\LQ.RVRYRDQG(DVW7LPRU
;
+RZHYHUVXFKLQWHUYHQWLRQVKDYHIXUWKHU
KLJKOLJKWHGWKHVKHHULQFRQVLVWHQF\LQWKHSDW
WHUQRIZLOOLQJQHVVWRLQWHUYHQH
3HRSOHXQIRUWXQDWHHQRXJKWRKDYHEHHQ
ERUQLQDUHDVRQWKHSHULSKHU\RISRZHU
VXIIHUDWULSOHEXUGHQ)LUVWO\WKHSRVLWLRQ
RIWKRVHSODFHVRQWKHPDUJLQVRIWKH
JOREDOHFRQRP\SHUSHWXDWHVSRYHUW\DQG
FRQIOLFWRIYDULRXVVRUWV6HFRQGO\RXWRI
VLJKWDQGRXWRIPLQGVDYHWRWKHVHOOHUV
EHKDPSHUHGE\SDUWLFXODUSROLWLFDOIDFWRUV
DQGFRPSHWLQJLQWHUHVWVDVKDVKDSSHQHG
LQ&KHFKQ\D1HYHUWKHOHVVZHVHHSROLWL
FLDQVDWOHDVWQRZIDFLQJXSWRWKH
LQFRQVLVWHQFLHV)HZQRZPDNHH[FXVHVIRU
WKHPRUWU\WRDUJXHWKDW´LWGRHVQ·WFRQ
FHUQXVµ7KLVLVSURJUHVV$FWLRQIROORZV
WKRXJKW2QHJUHDWLQIOXHQFHFRXOGEHWKH
JURZLQJVWDWXVDQGUHDFKRILQWHUQDWLRQDO
FULPLQDOODZ²KROGLQJFULPLQDOVDFFRXQW
DEOHIRUWKHLUDFWLRQVLQFOXGLQJWKHLU
EUHDFKHVRILQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZ
As the millen-
nium rolls over
E\3DWULFLD3DN3R\560
1DWLRQDO&RRUGLQDWRURIWKH
$XVWUDOLDQ1HWZRUN,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&DPSDLJQWR%DQ/DQGPLQHV
+DQV.XQJ$*OREDO(WKLFIRU
*OREDO3ROLWLFVDQG(FRQRPLFV
283,6%1
32 December 1999, 6
RIVPDOODUPVIHZRIWKHOHDGHUVRUSDU
WLFLSDQWVLQFRQIOLFWKDYHLQFHQWLYHV
SRVLWLYHRUQHJDWLYHWRUHVSHFWLQWHUQDWLRQ
DOKXPDQLWDULDQODZOHWDORQHFHDVHILUHVRU
SHDFHDJUHHPHQWV)LQDOO\WKHPLVHU\LV
UHJXODUDQGUHFXUUHQWEHFDXVHLQPRVW
FDVHVWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\LV
XQZLOOLQJRUXQDEOHHLWKHUWRSUHVVIRUDQ
HQGWRWKHFRQIOLFWRUWRLQWHUYHQHWRSUR
YLGHSURWHFWLRQIRULWVYLFWLPV
$VWKHPLOOHQQLXPUROOVRYHUVRWKHGHVLUH
IRUSHDFHJURZVVWURQJHUDQGWKHFDOOIRU
SHDFHEXLOGLQJHIIRUWVJURZVPRUHXUJHQW
:HQHHGWROHDUQWKHOHVVRQVRI%RVQLDRI
5ZDQGDRI.RVRYRDQGWKH)RUPHU
<XJRVODYLD,QWKHSUHVHQWUHDOLW\RIJOREDO
LQWHUGHSHQGHQFHWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRP
PXQLW\ZLOOQHHGWREHWKHUHVXSSRUWLQJ
WKHHQGHDYRXUVIRUSHDFHE\ORFDOJURXSV
DQGE\WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\6XFK
HQGHDYRXUVZLOOLQFOXGH
◗ H[SORUDWLRQDQGDIILUPDWLRQRIWKHSULQ
FLSOHVDQGYDOXHVXQGHUO\LQJWKH
8QLYHUVDO'HFODUDWLRQRI+XPDQ5LJKWV
ZLWKLWVLPSOLFDWLRQVIRULQWHUQDWLRQDO
UHODWLRQVGLSORPDF\DQGIRUFLYLODQG
PLOLWDU\FRRSHUDWLRQ
◗ PRUHMXVWDQGHTXLWDEOHGLVWULEXWLRQRI
UHVRXUFHVVRWKDWSROLWLFDOVWUXFWXUHV
UHVSHFWWKHULJKWRIDOOSHRSOHQRWRQO\
WROLIHEXWWROLYH RIVPDOODUPV
<HWXOWLPDWHO\LWLVXVZHWKHSHRSOHVRI
WKH81ZKRPXVWFRQWLQXHWREHQGSROL
WLFVLQWKHULJKWGLUHFWLRQ:HFDQGRWKLV
WKURXJKWKHIRUFHRIFXOWXUDODQGPRUDO
EHOLHIVQRUPVDQGH[SHFWDWLRQV²WKHFRQ
YLFWLRQDPRQJWKHPDQ\WKDWFHUWDLQ
WKLQJVDUHXQDFFHSWDEOHDQGWKDWVRPH
WKLQJPXVWEHGRQH
◗ FODULILFDWLRQRIWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRU
KXPDQLWDULDQLQWHUYHQWLRQE\WKHLQWHU
QDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\LQDQLQWHUQDO
FRQIOLFWDQGVRPHDJUHHPHQWE\JRY
HUQPHQWVWRWKHVHDVSDUWRI,QWHUQDW
LRQDO+XPDQLWDULDQ/DZ
◗ UHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHYHU\FRQFHSWRIWKH
QDWLRQVWDWHLWVQDWXUHDQGRSHUDWLRQ
ZLWKSURYLVLRQIRUSROLWLFDODOWHUQDWLYHV
QHZVWUXFWXUHVDQGSURFHVVHVIRULQGLJH
QRXVJURXSV
◗ UHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHFRQFHSWRIQDWLRQDO
VRYHUHLJQW\DQGLWVOLPLWVLQFRQWH[WRI
GLIIHUHQWIRUPVRIJOREDOLVDWLRQ
◗ UHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHODZVRIPLJUDWLRQ
RIWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHSULQFLSOH
RIDV\OXPDQGUHIXJHHODZ
◗ H[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHUROHDQGLQIOXHQFHRI
PHGLDLQLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGQRQLQWHUQD
WLRQDOFRQIOLFWV
◗ UHJXODWLRQDQGFRQWURORIWKHWUDQVIHUV
FORCED MIGRATION review

