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DETERMINATION OF POISSON'S RATIO BY MEANS OF RESONANT COLUMN

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ELECTRONIC 2013
Volume 16
JOURNAL OF Issue 3
POLISH
Topic:
AGRICULTURAL Civil Engineering

UNIVERSITIES
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Sas W. , Gabryś K. , Szymański A. 2013. DETERMINATION OF POISSON’S RATIO BY MEANS OF RESONANT COLUMN TESTS, EJPAU 16(3), #03.
Available Online: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume16/issue3/art-03.html

DETERMINATION OF POISSON’S RATIO BY MEANS OF

RESONANT COLUMN TESTS
Wojciech Sas1, Katarzyna Gabryś1, Alojzy Szymański2
1 Laboratory - Water Centre, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
2 Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland

ABSTRACT

In comparison with other basic mechanical properties of soils, Poisson's ratio is regarded as an elastic constant considerably underestimated.
However, there is a significant number of diverse areas in which a proper knowledge of Poisson's ratio or even estimation of its value is required
[6]. This article contains: definition of Poisson's ratio with distinction between static and dynamic, the values of Poisson's ratio for various
materials, simple formulas how to receive this property as well as its applications in soil mechanics. Moreover, two techniques, an uniaxial
loading test and resonant column test, as these which help us to determine the value of Poisson's ratio are briefly presented here. A special
emphasis was placed on the second procedure of finding Poisson's ratio, which means measurements of wave velocities, longitudinal and shear
one, from seismic data. On the basis of the latter methods, laboratory experiments were performed and some exemplary results were included. The
obtained results display the received values of Poisson's ratio and the relationships between Poisson's ratio, elastic modules as well as velocities
of elastic waves.

Key words: Poisson’s ratio, resonant column tests, natural cohesive soils.

INTRODUCTION

In the last forty years, a significant amount of research has been carried out to better understand the mechanical
reaction of soils to dynamic excitations. A variety of laboratory techniques were used for these studies e.g. cyclic
torsional shear tests, cyclic direct simple shear tests, cyclic triaxial tests and resonant column tests. They allowed
researchers to measure above all strain amplitude and frequency of excitation on soil behavior [11].

For proper seismic response analysis as well as soil modeling program, appropriate evaluation of dynamic soils
properties is essential [15]. Two principal parameters in the soil dynamic characteristic are following: dynamic shear
modulus and damping ratio. These parameters are required to set up the Hardin-Drnevich (1972) [7] model, which
describes the stress-strain relationship [11].

To evaluate dynamic properties of soils the resonant column test is applied. The basic principle of this kind of test is to
vibrate a cylindrical soil sample in an elemental mode of vibration: torsion or flexure. Historically it has been used to
estimate small-strain shear modulus (Gmax), small-strain material damping (Dmin) as well as the relationship between
shear modulus (G), material damping (D) and shear strain (g) in soils and rocks. Resonant column tests are performed to
better understand a mechanisms affecting stiffness [8].

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One of the advantages of these tests is the possibility of determination of Poisson's ratio, so called dynamic Poisson's
ratio (nd). In ASTM E 132 [2] the value of Poisson's ratio (static, ns) is obtained from strains resulting from uniaxial
stress only. Whereas here, in resonant column apparatus, the knowledge of shear wave velocity (Vs) and longitudinal
wave velocity in a bounded medium (Vrod) is essential. The importance of this mechanical parameter has not been
appreciated as much as it deserves since the value of it reported for rocks and soils vary in a narrow range. The use of
typical or even approximate values in most soil mechanics applications does not create any significant problems.
Poisson's ratio plays an undeniably important role in the elastic deformation of soils subjected to static or dynamic
stresses. Moreover, its effect becomes known in a wide variety of rock and soil engineering applications, consequently,
information about various aspects of Poisson's ratio can be truly beneficial [6].

This article aims to show how Poisson's ratio with the aid of resonant column apparatus can be obtained, especially in
the range of small strains. First, the definition of this interesting parameter is presented and later its importance in
mechanics is emphasized. Then, the laboratory equipment useful for determination of Poisson's ratio is summarized,
with the particular accent put on the resonant column. Also, some exemplary results are included, which display the
received values of Poisson's ratio and the relationships between Poisson's ratio, elastic modules as well as velocities of
elastic waves.

