458 TA B LE S

Table Aa
PROPORTIONS (OF AREA) UNDER THE STANDARD NORMAL CURVE FOR VALUES OF z
AA B C AA B C AA B C

z z z z z z

–z–z –z–z –z–z

AA B C AA B C AA B C

a
Discussed in Section 5.3.

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 TA B L E S 459

Table Aa (Continued)
PROPORTIONS (OF AREA) UNDER THE STANDARD NORMAL CURVE FOR VALUES OF z
AA B C AA B C AA B C

z z z z z z

–z–z –z–z –z–z

AA B C AA B C AA B C

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 460 TA B LE S

Table Ba
CRITICAL VALUES OF t

–tcrit 0 tcrit 0 tcrit

Two-tailed or Nondirectional Test One-tailed or Directional Test

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

a
Discussed in Section 13.2.
* 95% level of confidence.
** 99% level of confidence.

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 Table Ca
CRITICAL VALUES OF F

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FINDING p-VALUE
If observed F is
. . .smaller than light number, p > .05
. . .between light and dark numbers, p < .05
. . .larger than dark number, p < .01

0 tcrit

.05 level of significance (light numbers)

.01 level of significance (dark numbers)
TA B L E S

a
Discussed in Section 16.6.
461

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 462 TA B LE S

CRITICAL VALUES OF F
Table Ca (Continued)

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 TA B L E S 463

CRITICAL VALUES OF F
Table Ca (Continued)

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 464 TA B LE S

CRITICAL VALUES OF F
Table Ca (Continued)

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 TA B L E S 465

Table Da
2
CRITICAL VALUES OF

0 χ 2crit

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

a
Discussed in Section 19.4.

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 466 TA B LE S

Table Ea
CRITICAL VALUES OF MANN–WHITNEY U

a
Discussed in Section 20.3. To be significant, the observed U must equal or be less than the value shown in the table.
Dashes in the table indicate that no decision is possible at the specified level of significance.

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 TA B L E S 467

Table Ea (Continued)
CRITICAL VALUES OF MANN–WHITNEY U

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 468 TA B LE S

Table Fa
CRITICAL VALUES OF WILCOXON T

a
Discussed in Section 20.4. To be significant, the observed T must equal or be less than the value shown in the table.
Dashes in the table indicate that no decision is possible at the specified level of significance.

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 TA B L E S 469

Table Ga
CRITICAL VALUES OF q FOR TUKEY’S HSD TEST

a
Discussed in Section 16.10.

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 470 TA B LE S

a
Table H
RANDOM NUMBERS

a
Discussed in Section 8.4.

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 Important Symbols
Numbers indicate the section where each symbol is introduced and defined.

Greek Letters
level of significance 10.7 population mean of difference scores 15.2
α (alpha) D
probability of a type I error 11.7 (rho) population correlation coefficient 15.9
(beta) probability of a type II error 11.8 ∑ (summation) take the sum of 3.3
2
(eta) squared curvilinear correlation 16.9 (sigma) population standard deviation 4.5
2 2
population variance 4.5
p (partial eta) squared partial curvilinear
correlation 17.8 X standard error of mean 9.5
2
(mu) population mean 3.3 c (phi) squared Cramer’s phi coefficient 19.11
1 2 difference between two population 2
chi-square ratio 19.3
means 14.2

English Letters
CI confidence interval 12.2
D difference between paired scores 15.1
D sample mean of difference scores 15.1
d Cohen’s estimate of effect size 14.9
df number of degrees of freedom 4.6
F F ratio 16.5
Fse F ratio for a simple effect 18.9
f frequency 2.1
sy|x standard error of estimate 7.4
SPxy sum of products 6.5
SS sum of squares 4.5
s sample standard deviation 4.5
sD sample standard deviation of difference
scores 15.5
sx estimated standard error of the mean 13.6
sx x estimated standard error of the difference
1 2

fe expected frequency in a sample 19.3 between two sample means 14.5

sD estimated standard error of the mean difference
fo observed frequency in a sample 19.3
H Kruskal-Wallis H test for ranked data 20.5 scores 15.5
H0 null hypothesis 10.5 s2 sample variance 4.5
H1 alternative hypothesis 10.6 s2p pooled sample variance 14.5
HSD Tukey’s critical value 16.10 T Wilcoxon T test for ranked data 20.4
IQR interquartile range 4.7 t t ratio 13.3
MS mean square 16.5 U Mann-Whitney U test for ranked data 20.3
MSE mean square error 16.12 X any unspecified observation or score 3.3
N population size 3.3 X sample mean 3.3
n sample size 3.3 X1 X 2 difference between two sample
OR odds ratio 19.12 means 14.3
p probability of some outcome given that the null Y a score paired with X 6.2
hypothesis is true 14.6 Y′ predicted score 7.3
Pr( ) probability of the outcome in parentheses 8.7 standard score 5.2
z
r sample correlation coefficient 6.3 z ratio 10.2
r 2 squared correlation coefficient 7.6 z′ transformed standard score 5.7

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 Guidelines for Selecting
the Appropriate Hypothesis Test

TYPE OF DATA
[Are observations numbers?]
NO YES
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

[Are observations cross-classified?] NUMBER OF GROUPS [Are multiple observations

made for same subject?]
NO YES ONE TWO THREE NO YES

One-Variable Two-Variable
F for ANOVA
χ2 Test χ2 Test Repeated-
[Are quantitative
(Ch. 19) (Ch. 19) measures
observations classified
for two factors?] F Test
(Ch. 17)
TWO GROUPS NO YES
[Are quantitative observations paired?] t for one
NO YES sample One-Factor Two-Factor
INDEPENDENT RELATED (Ch. 13) F Test F Test
SAMPLES SAMPLES (Ch. 16) (Ch. 18)

t for two [Are paired observations

independent evaluated for a relationship?]
samples NO YES
(Ch. 14) (DIFFERENCE) (RELATIONSHIP)

t for a
t for two
correlation
related samples
coefficient
(Ch. 15)
(Ch. 15)

[If any assumption is seriously violated

or original observations are ranks . . .]

Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon Kruskal-Wallis

U Test T Test H Test
(Ch. 20) (Ch. 20) (Ch. 20)

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