UNHCR and the
new millennium
E\-HII&ULVS
+HDGRI81+&5·V(YDOXDWLRQDQG
3ROLF\$QDO\VLV8QLW
$GDP+RFKVFKLOG.LQJ
/HRSROG·V*KRVW$6WRU\RI
*UHHG7HUURUDQG+HURLVPLQ
&RORQLDO$IULFD +RXJKWRQ0LIIOLQ
&R,6%1
3KLOLS*RXUHYLWFK)DUUDU6WUDXV
*LURX[:H:LVKWR,QIRUP<RX
7KDW7RPRUURZ:H:LOOEH
.LOOHG:LWK2XU)DPLOLHV6WRULHVIURP
5ZDQGD,6%1
5HDGFRQVHFXWLYHO\WKHVHWZRERRNVKHOS
WRH[SODLQWKHLQWUDFWDEOHQDWXUHRIWKHFUL
VLVWKDWLVFXUUHQWO\JULSSLQJWKH*UHDW
/DNHVUHJLRQ7KHILUVWLVDKLVWRU\RIWKH
UDSDFLRXVUHJLPHHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKH&RQJR
E\WKH.LQJRIWKH%HOJLDQVWKHVHFRQGD
FRPSHOOLQJDFFRXQWRIWKH5ZDQGDQJHQR
FLGHH[DPLQHGIURPERWKDSROLWLFDODQG
◗ WKHSURWHFWLRQRIFLYLOLDQVDQGHVSH
FLDOO\RIGLVSODFHGSHRSOH
0\H[SHULHQFHFRRUGLQDWLQJWKH
$XVWUDOLDQ1HWZRUNRIWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO
&DPSDLJQWR%DQ/DQGPLQHVKDVJLYHQ
PHDUHVXUJHQFHRIKRSHLQWKHZLOORI
PRUHDQGPRUHSHRSOHWRWDNHD
VWURQJHUVWDQGIRUDPRUHMXVWDQG
SHDFHIXOZRUOG:KLOHWKH&DPSDLJQLV
QDUURZO\IRFXVVHGRQWKHLVVXHRI
:KLFKLVVXHVZLOOSUHRFFXS\81+&5LQ
WKHHDUO\\HDUVRIWKHQHZPLOOHQQLXP"
*LYHQWKHXQH[SHFWHGQDWXUHRIWKH
FULVHVZKLFKKDYHFRQIURQWHGWKHRUJDQL
]DWLRQLQUHFHQW\HDUVLWLVGLIILFXOWWR
DQVZHUWKLVTXHVWLRQZLWKDQ\GHJUHHRI
FHUWDLQW\EXWDQXPEHURIWKHPHVVHHP
OLNHO\WRGRPLQDWHWKH81+&5DJHQGD
$ILUVWSULRULW\IRUWKHDJHQF\ZLOOEHWR
UHLQIRUFHLWVFDSDFLW\IRUHPHUJHQF\SUH
SDUHGQHVVDQGUHVSRQVHDWDVNZKLFK
EHJDQLQWKHHDUO\GD\VRIWKH.RVRYR
FULVLVZKHQ81+&5·VSHUIRUPDQFHFDPH
XQGHUFORVHVFUXWLQ\DQGFRQVLGHUDEOH
FULWLFLVPIURPRWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKH
LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\2QHRIWKHGLV
WLQFWLYHIHDWXUHVRIWKHUHIXJHH
HPHUJHQF\LQ$OEDQLDDQG0DFHGRQLD
ZDVWKH¶ELODWHUDOL]DWLRQ·RIDLGZKHUHE\
NH\GRQRUVFKDQQHOOHGDODUJHSURSRU
WLRQRIWKHLUDVVLVWDQFHWKURXJKQDWLRQDO
1*2VDQGWKHLURZQPLOLWDU\IRUFHV
81+&5ZLOOEHPRQLWRULQJWKLVWUHQG
ZLWKJUHDWLQWHUHVWJLYHQLWVLPSRUWDQW
LPSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHUROHRIWKHRUJDQL]D
WLRQDVZHOODVWKHPDLQWHQDQFHRI
FRQVLVWHQWVWDQGDUGVLQERWKUHIXJHH
SURWHFWLRQDQGDVVLVWDQFH
6HFRQG81+&5ZLOOEHPDNLQJDGGLWLRQ
DOHIIRUWVWRVDIHJXDUGWKHSK\VLFDO
VHFXULW\RIUHIXJHHVDQLVVXHZKLFKKDV
DQWLSHUVRQQHOPLQHVWKHFOHDUDQFHRI
PLQHVDQGWKHVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFUHKD
ELOLWDWLRQRIVXUYLYRUVRIPLQHVLWKDV
DOVRDOHUWHGWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\
WRWKHZLGHULVVXHVRIILQGLQJRWKHUZD\V
RIUHVROYLQJFRQIOLFWVRISURWHFWLQJFLYLO
LDQVLQFRQIOLFWDUHDVDQGLQGHHGRI
SUHYHQWLQJWKHFRQIOLFWVE\KDYLQJD
VRFLDORUGHUWKDWPDNHVIRUWKHJUHDWHU
VDIHW\RIDQGUHVSHFWIRUDOOSHRSOH
REVHUYHUVWKHXVHRIFRPPXQLW\EDVHG
DQGFRPPHUFLDOVHFXULW\DUUDQJHPHQWV
DVZHOODVHIIRUWVWRLPSURYHWKHHIIHF
WLYHQHVVRIORFDOSROLFHDQGVHFXULW\
VHUYLFHV
$WKLUGLVVXHZKLFKZLOOEHRISDUWLFXODU
FRQFHUQWR81+&5LQWKHQHZPLOOHQQL
XPZLOOEHWKDWRISURPRWLQJ
UHLQWHJUDWLRQDQGUHFRQFLOLDWLRQLQFRXQ
WULHVZKLFKDUHHPHUJLQJIURPEUXWDO
DUPHGFRQIOLFWV.RVRYR/LEHULD
5ZDQGD6LHUUD/HRQHDQG(DVW7LPRU
WRJLYHMXVWDIHZH[DPSOHV+LWKHUWR
WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\·VHIIRUWV
KDYHWHQGHGWRIRFXVRQWKH¶KDUGZDUH·
RIUHFRQVWUXFWLRQUHKDELOLWDWLQJVFKRROV
DQGKHDOWKFHQWUHVUHSDLULQJGDPDJHG
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHLQVWDOOLQJZDWHUVXSSO\
DQGVDQLWDWLRQV\VWHPV0XFKOHVVDWWHQ
WLRQKDVEHHQJLYHQWRWKHWDVNRI
FUHDWLQJWKHFRQGLWLRQVZKLFKZLOOSUR
PRWHDVHQVHRIFRPPRQSXUSRVH
DPRQJLQGLYLGXDOVDQGFRPPXQLWLHVZKR
KDYHLQIOLFWHGWHUULEOHDEXVHVRQHDFK
RWKHU
$ILQDO81+&5SUHRFFXSDWLRQQRZDQG
LQWKH\HDUVWRFRPHZLOOEHWKDWRIILQG
LQJVROXWLRQVWRVRPHRIWKHZRUOG·V
ORQJVWDQGLQJUHIXJHHSUREOHPV:KHQ
GHDOLQJZLWKWKHLVVXHRIIRUFHGPLJUD
WLRQVFKRODUVDQGSUDFWLWLRQHUVDOLNH
SHUVRQDOSHUVSHFWLYH FRPHWRSURPLQHQFHDVDUHVXOWRIVHYHU
DOWUHQGVWKHJURZLQJQXPEHURIDUPHG
DWWDFNVRQUHIXJHHSRSXODWLRQVWKHUHJX
ODULW\ZLWKZKLFKUHIXJHHFDPSVIDOO
XQGHUWKHFRQWURORIDUPHGHOHPHQWV
DQGRWKHUQRQUHIXJHHJURXSVDQGWKH
KLJKOHYHOVRIFULPHEDQGLWU\DQGYLR
OHQFHZKLFKFXUUHQWO\SUHYDLOLQPDQ\
UHIXJHHSRSXODWHGDUHDV,QDQDWWHPSW
WRDGGUHVVWKHVHSUREOHPVSDUWLFXODU
DWWHQWLRQZLOOEHJLYHQWRLQLWLDWLYHV
ZKLFKJREH\RQGWKHDJHQF\·VWUDGLWLRQDO
SURWHFWLRQDQGFDPSPDQDJHPHQWIXQF
WLRQVEXWZKLFKIDOOVKRUWRIPLOLWDU\
LQWHUYHQWLRQDQGWKHXVHRIIRUFH7KHVH
PLJKWLQFOXGHIRUH[DPSOHWKHGHSOR\
PHQWRILQWHUQDWLRQDOFLYLOLDQSROLFHDQG
FORCED MIGRATION review
KDYHDWHQGHQF\WRIRFXVRQWKRVHVLWXD
WLRQVZKLFKDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\
PRYHPHQWZKHWKHULQWKHIRUPRIDQHZ
UHIXJHHHPHUJHQF\RUDODUJHVFDOHUHSD
WULDWLRQPRYHPHQW$VDUHVXOWWKHPDQ\
VLWXDWLRQVZKHUHUHIXJHHVKDYHOLYHGLQ
H[LOHIRU\HDUVRQHQGDQGZLWKRXWDQ\
LPPHGLDWHSURVSHFWRIDQHQGWRWKHLU
SOLJKWWHQGWRJRXQQRWLFHG$QG\HW
PLOOLRQVRISHRSOHDURXQGWKHZRUOG
UHIXJHHVIURP$IJKDQLVWDQ$QJROD
%KXWDQ(ULWUHD6RPDOLDDQG6XGDQIRU
H[DPSOHILQGWKHPVHOYHVLQWKLVVLWXD
WLRQ$PDMRUREMHFWLYHRIWKHQHZ
PLOOHQQLXPPXVWEHWRSXWWKHVH
QHJOHFWHGUHIXJHHSUREOHPVDWWKHWRS
RIWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDODJHQGD
December 1999, 6 33
 Dignity
E\+RZDUG'DYLHVSKRWRMRXUQDOLVW
7KHUHIXJHHFULVLVLQWKH%DONDQVLQ WKHVDPHWLPH7KHSKRWRJUDSKHU
ZLWQHVVHGWKHODUJHVWPRYHPHQWRI
UHIXJHHVLQ(XURSHVLQFHWKHHQGRIWKH
6HFRQG:RUOG:DU$OPRVWDVH[WUDRUGL
QDU\LVWKHIDFWWKDWWKHPDMRULW\RIWKH
$OEDQLDQUHIXJHHVKDYHQRZUHWXUQHG
KRPHDOWKRXJKWKLVKDVLQWXUQOHGWRWKH
GHSDUWXUHRIDIXUWKHUZDYHRIUHIXJHHV
WKHIRUPHU6HUEDQG5RPDQHLJKERXUVRI
WKH.RVRYDQ$OEDQLDQV
2YHUWKUHHDVVLJQPHQWVWR0DFHGRQLDDQG
.RVRYR,KDYHGRFXPHQWHGWKHIOLJKW
H[LOHDQGUHWXUQRIWKH$OEDQLDQUHIXJHHV
DVZHOODVWKH5RPDZKRKDYHEHFRPH
,'3VZLWKLQ.RVRYR7KHRSSRUWXQLWLHVWR
PDNHVXFKFRPSOHWHSLFWXUHVVWRULHVDUH
EHFRPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\VFDUFHDVWKHSUHV
VXUHIRUWKHLQVWDQWLPDJHEHFRPHVHYHU
JUHDWHU
7KHILUVWUHIXJHHFDPS,YLVLWHGKHOGVRPH
RIWKHZRUVWOLYLQJFRQGLWLRQV,KDYHVHHQ
6KDP6KXL3RFDPSLQ+RQJ.RQJZDV
PDGHXSRIWZRGLVXVHGZDUHKRXVHVHDFK
KRPHWRPRUHWKDQUHIXJHHVIURP
9LHWQDP7KHUHIXJHHVZHUHFUDPPHG
EDWWHU\KHQVW\OHLQWREXQNFDJHVSLOHG
WZRKLJK,QFUHGLEO\HDFKEXQNZDVKRPH
IRUDIDPLO\DQGPRVWRIWKHIDPLOLHVKDG
OLYHGLQWKHVHDSSDOOLQJFRQGLWLRQVIRUWZR
RUWKUHH\HDUV
Kurdish refugees making for Turkish border. 1998 © Don McCullin. Contact Press Images. Colorific!
34 December 1999, 6
6KDP6KXL3RDIIRUGHGPHP\ILUVWRSSRU
WXQLW\WRVHHDQRWKHUSURIHVVLRQDO
SKRWRJUDSKHUDWZRUN$)UHQFKSKRWR
MRXUQDOLVWZRUNLQJRQDFRYHUVWRU\IRUD
PDMRUQHZVPDJD]LQHZDVLQWKHFDPSDW
DUUDQJHGDJURXSRIFKLOGUHQLQDQHDWOLQH
DQGDVMHWVIOHZORZRYHUKHDGLQWR.DL7DN
DLUSRUWKHVFUHDPHG´1RZµ
7KHFKLOGUHQGXWLIXOO\ORRNHGXSDQGKH
UHSHDWHGWKHSURFHVVVHYHUDOWLPHVXQWLO
WKHFKLOGUHQZHUHWRRERUHGWRFRPSO\
,DVNHGP\FROOHDJXHZKDWKHZDVGRLQJ
DQGKHUHSOLHGZLWKRXWDWUDFHRILURQ\ DQGHPSDWK\IRUWKHSHRSOHKHSKR
´,WV\PEROL]HVKRSHµ7KHIDFWWKDWWKHVH
UHIXJHHV·GUHDPVRIUHDFKLQJWKH:HVWOD\
VKDWWHUHGDURXQGWKHPVHHPHGWRKDYH
SDVVHGKLPE\+HDGGHGGHIHQVLYHO\´,
KDYHDEULHIWRIXOILOIRUWKHPDJD]LQHµ$V
,OHIWKHZDVEXV\DUUDQJLQJWKHKDQGVRI
UHIXJHHVRQWKHSHULPHWHUIHQFHDVLIWKH\
ZHUHPDQQHTXLQVDQGZLWKOLWWOHHOVHWR
GRWKHUHIXJHHVVLOHQWO\FRPSOLHG
7KDQNIXOO\IHZSKRWRJUDSKHUV,KDYHPHW
EHKDYHZLWKVXFKLQVHQVLWLYLW\0RVWSKR
WRMRXUQDOLVWVKRSHWKH\FDQUHSRUW
KRQHVWO\RQZKDWWKH\VHHZKLOHVWULYLQJ
WRPDLQWDLQWKHGLJQLW\RIWKHSHRSOHWKH\
DUHSKRWRJUDSKLQJ,QWKHVHGD\VRXWOHWV
IRUJRRGSLFWXUHVWRULHVDUHHYHUKDUGHUWR
ILQGDVWKHROGQHZVPDJD]LQHVDUHFRQ
VXPHGZLWKOLIHVW\OHIHDWXUHVRQIRRG
IDVKLRQDQGFHOHEULWLHV)RUWKHDLGRUJDQL
VDWLRQV,PDLQO\ZRUNZLWKGLJQLW\LQWKH
SRUWUD\DORIWKHUHIXJHHVWKH\ZRUNZLWK
KDVULJKWO\EHFRPHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW
LVVXH%XWOLNHPRVWSKRWRJUDSKHUVKRZ
HYHU,KDYHWDNHQSKRWRJUDSKVDQG
UHJUHWWHGWKHLQWUXVLRQDQGWKHIHHOLQJVLWV
XQHDVLO\ZKHQHYHU,VHHWKHSLFWXUHV
7KHDFFODLPHGZDUSKRWRJUDSKHU'RQ
0F&XOOLQKDVGHVFULEHGKRZKHVWLOOIHHOV
JXLOWIRUWKHLPSRVLWLRQVKHVRPHWLPHV
PDGHDQGODWHUUHJUHWWHGLQRUGHUWRJHWD
SKRWRJUDSK%XW0F&XOOLQ·VSKRWRJUDSKV
RIWKHZDUVKHFRYHUHGLQWKHVDQGV
UHPDLQIRUPHDPRQJWKHJUHDWHVWLPDJHV
RIFRQIOLFWHYHUPDGH7KHFRPSDVVLRQ
WRJUDSKHGZKHWKHUUHIXJHHVRUIULJKWHQHG
VROGLHUVDQGWKHVKHHUEUDYHU\VRPHRI
KLVSKRWRJUDSK\UHTXLUHGHPHUJHIURP
WKHIDFHVDQGVKDGRZVLQKLVSKR
WRJUDSKV
*URZLQJXSLQWKHV,VWLOOUHPHPEHU
WKH6XQGD\7LPHV PDJD]LQHKLWWLQJRXU
GRRUPDWDQGWKHGHHSLPSUHVVLRQWKDW
0F&XOOLQ·VJULWW\EODFNDQGZKLWHSKRWR
JUDSKVZKHWKHUIURPWKH&RQJR9LHWQDP
RU%LDIUDPDGHXSRQPH$QGLQDZD\,
WKLQNWKH\UHPDLQZLWKPHHDFKWLPH,
HQWHUDUHIXJHHFDPS0F&XOOLQ·VSKR
WRJUDSKVIURPWKLVSHULRGGLVSOD\
HPRWLRQVUDZDQGZLWKRXWSUHWHQFH*ULHI
ORVVIHDUDQGORQHOLQHVVSHUPHDWHKLV
LPDJHV%XWWKHUHLVGLJQLW\DQGKRSH
WRR$QG,IHHOFHUWDLQWKDW0F&XOOLQ
QHYHUKDGWRDVNDUHIXJHHWRORRNVN\
ZDUGIRUWKHQRWLRQDOSRUWUD\DORIDQ
HPRWLRQIRUWKHFDPHUD
:HEVLWHZZZVFLSRUJXNUHIXJHHSLFV
FORCED MIGRATION review
 debate
debate
In this section, readers respond to the feature
on ‘Learning from Kosovo’ in issue 5.
New rules of the
game
by Arthur C Helton
)05IRFXVHGRQWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH
UHFHQW.RVRYRFULVLVEXWPD\DFWXDOO\ VD\
PRUHDERXWFXUUHQWGLUHFWLRQVLQWKLQN
LQJLQWKHDLGFRPPXQLW\
7KHLQWHUYHQWLRQLQ.RVRYRKDVJLYHQ
ULVHWRDVHQVHWKDWZHPD\EHVHHLQJWKH
HYROXWLRQRIQHZUXOHVRIWKHJDPH1R
ORQJHUZLOOPDVVNLOOLQJRUVHYHUHUHSUHV
VLRQRISRSXODWLRQVEHFRQVLGHUHG
LQWHUQDOPDWWHUVVKLHOGHGE\DFODLPRI
QDWLRQDOVRYHUHLJQW\IURPLQWHUQDWLRQDO
KXPDQLWDULDQLQWHUYHQWLRQ5LVLQJH[SHF
WDWLRQVDPRQJRUGLQDU\SHRSOHERWK
UHIOHFWHGLQDQGIXHOOHGE\PHGLDUHYHOD
WLRQVRIPLVHU\DQGVXIIHULQJVHUYHWR
SUHVVXUHSROLF\PDNHUVLQ:HVWHUQFRXQ
WULHVWRDFW7KHUDSLGLQWHUQDWLRQDO
GHSOR\PHQWLQ(DVW7LPRULVWKHPRVW
PHDQVEHH[KDXVWHGEHIRUHUHVRUWLQJWR
WKHXVHRIIRUFH%XWWKHXWLOLW\RIGLSOR
PDF\RIFRXUVHLVYHU\PXFKLQWKHH\H
RIWKHEHKROGHU%DUXWFLVNLPD\ZHOOEH
ULJKWWKDWPRUHFRXOGKDYHEHHQGRQH
ZLWKWKH.RVRYR9HULILFDWLRQ0LVVLRQ
+RZHYHUZKLOH1$72·VMXGJHPHQWWKDW
3UHVLGHQW6ORERGDQ0LORVHYLFZRXOG
