5th Paper Important

Growth of Telivision

IN INDIA : Television came to India on September 15, 1959 with experimental transmission from
Delhi. It was a modest beginning with a makeshift studio and low power transmitter.The objective was to
find out what it can achieve in community development and formal education. The funding of $20,000
and equipment was offered by United States.One hundred and eighty teleclubs were set up within the
range of 40 Kilometers of transmitter. Every club was provided with a television set by UNESCO. All
India Radio provided the engineering and the programme professionals. The Akashvani Auditorium was
converted into the studio from where the regular programmes of Indian TV were put on the air although
the first experimental programmes were telecast from a makeshift studio in Akashvani Bhavan.

The service itself was also known as a Pilot project, aided by UNESCO, because the programmes, put out
on mere two days a week, was intended to be experimental in nature to test the efficacy of television
medium in carrying relevant and useful messages of social education to the power section of society.

In 1961 television programmes for teachers were started. A daily one hour service with a news bulletin
was started in 1965 including entertainment programmes. In 1967 rural programmes and Krishi Darshan
were started for farmers in 80 village teleclubs in Delhi and Haryana.

In 1972 TV services were extended to a second city Mumbai. By 1975 Calcutta, Chennai, Srinagar,
Amritsar and Lucknow also had TV stations. In 1975-76 the satellite Instructional Television Experiment
brought TV to 2,400 villages in the most in accessible and the least developed areas for one year.

From 1976, television was separated from All India Radio and constituted a new body under a new
banner called as Doordarshan. At present, Doordarshan is one of the media units of the Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.

In 1982, a regular satellite link between Delhi and other transmitters was established to facilitate the
introduction of the National Programme. With this the era of fast expansion of TV services through low
power transmitters was also heralded. The following are some other land marks in the history of
Doordarshan:
1976 Jan. 1 Commercials on TV
1976 April 1 Doordarshan separated from All India Radio and given a separate banner – Doordarshan
1982 Aug. 15 Colour TV introduced
1984 July 15 First Mass Appeal Programme – Humlog
1984 Nov. 19 Second channel at Delhi
1986 Aug 9 First Regional network.
1993 April 1 the Metro entertainment channel.
1993 Aug. 15 Five DD Satellite channels
1994 Aug. 15 Major restructure – DD-1 to DD-13.

At present, Doordarshan telecasts programmes on nineteen channels. These channels supplement and
complement each other. DD-1 is the primary channel, the flag-ship of Doordarshan.
 The Programmes are addressed to the entire country. There are three components in these
programmes – National, Regional and Local. The National and Higher Education TV programmes are
relayed by all territorial DD-1 transmitters.
The regional component is separate for each state and is mainly in the language of that state. The
metro entertainment channel targets at urban viewers, particularly younger age groups.
These programmes are relayed in 46 cities. DD 3 is a composite service and telecasts three
feature films each day, covers sports in the evenings and puts out a composite programme of culture,
current affairs and business news in prime time.
DD-4 to DD-13 channels is ten Regional language channels. Each channel telecasts two types of
programmes. The Regional service and additional entertainment programmes, DD-14 to DD-17 telecast
the programmes for four Hindi speaking states.
DD India has 18 hours of programmes. It is accessible in more than half the world. DD-CNNI is a
channel of news and current affairs.
Commercial advertisements were introduced on Doordarshan in January 1976 and sponsorships
of programmes were allowed in 1984.
The popular programmes of Doordarshan created for the first time a national market for consumer
goods which could be reached by manufacturers with limited resources. Doordarshan continues to be the
most effective medium for advertising at minimum cost.
The major coverage’s of Doordarshan (1997) include world cup cricket matches, exit poll
telecast, the confidence vote, union and state budgets, Olympics-96, Miss Universe Pageant, Rathyatra,
natural calamities of airplane crash in Haryana, cyclones in Andhra Pradesh, fire accident in Orissa and so
on.
Salient features of reports and recommendations of working group committees and projects.
IN NORTH EAST

