INTRODUCTION TO TOWN PLANNING

ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND GREEN

DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN DESIGN

Malaviya National Institute of Technology

Jaipur - 302017

Submitted by: Saurabh Sharma, 0606501

Ankur Tulsyan, 0606476
IX Semester, B.Architecture
 TOWN PLANNING

 Town Planning integrates land

use planning and transportation
planning to improve the built, economic and
social environments of communities. Regional
planning deals with a still larger environment, at
a less detailed level.
 Town Planning can include urban renewal, by
adapting urban planning methods to existing
cities suffering from decay and lack of
investment. Thus, energy management and green
development plays a very significant role in
Urban Planning as this defines the work culture
and shapes the future of the town / city.
 SCOPE OF STUDY

 The scope of study of Energy Management comes

under the aegis of town planning and is perceived
to be done as a planning and design approach.

 The implementation is done by decision making,

that may be converted into binding local
municipal laws, or may be kept voluntary.

 To study the environmental effects of town

planning and how can we improve the built and
natural environment through town planning
techniques.
 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
 Environmental protection and conservation are of utmost
importance to many planning systems across the world. Not
only are the specific effects of development to be mitigated,
but attempts are made to minimize the overall effect of
development on the local and global environment.

 This is commonly done through the assessment

of Sustainable urban infrastructure and microclimate. This
process is popularly known as a Sustainability Appraisal.

 In most advanced urban or village planning models, local

context is critical. In many, gardening and other outdoor
activities assumes a central role in the daily life of citizens.
Environmental planners focus now on smaller and larger
systems of resource extraction and consumption, energy
production, and waste disposal.
 A practice known as Arcology seeks to unify the fields
of ecology and architecture, using principles of landscape
architecture to achieve a harmonious environment for all
living things. On a small scale, the Eco-Village theory
has become popular, as it emphasizes a traditional 100-
140 person scale for communities. An urban planner can
use a number of quantitative tools to forecast impacts of
development on the environmental, including Roadway
Air Dispersion models to predict air quality impacts of
urban highways and roadway noise models to predict noise
pollution effects of urban highways.

 Tall buildings in particular can have a substantial effect in

channeling winds and shading large areas.
The microclimate around the building will typically be
assessed as part of the environmental impact assessment
for the building.
AT A GLANCE: GREENING CITIES

 The slogan has been around for decades. But as

the impacts of rapid urbanization increase
around the world, it has perhaps never been
more relevant.

 In 1950, less than one out of three people lived in

a city or town. Today nearly half - 3 billion - live
in urban areas. By 2030 almost two out of three
will live in cities and 90 per cent of this urban
population growth will be in developing
countries..
 Urban areas “import” huge amounts of goods -
such as fuels, foods and water - from ecosystems
beyond their borders, like rural farms, forests,
and water catchments. Cities then “export” their
wastes – such as garbage, wastewater, air
pollution - back out of the city. Both processes
have an impact on the delivery of ecosystem
services.

 This climate change may not be immediately on

the minds of local governments under pressure of
urbanization.
SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS
 Improvements to transport and energy
generation, the largest contributors both to urban
air pollution and to worldwide climate change.
 Cleaner transport fuels and vehicles, cleaner
cooking fuels like natural gas, renewable energy
sources, and greater energy efficiency, would
significantly reduce air pollution and mitigate
global warming.
 Cleaner air would improve public health, and
thus bring greater productivity and economic
gain for individuals and the community.
 Water resources also present such local-global
links – and solutions. Cutting rural forests to
“import” wood fuel into cities and “exporting” in-
appropriately treated wastes and wastewaters
both degrade important ecosystems and water
resources. Once degraded, watersheds lose their
ability to supply, store and cleanse the city’s
water resources.

 But cities that have invested in protecting water

resources outside their borders have saved money
on treatment costs.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE RESEARCH (IJAR), VOL.-1,
ISSUE-3, NOV,-2007 - BY ARCHNET IJAR

 The system of courtyard buildings serviced by cul-de-

sacs and through streets pre-date Islam; however,
Islamic civilization developed and refined this system
and spread it across a vast geographic area, aided by
the simultaneous development and acquisition of Fiqh
knowledge (the local Arab community) as it pertained
to interventions in the built environment.
 The courtyard plan form is able to accommodate
diverse uses. The densities created in housing are
efficient without sacrificing the privacy of the
individual unit. Streets as an access network are
maximally utilized. Sabats (rooms over streets) are
used to create extra space for their owners,
simultaneously providing cover to the public in the
streets.
 The use of a building “design language” as a
communication and design decision-making aid. The
components of the language integrate the three-
dimensional form and function of the design element
being communicated. This mechanism helps the user
and builder to communicate with each other. It also
preserves and perpetuates design configurations and
forms, which have proved their durability through
experience without hindering diversity in the
individual design solution.
 The importance of the legal framework as the prime shaper of
the urban environment, particularly environments at the level of
the neighborhood. Certainly this is also true today with zoning
ordinances, subdivision regulations, and building codes.
However, the nature of the legal framework is where the Islamic
city can provide fresh insight.
 The Fiqh building rules were derived from societal values based
on religious beliefs and where supported by adequate
elaboration of the intent of each rule. Specific numerical
prescriptions were not indicated and only rarely cited as an
example of how a specific problem ought to be resolved.
 In essence, the rules functioned as performance criteria, as
opposed to contemporary building and planning laws, which are
based on standards. The former is qualitative, intent oriented,
and responsive to changes in requirements or site conditions,
whereas the latter is quantitative, numerically oriented, and not
responsive to changes in requirements or location.
 THE OPEN RENEWABLE ENERGY JOURNAL, 2009,VOL.- 2
BY C. KETLOGETSWE, UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA
 This paper has examined the
experience of Botswana in the use of
renewable technology for power
generation in rural communities. In
particular, the study has shown that
technical support provided by the
Botswana Power Corporation in order
to promote the rapid development and sustain-ability of
renewable technology in rural communities in Botswana
is very weak.