UHVSRQGRQO\WRIRUFHVHHPVQDwYHLQUHW
URVSHFWLWZDVQRWDQXQSUHGLFWDEOH
DVVHVVPHQWJLYHQUHFHQWH[SHULHQFHVLQ
%RVQLD
7KHPRVWVHULRXVWDVNRIFRXUVHLVWR
EHWWHUFDOLEUDWHLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVSRQVHV
WRWKHQHHGVRILQGLYLGXDOVIRUFLEO\GLV
SODFHGSDUWLFXODUO\WKRVHZKRDUH
LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHGDV5REHUWD&RKHQ
UHPLQGVXVLQKHUSLHFH3UHVXPDEO\WKLV
VKRXOGLQFOXGHUHVRUWXQGHUDSSURSULDWH
FLUFXPVWDQFHVWRDSURSRUWLRQDWHDQG
OLPLWHGXVHRIIRUFHDVGLVFXVVHGEHORZ
6RFLDOUHDOLW\VHHPVWRGHPDQGWKH
RSWLRQEXWWKLQNLQJLQWKLVDUHDLVVWLOO
VRPHZKDWIRUPXODLF
SDUWWRGHJUDGHDQGEOXQWWKHPLOLWDU\
VXSHULRULW\RI1$72ZKLFKLQUHWXUQ
YRZHGWRDVVLVWDQGUHSDWULDWHWKH
UHIXJHHVDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOH7KLVWDFWL
FDOPRWLYDWLRQZDVXQGRXEWHGO\SDUWRI
WKHUHDVRQIRUWKHUHODWLYHO\JHQHURXV
UHVSRQVHVRIZHVWHUQFRXQWULHVREVHUYHG
E\$OLFH%ORFKDQG0DWWKHZ*LEQH\
:KHWKHUWKLVZDUWLPHHIIRUWVLJQDOVD
EURDGHUUHVXUJHQFHLQFRPSDVVLRQLVOHVV
FHUWDLQ
3HUKDSVWKHRYHUULGLQJOHVVRQIURP
.RVRYRLVWKDWLQWKRVHFLUFXPVWDQFHV
ZKHUHUHIXJHHVEHFRPHSDZQVRIZDU
FRQFHUWHGVWHSVVKRXOGEHWDNHQWRJLYH
FKRLFHVDVIDUDVSRVVLEOHWRLQGLYLGXDOV
WRUHPDLQIOHHREWDLQDV\OXPRUEH
UHVHWWOHGDEURDG,WLVLQWKLVVHQVHWKDW
WKHKXPDQLWDULDQHYDFXDWLRQSURJUDPPH
IRU.RVRYDQVZDVDSSURSULDWHHYHQLQ
WKHIDFHRIFODLPVE\VRPHWKDWLWFRQVWL
WXWHGFRPSOLFLW\ZLWK6HUELDQ¶HWKQLF
FOHDQVLQJ·,QDGGLWLRQKXPDQLWDULDQ
LQWHUYHQWLRQFRXOGEHMXVWLILHGXQGHU
UDUHEXWDSSURSULDWHFLUFXPVWDQFHVIRU
H[DPSOHWRFUHDWHWUXO\VDIHDUHDVIRU
,'3V2IFRXUVHDVHULRXVFRPPLWPHQW
ZRXOGEHUHTXLUHGE\LQWHUYHQLQJIRUFHV
WRHQVXUHVDIHW\LQYLHZRISULRUSURE
OHPDWLFSUHFHGHQWVQRUWKHUQ,UDTDQG
UHFHQWFDVHLQSRLQW
7KHQDWXUHRILQWHUYHQWLRQRIFRXUVH
FDQYDU\)RUPDQ\\HDUVQRZDJURZLQJ
FKRUXVRIUHSRUWVFRQGHPQDWLRQVDQG
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVE\DYDULHW\RIJRYHUQ
PHQWVLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJDQL]DWLRQVDQG
1*2VKDVEHHQKHDUGLQUHODWLRQWRWKH
YLRODWLRQE\VWDWHVRIWKHKXPDQULJKWV
RIWKHLULQKDELWDQWV7KLVLVDWHVWDPHQW
WRWKHULVHRIDQLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQ
ULJKWVPRYHPHQWHPERGLHGLQRUJDQL]D
WLRQVVXFKDV$PQHVW\,QWHUQDWLRQDO
.RVRYRDV5LFKDUG&DSODQQRWHVLQ)05
LQWURGXFHGWKHQRWLRQRIDXVHRI
IRUFHIRU¶KXPDQLWDULDQ·SXUSRVHVHYHQ
ZLWKRXWDGYDQFHDXWKRUL]DWLRQE\WKH81
6HFXULW\&RXQFLORQJURXQGVRIDWKUHDW
SRVHGWRLQWHUQDWLRQDOSHDFHDQGVHFXUL
W\7KLVLVDODUPLQJWR0LFKDHO
%DUXWFLVNLZKRFRXQVHOVWKHREYLRXV²
WKHUHTXLUHPHQWWKDWSHDFHIXOGLSORPDWLF
debatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebate
FORCED MIGRATION review
0DQ\UHFHQWKXPDQLWDULDQUHVSRQVHV %RVQLD1HYHUWKHOHVVE\SURYLGLQJVXFK
KDYHEHHQFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\FRRUGLQDWLRQ FKRLFHVWRLQGLYLGXDOVLQWKHZRUGVRI
IDLOXUHVVTXDEEOHVRYHURUJDQL]DWLRQDO 0DUF9LQFHQWZHPD\QHFHVVDULO\
PDQGDWHVDQG¶FXOWXUHFODVKHV·EHWZHHQ LQYROYHWKH¶EHQHILFLDULHV·LQWKHLURZQ
KXPDQLWDULDQDQGPLOLWDU\DFWRUV²SHU DUUDQJHPHQWVIRUSURWHFWLRQDVVLVWDQFH
KDSVDV3HWHU0DUVGHQ1LFKRODV0RUULV DQGVROXWLRQ
3HWHU0RUULVDQG7RE\3RUWHUQRWH
QRZKHUHFOHDUHUWKDQLQUHODWLRQWR $UWKXU+HOWRQLV6HQLRU)HOORZIRU
.RVRYR7KHLVVXHVGHVHUYHQXDQFHG 5HIXJHH6WXGLHVDQG3UHYHQWLYH
WUHDWPHQWEXWWZRSRLQWVVHHPFOHDU $FWLRQDWWKH
)LUVWRQRFFDVLRQWKHORJLVWLFDOFDSDFL &RXQFLORQ
WLHVRIWKHPLOLWDU\ZLOOEHQHHGHGWR )RUHLJQ
UHVSRQGWRVXGGHQODUJHVFDOHGLVSODFH 5HODWLRQV
PHQWVDQGERWKPLOLWDU\DQG
KXPDQLWDULDQDFWRUVZLOOKDYHWRHVWDE
OLVKPRUHFRQVWUXFWLYHZRUNLQJ
UHODWLRQVKLSV6HFRQGLQWKH.RVRYRFRQ 7RDFFHVV
IOLFWZKHUHUHIXJHHVEHFDPHYLUWXDO DUWLFOHVIURP
ZHDSRQVRIZDUSDUWLFXODUDWWHQWLRQWR )05YLVLW
WKHVLWXDWLRQRILQGLYLGXDOVZDVZDUUDQW RXUZHEVLWH
HG7KH6HUELDQIRUFHVIRUFLEO\XSURRWHG DWZZZIPUHYLHZRUJ
KXQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGVRI.RVRYDQVLQ
December 1999, 6 35
debatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebate
Reproductive health -
forgotten health
needs in emergency
settings
by Samantha Guy
:KLOHIRRGZDWHUVKHOWHUDQGSULPDU\
KHDOWKFDUHDZDLWHGDOOWKHUHIXJHHVIOHH
LQJ.RVRYRUHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWK
SURYLVLRQZDVIDUIURPXQLYHUVDO
/HVVRQVIURPUHIXJHHVHWWLQJVZRUOGZLGH
FOHDUO\UHYHDOWKDWLJQRULQJWKHUHSURGXF
WLYHKHDOWKQHHGVRIUHIXJHHVWKUHDWHQV
WKHOLYHVRIPDQ\SHRSOH\HWRQFHDJDLQ
WKLVFUXFLDOFRPSRQHQWRIHPHUJHQF\DLG
ZDVDOPRVWIRUJRWWHQ
$WKRXJKVRPHDJHQFLHVZHUHSURYLGLQJ
PRWKHUDQGFKLOGKHDOWKFDUHWUDGLWLRQ
DOO\WKHRQHDVSHFWRIUHSURGXFWLYH
FOHDUWKDWWKH\ZDQWHGWRFRQWLQXH
UHFHLYLQJWKHVHUYLFHVWRZKLFKWKH\ZHUH
DFFXVWRPHG&DPSDGPLQLVWUDWRUVDQG
WKHKHDOWKFRPPLWWHHVDOOJDYHWKHLUVXS
SRUWWRWKHGHPDQGVRIWKHZRPHQIRU
FRPSUHKHQVLYH5+VHUYLFHV<HWHYLGHQFH
VKRZVWKDWWKHLUFDOOVZHUHODUJHO\
LJQRUHGE\1*2V:LWKLQGD\VRISURYLG
LQJDQWHQDWDODQGIDPLO\SODQQLQJ
VHUYLFHV06,·VSUHVHQFHZDVEHLQJFKDO
OHQJHGE\RQHRIWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOKHDOWK
1*2V,QRWKHUFDPSVHVWDEOLVKLQJ5+
VHUYLFHVPHWZLWKUHVLVWDQFHIURP1*2V
)XUWKHUH[SHULHQFHVRIWKH06,WHDPUDWL
ILHGWKHGHFLVLRQWRSURYLGH5+FDUH
GHVSLWHRSSRVLWLRQIURPRWKHUDJHQFLHV
'XULQJDEUHDNLQVHUYLFHVLQRQHFDPS
LWEHFDPHFOHDUWKDW.RVRYDQPHQDQG
ZRPHQZHUHQRWSUHSDUHGWRZDLWIRU
WKHVHFRQGSKDVH5+LQWHUYHQWLRQVEHLQJ
SURSRVHGE\RWKHUDJHQFLHV$JURXS
IURPWKHFDPSZDONHGLQWRWKHORFDO
WRZQWRGHPDQGWKHUHVXPSWLRQRI06,·V
VHUYLFHV
06,LVFRQWLQXLQJWRSURYLGH5+VHUYLFHV
WRWKHUHPDLQLQJUHIXJHHVLQ$OEDQLDDV
ZHOODVFRQWULEXWLQJWRWKHVWUHQJWKHQLQJ
RIWKHEHOHDJXUHGKHDOWKV\VWHP2WKHU
DJHQFLHVDUHZRUNLQJLQWKHUHJLRQWR
SURYLGH5+VHUYLFHVLQFOXGLQJ&$5(LQ
0DFHGRQLDDQG.RVRYRDQGWKH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HVFXH&RPPLWWHHZKLFK
KDVMXVWFRPSOHWHGDSV\FKRVRFLDOQHHGV
DVVHVVPHQWPLVVLRQWR.RVRYR
5HSURGXFWLYHKHDOWKFDUHLVQHLWKHU
RSWLRQDOQRUDOX[XU\LWVKRXOGEHLQWH
JUDWHGLQDWLPHO\IDVKLRQZLWKLQ
SULPDU\KHDOWKFDUH(YHQZKHQWKH
GHOLYHU\RIUHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWKVHUYLFHV
FDOOVIRUVSHFLDODUUDQJHPHQWVRU
UHVRXUFHVWKHUHLVQRMXVWLILFDWLRQIRULWV
SRVWSRQHPHQWRUQHJOHFW
6DPDQWKD*X\LV0DQDJHURIWKH
5HSURGXFWLYH+HDOWKIRU5HIXJHHV
,QLWLDWLYHDW0DULH6WRSHV
,QWHUQDWLRQDO
(PDLOVDPJX\#VWRSHVRUJXN
KHDOWK5+FDUHGHHPHGDSSURSULDWHIRU
+HDOWKSURYLGHUVKDYHDGXW\WRSURYLGH :HEVLWHZZZPDULHVWRSHVRUJXN
UHIXJHHVHWWLQJVWKHUHZDVOLWWOHSURYL
WKHKLJKHVWSRVVLEOHOHYHORIFDUHWR
VLRQIRURWKHUHOHPHQWVRIWKH5+ 1RWH)05·VSUHGHFHVVRUWKH531SXEOLVKHGDQLVVXH
WKRVHWKH\VHUYHUHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWKLV
SDFNDJHIDPLO\SODQQLQJSUHYHQWLRQ LQ1RYHPEHURQ¶:RPHQDQGUHSURGXFWLYH
DIXQGDPHQWDOKXPDQULJKWDQGLWLVDQ KHDOWK·$UWLFOHVIURPWKLVLVVXHDUHDYDLODEOHRQWKH
DQGWUHDWPHQWRI67'VHPHUJHQF\
DEXVHRIKXPDQULJKWVLIWKRVHVHUYLFHV )05ZHEVLWHDWZZZIPUHYLHZRUJ
REVWHWULFVSUHYHQWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQW
DUHZLWKKHOG7KHUHLVFOHDUHYLGHQFHWKDW
RIWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIVH[XDOYLROHQFH 7KH,QWHU$JHQF\)LHOG0DQXDORQ5HSURGXFWLYH
PDQ\DJHQFLHVLJQRUHGWKH5+QHHGVRI
DQGVDIHPRWKHUKRRG +HDOWKLQ5HIXJHH6LWXDWLRQV LVDYDLODEOHLQ(QJOLVKDQG
UHIXJHHVLQ$OEDQLDGHVSLWHWKHFOHDU )UHQFK6SDQLVK3RUWXJXHVHDQG5XVVLDQYHUVLRQVDUH
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIURPWKH,&3' SODQQHG)UHHRIFKDUJHDW81+&5RIILFHVIRUDJHQFLHV
:KLOHODFNRIRUJDQLVDWLRQDOH[SHUWLVH LQYROYHGLQWKHSURYLVLRQRI5+VHUYLFHVWR
3URJUDPPHRI$FWLRQH[SHUWUHFRPPHQ UHIXJHHV,'3VDOVRDYDLODEOHWKURXJKWKHFRQWULEXW
IXQGLQJFRQVWUDLQWVDQGODFNRIDZDUH
GDWLRQVLQWKH,QWHU$JHQF\)LHOG0DQXDO LQJDJHQFLHVDQGYLDWKH81+&5ZHEVLWHDW
QHVVRILQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQVHQVXVRQ5+ ZZZXQKFUFK
DQGPRVWLPSRUWDQWO\WKHGHPDQGVRI
SROLF\DOOKDYHDEHDULQJRQWKLVGHOD\
WKHUHIXJHHVWKHPVHOYHV $OEDQLDQ)DPLO\3ODQQLQJ$VVRFLDWLRQ0HGLFRVGHO
REVHUYHUVDOVRQRWHDODFNRILQVWLWXWLRQ
0XQGRDQG0DULH6WRSHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO
DORULQGLYLGXDOZLOODWERWKWKHILHOGDQG
2SSRQHQWVRIUHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWKIRU
SROLF\OHYHOV7KHH[SHULHQFHRIWKH 81)3$·V5HSURGXFWLYH+HDOWK.LWIRU(PHUJHQF\
UHIXJHHVPD\TXRWHWKHQHHGWRGHDO 6HWWLQJVLVGHVLJQHGWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHWLPHO\DQGDSSUR
PDMRULW\RI.RVRYDQUHIXJHHVLQ$OEDQLD SULDWHGHOLYHU\RI5+VHUYLFHVLQWKHLQLWLDODFXWHSKDVH
ZLWKPRUHSUHVVLQJLVVXHVVXFKDVHSL
KLJKOLJKWHGRQO\WRRZHOOWKHSUDFWLFDO RIDQHPHUJHQF\VLWXDWLRQDQGWRSODQIRUVHUYLFHVDV
GHPLFRXWEUHDNV+RZHYHUWKHUHZHUH WKHVLWXDWLRQGHYHORSV
LPSOLFDWLRQVRILQVWLWXWLRQDORSSRVLWLRQ
QRRXWEUHDNVRIPDMRUFRPPXQLFDEOH
WR5+FDUH
GLVHDVHVGXULQJWKLVFULVLVDQGQRGLV
Reconciliation in Kosovo
FHUQLEOHH[FHVVPRUWDOLW\,QWKLVFRQWH[W
)DUIURPUHGXFLQJWKHQHHGIRU5+VHU $UHFHQWSV\FKRVRFLDOQHHGVDVVHVVPHQW
WKHTXHVWLRQRIZK\UHSURGXFWLYHKHDOWK
YLFHVHPHUJHQF\VHWWLQJVLQFUHDVHWKH OHGE\WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HVFXH&RP
VHUYLFHVZHUHQRWSURYLGHGEHFRPHV
EXUGHQRILOOKHDOWKIDPLO\SODQQLQJ PLWWHHFRQFOXGHVWKDW´DOWKRXJKHWKQLF
HYHQPRUHSHUWLQHQW1*2V DQGWKH
WUHDWPHQWRI67'VHPHUJHQF\REVWHWULFV UHFRQFLOLDWLRQLVDODXGDEOHORQJWHUP
$OEDQLDQ0LQLVWU\RI+HDOWKGLVWULEXWHG
DQGVDIHPRWKHUKRRGVHUYLFHVEHFRPH JRDOLWLVQRWIHDVLEOHQRZ.RVRYRLV
5HSURGXFWLYH+HDOWK.LWV HDUO\LQWKH
LPSHUDWLYH.RVRYDQZRPHQZHUHYRFDO VHHSHGLQSDLQKDWUHGDQGGHVLUHIRU
FULVLV²UHVXOWLQJLQDQRXWFU\RIQHJDWLYH
LQWKHLUGHPDQGIRUTXDOLW\5+VHUYLFHV UHYHQJHDJDLQVW6HUEV«QR.RVRYDUV
RSLQLRQE\SUHGRPLQDQWO\&DWKROLFFULW VSHDNRIUHFRQFLOLDWLRQ«KDWUHGLVDQ
5HIXJHHZRPHQDQGPHPEHUVRIKHDOWK
LFV)ROORZLQJWKLVLQLWLDOFULWLFDO DFFHSWHGQRUPµ7KHUHSRUWUHFRP
FRPPLWWHHVLQWKHFDPSVUHSRUWHGWKDW
LQWHUYHQWLRQKRZHYHUOLWWOHDFWLRQZDV PHQGVSURJUDPPHVIRUHWKQLF
06,ZDVWKHILUVWRUJDQLVDWLRQWRGLVFXVV
WDNHQWRSURYLGHFRPSUHKHQVLYH5+VHU WROHUDQFH9LVLWWKH,5&ZHEVLWHDW
WKHLU5+FRQFHUQVZLWKWKHP:RPHQLQ
YLFHVWKURXJKSULPDU\KHDOWKFDUH ZZZLQWUHVFRPRUJSV\FKRVRFLDOKWPO
WKHFDPSVDQGLQWKH7LUDQDFOLQLFZHUH
VHUYLFHV

debatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebate
36 December 1999, 6 FORCED MIGRATION review
debatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebate
Humanitarian emer-
gencies: targets for
improvements
by Major General Upali Karunaratne
(Retd), Sri Lanka
0LOLWDU\LQYROYHPHQWLQKXPDQLWDULDQ
HPHUJHQFLHVKDVFDXVHGPXFKGHEDWH
ERWKGXULQJDQGDIWHUVXFKRSHUDWLRQV RQO\EULQJGLVUHSXWHDQGWKHUHIRUHGLV
ZKHQWKHLQYROYHPHQWKDVEHHQH[WUHPHO\
GLIILFXOWWKHFRQWURYHUV\KDVEHHQWKDW
PXFKJUHDWHU2QGLVSDVVLRQDWHUH
HYDOXDWLRQRIVXFKVLWXDWLRQVWKHVDPH
SRLQWVDULVHWLPHDQGDJDLQPXWXDOGLV
WUXVWSRRUFRRUGLQDWLRQDQGODFNRI
PRVWRIWKHKXPDQLWDULDQHPHUJHQF\
RSHUDWLRQVWKRXJKVRPHWLPHVXQIDLUO\
PDGHXVHRIDVDVFDSHJRDWIRUWKH
LQDGHTXDFLHVDQGIDLOXUHVRIJRYHUQ
PHQWV7KHSUHHPLQHQFHDQGWKH
XVHIXOQHVVRI81+&5PXVWEHUHFRJ
QLVHGDQGJLYHQDOOWKHVXSSRUW
QHFHVVDU\WRPDNHLWVWURQJHUDQGPRUH
HIIHFWLYH
7KHWLPHKDVDOVRFRPHWRHUDGLFDWHWKH
¶EULHIFDVH·1*2VWKHH[LVWHQFHRIWKHVH
WUXVW,IRQO\1*2VLQYLWHGE\81+&5
DUHDOORZHGWRRSHUDWHWKHSUREOHPRI
GXELRXV1*2VZLOOQRWDULVH8SRQUH
HYDOXDWLRQRISDVWRSHUDWLRQVLWLVVHHQ
WKDWSROLWLFDOH[SHGLHQFHKDVFRQVLGHU
DEO\GDPDJHGWKHRXWVWDQGLQJZRUN
FRXUVHVIRUVHOHFWHGPLOLWDU\DQG1*2
SHUVRQQHORQVXEMHFWVVXFKDVFRQWLQ
JHQF\SODQQLQJVDQLWDWLRQFDPS
VLWLQJDFFRXQWLQJDQGWKHYDOXHRI
WHDPZRUN7KHDLPVVKRXOGEHWR
HVWDEOLVKXQLIRUPVWDQGDUGVLQDOO
FDPSVWUDLQYLVLRQDU\)LHOG
&RRUGLQDWRUVIRUIXWXUHRSHUDWLRQV
DQGGHYHORSDQGSXEOLVKVWDIIPDQX
DOVRQWKHVHVXEMHFWV
◗ (VWDEOLVKPHQWRI+XPDQLWDULDQ
(PHUJHQF\&RRUGLQDWLQJ&HQWUHVDW
OHDVWRQHLQHDFKFRQWLQHQWXQGHUWKH
DXVSLFHVRI81+&5WRXQGHUWDNHFRQ
WLQJHQF\SODQQLQJDQGFRRUGLQDWLRQLQ
DQWLFLSDWLRQRIIXWXUHRSHUDWLRQV
◗ 1*2DQG0LOLWDU\2IILFHUVVHUYLQJ
FRRSHUDWLRQDQGWHDPZRUN7KHVHKDPSHU
WKHHIILFLHQF\RISURMHFWVXQGHUWDNHQXOWL
PDWHO\GHSULYLQJUHIXJHHVRIDIDLUGHDO,I
RQO\DOOSDUWLHVLQWKHDUHQDFRXOG¶JHWWKHLU
DFWWRJHWKHU·PXFKZRXOGEHDFKLHYHG
7KHDIWHUPDWKRIWKH&ROG:DUKDV
UHVXOWHGLQPRUHDUPLHVEHLQJXQGHU
HPSOR\HGDQGJLYHQQHZUROHVWRSOD\,Q
WKHIXWXUHLWLVLQHYLWDEOHWKDWWKHPLOL
WDU\ZLOOSOD\DVLJQLILFDQWUROHLQ
KXPDQLWDULDQHPHUJHQFLHV,WLVFRQFHLY
DEOHWKDWYHU\VRRQ¶KXPDQLWDULDQ
HPHUJHQF\·DQG¶HQYLURQPHQWDOSURWHF
WLRQ·DUHDGGHGDV¶VRIW·VHFXULW\UROHVWR
EHXQGHUWDNHQE\WKHPLOLWDU\LQDGGL
WLRQWRWKH¶KDUG·VHFXULW\WDVNVRI
ZDJLQJZDUDQGFRPEDWWLQJWHUURULVP
7KHUHVKRXOGEHQRGHEDWHDVWRZKRLV
PRUHVXLWDEOHE\H[SHULHQFHWRFRQGXFW
KXPDQLWDULDQZRUN7KH\HRPDQVHUYLFH
UHQGHUHGE\1*2VWRUHOLHYHWKHPLVHU\
RIUHIXJHHVLVZHOOGRFXPHQWHG
+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDJHQXLQHIHDUDPRQJ
1*2VWKDWWKHLQWHJULW\RIWKHLUSULQFL
SOHVZRXOGEHFRPSURPLVHGLQ
DFFRPPRGDWLQJWKHPLOLWDU\DQGWKLV
IHDULVKHLJKWHQHGE\WKHWHQGHQF\RIWKH
GRQHE\WKHPLOLWDU\DQG1*2V DQGUHWLUHGZKRKDYHPDGHRXWVWDQG
$PELJXRXVPDQGDWHVXQHYHQGLVWULEX LQJFRQWULEXWLRQVLQSUHYLRXVRSHUD
WLRQRIIXQGLQJDQGQDWLRQDOLVDWLRQRI WLRQVWREHPDGHXVHRILQWUDLQLQJ
FDPSVKDYHFRQWULEXWHGWRZDUGVWKH VFKRROVDQGFRRUGLQDWLRQFHQWUHV
GHWHULRUDWLRQRIWKHKLJKVWDQGDUGV
H[SHFWHGRIDJHQFLHVHQWUXVWHGZLWKWKH ◗ (TXDOH[SRVXUHWREHJLYHQWRDOOSDU
UXQQLQJRIRSHUDWLRQV:KLOHLWLVXQGHU WLHVLQWKHHOHFWURQLFDQGSULQWPHGLD
VWRRGWKDWFRXQWULHVZRXOGOLNHWKHDLG
LUUHVSHFWLYHRIWKHFRXQWU\RIRULJLQ
DJHQFLHVWRZRUNZLWKWKHLUDUPLHVLW
RUWKHVWDWXVRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQ
KDVWREHSRLQWHGRXWWKDWWKHQDWLRQDOL
VDWLRQRIFDPSVLVXQGHVLUDEOHDQGKDVD
◗ 'LVWULEXWLRQDQGDOORFDWLRQRIIXQGV
QHJDWLYHHIIHFWRQRYHUDOORSHUDWLRQV
JUDQWHGE\LQWHUQDWLRQDODLGDQG
7KHGHFLVLRQWRVHQGWKHPLOLWDU\´WRR
GRQRUDJHQFLHVWREHHQWUXVWHGWR
ODWHDQGZLWKGUDZWKHPWRRHDUO\µKDV
81+&5IRUGLVEXUVHPHQWDPRQJSDU
FDXVHGXQWROGKDUGVKLSWRDLGZRUNHUV
WLFLSDWLQJ1*2V
DQGKDVDGYHUVHO\DIIHFWHGWKHZHOOEHLQJ
RIUHIXJHHV7KHVHGHFLVLRQVDUHEHVW
,QWKHFRPLQJGHFDGH1*2VDQGWKHPLO
PDGHE\81+&5LQFRQVXOWDWLRQZLWK
LWDU\ZLOOEHFDOOHGXSRQWRXQGHUWDNH
OHDGDLGDJHQFLHV
¶HQYLURQPHQWDOSURWHFWLRQ·RSHUDWLRQV,W
LVVWURQJO\UHFRPPHQGHGWKDWGRFWULQHV
8QLIRUPVWDQGDUGVQHHGWREHVWLSXODWHG
DQGFRQIRUPHGWRDQGFRRSHUDWLRQ DQGJXLGHOLQHVEHSUHSDUHGZHOOEHIRUH
WKH\DUHUHTXLUHG
HQKDQFHGLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHDEHWWHU
GHDOIRUUHIXJHHV,WPXVWEHUHPHP
EHUHGWKDWWKHZHOIDUHRIWKHUHIXJHH
VKRXOGFRPHILUVW Listing of evaluative studies
7KHIRVWHULQJRIEHWWHUUHODWLRQVKLSV $/1$3$FWLYH/HDUQLQJ1HWZRUNIRU
EHWZHHQWKHPLOLWDU\DQG1*2VZLOO $FFRXQWDELOLW\DQG3HUIRUPDQFHLQ
PLOLWDU\WREHPRUHYLVXDODQGUHVRUWWR
VOLFNSXEOLFLW\&RPSOH[HPHUJHQFLHV
UHTXLUHLQWHUYHQWLRQE\ERWKKXPDQLWDUL
DQDJHQFLHVDQGWKHPLOLWDU\DQG
FRRUGLQDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZRLVYLWDOWR
PDNHDQ\RSHUDWLRQVXFFHVVIXO%RWK
VLGHVVKRXOGOHDUQWRUHVSHFWDQGFRP
SOHPHQWHDFKRWKHU·VFDSDELOLWLHV7R
DFKLHYHEHWWHUFRRUGLQDWLRQWKHUHLVQR
EHWWHULQVWLWXWLRQWKDQ81+&57KLVYLWDO
DUPRIWKH81KDVSOD\HGDNH\UROHLQ
debatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebatedebate
FORCED MIGRATION review
LQHYLWDEO\OHDGWRJUHDWHUFRRSHUDWLRQ
FRRUGLQDWLRQDQGHIILFLHQF\LQKXPDQL
WDULDQHPHUJHQFLHV7KHIROORZLQJ
PHDVXUHVZLOOJRDORQJZD\WRILQGVROX
WLRQVWROHVVRQVXQOHDUQWDQGSUREOHPV
UHSHDWHG
◗ 0DNLQJXVHRIH[LVWLQJLQVWLWXWLRQV
VXFKDVWKH8QLWHG1DWLRQV7UDLQLQJ
6FKRROLQ,UHODQGDQGWKH&HQWUHIRU
5HIXJHH6WXGLHVLQ&DQDGDWRFRQGXFW
+XPDQLWDULDQ$VVLVWDQFHKDVFRP
SLOHGDOLVWRIHYDOXDWLYHVWXGLHVRI
WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHVSRQVHWRWKH
.RVRYRFULVLVWKDWDUHSODQQHGRQJR
LQJRUKDYHDOUHDG\EHHQFRPSOHWHG
7KHOLVWLVXSGDWHGUHJXODUO\
&RQWDFW$/1$3+XPDQLWDULDQ3ROLF\
*URXS2',3RUWODQG+RXVH
/RQGRQ6:('38.
(PDLOWIUHXGZHLOHU#RGLRUJXN
December 1999, 6 37
conferences
conferences
Recent
Women in Palestine
1RYHPEHU*D]D&RPPXQLW\
0HQWDO+HDOWK3URJUDPPH*D]D&LW\
3DOHVWLQH
7KLVFRQIHUHQFHEURXJKWWRJHWKHURYHU
SURIHVVLRQDOVUHVHDUFKHUVDFDGH
PLFVDQGDFWLYLVWVIURPFRXQWULHV
WKURXJKRXWWKHZRUOGWRGLVFXVVWKHVWD
WXVRIZRPHQDQGWKHLUSUREOHPV
DVSLUDWLRQVDQGIXWXUHUROHLQGHYHORS
PHQW7KHFRQIHUHQFHDFWLYLWLHVLQFOXGHG
DERXWSUHVHQWDWLRQVLQZRUNVKRSV
RQWKHYDULRXVFRQIHUHQFHWKHPHV)XOO
UHSRUWSOXVFRQIHUHQFHSDSHUVZLOOEH
6HHEHORZIRUIRUWKFRPLQJFRQIHUHQFHLQ
%DQJNRN5HTXHVWVE\1*2VDQGJRYHUQ
PHQWVWRFRQGXFWZRUNVKRSVDUH
ZHOFRPHG7UDLQLQJPRGXOHVRQWKH
*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVDUHDYDLODEOHDW
ZZZLGSSURMHFWRUJ )RUPRUHGHWDLOV
HPDLOLGSVXUYH\#QUFFK
Humanitarian Interventions:
Constructing the Threshold of
Crisis
1RYHPEHU(65&1HZFDVWOH
7KLVZRUNVKRSZDVKRVWHGE\WKH&HQWUH
IRU7UDQVQDWLRQDO6WXGLHVDWWKH
8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZFDVWOHDVSDUWRIWKH
(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO5HVHDUFK&RXQFLO·V
Planning Ahead for the Health
Impact of Complex Emergencies
'HFHPEHU:+2*HQHYD
7KLVFRQVXOWDWLRQSURFHVVFRQFHQWUDWHG
RQKRZWRGHILQHDQGPRQLWRULPSHQG
LQJFULVHVDQGKRZWRGHYHORSDEDVLF
SDFNDJHRIUHOHYDQWKHDOWKVHUYLFHVDQG
SXEOLFKHDOWKLQWHUYHQWLRQV,WVREMHF
WLYHVZHUHWR
‡ 'HYHORSDVWDQGDUGIRUPDWIRUFRXQ
WU\FDVHVWXGLHV
‡ ,GHQWLI\FRXQWU\EDVHGSDUWQHULQVWLWX
WLRQVZKRZLOOFRQGXFWWKHVWXGLHV
‡ 2XWOLQHWKHIROORZXSSURFHVVRI
VWXG\SODQQLQJDQGWHVWLPSOHPHQWD
WLRQ
‡ ,QWURGXFHDFURVV:+2WKHSODQQLQJ
(65&3ROLWLFVRI(PHUJHQF\VHPLQDU DQGRSHUDWLRQDOIUDPHZRUNVSURSRVHG
SRVWHGDWZZZJFPKSQHWPDLQKWP
VHULHV7KHVHPLQDUH[SORUHGDVHULHVRI E\,$6&IRUFRXQWULHVDWULVNRIFRP
)RUIXUWKHUGHWDLOV FRQWDFW+XVDP(O
UHODWHGTXHVWLRQV:KDWDUHWKHPDMRU SOH[HPHUJHQFLHVDQGGLVFXVVKRZ
1RXQRX352IILFH*&0+332%R[
VFLHQWLILFGLVFRXUVHVRIULVNXVHGLQ VXFKFLUFXPVWDQFHVFDQLPSDFWXSRQ
*D]D3DOHVWLQH7HO
DVVHVVLQJSRWHQWLDOGLVDVWHUV"$UHWKH WKH2UJDQL]DWLRQ·VPRGXVRSHUDQGL DW
)D[
WKUHVKROGVWKH\HVWDEOLVKHGFKDQJLQJLQ FRXQWU\DQGUHJLRQDOOHYHOV
(PDLOSU#JFPKSQHW
SULQFLSOH"+RZKDYHWKHVHGLVFRXUVHV
RIULVNRSHUDWHGLQUHFHQWWLPHV"$UHWKH 7KHFRQVXOWDWLRQUHSRUWZLOOEHSRVWHGDW
WKUHVKROGVFKDQJLQJLQSUDFWLFH":KDW ZZZZKRLQWHKD5 '
IDP Training in the Philippines )RUIXUWKHUGHWDLOVFRQWDFW'U$OHVVDQGUR
DUHWKHLPSOLFDWLRQVRIGHYHORSPHQWVLQ
1RYHPEHU15&4XH]RQ /RUHWWL(PHUJHQF\DQG+XPDQLWDULDQ
WKLVDUHDIRUWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQL
W\·VDELOLW\DQGRUZLOOLQJQHVVWRWROHUDWH $FWLRQ:+2&+*HQHYD
,Q1RYHPEHUWKH1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH 6ZLW]HUODQG)D[
VXIIHULQJ"
&RXQFLOFRKRVWHGDZRUNVKRSRQWKH
*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHVLQ4XH]RQZLWKWKH
6SHDNHUVLQFOXGHG-XGLWK$SSOHWRQ
(FXPHQLFDO&RPPLVVLRQIRU'LVSODFHG
)DPLOLHVDQG&RPPXQLWLHV(&')&
6RPHSDUWLFLSDQWVIURP1*2VWKH
2[IDPZKRDGGUHVVHGWKHLVVXHRI
¶3DFNDJLQJKXQJHU·'DYLG.HHQ/6(RQ
Forthcoming
¶7KHVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRIHPHUJHQFLHV·
&RPPLVVLRQRQ+XPDQ5LJKWVDQGVWDII Regional conference on internal
-RQ%HQQHWWLQGHSHQGHQWFRQVXOWDQWRQ
PHPEHUVZLWKLQWKHOHJLVODWLYHEUDQFKHV
¶)RRGIRUVWDELOLW\·IRFXVLQJRQWKH:)3 displacement in Asia
RIWKH3KLOLSSLQHJRYHUQPHQWSDUWLFLSDW
RSHUDWLRQLQ1RUWK.RUHDDQG3KLO )HEUXDU\%DQJNRN
HGLQWKHZRUNVKRSUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
2·.HHIH(7&ZLWKDQRYHUYLHZRIWKH
ZHUHDSSURYHGLQFOXGLQJDUHFRPPHQ
ODVWGHFDGHLQWKHKXPDQLWDULDQV\VWHP 7KH1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLOLQDVVR
GDWLRQWRUHHVWDEOLVKDVHFWRUDO
FLDWLRQZLWKWKH%URRNLQJV,QVWLWXWLRQ
FRPPLWWHHRQLQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWZLWK
)RUIXUWKHUGHWDLOVHPDLO& 3URMHFWRQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWWKH86
WKH&RPPLVVLRQRQ+XPDQ5LJKWV2WKHU
7UDQV#QFODFXNRUFRQWDFW0DUWLQ &RPPLWWHHIRU5HIXJHHV)RUXP$VLD
UHFRPPHQGDWLRQVLQFOXGHGUHTXHVWLQJ
&RZDUG&7UDQV$GPLQLVWUDWRU &KXODORQJNRUQ8QLYHUVLW\DQG81+&5LV
WKDWWKH3KLOLSSLQH*RYHUQPHQWLQYLWH
&HQWUHIRU7UDQVQDWLRQDO6WXGLHV RUJDQL]LQJDWKUHHGD\UHJLRQDOFRQIHU
)UDQFLV'HQJWKH5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH
'HSWRI3ROLWLFV8QLYHUVLW\RI1HZFDVWOH HQFHRQLQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWLQ$VLD
816HFUHWDU\*HQHUDORQ,'3VWRGLVFXVV
1HZFDVWOHXSRQ7\QH1(588. 7KHFRQIHUHQFHZLOOEHKHOGLQ%DQJNRN
LQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWLQWKH3KLOLSSLQHV
7HO DQGZLOOLQFOXGH1*2VIURPDOORYHUWKH
DQGSODQVIRUIXUWKHUWUDLQLQJIRUPHP
6RPHSDSHUVDUHOLNHO\WREHSRVWHGDW UHJLRQWRGLVFXVVWKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
EHUVRIWKH3KLOLSSLQH$UPHG)RUFHVRQ
ZZZQFODFXNFWUDQVE\ODWH-DQXDU\ RQ,QWHUQDO'LVSODFHPHQWDQGWRVHDUFK
WKH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHV
)RULQIRUPDWLRQRQIRUWKFRPLQJ3ROLWLFV IRUZD\VWRUHVSRQGWRWKHQHHGVRIWKH
RI(PHUJHQF\VHPLQDUVFRQWDFW-HQQ\ LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHG)RUIXUWKHUGHWDLOV
7KHWUDLQLQJZRUNVKRSVDUHDUHJXODU
(GNLQVDWMIH#DEHUDFXN HPDLOLGSVXUYH\#QUFFK
SDUWRIWKH*OREDO,'33URMHFW15&·V
DGYRFDF\ZRUNIRULQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHG

38 December 1999, 6 FORCED MIGRATION review

Refugee Studies Centre
news
Visiting Fellowships
9LVLWLQJ)HOORZVKLSVDUHRSHQWRVHQLRU
DQGPLGFDUHHUSUDFWLWLRQHUVDQGSROLF\
PDNHUVZKRZLVKWRVSHQGDSHULRGRI
VWXG\DQGUHIOHFWLRQLQDFRQGXFLYHDFD
GHPLFHQYLURQPHQWDQGWRDFDGHPLFV
DQGRWKHUUHVHDUFKHUVZKRDUHZRUNLQJ
LQILHOGVUHODWHGWRIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQ
&RQWDFW9LVLWLQJ)HOORZVKLSV
$GPLQLVWUDWRUDW56&DGGUHVVRSSRVLWH
Elizabeth Colson Lecture
Change of name 17 May 2000
7KH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV3URJUDPPHZDV
3URIHVVRU-XQ-LQJRIWKH&LW\8QLYHUVLW\
UHQDPHGWKH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUH
RI1HZ<RUNZLOOGHOLYHUWKH
RQ-DQXDU\7KH3URJUDPPH
(OL]DEHWK&ROVRQOHFWXUH3URIHVVRU-LQJ·V
ZDVHVWDEOLVKHGLQDQGKDV
DUHDVRIUHVHDUFKLQFOXGHVRFLDOPHPRU\
VLQFHJURZQWREHFRPHRQHRIWKH
VRFLDOPRYHPHQWV&KLQHVHSRSXODUUHOL
ZRUOG·VOHDGLQJPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\
JLRQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDOLPSDFWRIODUJH
FHQWUHVIRUUHVHDUFKDQGWHDFKLQJRQ
GDPVDQGSRSXODWLRQUHVHWWOHPHQWDQG
WKHFDXVHVDQGFRQVHTXHQFHVRI
FKLOGUHQ·VFRQVXPSWLRQRIIRRG7KHWLWOH
7HO IRUFHGPLJUDWLRQ7KHQHZQDPHLVLQ
RIKLVOHFWXUHZLOOEH6SHDNLQJ
)D[
(PDLOVXPPHUVFKRRO#THKR[DFXN
Master of Studies in Forced
Migration
7KLVQLQHPRQWKSRVWJUDGXDWHGHJUHH
FRXUVHLVJURXQGHGLQDPXOWLGLVFLSOL
QDU\DSSURDFKWKDWLQFOXGHVWKH
SHUVSHFWLYHVRIDQWKURSRORJ\ODZSROL
WLFVDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHODWLRQV
&RQWDFW*UDGXDWH$GPLVVLRQV2IILFH
8QLYHUVLW\2IILFHV:HOOLQJWRQ6TXDUH
2[IRUG2;-'8.
UHFRJQLWLRQWKDWZHDUHDQHVWDE
%LWWHUQHVV6HHNLQJ-XVWLFH$0HPRULDO
OLVKHGDFDGHPLFXQLWDQGVXJJHVWVD
0RYHPHQWRQWKH<HOORZ5LYHU
PRUHSHUPDQHQWVWDWXV7KH&HQWUH
FRQWLQXHVWREHSDUWRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\
The Rights of Refugees under
RI2[IRUG·V'HSDUWPHQWRI'HYHORS
International Law
PHQW6WXGLHVDW4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK+RXVH
20-21 May 2000
7KLVZHHNHQGVHPLQDULVSUHVHQWHGE\
Director of the Refugee
3URIHVVRU-DPHV+DWKDZD\IURPWKH
Studies Centre 8QLYHUVLW\RI0LFKLJDQ/DZ6FKRRO,W
DLPVWRHTXLSSROLF\PDNHUVDGYRFDWHV
'U'DYLG7XUWRQFXUUHQW'LUHFWRURI
DQGVFKRODUVZLWKDVROLGXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
WKH5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUHZLOOEH
RIWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHIXJHHULJKWV
OHDYLQJLQODWH $SSOLFDWLRQVDUH
7HO
(PDLOJUDGXDWHDGPLVVLRQV
#DGPLQR[DFXN
LQYLWHGIRUWKHSRVWRI'LUHFWRUWRWKH
5HIXJHH6WXGLHV&HQWUHZKLFKDLPVWR
LQFUHDVHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHFDXVHV
FRQVHTXHQFHVDQGH[SHULHQFHRIIRUFHG
UHJLPH)HH…H[FODFFRPPRGDWLRQ
9HQXH4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK+RXVH2[IRUG
&RQWDFW'RPLQLTXH$WWDODDW56&4(+
6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.
International Summer School in
Forced Migration
16 July – 5 August 2000
7KLVWKUHHZHHNUHVLGHQWLDOFRXUVHSUR
YLGHVDEURDGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKH
LVVXHVRIIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQDQGKXPDQL
WDULDQDVVLVWDQFHSDUWLFLSDQWVH[DPLQH
GLVFXVVDQGUHYLHZWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFH
'HVLJQHGIRUH[SHULHQFHGPDQDJHUV
DGPLQLVWUDWRUVDQGILHOGZRUNHUVDQGSROL
F\PDNHUVLQKXPDQLWDULDQILHOGV,QYROYHV
OHFWXUHVDQGVHPLQDUVE\LQWHUQDWLRQDO
H[SHUWVVPDOOJURXSZRUNFDVHVWXGLHV
H[HUFLVHVVLPXODWLRQVDQGLQGLYLGXDO
VWXG\9HQXH:DGKDP&ROOHJH2[IRUG
&RXUVHIHHV…LQFO% %DFFRPPR
GDWLRQZHHNGD\OXQFKHVVWXG\IHHV
PLJUDWLRQWKURXJKPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ )D[
UHVHDUFKWHDFKLQJSXEOLFDWLRQVVHPL (PDLOUVFHGX#HUPLQHR[DFXN
5HJLVWUDWLRQIRUPDYDLODEOHDW
QDUVDQGFRQIHUHQFHV7KHSRVLWLRQLV
RSHQWRSHRSOHIURPDQ\UHOHYDQWGLVFL ZZZTHKR[DFXNUVF
SOLQHLQFOXGLQJDQWKURSRORJ\HFRQR
PLFVLQWHUQDWLRQDOUHODWLRQVODZSROL
WLFVVRFLDOJHRJUDSK\RUVRFLRORJ\
3UHIHUHQFHZLOOEHJLYHQWRVRPHRQH
ZKRKDVVLJQLILFDQWH[SHULHQFHLQWKH
ILHOGRIIRUFHGPLJUDWLRQ
7KHDSSRLQWPHQWGDWLQJIURP
2FWREHUZLOOEHPDGHIRUXSWR
ILYH\HDUVLQWKHILUVWLQVWDQFHZLWKD
VWLSHQGEDVHGRQWKH8QLYHUVLW\
5HDGHUVKLSVFDOH$IWHUILYH\HDUVWKH
'LUHFWRUZLOOEHHOLJLEOHIRUDSSRLQW
Psychosocial training module now
PHQWWRUHWLULQJDJH7KHVXFFHVVIXO
available
FDQGLGDWHZLOOEHRIIHUHGD)HOORZVKLS
DW*UHHQ&ROOHJH
FRXUVHPDWHULDOV'HDGOLQHIRUHQUROPHQW
DQGSD\PHQWRIIHHV-XQH 
&RQWDFWWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO6XPPHU6FKRRO
$GPLQLVWUDWRUDW56&4(+6W*LOHV
2[IRUG2;/$8.
&ORVLQJGDWHIRUDSSOLFDWLRQV
)HEUXDU\
)XUWKHUSDUWLFXODUVPD\EHREWDLQHG
IURP7KH$GPLQLVWUDWRU4XHHQ
(OL]DEHWK+RXVH6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;
7KH5HIXJHH([SHULHQFHSV\FKRVRFLDO
WUDLQLQJPRGXOHHGLWHGE\0DU\DQQH
/RXJKU\ $ODVWDLU$JHULVILQDOLVHG,W
LVDYDLODEOHLQVHYHUDOIRUPDWVLQFOXGLQJ
SXEOLVKHGPDQXDOVD&'5RPDQGD
ZHEVLWHYHUVLRQ)RUIXUWKHUGHWDLOV
7HO /$8.7HO SOHDVHFRQWDFW0DU\DQQH/RXJKU\RQ
)D[ :HEVLWHZZZTHKR[DFXN
UHIH[S#THKR[DFXNRUFR56&
(PDLOVXPPHUVFKRRO#THKR[DFXN 7KH8QLYHUVLW\LVDQ(TXDO2SSRUWXQLWLHV(PSOR\HU 8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG6W*LOHV2[IRUG
2;/$8.

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 39

Public launch of the Global IDP Database
by Marc Vincent
$]HUEDLMDQ%RVQLD+HU]HJRYLQD
%XUPD0\DQPDU%XUXQGL&RORPELD
'HPRFUDWLF5HSXEOLFRI&RQJR3HUX
6LHUUD/HRQH6RPDOLD6UL/DQND6XGDQ
DQG8JDQGD
,Q6HSWHPEHUWKH1RUZHJLDQ
5HIXJHH&RXQFLOPDGHDQLQLWLDOOLPLWHG
UHOHDVHRIWKHGDWDEDVHLQRUGHUWRHYDOX
DWHLWVRSHUDWLRQDQGJDXJHLQLWLDOXVHU
UHDFWLRQ)HHGEDFNWRGDWHKDVEHHQXQL
IRUPO\SRVLWLYH(YHQZLWKRQO\DIHZ
PRQWKVRIRSHUDWLRQRQHRIWKHFOHDU
DGGHGYDOXHVQRWLFHGE\XVHUVLVWKDWWKH
GDWDEDVHDFWVDVDQLQIRUPDWLRQPDQDJH
PHQWVHUYLFHZKLFKVFUHHQVVRUWVDQG
GLVSOD\VLQIRUPDWLRQLQDQDFFHVVLEOH
PDQQHUDQGLVQRWMXVWDQHOHFWURQLF
DUFKLYH7KLVLVDUHVXOWRI15&·V¶S\UD
UHODWHGLQIRUPDWLRQRQDFRXQWU\EDVLV
$VWKHGDWDEDVHHQWHUVWKH15&LV
SXUVXLQJVHYHUDOQHZDYHQXHVRIGHYHO
RSPHQWLQFOXGLQJ
L $QLQFUHDVHWRFRXQWULHVFRYHUHGE\
WKHHQGRIWKH\HDUZLWKUHJXODUXSGDW
LQJRISURILOHVDOUHDG\LQWKHGDWDEDVH
6RPHRIWKHFRXQWULHVLGHQWLILHGIRU
LQFOXVLRQLQWKHVHFRQGSKDVHDUH
$UPHQLD&URDWLD&KLQD(WKLRSLD
(ULWUHD,UDT/LEHULD1LJHULD3KLOLSSLQHV
5HSXEOLFRI<XJRVODYLD5ZDQGD5XVVLDQ
)HGHUDWLRQ7DMLNLVWDQDQG7XUNH\7KH
SURILOHVRIWKHH[LVWLQJFRXQWULHVZLOO
RIFRXUVHDOVREHUHJXODUO\XSGDWHG
LL 7KHGHYHORSPHQWRILQIRUPDWLRQVKDU