In comparison to pan Indian television scenario, Assam was also not an exception to the
monopoly rule of Doordarshan till 2004. The regional television industry in Assam is very
young. As the Indian skies opened up, among the regional television networks, the state of
Tamilnadu is one of the first states to launch regional television channels owned by the political
class in 1993. It was only in 2004, when Assam in particular and Northeast India in general got
the first private satellite channel of northeastern India which covers and connects all the Eight
states of the region called Northeast Television (NE TV). It is also the first earth station and
teleport of the northeast India. And for the next four years NE TV was the lone private player in
the television networks in Assam. It was post 2008 when Assam witnessed an unparalleled
growth of television channels one after another either owned directly or indirectly by political
and business groups. In this chapter, we intend not to focus on the genre or types of programme
or audience or nature of publics rather concentrate more on mapping the regional television
channels and look at the way they function and perform. The following are the regional private
television channels of Assam: 1.

Northeast Television
: Owned by the Positiv Television Pvt. Ltd (PTPL) and launched in 2004 offers a mix of
entertainment, news and current affairs in good proportion.
a.NE Hifi
: It is a general entertainment channel launched in 2005 which endeavor to explore and embody
the culture of the pristine northeastern region.
b.NE Bangla
: Launched in 2004, it is a Bengali language 24 x 7 news channel
c. Focus TV
: Launched in 2009, it is a medium with a focus on women. It also play the role of a socially
conscious and responsible family news, current affairs and infotainment channel.
d.Hamar TV
: Launched in 2009, this television channel gave recognition to the richness of Bhojpuri language
and a celebration of Bhojpuri culture. It also attempts to unravel the history, colour, renditions,
glamour and the power of the Bhojpuri heritage
e.HY TV

: The 6th channel of the PTPL group, is headquartered in Hyderabad and launched in 2009 caters
to the cosmopolitan population in South India. It has news, current affairs and infotainment
programs in Hindi, English and Urdu languages. NE Television also reaches to the NRI
communities through it various programs.

2. Newslive

: It is 24 - hour satellite TV news and infotainment channel headquartered in Guwahati and

launched in early 2008. It is a project of Pride East Entertainment Pvt. Ltd. The channel
broadcast programs in Assamese and English language.

a)Rang TV: This is an Assamese language general entertainment channel of the same group with
Newslive

b)Ramdhenu (means Rainbow in English): This is a television channel specializing in music of

Northeast India. It was launched in October 2011. It claimed to be the first satellite music
television channel of Northeast. The channel broadcast in Assamese and other NE languages.

3. DY 365 : This satellite news channel was launched in October 2008. It is owned by
Brahmaputra Tele Productions Pvt. Ltd. The channel broadcast news, current affairs and
entertainment programs in Assamese, English Hindi and Bengali languages. Though this channel
provides infotainment programs similar to Newslive yet it is not portrayed to be under the genre
of news and infotainment unlike Newslive in their official website. They claim to be ‘

With the people with their issues’.

4.Frontier TV
: This is a multilingual satellite TV News and Current affairs channel based in Guwahati. The
channel broadcast programs in Assamese, English Hindi and Bengali languages. The tagline of
this channel is: ‘ Fast, Fair and Fearless

5.Prime News:

This is a 24 x 7 infotainment satellite channel based in Guwahati.

6. News Time Assam

: Launched in 2010 this satellite television news channel is a media and entertainment wing of
the famed Rose Valley group. 7.

7.News Network

: With the tagline of ‘ News you can rely on’ this private television news channel was launched
in August 2011.

8. Prag Channel

: The latest addition to the basket of the private channels television networks of Assam is Prag
channel in October 2012. This is the first private cable based television channel in Northeast
India which transformed itself to a satellite channel. With a population of 31,169, 272

people Assam have nearly eight private television channels accommodating the interest of
various linguistic population of the state. Watching television is a social activity.

Henceforth the Assamese television networks too gained importance because of the way in
which it was localized. They gave people news about themselves. And the way the language and
the visuals are used gained popularity because the ordinary Assamese people could recognize,
understand and enjoy.