 It can be concluded that the energy authority and other

major stakeholders on renewable technology do not
appear to use information obtained from previous PV
solar pilot projects.
 While the use of solar home
systems in rural communities
in Botswana is encouraged,
authorities should build
technical expertise at rural
community level to ensure a
long term service time of solar
home systems.

 To assist sustainability of PV
solar power generation in rural
communities, the government
should create conducive
business environment for
small local private companies
to assist the government with
the initiation of a renewable
energy program for the rural
communities in Botswana.
 SUSTAINABLE CITIES – MODELLING URBAN ENERGY
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
R.A. BROWNSWORD A, P.D. FLEMING , J.C. POWELL ,
N. PEARSALL
APPLIED ENERGY DECEMBER 8, 2004

 In order to ensure China, a populous country, to

develop in a sustainable way, it is an urgent task to
disseminate the concept of sustainability and put it
into practice for urban construction.
 However, it is impossible for China to simply copy
the experiences of developed countries, since China
has the higher population and building density and
less availability of reusable energy per square meter
floor area.
 The work has advanced the understanding of energy
use in a city, investigated consumers (domestic and
business) attitudes to energy conservation and
energy pricing issues, as well as quantified the
potential of solar PV, solar thermal and energy from
waste in the urban environment.
 It has also brought together this knowledge in a
versatile optimisation model whose results have the
potential to be of great assistance to local authority
planners.
 Currently the model simulates energy management
in the city of Leicester and requires an expert user to
run it, but it has been designed in such a way that
alterations can easily be made in order to study any
city to make it more user-friendly.
 SUSTAINABLE HOUSING AND URBAN CONSTRUCTION IN
CHINA
YINGXIN ZHU, BORONG LIN
ENERGY AND BUILDINGS ACCEPTED 20 NOVEMBER 2003

 A model of urban energy consumption has been

developed using energy supply data.
 The model simulates spatial and diurnal variations
in energy demand.
 It also models the effect of energy-management
measures and associated reductions in CO emissions.
2

 A linear programming optimisation module is used to

identify the most cost-effective measures to achieve
specified CO or energy reduction-targets.
2
 Therefore, it is necessary to develop the sustainable
building technologies applicable to various climate
regions, economic conditions, and residential customs
in China, as well as sustainable to the most
occupants and owners.
 It is Based on an introduction of the current
situation of the development of construction industry
and the energy consumption of buildings in China.
 This paper analyses the requirements,
characteristics, standards for sustainable housing
and urban construction, and recommends series of
technical approaches along with different phases of
sustainable design and construction, which
strengthen a good cooperation among researchers,
designers and constructors of different majors
including architecture, planning, building physics,
building services, and so on
 Finally, policy issue related with the sustainable
development of urban construction in China is
discussed.
 SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT? LOW-COST HOUSING
CHALLENGES IN SOUTH AFRICA
ALLISON GOEBE
HABITAT INTERNATIONAL 31 (2007) 291–302

 Low-cost housing provision has been a major focus of

government in post-apartheid urban South Africa.
 There is growing concern regarding the social and
environmental sustainability of housing programs
and the impacts upon both the surrounding
environment and human health.
 Utilizing key informant interviews, survey research,
Census data and documentary review, this essay
identifies the major impediments to a sustainable
low-cost housing provision in urban South Africa.
 The essay also points to hopeful signs in new policy
directions, particularly attention to health issues and
informal settlement upgrade programs.
 However, the major obstacles to a sustainable low-
cost housing process, includes
 Macro-economic conditions,

 Enduring historical legacies of race and class

 the scale and rapidity of urban growth and

institutional challenges show little indication of
abating.
 ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
IBRAHIM DINCER A, MARC A. ROSEN
APPLIED ENERGY 64 (1999) 427±440

 There is an intimate connection between energy, the

environment and sustainable develop- ment.
 A society seeking sustainable development ideally
must utilize only energy resources which cause no
environmental impact (e.g. which release no
emissions to the environment).
 However, since all energy resources lead to some
environmental impact, it is reasonable to suggest
that some (not all) of the concerns regarding the
limitations imposed on sustainable development by
environmental emissions and their negative impacts
can be in part overcome through increased energy
efficiency.
 Clearly, a strong relation exists between energy
efficiency and environmental impact since, for the
same services or products, less resource utilization
and pollution is normally associated with increased
energy efficiency.
 Presented in this paper are

 (i)a comprehensive discussion of the future of energy

use and the consequent environmental impacts in
terms of acid precipitation, stratospheric ozone
depletion and the greenhouse e€ect,
 (ii) some solutions to current environmental issues in
terms of energy conservation and renew- able energy
technologies,
 (iii) some theoretical and practical limitations on
increased energy efficiency,
 (iv) discussions of the relations between energy and
sustainable development, and between the
environment and sustainable development, and an
 (v) illustrative example.

 In this regard, a number of issues relating to energy,

environment and sustainable development are
examined from both current and future perspectives.
 In addition, some recommendations are drawn from
the results we present for the use of energy scientists
and engineers and policy makers, along with the
anticipated effects.
ACID RAIN
OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
THANK YOU