GROUP 4:

RON JACOB RUIZ

PATRICIA GAIL SUAREZ
HANNAH FAITH TOLEDO
PRINCESS KIM VILLAFLOR
SHAINA VILLALUZ
GENESIS VIDANES
LORELLIE ZUELA
FIBER
are hair-like portion
of the tissues of the
plants or animals. This
are twisted yarns that
are used in the
production of fabric.
KINDS OF FIBER:
• NATURAL - any hair-like raw material directly obtained from
an animal, vegetable, or mineral source and convertible into
nonwoven fabrics such as felt or paper or, after spinning into
yarns, into woven cloth.
• MAN-MADE- are also hair-like strand materials which don’t
come from nature. Synthetic fibers begin as chemicals. These
chemicals are combined with acids and alcohol, sometimes
heated and then extruded.
NATURAL FIBER
1. SOFT/BAST FIBERS- are found in the phloem (inner
bark) of dicotyledonous stems. Examples are Jute,
Flax and Hemp
2. HARD FIBER/LEAF FIBER- are found in monocot
leaf vascular bundles. Examples are Pineapple,
Abaca, Sisal, and Banana
3. SURFACE FIBER- grows from of seeds, leaves, or fruit.
Examples are Coconut/Coir, Cotton and Kapok
SOFT/BAST FIBERS
1. JUTE (Corchorus capsularis)
ØHas been used since prehistoric times
ØProbably yielded fibers for some of the sackcloth
referred to in the Bible
ØHerbaceous annual, up to 5 m tall; yields fibers 1.8 -
3 m (6-10') long
ØFibers are relatively inelastic, and tend to
disintegrate rapidly in water.
SOFT/BAST FIBERS
2. FLAX/LINEN (Linum usitatissimum)
ØFlax is native to Europe and Eastern Asia.
ØThe plants from which fibers are obtained are tall, little-
branched, annuals that yield oil as well as fiber.
ØFlax fibers are smooth, long, straight, and  2-3  times stronger
than cotton fibers. They are used for making buttonholes
and button thread, as well as for hoses and mailbags.
ØLinen textiles are generally soft, lustrous, and water-
absorbent, and linen is also used for towels.
SOFT/BAST FIBERS
3. HEMP (Cannabis sativa)
ØNative to western Asia; used in Chinese Yang Shao culture
around 4,000  BCE (6,000  years ago).
ØHemp fibers are the longest of any bast species, ranging
from  1.5 - 4.5" (5-15') in length.
ØHemp produces dark, rough fiber and as a result is typically
used for cordage, rope, canvas (the word derives from
Cannabis),  covered wagons, and sailcloth.
ØRequires no irrigation or pesticide use: cotton requires
considerable amounts of both.
HARD FIBER/LEAF FIBER
1. SISAL (Agave sisalana)
ØSisal comes from the leaves of Agave sisalana, native to
Central America, where the Mayans and Aztecs are known to
have extracted and woven sisal fibers into rough garments.
ØIn addition to fibers, A. sisalana has sharp spines on the ends
of its leaves that have been used by native peoples as needles.
ØCombination of fiber and sewing utensil gave rise to the
common name, "needle and thread plant".
ØToday the fibers are used for sacking, mats, and tea bags and
as reinforcements for materials such as rubber
HARD FIBER/LEAF FIBER
2. ABACA (Manila hemp)
ØManila hemp comes from Musa textilis (Musaceae), a relative of
the banana, native to the Philippines.
ØFibers are extracted from the inner parts of the leaf bases that
make up the "stem" of these giant herbaceous plants.
ØMost people have come into contact with products using Manila
hemp in the form of tea bags, dollar bills, "Manila" envelopes,
filter-tipped cigarettes.
ØThey make the finest ropes, which have held ships to docks
throughout the world. Manila hemp rope is being replaced with
nylon in many parts of the world.
HARD FIBER/LEAF FIBER
3. PINEAPPLE
Øare made from the leaves of the pineapple plant.
Øleaves are long, from 1 to 1.5 inches in length and 6 to 7
centimeters in width
Øin the Philippines the plant may be found in cultivation
in almost all inhabited parts of the country
Øsome uses of pineapple fiber are Barong, Camisas,
Luncheon stes and Handkerchiefs and Veils
HARD FIBER/LEAF FIBER
4. BANANA (Musa Paradiaca)
Øthe fiber of banana is prepared in the same way as
abaca
Øbanana sinamay is in great demand by filipino
women for dress materials
Øthe material has beautiful sheen
ØBohol, Cebu and Panay are the principal islands in
which banana sinamay is woven
SURFACE FIBER
1. KAPOK
ØKapok hairs are produced on the inner surface of the seed
capsule of the kapok tree, in tropical regions of the New
World.