$
PLG·DSSURDFKLQGHYHORSLQJWKH LQJDUUDQJHPHQWVZLWKVHOHFWHG
IWHUPRQWKVRISUHSDUDWLRQVRIW
GDWDEDVHZKHUHE\HDFKSURILOHSURYLGHV RUJDQL]DWLRQVWKDWKDYHDOUHDG\HVWDE
ZDUHGHYHORSPHQWDQGPDQ\
XVHUVZLWKD¶ELUGVH\H·SHUVSHFWLYHRQ OLVKHGLQIRUPDWLRQQHWZRUNV
PDQ\KRXUVRIUHVHDUFKWKH
GLVSODFHPHQWZLWKLQWKHFRXQWU\
*OREDO,'3'DWDEDVHZDVODXQFKHGRQ
15&LVKRSLQJWKDWWKHLQIRUPDWLRQVKDU
'HFHPEHUWKHVWDQQLYHUVDU\RI
,QIRUPDWLRQLVGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHOHYHOV LQJDJUHHPHQWVDQGWKHUHJLRQDO
WKH'HFODUDWLRQRQ+XPDQ5LJKWV
◗ $WWKHILUVWOHYHOXVHUVDUHJLYHQ QHWZRUNVZLOOLQFUHDVHWKHVFRSHDQG
¶KHDGOLQHV·ZKLFKLQWKHPVHOYHVSUR SOXUDOLW\RIVRXUFHV7KHDFWXDODJUHH
:LWKSURILOHVRIFRXQWULHVRQOLQHWKH
YLGHDEULHIRYHUYLHZ PHQWVZLOOEHJXLGHOLQHVEHWZHHQWKH
GDWDEDVHZLOOEHDFFHVVLEOHWRDQ\RQH
◗ $WWKHVHFRQGOHYHOLQIRUPDWLRQLV 15&DQGWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQFRQFHUQHGRQ
LQWHUHVWHGLQLQIRUPDWLRQRQ,'3V,Q
VXPPDUL]HGLQWREXOOHWSRLQWV WKHNLQGRILQIRUPDWLRQWKDWUHVHDUFKHUV
DGGLWLRQWRFRPSUHKHQVLYHSURILOHVRQ
◗ $WWKHWKLUGOHYHOFRPSOHWHH[WUDFWVRI GHVNRIILFHUVILHOGRIILFHVRUKHDGTXDU
YDULRXVFULVHVRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQW
UHSRUWVDUHSURYLGHGLQVHOIFRQWDLQHG WHUVFDQUHJXODUO\VHQGIRULQFOXVLRQLQ
WKHZHEVLWHZLOODOVRKDYHWUDLQLQJPDWH
¶HQYHORSHV·(DFKHQYHORSHFDQEHUHDG WKHGDWDEDVH7KHDJUHHPHQWVDUH
ULDOVRQ,'3VWKHPDWLFLQIRUPDWLRQRQ
DQGXQGHUVWRRGE\LWVHOIZLWKRXWUHDG GHVLJQHGWRIDFLOLWDWHLQIRUPDWLRQ
IRUH[DPSOHWKHPDQGDWHRIWKH
LQJWKHZKROHSURILOH$WWKHERWWRPRI H[FKDQJHE\JLYLQJSHUPLVVLRQWRVKDUH
5HSUHVHQWDWLYHRIWKH6HFUHWDU\*HQHUDO
HDFKHQYHORSHLVWKHVRXUFHZLWKDQ FHUWDLQNLQGVRILQIRUPDWLRQZLWKRXW
RQ,'3VDQGRWKHUXVHIXO,'3UHODWHG
HOHFWURQLFOLQNHQDEOLQJWKHXVHUWR JRLQJWKURXJKDOHQJWK\DXWKRUL]DWLRQ
OLQNVDQGLQIRUPDWLRQ
DFFHVVWKHFRPSOHWHGRFXPHQWIURP SURFHVV
ZKLFKWKHHQYHORSHLVGUDZQ
7KURXJKRXWWKHILUVWSKDVHRIGHYHORS
LLL 7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIUHJLRQDOLQIRUPD
PHQWWKHSULRULW\RIWKHGDWDEDVHKDV
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHS\UDPLGDSSURDFKWKH WLRQQHWZRUNVGHYRWHGWRFRYHUDJHRI
EHHQWRHVWDEOLVKDVROLGIRXQGDWLRQRI
DFWXDOSURILOHFRQWDLQVRQO\,'3VSHFLILF ,'3LVVXHVZLWKQDWLRQDO1*2VDQG
LQIRUPDWLRQRQVHOHFWHGFRXQWULHVDIIHFW
LQIRUPDWLRQ$FULWLFDOFRPSRQHQWRIWKH UHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQV
HGE\LQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQW&RXQWULHV
GDWDEDVHLVWKXVLWVFDSDFLW\QRWRQO\WR
LQWKHLQLWLDOVHOHFWLRQZHUHFKRVHQWR
FHQWUDOL]HLQIRUPDWLRQEXWDOVRWRPDQ 2QHRIWKHVWDWHGDGYDQWDJHVRIWKH,$6&
UHIOHFWGLIIHUHQWSDWWHUQVRIGLVSODFH
DJHLQIRUPDWLRQLQVXFKDZD\WKDWXVHUV ¶RXWVRXUFLQJ·WKHGDWDEDVHWRDQ1*2
PHQWDQGYDU\LQJUROHVRIWKH
FDQTXLFNO\ILQG,'3VSHFLILFIDFWVZLWK ZDVWRHQFRXUDJHDFWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQ
LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\DQGLQFOXGHG
RXWIHHOLQJRYHUZKHOPHGE\VXUURXQGLQJ H[FKDQJHZLWK1*2VZKRPD\RWKHUZLVH
FRXQWULHVIURPDOOUHJLRQVRIWKHZRUOG
FRQWH[WXDOLQIRUPDWLRQ$QRWKHUDGYDQ EHUHOXFWDQWWRVKDUHLQIRUPDWLRQZLWK
7KHILUVWFRXQWULHVDYDLODEOHDVRI
WDJHRIWKHDSSURDFKLVWKDWWKH¶VRXUFHV WKH81,QRUGHUWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHVHDUFK
'HFHPEHUDUH$IJKDQLVWDQ$QJROD
VHFWLRQ·VWLOODFWVDVDQDUFKLYHRI,'3 IRULQIRUPDWLRQWKH15&SURSRVHVWR

40 December 1999, 6 FORCED MIGRATION review

GHYHORSUHJLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQQHWZRUNV

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
WREULQJWRJHWKHUQDWLRQDO1*2V )RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ
UHVHDUFKLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGLQGLYLGXDOV
Editorial Advisory Board
ZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQRQLQWHUQDOGLVSODFH
PHQWWRGLVFXVVWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRI
-RQ%HQQHWW
UHJLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQQHWZRUNV
Consultant
$V)UDQFLV'HQJUHPDUNHGRQWKHLQLWLDO
ODXQFKRIWKHGDWDEDVHWKLVLVDGUHDP .KDGLMD(OPDGPDG
FRPHWUXH:HKRSHWKDWXVHUVDORQJ Professor, Law Faculty, Casablanca University
ZLWK15&ZLOOHQVXUHWKDWWKHGDWDEDVH
EHFRPHVDXVHIXOWRROLQSURPRWLQJWKH 0DXULFH+HUVRQ
DVVLVWDQFHDQGSURWHFWLRQQHHGVRIWKH Emergencies Coordinator for Latin America & Eastern Europe, Oxfam GB
LQWHUQDOO\GLVSODFHG
(LJLO2OVHQ
0DUF9LQFHQWLV&RRUGLQDWRURIWKH
Head of Latin America Section, Norwegian Refugee Council, Oslo
*OREDO,'33URMHFW

6HHSIRUGHWDLOVRIUHFHQWDQGIRUWK
-LOO5XWWHU
FRPLQJ,'3ZRUNVKRSV National Education Adviser, The Refugee Council (London)

/\QGDOO6DFKV
Public Information Officer, UNHCR, Branch Office, Great Britain and Ireland

'DQ6H\PRXU
The Directorate Child Rights Officer, Foreign Office
The Global IDP Project is a project of the
Norwegian Refugee Council, and is admin- 'DYLG7XUWRQ
istered through its Geneva office. Director, Refugee Studies Centre, Oxford University

Staff
NRC Representative: Brita Sydhoff
Project Coordinator: Marc Vincent
Project Staff: Christophe Beau,
Andreas Danevad, Tone Faret
& Gry Sandö
0DUF9LQFHQW
Coordinator, Global IDP Project, Norwegian Refugee Council, Geneva
/DXUHQFH:KLWHKHDG
Official Fellow in Politics, Nuffield College, Oxford University

Donors in 1999
Ministries of Foreign Affairs - Canada,
Denmark, Norway, Sweden & Switzerland;
Norwegian Church Aid; Rädda Barnen
Sweden; International Development
Research Centre (IDRC); UNICEF;
UNHCR; UNDP; WFP.
)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ LVIXQGHGPDLQO\E\JUDQWVIURP
LQVWLWXWLRQVDQGDJHQFLHVLQYROYHGLQGHYHORSPHQWDQG
KXPDQLWDULDQZRUN:HZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWKHIROORZLQJ
RUJDQLVDWLRQVIRUWKHLUFRPPLWPHQWWR)RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ
5HYLHZ LQDQG

Website
$867&$5(
Visit our database on internal displacement
and get more information about the Global &$)2' FORCED 6 December 1999

IDP Project on www.idpproject.org 'DQLVK5HIXJHH&RXQFLO

MIGRATIONreview
published by
the Refugee Studies Centre in association with the Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project

'HSDUWPHQWIRU,QWHUQDWLRQDO
Contact us
'HYHORSPHQW
Culture in exile
If you have any questions or comments, Special feature on culture:
• culture, welfare and identity

please contact us at: (XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ of Karenni, Afghan and

Tibetan refugees
• the role of art, music and
theatre in working with
displaced communities

1RUZHJLDQ5HIXJHH&RXQFLO see pages 4 - 24

Internal displacement in
Global IDP Project Turkey, Burma and Algeria

2[IDP*%
see page 25

Chemin Moïse-Duboule 59 Issues of the new millennium

see page 29

CH-1209 Geneva, Switzerland 7KH)RUG)RXQGDWLRQ&DLUR2IILFH Updates on Burundi, Haiti

and the Ombudsman for
Humanitarian Accountability
see pages 42 - 43

Tel: +41 22 788 8085 7URFDLUH Launch of Global IDP

Database
see page 47

Fax: +41 22 788 8086 PLUS regular features:

:RUOG9LVLRQ8. • conferences, debate,

Email: idpsurvey@nrc.ch
publications and news

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 41

 update
update
The dilemma of regroupment in
Burundi
'XULQJWKHODVWWKUHHPRQWKVRI
PRUHWKDQSHRSOHKDYHEHHQ
IRUFHGIURPWKHLUKRPHVLQWKH
%XMXPEXUD5XUDOUHJLRQRI%XUXQGLDQG
¶UHJURXSHG·LQWRWHPSRUDU\FDPSV
7KHVHFDPSVRIWHQUHPRWHDQGLVRODWHG
IRUWKHPRVWSDUWODFNHYHQWKHPRVW
EDVLFVHUYLFHV7KHKHDOWKDQGQXWULWLRQDO
VWDWXVRIWKHSRSXODWLRQLVIDVWGHWHULR
UDWLQJDQGLIWKHFXUUHQWVLWXDWLRQ
SHUVLVWVLWLVRQO\DPDWWHURIWLPH
EHIRUHDFXWHPDOQXWULWLRQDQGFKROHUD
ZKLFKKDVDOUHDG\FDXVHGIDWDOLWLHVLQ
QDWHKXPDQLWDULDQLQWHUYHQWLRQRUWKH
OREE\LQJRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWDQGPLOLWDU\
DXWKRULWLHV
'HVSLWHWKLVVHYHUDO1*2VDQGVRPH
UHPDLQLQJ81DJHQFLHVKDYHDWWHPSWHG
WROD\GRZQFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKWKH\
ZRXOGLQWHUYHQHLQWKHFDPSV7KHVH
FRQGLWLRQVLQFOXGHKXPDQLWDULDQ1*2V
DVIDUDVSRVVLEOHKDYLQJLQGHSHQGHQFH
IURPPLOLWDU\DXWKRULWLHVLQWKHLUZRUN
KDYLQJIUHHDQGIDFLOLWDWHGDFFHVVWRWKH
FDPSVEHLQJDEOHWRFDUU\RXWKXPDQ
ULJKWVPRQLWRULQJEHLQJDVVXUHGDQ
DFFHSWDEOHOHYHORIVHFXULW\DQGKDYLQJ
DFFHVVWRDQLQGHSHQGHQWVHFXULW\PRQL
WRULQJV\VWHP7RGDWHWKHVHFRQGLWLRQV
WKHUHLVOLWWOHKXPDQLWDULDQDJHQFLHVFDQ
GRDWSUHVHQWEXWXQGHUWDNHVPDOOVFDOH
¶NH\KROHVXUJHU\·²LQWHUYHQLQJZKHQ
DQGZKHUHDFFHVVDQGVHFXULW\DOORZV
6XFKZRUNLVQHYHUJRLQJWRDFKLHYHDQ\
WKLQJOLNHDVROXWLRQWRWKHVLWXDWLRQEXW
WKHUHLVDJUXGJLQJDGPLVVLRQDPRQJ
PDQ\DJHQFLHVWKDWLPSHUIHFWLQWHUYHQ
WLRQLVEHWWHUWKDQQRLQWHUYHQWLRQDWDOO
%HQ7D\ORU
6HH06)ZHEVLWHDWZZZPVIRUJ
-HVXLW5HIXJHH6HUYLFHZHEVLWHDWZZZ-HV5HIRUJ
Forced deportations of Haitians
from the Dominican Republic
WKHFDPSVEHJLQWRFODLPODUJHQXPEHUV
DUHQRZKHUHQHDUEHLQJPHWGHVSLWHWKH
RIOLYHV
SURWHVWDWLRQVRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWWRWKH
FRQWUDU\ 1RERG\NQRZVH[DFWO\KRZPDQ\SHRSOH
7KHIRUFHGGLVSODFHPHQWRIWKHUXUDO
ZHUHURXQGHGXSE\VHFXULW\IRUFHVDQG
SRSXODWLRQLVWKHUHVXOWRIDGHOLEHUDWH
6RPHDJHQFLHVKDYHIHOWGULYHQE\WKH IRUFLEO\GHSRUWHGIURPWKH'RPLQLFDQ
DQGSODQQHGPLOLWDU\SROLF\E\DJRYHUQ
OHYHOVRIQHHGWRJRDKHDGZLWKZRUNLQ 5HSXEOLFWR+DLWLLQ1RYHPEHU+XPDQ
PHQWZKLFKIHHOVZLWKVRPHMXVWLIL
WKHFDPSVZKHWKHUFRQGLWLRQVDUHPHW ULJKWVJURXSVHVWLPDWHWKDWDQ\ZKHUH
FDWLRQWKDWLWKDVDIUHHKDQGWRGRZKDW
RUQRW7KHPRVWSURPLQHQWRIWKHVHKDV IURPWR+DLWLDQVDQGSHR
LWQHHGVWRLQRUGHUWRVHFXUHLWVRZQ
EHHQ06)ZKRXQWLOUHFHQWO\ZHUHZRUN SOHRI+DLWLDQGHVFHQWZHUHGHSRUWHGLQ
IXWXUHDJDLQVWWKHUHDOWKUHDWSRVHGE\ WKHVSDFHRIDIHZZHHNVDIWHUWKH
LQJLQILYHRIWKHPRVWDFFHVVLEOHFDPSV
DUPHGRSSRVLWLRQ)RULWVSDUWWKHLQWHU 'RPLQLFDQJRYHUQPHQWUHDFWHGDQJULO\
$WWKHEHJLQQLQJRI1RYHPEHUKRZHYHU
QDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\KDVGRQHQH[WWR WRDUHSRUWSXEOLVKHGRQ2FWREHUE\
06)DQQRXQFHGWKDWLWZDVVXVSHQGLQJ
QRWKLQJWRFKDOOHQJHWKLVYLHZ:LWKWKH WKH,QWHU$PHULFDQ+XPDQ5LJKWV
LWVZRUN7KHFRQGLWLRQVLQWKHFDPSV²
QRWDEOHH[FHSWLRQRIWKHVHYHUDOKLJK &RPPLVVLRQ7KHUHSRUWFRQGHPQHGWKH
ODFNRIDFFHVVLELOLW\SRRUVHFXULW\DQG
OHYHO812&+$GHOHJDWLRQVDLPHGDW WUHDWPHQWRI+DLWLDQVOLYLQJLQWKH
PRUHRUOHVVRSHQREVWUXFWLRQE\PLOL
XSKROGLQJWKHULJKWVRIWKH,'3VLQ 'RPLQLFDQ5HSXEOLFDFFXVLQJWKH
WDU\DQGORFDODXWKRULWLHV²ZHUHPDNLQJ
%XUXQGLDOPRVWWKHRQO\YRLFHVUDLVHGLQ 'RPLQLFDQJRYHUQPHQWRIYLRODWLQJ
LWYLUWXDOO\LPSRVVLEOHWRZRUNFRQVLV
SURWHVWKDYHEHHQWKRVHRIWKH1*2V KXPDQULJKWVVWDQGDUGVE\GHQ\LQJFLWL
WHQWO\RUWRPRQLWRULPSDFW
ZKRSURYLGHKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHRQ ]HQVKLSWRFKLOGUHQERUQLQWKH
WKHJURXQGLQ%XUXQGLSUHFLVHO\WKRVH 'RPLQLFDQ5HSXEOLFWRXQUHJLVWHUHG
)RUWKHLUSDLQV06)KDYHHDUQHGWKH
RUJDQL]DWLRQVZKLFKULVNH[SXOVLRQLI +DLWLDQLPPLJUDQWV
VFRUQRIWKHJRYHUQPHQWDQGPRUHVHUL
WKH\GRVR
RXVO\KDYHEHFRPHWKHIRFXVLQLWV
$FURVVWKHFRXQWU\'RPLQLFDQVROGLHUV
LQFUHDVLQJO\QRLV\WKUHDWVWRH[SHODJHQ
7RFRPSRXQGPDWWHUVIXUWKHUWKH DQGSROLFHURXQGHGXSWKRVHVXVSHFWHG
FLHVZKRUHIXVHWRZRUNLQWKHFDPSV
KXPDQLWDULDQFRPPXQLW\·VDELOLW\WRSUH RIEHLQJ+DLWLDQDQGWKHQWUXFNHGWKHP
7KHFDVHRI06)KLJKOLJKWVWKHSRZHU
VHQWDXQLWHGIURQWWRWKHJRYHUQPHQW WRWKHERUGHU7KH+DLWLDQDXWKRULWLHV
OHVVQHVVRI1*2VZRUNLQJLQ%XUXQGL
KDVEHHQFRPSURPLVHGE\WKHGLVFRQWL ZHUHRYHUZKHOPHGZLWKWKHQXPEHUVRI
DQGWKHLQDELOLW\RUXQZLOOLQJQHVVRI
QXLW\RIFRRUGLQDWLRQDW81OHYHO6LQFH SHRSOHGXPSHGDWWKHWKUHHRIILFLDOERU
WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\WRHIIHFW
WKHPXUGHURIWZRVHQLRU81RIILFLDOVLQ GHUSRVWVRI2XDQDPLQWKH0DOSDVVHDQG
DQ\UHDOLPSDFWRQWKHSOLJKWRI $QVHj3LWUHVDQGFRXOGRIIHUQRFRQILU
HDVWHUQ%XUXQGLLQHDUO\2FWREHUDQG
UHJURXSHGSRSXODWLRQV PDWLRQRIUHSRUWVWKDWODUJHQXPEHUVRI
WKHGHSDUWXUHRIWKHPDMRULW\RI81SHU
VRQQHOWKH81KDVEHHQYLUWXDOO\ SHRSOHZHUHDOVREHLQJGHSRUWHGDWPRUH
:LWKJRYHUQPHQWVODUJHO\VLOHQWDQGWKH UHPRWHXQRIILFLDOFURVVLQJSRLQWVGXULQJ
SDUDO\VHGXQDEOHWRHIIHFWLYHO\FRRUGL
81FRQVSLFXRXVO\XQGHUUHVRXUFHG WKHQLJKW
UNIYA/Jesuit Refugee Service