POISSON'S RATIO IN SOIL MECHANICS

Numerous definitions of Poisson's ratio can be found in the literature, but many of them miss completeness. Plainly,
Poisson's ratio (n) is the negative of ratio of transversal strain to the axial strain in an elastic material, which is subjected
to an uniaxial stress [11]. When a sample object is squeezed or stretched to a contraction or an extensions in the
direction of applied load, it agrees with a contraction/extension in a perpendicular direction to the applied load.
Poisson's ratio is exactly the ratio between these two quantities. In mechanics of deformable bodies exists so called the
"Poisson's effect". This phenomenon is, when a material compressed in one direction, it tends to expand in
perpendicular directions to the direction of compression. Poisson's ratio is a degree of the Poisson's effect; is the ratio of
the percent of expansion divided by the percent of compression. In a converse manner, if the material is stretched rather
than compressed, it tends mostly to contract in the directions transverse to this one of stretching. And here, Poisson's
ratio will be the ratio of relative contraction to relative stretching, with the same value as above. Sometimes however, a
sample can actually shrink in the transverse course while compressed, or expand when stretched. This situation will
yield a negative value of Poisson's ratio [12].

Isotropic, stable, linear elastic materials have the value of Poisson's ratio from the range of -1,0 to 0,5 because of the
requirement that shear modulus (G), Young's modulus (E) and bulk modulus (K) have positives values. For most
materials n varies between 0,0 and 0,5. It is generally assumed that a perfectly incompressible material, which is
elastically deformed at small strains, has Poisson's ratio exactly 0,5. Steel and rigid polymers, usually while used within
their design limits, before yield, show values of n about 0,3, raising up to 0,5 for post-yield deformation. Poisson's ratio
for rubber is nearly 0,5, however for cork close to 0. There are some substances with negative Poisson's ratio; when
they are stretched in one course, whereas they become thicker in perpendicular. What is more, there are some
anisotropic materials with one or even more Poisson's ratio above value 0,5 in some directions [3, 13, 14].

Poisson's ratio, assuming stretching or compressing the material along the axial ‘x’ direction, can be easily calculated
from the formula:

(1)

where: n – resulting Poisson's ratio,

etrans – transverse strain (for axial tension negative, for axial compression positive),
eaxial – axial strain (for axial tension positive, for axial compression negative).

In Table 1 the values of Poisson's ratio for some significant materials are listed.

Table 1. Poisson's ratio values for different materials [23]

Material Poisson's ratio
rubber ≈0.5
gold 0.42
saturated clay 0.40–0.50
magnesium 0.35
titanium 0.34
copper 0.33
aluminium-alloy 0.33
clay 0.30–0.45

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stainless steel 0.30–0.31

steel 0.27–0.30
cast iron 0.21–0.26
sand 0.20–0.45
concrete 0.2
glass 0.18–0.30
foam 0.10–0.40
cork ≈0.00

For elastic and isotropic soils, some parameters that depend, among others, on Poisson's ratio can be expressed as
follows:

(2)

(3)

(4)

where: E – Young's modulus,

G – shear modulus,
K – bulk modulus.

Also, the ratio of wave velocities, shear (VS) to longitudinal (VP), in an isotropic solid with an infinite extent, can be
formulated:

(5)

where: nd – dynamic Poisson's ratio, which may be different than that one received from static tests.

Additionally, the ratio (a) of wave velocities, Rayleigh (VR) to shear (VS), depends only on the value of Poisson's ratio
of the substance. It can be calculated from the following equation [6]:

(6)

Generally, Poisson's ratio is a mechanical property that plays a significant role in the deformation of elastic materials. It
can be used to predict, for example, the geomechanical behaviour during the drilling process of wells, as well as the
following recovery processes. Sand production, well instability and hydraulic fracturing are widely affected by strength
parameters, which consequently might relate to its magnitude [10]. The volume changes of reservoir caused by the
injection or the production, the subsequent uplift of the surface or the subsidence could be substantial [20]. Numerical
modelling requires the value of Poisson's ratio as input in order to forecast their influence on surface installations and
wells. Therefore, it is essential to make reasonable predictions with the aim of obtain the successful oilfield operations.