Growth of RADIO

In India
In India, as early as August 1921, The Times of India in collaboration with the Post and Telegraph
Department broadcasted a special programme from its Bombay office. This was at the request of Sir
George Llyod, Governor, who listened to the programme in Pune.
The first radio programme in India was broadcast by the Radio Club of Bombay in June 1923. It was
followed by the setting up of a broadcasting service that began broadcasting in India in June 1927 on an
experimental basis at Bombay and Calcutta simultaneously under an agreement between Government of
India and a private company called the Indian Broadcasting Company Limited.
After that the development of broadcasting in India proceeded with many ups and downs and in climate
of much uncertainty. Improvements in technology also supported the change. The transistor was invented
during World War II. This made hand sized radio and on the go listening possible and an important car
radio for driving listeners. In 1930, Indian Broadcasting Company handed over Bombay station to the
Government and it was renamed the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS).
Industries started operating them as the Indian State Broadcasting Corporation. The Corporation came to
be called the All India Radio in 1936, and it was controlled by the Department of Communications. In
1947, All India Radio (AIR) was made a separate department under the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting.
When India became independent the AIR network had only six stations located at Delhi, Bombay,
Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow and Tiruchirapalli with a total complement of 18 transmitters.
Six on the medium wave and the rest on short wave were confined to urban limits of these cities. As
against a mere 2,75,000 receiving sets at the time of Independence, today there are about 180 million
estimated radio sets in the country. Now the broadcast scenario has drastically changed with 177
broadcasting centres, including 65 local radio stations, covering nearly cent percent country’s population.
According to AIR 1995, there are 104 million estimated radio households and 111 million radio sets.
AIR is a government-owned, semi-commercial operation of the Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting. The AIR network had expanded by the mid- 1990s to around 146 AM stations along with a
National Channel, the Integrated North-East Service that aimed at reaching out to the tribal groups in
northeast India and the External Services.
There are five regional headquarters for the All India Radio. The government-owned network of Indian
radio provides both national and local programmes in Hindi, English, and the regional languages.
Commercial radio services in India started in 1967 with the Vividh Bharati service which has its
headquarters at Mumbai.
There are special broadcasts for special audiences, such as farrrters needing agro-climatic, plant
protection, and other agriculture-related information. News, features, and entertainment programmes are
mainly broadcast, and the target audiences include the listeners in neighbouring countries and the large
overseas Indian community.
Until now AIR has been fully owned, controlled and run by the central government but now with the
implementation of Prasar Bharti Bill All India Radio will operate independently having different nature of
control by the government. Before 1976, television constituted a part of the All India Radio.

After that, it was separated from AIR and constituted into a new body and under a new banner
Doordarshan. Now All India Radio is also called in the name of Akashvani like television is called
Doordarshan.
Radio is one of the media units of the Ministry of Information and broadcasting. Today AIR has 105
regional stations, 65 local stations, three Vividh Bharti broadcasting centres, and 3 relay centres and one
auxiliary centre.
The important point to be noted is that while AIR made a substantial contribution to the popularization of
Indian classical music and light-classical music, brought literature in various Indian languages to the
people’s doorsteps and promoted an Indian consciousness and national unity, it has remained a state
monopoly.
The FM broadcasting in India began in 1977 in Madras (now, Chennai). Till the 1990s, the All India
Radio was all that the Indian audiences had. But private broadcasters emerged, especially in Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata, Goa and Chennai, and this resulted in the emergence of private FM slots.
These were soon followed by stations in Hyderabad, Jaipur and Lucknow. Over time, the number of
private players dwindled and Radio City, Radio Mirchi and Red FM were among the few that managed to
sustain themselves. These channels are almost exclusively devoted to pop and film music.

In Assam
The Guwahati Station traces its origin to the Shillong Guwahati Station of All India Radio. During those
days Shillong was the administrative capital of undivided Assam. The Guwahati Station started its service
from the beautiful Commissioners Bungalow located on the bank of the Brahmaputra at Uzanbazar Ghat.
The then Premier of Assam Shri Gopinath Bordoloi had allocated the Bidhan Sabha Bhawan at Shillong
and the Commissioner Bungalow at Guwahati for setting up the Shillong Guwahati Station temporarily.
From the middle of April 1948, Programme Executive Late U.L.Barua (later Director General of All India
Radio) and staff artiste Late Purushottam Das of the Calcutta Station had started working in Shillong and
Guwahati respectively. To facilitate the inauguration of the station on the 1st of July 1948, Dr. Bhupen
Hazarika , Late Phani Talukdar and Late Birendra Kumar Phukan were given temporary appointment on
1st of June 1948 as Programme Assistant. Late Mehera Masani was the first Station Director of the
Station. She along with the team mentioned above, did all the preliminary work and the Shillong
Guwahati Station of All India Radio started its broadcast from the 1st of July 1948. The formal
inauguration of Studios was done by the Premier Gopinath Bordoloi in Shillong and Maulana Mohmad
Tayabullah in Guwahati.

