DENTAL

PREPARATIONS
(Dentifrices)
What’s so great about them?
ORAL CARE PRODUCTS

1.Toothbrush
2.Dentifrice
3.Oral Rinses
ORAL ENVIRONMENT
Teeth
Gingiva / Mucosa
Saliva
Plaque
Tartar
Caries
Periodontal Disease
COMPOSITION & CHEMISTRY OF DENTIFRICES
DENTIFRICE:
A dentifrice is a substance used with a toothbrush
for the purpose of cleaning the accessible surfaces
of the teeth (American Dental Association)

TOOTHPASTE: Toothpaste is a colloidal suspension

of a mixture of ingredients that must be carefully
balanced in order to provide an efficacious, safe,
and consumer friendly product
TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENTS

• Abrasive
• Binder
• Humectant
• Sweetener
• Flavor • Surfactant
• Active Ingredients
ABRASIVE •
Function: – Cleaning and polishing

Characteristics: – Solid, insoluble

particles – Abrasive – Potential for
fluoride interaction

Types : – Silica – Phosphate Salts – ie

“Dical” – Carbonates – ie Calcium
Carbonate or Chalk – Others
BINDER • Function: Used to stabilize toothpaste
formulations to prevent separation of the liquid
and solid phases • Characteristics: Can be
natural or synthetic

Types: – Natural Polymers • Carboxymethyl

Cellulose (CMC) • Carrageenans • Xanthan
Gum – Synthetic Polymers – Others
SURFACTANT •
Function: Produce foam and aid in the
removal of debris Emulsifies flavoring
agents • Characteristics: May react with
other toothpaste components High level
may cause mucosal irritation

Types: – Sodium Lauryl Sulfate – Sodium

N‐Lauroyl Sarcosinate – Sodium Dodecyl
Benzene Sulfonate – PEG Oil
Peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide
 FLUORIDE ACTIVES •

Function: Increase resistance to enamel solubility •

Characteristics: Regulated by Government Restricted
usage level Soluble fluoride ion is essential for activity

FLUORIDE ACTIVES •
Types: – Sodium Fluoride NaF – Sodium
Monofluorophosphate MFP – Stannous Fluoride SnF2
22 OTHER ACTIVES • Tartar Polyphosphates Zinc
Citrate • Plaque / Gingivitis Triclosan SnF2
Chlorhexidine Zinc Citrate • Desensitizer Potassium
Nitrate • Whitening Calcium
 Fluoride in
Toothpastes
The first therapeutic addition to the basic
dentifrice.
 Stannous fluoride (SnF2)
 Sodium monofluorophosphate (Na MFP)
 Sodium fluoride (NaF)
 Sodium fluoride and Calcium Phosphate
(NaF/CaPO4)
 What is the
mechanism of action
of fluoride? (How
does it work?)
Proposed Mechanisms
of Action of Fluoride
  enamel resistance to acid demin.
  rate of enamel maturation after
eruption.
 Remineralization of incipient lesions
◼ at the enamel surface.
◼ >1ppm fluoride needed to slow
demineralization process.
 Interference with microorganisms
 Improved tooth morphology.
SWEETENER • Function: An important part of toothpaste
flavoring system
Characteristics: Government regulations Non‐cariogenic

FLAVOR • Function: Improve taste of toothpaste •

Characteristics: One of the most important factors for
consumer A mixture of flavoring agents
Types: – Minty – Fruity – Medicinal – Cinnamon

Oral products have a unique and specialized flavor

requirements. To be successful in oral products, a flavor
must: • Have a pleasant taste while brushing • Leave a
pleasant taste in your mouth after brushing • Be
compatible with the base
HUMECTANT • Function: Used in toothpaste to
prevent loss of water and subsequent hardening
of the product upon exposure to air •
Characteristics: Affect taste perception Proper
usage level produce a clear translucent
toothpaste

HUMECTANT • Types: – Glycerine – Sorbitol –

Polyethylene Glycol – Xylitol – Propylene Glycol
13 SWEETENER • Types: – Sodium Saccharin
– Sodium Cyclamate – Acesulfame K 14
 OTHER ACTIVES •
Tartar
Polyphosphates
Zinc Citrate

