VVIBU GROUP

Member : Rizky Ananda (180705019)

M. Reza Fahlevi (180705023)
Tri Rahma Utari (180705047)
Shinta Aulia Rahma (180705053)
Restu Ryandra (180705057)
Muhammad Rifai Asnawi (180705069)
Zainul Arifin (180705085)
Ahmad Reyno Al-fattah (180705099)
Salida Ayu Sinaga (180705103)
Bintang Kasih Ana Manalu (180705129)
Major : English Literature (A)
Subject : Introduction of Linguistics

#Summary of Principles and Major of Linguistics

Principles and major of Linguistics refers to language skills and language systems used
by humans . Mostly they are described in pairs of terms denoting sets of distinctions, such as
synchrony and diachrony; form and substance; description and prescription; competence and
performance, and so on.
A. Synchrony and Diachrony
Differences in synchrony and diachrony refer to differences in treating
languages from different perspectives. When we take a synchronic viewpoint, we see a
language as we find it in a certain period of time. The diachronic point of view, on the
other hand, gives us a historical angle; we see language for a certain period of time
along with changes that occur in it. Synchronic linguistics studies how a language
works at a certain time, regardless of past history or blueprints in the future. This is also
called descriptive linguistics.
Although the historical character of a language cannot be ignored, its present
form is the result of definite historical processes, changes, and transformations, needing
a complete understanding of it to concentrate on its current structural units. However,
the two areas are separated and one is studied to the exclusion of the other. Synchronous
statements do not refer to the previous stages in language.
Linguistic studies in the nineteenth century are historical; they originated as part
of a general historical investigation of the origin and development of culture and
community, especially West Asia, Egypt, etc. Such philological research views
language at different stages of its progress and seeks to understand relationships
between various languages.
B. Form and Substance
This distinction refers to the system, on the one hand, which is designed, and
the actual data that is used or worked on. The system describes data, this is a theoretical
construction. Phoneme / b /, / d /, / g / give an example of this.
Sound produced by human speech organs can be said to consist of substance
(phonic substance) or content. Its shape into a different functional configuration can be
called form or expression. So the same substance is manifested in various forms. Forms
can be analyzed regardless of their meaning. Forms can be learned from different
angles: phonological, morphological, grammatical, syntactic, etc.
C. Competence and Preformance
Competence is a definite knowledge of language that can be proven, the
performance of language use in concrete situations. 'Sentence' is a concept that is
included in the theory of competence, while 'speech' is included in the performance.
Native speakers of a language have 'a set of internalized rules' which are the basis of
their ability to understand and speak. Actual speech is only evidence of this
competence.
Performance is what actually a speaker says. It is the substance, the actual
manifestation of his competence. One can understand a speaker’s competence by
studying his performance. In learning a new language also it is wiser to develop the
basic competence rather than memorise pieces of sentences and phrases, as the latter
activity is not a true language behaviour.
D. Langue and Parole
La langue more directly shows the ability to produce speech, a kind of
'institutionalized element' of the collective consciousness of society. By definition, is
stable and systematic, the community conveys the regularity of language for children
so that it becomes able to function as a member of the speaking community.
In the other hand, la parole is active and shows the actual individual speech acts.
We can better understand it by considering each action as a unique event. This is unique
because it reflects a relationship that is unstable and can change between languages, the
right contextual elements trigger certain sayings, and personal factors.
E. Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic
The paradigmatic relationship is the relationship between the elements of
language contained in speech and is vertical. The relationship occurs by comparing the
elements of language that have the same position. Syntagmatic Relations are
relationships of elements of language contained in speech and are linear. That happens
with analysis of elements of language in one speech without any comparison with other
words.