Post inauguration regular interview was conducted and along with Dr.Bhupan Hazarika, Phani Talukdar
and Birendra Kumar Phukan, Satyaprasad Barua, Syed Abdul Malik, Rosonara Khatun, Narayan
Bezbarua, Ranjan Bora and Mrigendra Nath Roychoudhury were given regular appointment at the station.

In the beginning the Station had two transmissions daily. The morning transmission was of one and the
half hour duration with programmes commencing from 7.00 am and continuing up to 8.30 am. The
evening transmission was from 5.00 pm to 9.15 pm for duration of 4 hours 15 minutes. Initially the
station was broadcasting its programme from two studios one in Shillong and one in Guwahati through a
1 KW MW Transmitter. Both, the Shillong Studio and the Guwahati Studio were headed by an Assistant
Station Director each. The Station Director who sat at Shillong was the overall head of the Shillong
Guwahati Station. The two units were connected by a telephone line. In 1953 the power of the station was
increased with the installation of a 10 KW MW Transmitter at Jalukbari. As a result the station was able
to increase its coverage area to Kamrup, Nagaon and other nearby districts.

Popular programmes of today like ‘Goya Raijor Anusthan’ (Rural Programme), ‘Aideur Buloni’
(Women’s Programme) and ‘Akonir Mel’ (Children’s Programme) traces their origin to those early days
of broadcasting. Two other popular programme, in those early days of broadcasting, were the ‘Weekly
Radio Drama’ programme and the fortnightly’ Musical Feature’ programme. The first musical feature
programme broadcast by the station was the Musical Feature ‘Asomiya Maat’ by Dr. Bhupen Hazarika.

In 1953 The Headquarter of the Shillong-Guwahati Station was shifted from Shillong to Guwahati. The
month of May in 1957 the station shifted to its permanent campus at Chandmari. In 1958 the power of the
station was augmented by the commissioning of a 10 KW SW Transmitter. As a result the Guwahati
station’s broadcast could now reach the whole of Assam.

From its inception as the Shillong-Guwahati station of All India Radio on the 1st July 1948, the Guwahati
station of AIR is presently a full-fledged Regional Station with 3 channels of broadcast. While the
Guwahati A & B Channels are AM Channels the CBS Channel is a FM Channel.

*Discuss social media as an emerging new medium of communication in the recent times
give suitable example.

Social media offers a variety of avenues through which we can communicate with people. In fact, social
media is known to have been used widely in educational field also. Online communication tools also have
the potential to increase our awareness of the movements of our professional or social contacts. Twitter,
for instance, offers us an update of things people we know happen to be doing at a particular point of
time. This phenomenon has been referred as social proprioception by Clive Thompson (2007), named
after the physical quality of proprioception that tells a creature where its extremities are by the reception
of stimuli produced within the organism. Social proprioception tells us where the nodes of our community
are and provides a sense of connectedness to and awareness of others without direct communication.
Internet is the third place where people connect with friends, build a sense of togetherness. Social
networking sites like Facebook and MySpace and virtual environments like Second Life and World of
Warcraft have become online meeting spaces where users— members, residents, or players—can interact
and express themselves. They offer a way to keep in touch with existing communities that users belong to
offline, such as social and professional groups. They also make it possible for people who would not
normally communicate more than a few times a year to keep in touch— colleagues met at conferences,
for instance, or friends met through the online community itself. Sites like YouTube and Flickr represent
another forum for online communication that is centered on sharing, preference, and popular culture.
Visitors can browse movies (in the case of YouTube) or photos (in the case of Flickr), express personal
preferences, add commentary, and upload their own creative work. YouTube is also a repository of
popular culture in the form of newscasts, television shows, movies, or music videos that are of current
interest. The kinds of interaction that occur on these sites center around shared interests and include not
only verbal commentary, but commentary in the form of original or derivative works based on popular
pieces.