ØIt's an enormous rainforest tree with a massive buttressed
trunk.
ØHairs are coated with a highly water-resistant, waxy cutin.
ØA kapok-filled life jacket can support 30 times its own
weight in sea water.
SURFACE FIBER
2. COCONUT/COIR
Øbulk of mature coconut consists of thick, fibrous
mesocarp that constitutes source of a fiber called coir.
ØCoir fibers are made up of bundles of cells that are
longer than cotton fibers but shorter than most bast or
leaf fibers.
ØHusks are retted for  8-10  months in brackish water.
ØWhen soft, husks are thoroughly washed, beaten to
remove pulpy remains, shaken, and washed again.
SURFACE FIBER
3. COTTON
Øis the most important fiber today; most important nonfood
plant commodity.
ØLarge amount of fiber produced by each plant combined with
the fact that picking, processing, and manufacturing of textiles
from cotton cost less than processing other fibers.
ØVersatile fiber that produces textiles that dye well, and
withstands rigorous washing.
MAN-MADE
1. SYNTHETIC FIBERS- are man-made from chemicals
many of which are petroleum derived. These includes
Nylon, Polyester, Spandex, and Acrylic
2. REGENERATED FIBERS- the base material is cellulose
that can be obtained from a range of sources. It is
then converted through a chemical process into fibers.
These includes Rayon and Acetate
SYNTHETIC FIBERS
1. NYLON
ØDuPont introduced nylon in  1935, and its establishment
quickly replaced silk, especially when it became scarce
during World War II.
ØNylon clothes and similar products are made from strands
of plastic yarn.
ØNylon is extremely sensitive to heat and should be washed
and dried on cool settings.
ØIt is commonly used to make luggage, toothbrushes,
carpeting materials and hosieries, just to name a few.
SYNTHETIC FIBERS
2. POLYESTER
ØThere are many variations of polyesters, but the most
popular is polyethylene terephthalate or PET.
ØPolyester is one of the most popular types of synthetic
fabrics because of its profound durability.
ØIt retains its shape, is resistant to most chemicals, rarely
suffers from stretching, shrinking and wrinkling, and is
mildew and abrasion resistant.
SYNTHETIC FIBERS
3. SPANDEX
ØSpandex is a lightweight, synthetic fabric with unique properties
that make it suitable for sports apparel.
ØA variety of raw materials is used to produce elastic spandex
fibers. This includes prepolymers which produce the backbone of
the fiber, stabilizers which protect the integrity of the polymer,
and colorants.
ØSpandex is a popular choice for sports apparel and is used to
create dri fit tops and cycling pants. It is also commonly used to
make bathing suits, wetsuits, and surgical compression garments
because of its ability to wick moisture. It is a great alternative to
natural fibers, which tend to be bulkier.
SYNTHETIC FIBERS
4. ACRYLIC
ØWool is a type of natural fiber resourced from sheep
shearings.
ØAcrylic fiber consists of acrylonitrile and a comonomer. The
comonomer is added to improve its dyeability and textile
processability.
ØAcrylic fabric is widely used in knitting to create sweaters
and socks, or woven to make rugs. It is an excellent
substitute for wool, and certain forms of it are exceptionally
soft while remaining lightweight
REGENERATED FIBERS
1. RAYON
ØRayon is a manufactured regenerated cellulosic fibre.
ØIt is the first man-made fibre.
ØIt has a serrated round shape with a smooth surface.
ØIt loses  30-50% of its strength when it is wet.
ØRayon is produced from naturally occurring polymers and therefore
it is not a synthetic fibre, but a manufactured regenerated cellulosic
fibre.
ØThe fibre is sold as artificial silk
ØThere are two principal varieties of rayon namely viscose and cupra
ammonium rayon.
REGENERATED FIBERS
2. ACETATE
ØLuxurious feel and appearance
ØA wide range of colours and lustres
ØExcellent drapeability and softness
ØRelatively fast drying
ØShrink, moth and mildew resistant
ØSpecial dyes have been developed for acetate since it
does not accept dyes ordinarily used for cotton and
rayon.