42 December 1999, 6 FORCED MIGRATION review

updateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdateupdate
7KH'RPLQLFDQJRYHUQPHQWVDLGWKDW
WKRVHGHSRUWHGZHUHLOOHJDOLPPLJUDQWV
IURP+DLWLEXWDFFRUGLQJWRMRXUQDOLVWV
ZKRYLVLWHGWKHERUGHU
PDQ\RIWKHPKDGVSHQW
WKHLUZKROHOLYHVLQWKH
'RPLQLFDQ5HSXEOLFDQG
KDGQHYHUOLYHGLQ+DLWL
,QDEHODWHGUHVSRQVHWR
WKHZDYHRIGHSRUWD
WLRQV+DLWL·V3UHVLGHQW
5HQp3UpYDOFRQGHPQHG
WKHH[SXOVLRQVDQG
DFFXVHGWKH'RPLQLFDQ
JRYHUQPHQWRIH[SHOOLQJ
WKH+DLWLDQVZLWKRXWJLY
LQJWKHPIDLUKHDULQJV
RUDOORZLQJWKHPWRFRO
OHFWWKHLUEHORQJLQJV
(VWLPDWHVRIWKHQXPEHU
RI+DLWLDQVDQG
'RPLQLFDQVRI+DLWLDQ
GHVFHQWOLYLQJLQWKH
'RPLQLFDQ5HSXEOLFUDQJHIURP
XSWRRQHPLOOLRQ7KHDEVHQFHRIDQ\
UHOLDEOHVWDWLVWLFVLWVHOIKLJKOLJKWVWKH
LUUHJXODUVWDWXVRIWKLVVHJPHQWRIWKH
SRSXODWLRQ6LQFHWKHHDUO\GHFDGHVRI
WKLVFHQWXU\WKRXVDQGVRI+DLWLDQVKDYH
FURVVHGWKHERUGHUHDFK\HDUWRZRUNDV
FDQHFXWWHUVLQ'RPLQLFDQVXJDUFDQH
SODQWDWLRQV0RVWUHWXUQWR+DLWLDIWHU
WKHKDUYHVWEXWVLJQLILFDQWQXPEHUVKDYH
VWD\HGRQDQGWKH\DQGWKHLUFKLOGUHQ
+DLWLDQ¶LQYDVLRQ·,QDQHVWLPDWHG
+DLWLDQVZHUHGHSRUWHGDQGRQO\
WZR\HDUVDJRLQHDUO\DVPDQ\DV
SHRSOHZHUH
IRUFHGDFURVVWKH
ERUGHU
$FFRUGLQJWRVRPH
DQDO\VWVWKHFXU
UHQWGHSRUWDWLRQV
DUHOLQNHGWRULJKW
ZLQJSROLWLFDO
PDQRXHXYULQJ
DKHDGRIWKH0D\
SUHVLGHQWLDO
HOHFWLRQLQWKH
'RPLQLFDQ
5HSXEOLF2WKHUV
KRZHYHUVXJJHVW
WKDWWKHUHFHQWSUL
YDWLVDWLRQRIWKH
'RPLQLFDQVXJDU
LQGXVWU\PHDQV
WKDWWKHSUHVHQFH
RIZRPHQFKLOGUHQDQGROGPHQLQWKH
EDWH\HV LVQRORQJHUDFFHSWDEOHDQGWKDW
WKHQHZRZQHUVDUHVHHNLQJWRULGWKH
SODQWDWLRQVRIXQSURGXFWLYHLQKDELWDQWV
&KDUOHV$UWKXU&RRUGLQDWRURIWKH
+DLWL6XSSRUW*URXS
)RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQVHH1DWLRQDO&RDOLWLRQIRU
+DLWLDQ5LJKWVUHSRUW¶%H\RQGWKH%DWH\HV·DW
ZZZQFKURUJUHSRUWV%DWH\HV3')4XL[RWH&HQWHU
QHZVXSGDWHVDWTXL[RWHRUJKDLWLLQGH[KWPO6HUYLFH
DQLPSDUWLDODQGLQGHSHQGHQWYRLFHIRU
WKRVHDIIHFWHGE\GLVDVWHUDQGFRQIOLFWLQ
RUGHUWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHDFFRXQWDELOLW\RI
WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQV\VWHP
DQGWRIDFLOLWDWHLPSURYHGSHUIRUPDQFH
7KHYLVLRQLVRI2PEXGVPHQRSHUDWLQJ
LQWKHPDMRULW\RILQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQL
WDULDQRSHUDWLRQVE\7KLVZLOOEH
DFKLHYHGWKURXJKDQLQLWLDOSURFHVVRI
WHVWLQJDQGUHILQLQJPRGHOVDQGPHWKRG
RORJLHVLQDWOHDVWWKUHHRSHUDWLRQV
EXLOGLQJDFRDOLWLRQRIZLOOLQJDJHQFLHV
RUJDQLVDWLRQVDQGRWKHUSDUWLHVDQG
WKHQHVWDEOLVKLQJWKHPHFKDQLVPLQD
JURZLQJQXPEHURIRSHUDWLRQV7KH
2PEXGVPDQZLOORSHUDWHRQWKHEDVLVRI
FRQFHUQVUDLVHGE\WKHDIIHFWHGSRSXOD
WLRQDQGLQUHVSRQVHWRLVVXHVDULVLQJ
IURPWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHV\VWHP,WVUHI
HUHQFHZLOOEHHVWDEOLVKHGKXPDQLWDULDQ
QRUPVDVFRQWDLQHGLQZLGHO\DFFHSWHG
FRGHVRISUDFWLFHDQGLQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
+XPDQLWDULDQ/DZ+XPDQ5LJKWV/DZ
DQG5HIXJHH/DZ
'XULQJDQLQGHSWKVWXG\RIWKHFRQFHSW
LQ.RVRYRUHVHDUFKHUVLGHQWLILHGDUDQJH
RIFLUFXPVWDQFHVLQZKLFKDQ2PEXGV
PDQFRXOGEHVHHQWRDGGYDOXHDQGLI
LQSODFHFRXOGLPSURYHLPPHGLDWHSHU
IRUPDQFHRIDJHQFLHVRQWKHJURXQG,Q
FRQVXOWDWLRQZLWKERWKDJHQFLHVDQG
FODLPDQWVLQ.RVRYRWKH\ZHUHDEOHWR
PDNHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUKRZWKH
2PEXGVPDQFRXOGRSHUDWHLQSUDFWLFH
,QIRUPDWLRQGH&5$'LQ)UHQFKDW UHKUHG
KDYHQHYHUEHHQDEOHWRUHJLVWHUDV KDLWLQHWPHPEUHVFUDGVLFUDGLQGH[KWPO
'RPLQLFDQFLWL]HQV7KRXVDQGVRIWKHVH 7KHDLPLVWRVHHWKHFRQFHSWWHVWHGLQ
VWDWHOHVVSHRSOHOLYHLQWKHPRUHWKDQ
FDQHFXWWHUFDPSVNQRZQDV
EDWH\HV,QPRUHUHFHQWWLPHV+DLWLDQV
KDYHFURVVHGWKHERUGHUWRILQGZRUNDV
FRIIHHSLFNHUVDQGODERXUHUVDQGJDU
GHQHUVVHUYLQJWKHEXUJHRQLQJ
'RPLQLFDQWRXULVPLQGXVWU\
:KLOHWKH'RPLQLFDQHFRQRP\KDV
XQGRXEWHGO\EHQHILWWHGIURPWKLVVRXUFH
$UWKXU&DQG'DVK0HGV/LEqWH$+DLWL$QWKRORJ\
/DWLQ$PHULFD%XUHDX,6%1;/$%
,$PZHOO6W/RQGRQ(&58/8.7HO
(PDLOODE#JQDSFRUJ:HEVLWHZZZODERUJXN
Ombudsman for Humanitarian
Accountability
$IWHUWZR\HDUVRIUHVHDUFKDQGFRQVXO
DWOHDVWWKUHHORFDWLRQVRYHUDWZRWR
WKUHH\HDUSHULRG,QRUGHUWRSUHSDUH
WKHJURXQGZRUNIRUWKLVWKHSURMHFW
LQWHQGVWRHVWDEOLVKDFRDOLWLRQRI
,QWHUQDWLRQDO+XPDQLWDULDQ$JHQFLHV
ZLOOLQJWRWDNHWKHFRQFHSWIRUZDUG
)RUIXUWKHULQIRUPDWLRQFRQWDFW+XPDQLWDULDQ
2PEXGVPDQ3URMHFWFR%ULWLVK5HG&URVV
*URVYHQRU&UHVFHQW/RQGRQ6:;(-8.
7HO
RIFKHDSODERXUDVXFFHVVLRQRIULJKW
ZLQJ'RPLQLFDQJRYHUQPHQWVKDVXVHG
WKH+DLWLDQSUHVHQFHDVDSROLWLFDOVFDSH
JRDWWRGLVWUDFW'RPLQLFDQV·DWWHQWLRQ
WDWLRQRQWKH+XPDQLWDULDQ2PEXGVPDQ
LQLWLDWLYHWKH2PEXGVPDQ3URMHFW
6WHHULQJ&RPPLWWHHKDVDJUHHGRQLWV
JHQHUDOJXLGLQJUXOHVDQGSULQFLSOHV
)D[
(PDLOGGRDQH#UHGFURVVRUJXN
,QWHUQHWZZZRQHZRUOGRUJRPEXGVPDQ
7KH6WHHULQJ&RPPLWWHHIRUWKH+XPDQLWDULDQ
2PEXGVPDQ3URMHFWLQFOXGHVWKH%ULWLVK5HG&URVV
IURPRWKHULVVXHV7KHGLFWDWRUV7UXMLOOR &$)2'&$5(,QWHUQDWLRQDO8.'),'0HUOLQ2[IDP
*%5HG5%ULWLVK5HIXJHH&RXQFLO6DYHWKH&KLOGUHQ
DQG%DODJXHUERWKVWLUUHGXSUDFLDO 7KHREMHFWLYHRIDQ2PEXGVPDQIRU 8.2',DQG:RUOG9LVLRQ8.
DQWDJRQLVPDJDLQVWWKHGDUNHUVNLQQHG +XPDQLWDULDQ$FFRXQWDELOLW\LVWRDFWDV
+DLWLDQVZLWKZDUQLQJVRIDGHIDFWR

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 43

 Arts Therapists, Refugees and

publications
Migrants: Reaching Across

publications
Borders
edited by Ditty Dokter. Jessica Kingsley
Publishers Ltd. 1998. 288pp.
ISBN 1-85302-550-X. £15.95 (US$27.95)