LABORATORY TESTS

In the main, there are two methods to determine Poisson's ratio. The first one is an uniaxial loading test. Thanks to this
research, the negative of the ratio of radial strain to axial strain can be computed, which is described as static Poisson's
ratio (ns). The second way of defining Poisson's ratio is by measurement of wave velocities, longitudinal and shear one,
from seismic data, and then calculation of dynamic Poisson's ratio (nd). Determination of n by means of wave velocity
has more advantages compared to the first technique. Above all, velocity measurements are believed to be
non-destructive to the specimen. Furthermore, the plenty of dynamic Poisson's ratio methods reduces the possibility of
risk of incorrect predictions or inferences from data points. The value of dynamic Poisson's ratio, however, might be
considerably different from the value of static Poisson's ratio [20, 21].

Calculation of Poisson's ratio, as well as elastic modulus, during the uniaxial compression can be made from
measurements of axial deformations and strains, and either radial deformations or circumferential strains. Because of
the inherent natural variability of soils and rocks, it is necessary for a number of replicate tests to be performed. The
minimum number of tests is usually at least 5, although it has been shown that 10 tests would be required to be fully

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confident of knowing the properties of a material with a coefficient of variation of 20%.

In an uniaxial strain test (UXE) the lateral confinement is continuously adjusted to maintain zero circumferential strain
as the axial load is increased. Alternatively, the sample is placed in a "rigid" cylinder, which prevents lateral
displacements. This test is typically applied to soils, as a replacement for an unconfined compression test, that is
inappropriate for most soils; they have almost no strength without some confinement. UXE is a very useful test for
characterizing rocks and concrete, especially if a cap type model is used for the constitutive model [18].

The method of resonant column test was developed in 1930s by Japanese engineer K. Iida [5]. It became worldwide
popular since 1950s. Firstly, Ishimoto and Iida [5] elaborated on both theory and a device for resonant column tests on
soils, in which loading frequency at maximum response was employed to calculate elastic properties of examined
materials. Generally, this technique consists in application of cyclic force to a soil sample at various frequencies. The
specimen's dynamic response to used force is measured in terms of acceleration and/or velocity. Velocity and
acceleration only at high frequencies are large enough to be assessed, in order to obtain a precise measurement of small
deformations. Modifications of loading frequency allow to receive the variation of amplification in amplitude of
response and create the graph that shows differences in amplitudes against frequency [19].

The resonant column apparatus applied by the authors of this paper in their laboratory researches (fig. 1) was developed
by a British company, i.e. GDS Instruments Ltd., as an example of Hardin-Drnevich device, projected in configuration
"fixed-free". A single soil sample is located in the triaxial chamber and is fixed at the bottom. At the top, the specimen is
subjected to two types of vibrations: torsional and flexural. These vibrations are caused by the electromagnetic drive
system, which is composed by the set of four magnets and four coils. By applying the idea of wave propagation to
torsion or flexure of a solid cylinder with a top mass, a theoretical value of resonant (natural) frequency is detected. By
equating the theoretical and experimental resonant frequencies, for example, the shear modulus (G) can be determined
[4, 17].

Fig. 1. Photography of the GDS Resonant Column Apparatus

The resonant column technique can be used with success as well for the analysis of dynamic Poisson's ratio. To define
nd, seismic wave measurements are needed. In this paper, two types of this kind of measurements are presented: shear
waves (S) and longitudinal waves (P), narrowly longitudinal wave velocity in a bounded medium (Vrod). Shear wave
velocity and longitudinal wave velocity in a bounded medium are related among them by the Poisson's effect, which is
analytically expressed by dynamic Poisson's ratio, according to the equation [5]:

(7)

Longitudinal wave velocity in a bounded medium is defined by the following calculation:

(8)

where: Eflex – Young's modulus for flexural excitation, estimated based on the geometric
properties of the specimen and apparatus with the measurement of the resonant frequency of flexural vibration,
r – bulk density.

Shear wave velocity is determined from:

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(9)

where: f – natural frequency of sample as found from the resonant column test,
l – sample length,
b – parameter depends on quotient of mass polar moment of inertia of soil specimen
(I) and mass polar moment of inertia of resonant column drive system (I0).