• Plaque / Gingivitis
Triclosan SnF2 Chlorhexidine Zinc Citrate

• Desensitizer Potassium Nitrate

• Whitening Calcium Peroxide Hydrogen

Peroxide
TYPICAL COMPOSITION
Ingredients
Weight %
Humectants 60 – 20
Water 0 – 50
Binders 0 – 12
Abrasive 18 – 50
Flavor 0.5 – 2.0
Sweetener 0.2 – 1.0
Surfactant 0.5 – 2.0
Fluoride 0.2 – 1.2
 TOOTHPASTE CONSIDERATIONS
• Safety
• Efficacy
• Consumer Friendly
– Pleasing taste
– Ease of use
– Pleasing appearance

PRODUCT CRITERIA
• Minimum one year shelf life
• Easily dispensable
• Compatible with the package
• Efficacious • Safe
 What Current
Toothpastes Need?
 Oriented towards a certain goal: i.e.
◼ cleaning
◼ anticaries
◼ antimicrobial
◼ tartar inhibition
 Contain many different substances
which are necessary to obtain the
desired effects i.e. abrasives, active
components, motivators.
 How Does Dental
Caries Begin?
 Formation of acid by microorganisms in plaque
overly the enamel.
 Requires the simultaneous presence of three
factors:
◼ (1) microorganisms,
◼ (2) a diet for the microorganisms,
◼ (3) a susceptible host or tooth surface.
 If (1-3) are absent = no caries.
 How Much Toothpaste
Should I Use ?
 For children:
A pea-sized amount of toothpaste to avoid
fluorosis.

 For adults:
Enough toothpaste to cover the whole
length of the toothbrush bristles.

*Dr. Barry Kaufman for the ADA’s Dental Newsline.

 FDA Toothpaste
Warning Label
 “ If you accidentally swallow more than used
for brushing, seek professional help or
contact a poison control center immediately”
 Required on all fluoride toothpastes.
 FDA Toothpaste Warning Label:
What does the ADA say?
 ADA Council on Scientific Affairs:
unnecessarily frightening for parents and
children.
 Label greatly overstates the danger posed by
fluoride toothpastes.
 Child could not absorb enough fluoride from
toothpaste to cause a serious problem.
 Excellent safety record argues against
regulation.
 Common Ingredients in
Toothpastes. What Do They
Do?
Constituent Purpose
1. Abrasive 1. Cleaning/stain removal
2. Water 2. Solvent for ingredients
3. Humectants 3. Provide creamy texture
4. Detergent 4. Surfactant/foam builder
5. Thickening agent 5. Controls viscosity
6. Flavoring agent 6. Improves taste
7. Sweetening agent 7. Enhances flavor
8. Therapeutic agent(s) 8. Active ingredient(s)
9. Color or preservative 9. Color or preservative
10.Binder 10.Holds ingredients .
together
 Ingredients of Dentifrices and Oral Rinses

Dentrifices Oral Rinse

Therapeutic agent Therapeutic agent

Abrasive --
Surfactant(s) Surfactant(s)
Humectant(s) Humectant(s)
Flavor Flavor
-- Ethanol
Thickener --
Color Color
Water Water
Alcohol

❖Adds Freshness
❖Helps to dissolve Ingredients
❖Cleaning effect further helps in Antimicrobial effect

Flavor
Pallatable
User friendly
More comfortable with flavors
Humectant

❖Keep preparation intact

❖Prevents crysallizaton
❖Cleaning effect further helps in Antimicrobial effect

Surfactant
• For enhancing solubility
• Clear Debris by reducing surface tension
• Antibacterial sometimes
Water

❖Main Vehicle

Antibacterial
❖Prevents Microbial growth
❖Cleaning effect further helps in Antimicrobial effect

Astringent
Freshness
Can interact with proteins of saliva and mucosa
CHLOROPHYLLINS
Deodorising effect

FLOURIDES

Anti caries agent