ZKDWLVYDOXHGIURPWKHSDVWZKLOHDW
WKHVDPHWLPHVHDUFKLQJWREHORQJWRWKH
QHZHQYLURQPHQW5HPHPEHULQJLVSDUW
RIWKHSURFHVVRIUHFRQVWUXFWLQJWKHLU
OLYHVGHVSLWHWKH¶VWRUPV·WKDWXSURRWHG
WKHPµWDNHQIURPWKH,QWURGXFWLRQE\
5HIXJHHVDUHVXEMHFWHGWRWUDXPDWLFORVV +HOHQH0RXVVD
RIIDPLO\DQGKRPHDQGWKHFRQVHTXHQW &RQWDFW:RUOG&RXQFLORI&KXUFKHV32
GHWHULRUDWLRQRIFXOWXUDOLGHQWLW\DVWKH\ %R[URXWHGH)HUQH\
VHHNDV\OXPLQRWKHUFRXQWULHV'LWW\ *HQHYD6ZLW]HUODQG
'RNWHU6HQLRU/HFWXUHULQ'UDPDWKHUDS\ 7HO
DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI+HUWIRUGVKLUH8. )D[
DQGRWKHUFRQWULEXWRUVIURPDQXPEHU
RIPXOWLFXOWXUDOEDFNJURXQGVH[DPLQH
WKHLVVXHVVXUURXQGLQJLQWHUFXOWXUDODUWV
WKHUDSLHVDVDPHDQVRIZRUNLQJ
UHIXJHHVDQGPLJUDQWV7KHUROHRIDUW
PXVLFGDQFHDQGGUDPDLQKHDOLQJWKH
HIIHFWVRIWUDXPDDQGUHVWRULQJWKH
VHQVHRIFXOWXUDODQGSHUVRQDOLGHQWLW\LV
GLVFXVVHGHPSKDVLVLQJWKHQHHGIRU
VHQVLWLYLW\WRFXOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQ
SUDFWLFH
&RQWDFW-HVVLFD.LQJVOH\3XEOLVKHUV
3HQWRQYLOOH5RDG/RQGRQ1-%8.
East Timor: A Crisis of
Displacement
by Jana Mason. US Committee for Refugees.
November 1999. 15pp. $5.00.
7KLVUHSRUWH[DPLQHVWKHEDFNJURXQGWR
WKHFULVLVDQGLQFOXGHVUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV
IRUWKHLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPPXQLW\UHJDUG
LQJKXPDQLWDULDQDFWLRQLQWKLV
IDVWFKDQJLQJHPHUJHQF\
&RQWDFW5DFL6D\86&5
7HO 0DVVDFKXVHWWV$YH1:6XLWH
)D[
(PDLOSRVW#MNSFRP
:HEVLWHZZZMNSFRP
Stormy Seas We Brave: Creative
Expressions by Uprooted People
compiled by Helene Moussa. World Council of
Churches. 1998. 176pp. ISBN 2-8254-1281-3.
£12.95 (US$22.50; Sfr29.50) plus 20% for
post/packing.
7KLVERRNSUHVHQWVSRHPVO\ULFVUHIOHF
WLRQVGUDPDVDQGYLVXDODUWZRUNVE\
UHIXJHHV,'3VDQGPLJUDQWV7KHFRQ
WULEXWRUV´H[SUHVVWKHLUVWUXJJOHWR
QRXULVKWKHLUURRWVDWWKHVDPHWLPHDV
WKH\WU\WRUHEXLOGWKHLUOLYHV)HHOLQJVRI
KRPHVLFNQHVVRUORQJLQJIRUWKHIDPLOLDU
HQYLURQPHQWDUHZD\VRIPDLQWDLQLQJ
44 December 1999, 6
:DVKLQJWRQ'&86$
7HO
)D[
:HEVLWHZZZUHIXJHHVRUJ
East Timor: Forced Expulsions to
West Timor
Human Rights Watch. December 1999.
7KLVUHSRUWGRFXPHQWVWKHFRQWLQXLQJ
REVWDFOHVWRUHWXUQIRU(DVW7LPRUHVH
UHIXJHHVLQ:HVW7LPRUDQGRWKHUSDUWV
RI,QGRQHVLD$QHVWLPDWHGWR
UHIXJHHVDUHVWLOOLQFDPSV
2EVWDFOHVWRUHWXUQLQFOXGHGHDWKWKUHDWV
DJDLQVWIDPLOLHVVHHNLQJWROHDYHDWWDFNV
RQFRQYR\VKHDGLQJEDFNIRU(DVW7LPRU
PLOLWLDVSUHDGGLVLQIRUPDWLRQSRUWUD\LQJ
(DVW7LPRUDVDGHVSHUDWHDQGGDQJHURXV
FORCED MIGRATION review
SODFHDQGWKHSUHVHQFHLQWKHFDPSVRI World Refugee Survey 1999
PLOLWLDOHDGHUVEHOLHYHGWREHUHVSRQVLEOH US Committee for Refugees. 1999. 284pp. Nashra Al-Hijra Al-Qasriya
IRUDWWDFNVRQFLYLOLDQVHDUOLHULQWKH $19.00. and Revista sobre
\HDU,QWKHUHSRUW+XPDQ5LJKWV:DWFK Migraciones Forzosas
DOVRVHWVIRUWKQHZWHVWLPRQLDODQGGRF
XPHQWDU\HYLGHQFHWKDWWKHH[SXOVLRQV )RUFHG0LJUDWLRQ5HYLHZ LVDOVR
ZHUHWKHUHVXOWRIDSODQQHGV\VWHPDWLF SULQWHGLQ6SDQLVK5HYLVWDVREUH
FDPSDLJQFRRUGLQDWHGE\WKH,QGRQHVLDQ 0LJUDFLRQHV)RU]RVDV DQG$UDELF
PLOLWDU\+XPDQ5LJKWV:DWFKXUJHVWKDW
LQWHUQDWLRQDOLQYHVWLJDWRUVSUHSDULQJIRU
DSRVVLEOHLQWHUQDWLRQDOWULEXQDOVKRXOG
XQGHUWDNHPRUHLQWHQVLYHJDWKHULQJRI
HYLGHQFHLQFOXGLQJLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIPLOL
WLDOHDGHUVZKRVHZKHUHDERXWVLQWKH
FDPSVLVNQRZQ
&RQWDFW3XEOLFDWLRQV'HSDUWPHQW
+XPDQ5LJKWV:DWFK)LIWK$YH
WK)ORRU1HZ<RUN1<
86$7HO
$OVRDYDLODEOHDWZZZKUZRUJ
The Wall of Denial: Internal
Displacement in Turkey
by Bill Frelick. US Committee for Refugees.
1999. 44pp. $5.00.
7KHDQQXDO:RUOG5HIXJHH6XUYH\
UHSRUWVRQFRQGLWLRQVIRUUHIXJHHV,'3V
DQGDV\OXPVHHNHUVLQFRXQWULHV
ZLWKVHFWLRQVRQVWDWLVWLFVDUWLFOHV
FRXQWU\UHSRUWVDQGDGLUHFWRU\RI
RUJDQLVDWLRQVSURYLGLQJLQIRUPDWLRQ
DERXWRUDVVLVWDQFHWRUHIXJHHV7KLV
HGLWLRQLQFOXGHVDUWLFOHVRQ¶7KHGHFDGH
1DVKUD$O+LMUD$O4DVUL\D
:HDUHLQFUHDVLQJWKHUHJLRQDO
IODYRXURIWKHVHHGLWLRQVDQGZRXOG
ZHOFRPHPRUHFRQWULEXWLRQVUHODW
LQJWRFRXQWULHVUHJLRQVZKHUHWKHVH
ODQJXDJHVDUHVSRNHQVXFKDV
◗ DUWLFOHV
◗ UHVHDUFKXSGDWHV
◗ QHZVLWHPV
◗ SXEOLFDWLRQV
◗ ZHEVLWHV
◗ FRQIHUHQFHV
,I\RXZRXOGOLNHWRFRQWULEXWHRULI
\RXKDYHVXJJHVWLRQVIRUFRQWULEX
WRUVSOHDVHFRQWDFWWKH(GLWRUVDW
IPU#THKR[DFXNRUE\PDLOWR
WKH(GLWRUV)055HIXJHH6WXGLHV
&HQWUH4(+8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG
LQUHYLHZ·E\.DWKOHHQ1HZODQG¶7KH 6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.
VWUDQJHORJLFRI,QWHUQDO)OLJKW
$OWHUQDWLYH·%LOO)UHOLFN¶5HVWULFWLYH :RXOG\RXOLNHWRUHFHLYH1DVKUD
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRI¶DJHQWVRISHUVHFXWLRQ· $O+LMUD$O4DVUL\DRU5HYLVWD
LQ*HUPDQ\DQG)UDQFH·6WHYHQ VREUH0LJUDFLRQHV)RU]RVDV"
(GPLQVWHU¶86PLJUDWLRQFRQWUROVPRYH $OOVXEVFULSWLRQVWRWKH$UDELFDQG
VRXWKRIWKHERUGHU·0HODQLH1H]HUDQG 6SDQLVKWUDQVODWLRQVDUHIUHHRI
¶3DOHVWLQLDQUHIXJHHVLQ/HEDQRQ·6WHYHQ FKDUJH
(GPLQVWHU
&RQWDFW86&50DVVDFKXVHWWV$YH
1:6XLWH:DVKLQJWRQ'&
86$7HO
:HEVLWHZZZUHIXJHHVRUJ
,I\RXZRXOGOLNHWRUHFHLYHRQHRU
WKHRWKHURULI\RXNQRZRIRWKHUV
ZKRZRXOGOLNHWRUHFHLYHFRSLHV
SOHDVHVHQGXV\RXUWKHLUFRQWDFW
GHWDLOVIPU#THKR[DFXNRUDWWKH
7XUNH\KDVWKHVHFRQGODUJHVWSRSXOD
WLRQRI,'3VLQWKHZRUOG\HWQHLWKHUWKH
,&5&QRU81+&5KDVXQGHUWDNHQDQ\
DFWLYLWLHVRQWKHLUEHKDOI7KLVSDSHU
H[DPLQHVWKHFDXVHVDQGFRQVHTXHQFHV
RIGLVSODFHPHQWLQ7XUNH\DQGH[SORUHV
ZK\LQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQWLQ7XUNH\KDV
IDLOHGWRDWWUDFWLQWHUQDWLRQDODWWHQWLRQ
DQGUHVSRQVH
&RQWDFW5DFL6D\86&5
0DVVDFKXVHWWV$YH1:6XLWH
:DVKLQJWRQ'&86$
7HO
)D[
:HEVLWHZZZUHIXJHHVRUJ
If you produce or know of publications which might
be of interest to other FMR readers, please send
details (and preferably a copy) to the Editors
(address p2) with details of price and how to
obtain a copy.
FORCED MIGRATION review
DGGUHVVDERYH
The US Government and Internally
Displaced Persons: Present, But
Not Accounted For
by James Kunder. Brookings Institution Project on
Internal Displacement and US Committee for
Refugees. Nov 1999. 21pp.
7KLVLVDQHYDOXDWLRQRI86SROLFLHVDQG
SURJUDPPHVZLWKUHJDUGWRODUJHVFDOH
LPPHGLDWHSUREOHPVRILQWHUQDOGLVSODFH
PHQW,QFOXGHVDVHULHVRIUHFRPPHQ
GDWLRQVWRSURPRWHDPRUHLQWHJUDWHG
DQGHIIHFWLYHUHVSRQVH
&RQWDFW5DFL6D\86&5
0DVVDFKXVHWWV$YH1:6XLWH
:DVKLQJWRQ'&86$
7HO
)D[
:HEVLWHZZZUHIXJHHVRUJ
December 1999, 6 45
Subscribe!Subscribe!Subscribe!
to Forced Migration Review published in English, Spanish and Arabic.
Please complete and return the form below
or subscribe via our website at www.fmreview.org

)5((IRU
◆ UHVLGHQWVRI¶GHYHORSLQJ·FRXQWULHVXQOHVVUHFHLYLQJ 5HQHZ\RXUVXEVFULSWLRQIRU
QRUWKHUQOHYHOVDODU\
◆ VWXGHQWVXQZDJHG RU\HDUV²DQGVDYHPRQH\
◆ UHIXJHHV,'3VDQGWKHLUDVVRFLDWLRQV
◆ RUJDQL]DWLRQVZLWKZKRPZHH[FKDQJHSXEOLFDWLRQV 6XEVFULSWLRQVZLOOJRXSIRUWKH\HDU
… 86LQGLYLGXDO
,I\RXVXEVFULEHIRUPRUHWKDQRQH\HDUQRZ
… 86LQVWLWXWLRQ
\RXFDQJHWDQGDWWKLV\HDU·VSULFH
… 86PXOWLSOHVXEVFULSWLRQUDWHIRUXSWRFRSLHV
IRUPRUHWKDQFRSLHVDGG…SHUDGGLWLRQDOFRS\
6XEVFULSWLRQVUXQIRURQHFDOHQGDU\HDU
6SDQLVKDQG$UDELFWUDQVODWLRQV)5(( RIFKDUJH
I/we would like to subscribe for:
SOHDVHWLFNWKHER[LQWKHDSSURSULDWHFROXPQDQGFRPSOHWHWKH727$/VHFWLRQ

68%6&5,37,21 \HDU \HDUV \HDUV 727$/…

,QGLYLGXDOUDWH ■
…86■ …86■
■ …86■
■
,QVWLWXWLRQDOUDWH …86■
■ …86■
■ …86■
■

0XOWLSOHUDWH …86■
■ …86■
■ …86■
■
IRUXSWRFRSLHV IRUPRUHWKDQFRSLHV IRUPRUHWKDQFRSLHV IRUPRUHWKDQFRSLHV
…86SOXV…86 …86SOXV…86 …86SOXV…86
SHUDGGLWLRQDOFRS\ SHUDGGLWLRQDOFRS\ SHUDGGLWLRQDOFRS\

)UHH(QJOLVK ■ ■ ■ 1$

■ GHYHORSLQJFRXQWU\
■ VWXGHQWXQZDJHG
■ UHIXJHH,'3
■ H[FKDQJH

)UHHWUDQVODWLRQ ■ ■ ■ 1$

■ 6SDQLVKHGLWLRQ
■ $UDELFHGLWLRQ

❏ 7LFNLI\RXZRXOGOLNHD)5((FRS\ZKLOHVWRFNVODVWRIWKH*OREDO,'33URMHFWSXEOLFDWLRQ,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG3HRSOH$*OREDO6XUYH\

Methods of payment Contact details:

❏ &KHTXHRUEDQNGUDIW LQ…VWHUOLQJRU86GUDZQRQ8.RU 1DPH 
86EDQNRU(XURFKHTXH …VWHUOLQJRQO\SD\DEOHWR 7LWOH
¶8QLYHUVLW\RI2[IRUG563·
-RE7LWOH 
❏ &UHGLW&DUG 3D\PHQW 'HSDUWPHQW 
❏ 9,6$ ❏ 0DVWHUFDUG ❏ (XURFDUG ❏ $FFHVV 2UJDQL]DWLRQ 
&DUGQXPEHU  $GGUHVV
([SLU\GDWH  &LW\  3RVWDO&RGH 
6LJQDWXUH &RXQWU\ 
&DUGKROGHUQDPHDGGUHVVLIGLIIHUHQWIURPRSSRVLWH  7HO  )D[ 
 (PDLO
❏ %DQNWUDQVIHU…VWHUOLQJRQO\WR%DUFOD\V%DQN 3OHDVHUHWXUQIRUPWR
32%R[2[IRUG2;+68.
$FFRXQWQDPH2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\&KHVW1XPEHU$FFRXQW )056XEVFULSWLRQV56&4XHHQ(OL]DEHWK+RXVH
$FFRXQWQR%DQNVRUWFRGH 6W*LOHV2[IRUG2;/$8.
3OHDVHTXRWHUHIHUHQFH56309*1 )D[

46 December 1999, 6 FORCED MIGRATION review

 125:(*,$1 125:(*,$1
5()8*((&281&,/ 5()8*((&281&,/

ZZZLGSSURMHFWRUJ
 $QLQGHSHQGHQWZHEVLWHRQ,QWHUQDOO\'LVSODFHG3HUVRQV
ZRUOGZLGH
 (DV\DFFHVVWR,'3UHODWHGLQIRUPDWLRQ
 &RPSUHKHQVLYHLQIRUPDWLRQE\FRXQWU\

&RXQWU\EDVHGSURILOHVRQLQWHUQDOGLVSODFHPHQW

 3URILOH6XPPDU\
 &DXVHVDQG%DFNJURXQGRI'LVSODFHPHQW
 3RSXODWLRQ3URILOHDQG)LJXUHV
 3DWWHUQVRI'LVSODFHPHQW
 3URWHFWLRQ&RQFHUQV
 6XEVLVWHQFH1HHGV+HDOWK1XWULWLRQDQG6KHOWHU
 $FFHVVWR(GXFDWLRQ
 ,VVXHVRI6HOI5HOLDQFHDQG3XEOLF3DUWLFLSDWLRQ
 'RFXPHQWDWLRQ1HHGVDQG&LWL]HQVKLS
 ,VVXHVRI)DPLO\8QLW\,GHQWLW\DQG&8OWXUH
 3URSHUW\,VVXHV
 3DWWHUQVRIUHWXUQDQG5HVHWWOHPHQW
 +XPDQLWDULDQ$FFHVV
 1DWLRQDODQG,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HVSRQVHV

FORCED MIGRATION review December 1999, 6 47

When people flee from the
threat of death and total
dispossession, the things and
stories they carry with them
may be all that remains of
their distinctive personhood to
Photo: Sandra Dudley

provide for future continuity.

(David Parkin: see p9)