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The experimental program was carried out in natural cohesive soils from the Warsaw area, taken from the test side
located near the planned express route (S2), between its two nodes "Konotopa-Lotnisko". The testing material was
selected carefully considering the uniformity of the soils structure, its physical properties and its double-phase. Grain
size distribution of the samples is shown in Fig. 2 and the essential basic physical properties in Table 2.

Fig. 2. Soil grain size distribution curve for analysed specimens

Table 2. Basic physical properties of analysed specimens

Water Dry
SpecificdensityBulkdensity PorosityLiquidlimitPlasticitylimitPlasticityindexLiquidityindex
content bulkdensity
Soiltype
w rs r rd e LL LP PI LI
% Mg×m -3 Mg×m -3 Mg×m -3 – % % % –
clSa 14 2.71 1.93 1.69 0.38 33.51 14.5 19.01 -0.033

Based on equation (9) with previously found values of resonant frequency from the resonant column test, shear wave
velocities of three tested specimens were calculated. Samples varied from each other with the value of mean effective
stress (p') maintained during the whole experimental procedure. For the first one p' was equal to 45 kPa, for the second
p'=85 kPa, for the last p'=100 kPa. Assuming that Vrod=8,25E+05 m/s and using the formula (7), requested values of
dynamic Poisson's ratio were deliberated. Tables 3, 4 and 5 indicate not only the results of determination of VS and nd,
but also the specimens' dynamic stiffness, represented here by shear modulus (G) and Young's modulus (E), as well as
shearing strain (γ) and P-wave velocity (VP).

Table 3. Dynamic Poisson's ratio computed for the first sample

fn Vs Vp n G E g
Output amplitude
[Hz] [m/s] [m/s] [-] [MPa] [MPa] [%]
0.1V 201.5 429.0 687.7 0.196 345 913 3.45E+04

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0.2V 200.8 421.4 691.4 0.204 343 923 3.43E+04

0.3V 195.8 410.9 728.6 0.257 330 1025 3.30E+04
0.4V 194.7 408.6 640.5 0.281 322 1058 3.22E+04
0.5V 193.5 406.1 755.7 0.297 318 1102 3.18E+04
0.6V 191.7 402.3 784.4 0.322 312 1188 3.12E+04
0.7V 180.7 379.3 2410.5 0.407 278 11000 2.78E+04
0.8V 180.1 378.0 5097.4 0.497 278 50000 2.78E+04

Table 4. Dynamic Poisson's ratio computed for the second sample

fn Vs Vp n G E g
Output amplitude
[Hz] [m/s] [m/s] [-] [MPa] [MPa] [%]
0.1V 200.0 418.3 700.6 0.223 338 947 3.38E+04
0.2V 198.2 414.5 713.2 0.245 332 982 3.32E+04
0.3V 198.6 415.4 710.1 0.240 333 973 3.33E+04
0.4V 198.1 414.3 714.0 0.246 331 984 3.31E+04
0.5V 193.0 403.7 775.5 0.263 315 1162 3.15E+04
0.6V 195.0 407.8 745.1 0.286 321 1071 3.21E+04
0.7V 194.3 406.4 754.1 0.335 319 1098 3.19E+04
0.8V 185.8 388.6 1028.0 0.417 291 2039 2.91E+04
0.9V 181.6 379.8 2089.7 0.483 278 8428 2.78E+04

Table 5. Dynamic Poisson's ratio computed for the third sample

fn Vs Vp n G E g
Output amplitude
[Hz] [m/s] [m/s] [-] [MPa] [MPa] [%]
0.1V 204.8 428.3 677.0 0.146 354 885 3.54E+04
0.2V 204.3 427.2 678.8 0.172 352 889 3.52E+04
0.3V 204.6 427.8 677.7 0.199 353 886 3.53E+04
0.4V 201.3 421.0 692.5 0.207 342 926 3.42E+04
0.5V 196.9 411.7 724.9 0.262 327 1014 3.27E+04
0.6V 184.8 386.4 1120.8 0.433 288 2424 2.88E+04