The main communication advantages of social media are –

Sharing of ideas :
 Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events and interests within their individual
networks. Web based social networking services make it possible to connect people who share interests
and activities across political, economic and geographic borders.

Tool of communication : Social networks are increasingly being used by teachers and learners as a
communication tool. Teachers create chat rooms, forums and groups to extend classroom discussion to
posting assignments, tests and quizzes, to assisting with homework outside of the classroom setting.
Learners can also form groups over the social networking sites and engage in discussion over a variety of
topics.

Bridges communication gap : Social media bridges the distance among different people. It offers
platforms for online users to find others who share the same interests and build virtual communities based
on those shared interests. With the availability of social media technologies and services, content sharing
and user interaction has become relatively easy and efficient.

Source of information : Content generating and sharing sites serve as sources of information for various
topics. Users can search for content, download and use the content available on these sites free of cost.

Important marketing tool : Social media is widely used by most of the firms/organizations to market
their products/services in the society. The companies resort to social networking sites to generate opinions
on the existing and future products that are available in the market.

Important customer interaction tool : Social Media Networking is perfect for customer interaction,
customer feedback, and customer support. New business contacts can be obtained for networking
purposes.

Important crisis communication tool : When the major forms of public relations tool fail , social media
can be used extensively to communicate with the general public regarding any crisis situation.For
Example during times of crisis. For instance after the earthquake in Japan in March, 2011, millions of
people logged on to YouTube and twitter to post messages and videos and also to check out updates about
the devastating natural disaster.

Less time consuming: Social media is an effective time management medium of communication both for
business as well as for academic purposes. One can post a message or browse for any information at the
click of a button. This is an added advantage in comparison to print and other electronic media like
television and radio.

#Impact of Social Media

Social media has been defined as a “platform whereby content and applications are no longer
created and published by individuals, but instead are continuously modified by all users in a
participatory and collaborative fashion.” As the Internet gained currency, particularly among the
younger generation, personal web pages, reference works like the Encyclopedia Britannica
Online, and the idea of content publishing became popular. Then, more interactive blogs and
wikis emerged. As social media evolved further, it allowed the creation and exchange of user-
generated content.

It can be said that rudimentary social media made its appearance in 2000 when Open Diary, that
allowed people who noted down personal experiences to get together online as one community,
became popular (it is not possible to set an exact date to it, though). At about the same time, the
term web log (logging on the Web) came into being. This noun was split into two words and
used as a verb by some members of the online community, and “web log” became “we blog,”
thus giving rise to the new terms “blog” and “blogging.”

A first milestone in social media was the launch of MySpace, a social networking site. Then
came Orkut (of Google) in 2004, which grew in popularity so fast that in some of the Middle
Eastern countries it was briefly banned as the authorities thought it promoted fissiparous
tendencies. However, it was the advent of Facebook in 2004 that gave social media a kickstart.
Facebook changed the social media scene as nothing else did.

