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Design of Surplus Weir PDF
Design of Surplus Weir PDF
WEIR
Types of Weirs:
Weirs are classified according to:
1. Types of Weirs based on Shape of the Opening
•Rectangular weir
•Triangular weir
•Trapezoidal weir
2. Types of Weirs based on Shape of the Crest
•Sharp-crested weir
•Broad- crested weir
•Narrow-crested weir
•Ogee-shaped weir
3. Types of weirs based on Effect of the sides on the
emerging nappe
•Weir with end contraction (contracted weir)
•Weir without end contraction (suppressed weir)
Classification Based on Shape of Opening
Rectangular weir:
•It is a standard shape of weir. The top edge of weir may be sharp crested or narrow crested.
•It is generally suitable for larger flowing channels.
Triangular weir:
•The shape of the weir is actually reverse triangle like V. so, it is also
called V-notch weir.
•This type of weirs are well suitable for measuring discharge over
small flows with greater accuracy.
Trapezoidal weir:
•Trapezoidal weir is also called as Cippoletti weir. This is
trapezoidal in shape and is the modification of rectangular
weir with slightly higher capacity for same crest strength.
•The sides are inclined outwards with a slope 1:4
(horizontal : vertical)
Classification according to shape of the crest:
Sharp-crested weir
•The crest of the weir is very sharp such that the water will
springs clear of the crest.
•The weir plate is bevelled at the crest edges to obtain
necessary thickness. And weir plate should be made of
smooth metal which is free from rust and nicks.
•Flow over sharp-crested weir is similar as rectangular weir.
Broad-crested weir:
•These are constructed only in rectangular shape and are
suitable for the larger flows.
•Head loss will be small in case of broad crested weir.
Narrow-crested weir:
•It is similar to rectangular weir with narrow shaped crest
at the top.
•The discharge over narrow crested weir is similar to
discharge over rectangular weir.
Ogee-shaped weir:
•Generally ogee shaped weirs are provided for the
spillway of a storage dam.
•The crest of the ogee weir is slightly rises and falls into
parabolic form.
•Flow over ogee weir is also similar to flow over
rectangular weir.
DESIGN STEPS
• 1. Hydraulic Design
• 2. Structural Design
SURPLUS WEIR
• IT SHOULD BE EMPLOYED ONLY WHEN THERE IS INSUFFICIENT AVAILABLE HYDROLOGIC INFORMATION FOR PERFORMING
THE DETAILED AND PRECISE ANALYSIS.
• DICKEN (1885) MADE THE FIRST ATTEMPT IN INDIA TO DERIEVE A GENERAL FORMULA FOR DETERMINING THE
MAXIMUM FLOOD ON THE BASIS OF STUDIES CONDUCTED FOR DETERMINING THE RELATION BETWEEN DISCHARGE RATE
TO DRAINAGE AREA.
• Q=C A(3/4)
where,
Q=PEAK FLOW RATE
C,(3/4)=REGRESSION CONSTANT
A=AREA OF DRAINAGE(km2)
(b)RYVE’S FORMULA
• RYVE’S MODIFIED DICKEN’S FORMULA TO SUIT SOUTH INDIAN CONDITIONS FOR AREAS
WITHIN 25 km FROM THE COAST, BETWEEN 25 TO 175 km FROM THE COAST, AND FOR
LIMITED AREAS NEAR THE HILL
• Q=C A 2/3
• THE VALUE OF CONSTANT VARIES WIDELY BEING 6.8 IN FLAT TRACTS ALONG THE COAST AND
ABOUT 42.4 IN THE WESTERN GHAT REGION.
(c) MODIFIED REGIONAL FLOOD
FORMULAE
• KUMAR ET AL. (1999) DEVELOPED A METHODOLOGY WHICH MODIFY THE FORM OF THE EMPIRICAL FORMULA.
• QT=CT Ab
CT = REGIONAL PARAMETERS
QT =FLOOD OF T-YEAR RETURN PERIOD
A=CACHMENT AREA
b = TO BE ESTIMATED FOR REGION USING REGRESSION.
RATIONAL FORMULA
• IT IS MOST WIDELY USED FOR THE ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF RESPONSE FROM SMALL CATCHMENT
• THIS METHOD TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE FOLLOWING HYDROLOGICAL CHRACTERISTICS OR PROCESSES
(a) RAINFALL INTENSITY
(b) RAINFALL DURATION
(c) RAINFALL FREQUENCY
(d) CATCHMENT AREA
(e) HYDROLOGIC ABSTRACTIONS
(f) RUNOFF CONCENTRATION
(g) RUNOFF DIFFUSION
THE REQUIREMENT OF THE RATIONAL METHOD IS THAT THE CACHMENT BE SMALL .
FOLLOWING STEPS ARE INVOLVED IN THIS METHOD
ii. OBTAIN THE RAINFALL INTENSITY FOR THE DESIRED DURATION AND FREQUENCY FROM THE
APPROPRIATE INTENSITY-DURATION-FREQUENCY CURVE.
Qp= C I A
FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
• THE CURVE CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE THE RETURN PERIOD FOR THE CORRESPONDING MAGNITUDE OF FLOOD.
UNIT HYDROGRAPH APPROACH
• UNIT HYDROGRAPH IS DEFINED AS THE HYDROGRAPH OF SURFACE RUNOFF OF A CACHMENT AREA RESULTING FROM
UNIT DEPTH OF RAINFALL EXCESS.
The most important factor that affects the hydraulic jump is the
initial Froude number F1. 1 1 V F gD = in which V1 is the
longitudinal average velocity at the initial section, g is the
acceleration due to gravity and D is the hydraulic mean depth
(ratio of area of flow at free surface width).
Type of Jump Froude Number Remarks
Critical flow F 1 =1 Wavy surface ,
celerity c =sqrt(gy)
Undular jump 1 < F1<1.7 Undulations on the
surface
Weak jump 1.7 < F1 <2.5 Small rollers, No
baffles.
Oscillating Jump 2.5 < F1< 4.5 No periodicity. Rip
rap may get
damaged. Canal drops,
difficult to handle.
Steady jump 4.5 < F1< 9.0 Position, is sensitive to
variation of Tail Water,
Efficiency is 45 to 70 %.
Strong Jump F1 > 9.0 Efficiency is 85 %