Analysing all of Tables, it is simply noticeable, that the values of n are comparable with the literature results (e.g.
Amaral et al. 2011) and fit into the typical averages for sand and clay pointed out in the Table 1. Furthermore, the
increase of wave amplitude causes the proper raise in the value of Poisson's ratio (Fig. 3). A similar trend of changes can
be observed with regard to P-wave velocity (Fig. 4), while the opposite is the case, when n is a function of S-wave
velocity (Fig. 5), as expected due to Eqn. (5). Herein, the increase of shear wave velocity induces the decease of
Poisson's ratio. For dynamic properties of examined materials and their relationship with Poisson's ratio two figures
were created (Fig. 6 & 7). These figures show the course of the surface illustrating the mathematical model, selected
from a number of models analyzed in the program Table Curve 3D v4.0. Chosen models have the following forms:

(10)

where: a=391.04416; b=-0.0072874831; c=-2.8318636; d=-1.6540359; e=-875.37544;

f=8.8770674e-06; g=0.0030992826; h=0.33988048; i=474.92468; j=-0.00095073044; k=1.2740366

(11)

where: a=823.554; b=-0.055844629; c=-6530.1298; d=16305.993; e=-12847.447;

f=-6.0596239-05; g=-8.2772918; h=21.984833; i=-18.843508

The functions (10) and (11) indicate some relationship between elastic modulus (shear modulus and Young's modulus)
and mean effective stress (p') as well as Poisson's ratio (n). The coefficient of determination (R2) for both models
amounts 0.98 for function (10) and 0.99 for (11), adjusted R2 has the value 0.96 for model (10) 0.99 for model (11).

As the last, association between n and γ is presented (Fig. 8). Modifications in the value of shearing strain cause changes
in the value of Poisson's ratio.

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Fig. 3. Change of Poisson's ratio as a function of wave amplitude

Fig. 4. Change of Poisson's ratio as a function of P-wave velocity

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Fig. 5. Change of Poisson's ratio as a function of S-wave velocity

Fig. 6. The course of the surface by the model (10) showing the relationship between shear modulus, Poisson's ratio
and mean effective stress

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Fig. 7. The course of the surface by the model (11) showing the relationship between Young's modulus, Poisson's
ratio and mean effective stress

Fig. 8. Poisson's ratio as a function of shearing strain

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This article is dedicated to the methods of determination of Poisson's ratio, which is considered as an important
mechanical property. Conventionally, there are two techniques to define this parameter and both are shortly described
here. Greater emphasis was placed on the second procedure of finding n, which means measurements of wave
velocities, longitudinal and shear one, from seismic data. Resonant column tests were used as the latter method of
computing Poisson's ratio. By means of simple formulas and the knowledge about resonant frequency of samples, shear
wave velocity and longitudinal wave velocity in a bounded medium it was possible to estimate the desired parameter.

Calculations were based on the studies carried on natural cohesive soils from Warsaw area. Results are summarized in
tables as well as on graphs.

From the data presented in this paper the following conclusions may be drawn:

It is possible to estimate fair values of Poisson's ratio using resonant column technique. Poisson's ratio can be correlated
with other soil's parameters. For analysed materials, Poisson's ratio varies directly with wave amplitude and its velocities

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as well as with shearing strain. To estimate elastic modulus (shear modulus or Young's modulus) the empirical formulas
proposed by the authors can be used. The suggested models are based on the knowledge of two parameters: mean
effective stress and Poisson's ratio. This observation raises the importance of Poisson's ratio and thus extends its
applicability.

The method of determination of Poisson's ratio proposed in the article obviously requires further researches and
verification of the obtained results. In order to find some practical application in geotechnics, it seems to be necessary a
conversion of dynamic Poisson's ratio to static one.

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Accepted for print: 20.08.2013

Wojciech Sas
Laboratory - Water Centre,
Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
Phone: + 48 22 59 35401
email: wojciech_sas@sggw.pl

Katarzyna Gabryś
Laboratory - Water Centre,
Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
Phone: + 48 22 59 35401
email: katarzyna_gabrys@sggw.pl

Alojzy Szymański
Department of Geotechnical Engineering,
Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Poland
Nowoursynowska Str. 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
Phone: + 48 22 59 35401
email: alojzy_szymanski@sggw.pl

Responses to this article, comments are invited and should be submitted within three months of the publication of the article. If

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2015-05-14 12:10