Impact of Social Media

• Social media has introduced the common man into the media scene. His voice can now be
heard in political, economic, and social discourses.
• Anyone can chat, share photos, upload links, post comments, or search for friends. Sharing,
sending greetings on occasions, or congratulating somebody has become much easier. In this
way, it has brought people closer.
• Aware of social media’s power, some politicians have tried to restrict it, while others have used
it to their advantage. Unlike mainstream media, banning social media is easier said than done.
• Facebook has connected the world in a way it has never been connected before. People can
now see and read and listen to the creation of another person anywhere in the world. They can
also learn of the atrocities of rulers in other nations and the struggles of those fighting for a better
life. People can support resistance movements across boundaries. It was through social network
outlets such as Facebook and Twitter that the recent protest movements in Tunisia and Egypt
caught global attention. These led to the eventual fall of Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia and
Hosni Mubarak of Egypt. This was something unimaginable a decade ago.
• Statistics show that one out of eight people married in the United States in 2012 after getting to
know each other via social media.
• It took radio 38 years to reach 50 million users, television 13 years, and the Internet 4 years.
But Facebook added 100 million users in less than nine months.
• A 2009 study in the United States showed that online students outperformed those getting face-
to-face instruction. One in six higher course students are enrolled online.
• Eighty per cent of companies in the United States use LinkedIn for recruitment.
• People widely use Twitter to exchange ideas and opinion and information minute-to-minute.
Politicians effectively use tweets as press releases as an increasing number of reporters monitor
Twitter for news.
• Social media is now an integral part of many people’s personal lives. People are so glued to
social media that terms like Facebook addict have gained currency. Many depend on social
media like Facebook for interpersonal communication.
• Personal lives are no longer private. People are more than willing to upload personal details
like photos on social media. The youth should be aware of the potential for abuse of the
information they upload. Even as social media allows people anywhere in the world to interact
with each other at any time and reach out to new friends, it exposes them to new dangers.
Facebook has gone on record that close to 10 per cent of its members had fake identities.
• Social media has become an essential part of one’s professional life. It is now almost
mandatory for authors, journalists, politicians, and other intellectuals to have a blog to share their
ideas. There are more than 200 million blogs.
• Politicians use social media extensively. Obama’s election campaign was driven partly by
social media.
• Social media revelations have resulted in solving crimes. Some criminals boast about their
escapades on social media networks like Facebook, which then leads to their arrest and
investigation.
• Business houses use social media for marketing. Podcasts are also used to communicate with
people at large. New launches of products are made on social media. How this will evolve and
how this will affect the ad revenues of mainstream media are to be closely watched.
• As many as 35 per cent book sales of Amazon are online on Kindle. Online sales already form
a substantial part of revenue for many companies.
• We no longer search for news; the news finds us. Similarly, products will also find us in the
near future.
• Tweeting and messaging are influencing the way language is written. Words are compressed to
meet tweeting and messaging requirements, and how this will impact language remains to be
seen.
• Social media, however, has further cut face-to-face communication, particularly within the
family. The younger generation is becoming lost in the virtual world, and this situation is further
aggravated when the parents also get too involved in social media. It may impact the emotional
development of young minds, an aspect which needs to be studied..
“Social media is no longer a fad, it is a fact. It is a fundamental shift in the way we
communicate.” It has brought in another communication revolution. Where once mass media
communication was mainly one-way and was usually controlled by certain groups or special
interests, social media allows mass communication to be interactive. In a way, it has
democratised the media. Anyone can upload their thoughts, opinions, and suggestions, and
communicate to a wider audience through a blog, Facebook, or Twitter. Social media has
challenged the monopoly and supremacy of mainstream media, forcing them to sit up and take
note of the many voices that have emerged.
What direction these communication tools will take is beyond prediction. As much of the Net
operations get compressed into the mobile, the ordinary man or woman has these tools in the
palm of his hand. That will certainly influence the shape of things to come, in a way it never did
before.

##Differentiate the script for Radio and TV.

Script writing (or screenwriting) is the process of writing stories in the screenplay
medium. Script writing is writing down the movement, actions, expression and dialogue of the
characters in screenplay, in screenplay format. The process of writing a novel, a poem, or essay,
is entirely different than script writing. In order to express yourself effectively for the screen,
particular formatting methods are required. Screenplay format is used to express the story
visually. Scriptwriters or screenwriters write for film, television, video games, and now even
online web series. Script writing can be done for hire or on speculation in hopes to sell their
screenplay or find an agent.
Difference between radio script and television script
Radio is an aural medium which involves only hearing sense of people where as T.V has
both audio and visual impacts on mind. It is necessary for a radio program to create a mind
picture for listeners. And to convey the message in the right direction.
There are the key differences between radio script and television script

Scenes and Sequences

Radio plays are divided into sequences. Every sequence should end with a fade or a cut.
The passage of time may be indicated by music or a silence leaving no doubt in the mind of
listeners as where and when the action is taking place. Whereas T.v play is divided in scenes and
every scene appeared with establishing shot. Every scene is on the screen.

Characterization
An essential element in a radio play. Limit the number of characters to maximum four at
a time. And the story should revolve around single person. Beware of characters that are very
much a like to avoid the confusion for the listeners. Such as mothers of two friends. Unless there
is some obvious difference in terms of temperament or accent. Whereas, in T.v play there is not
such limitation of characters. Story may revolves around more than 8 or 9 people it will not be
difficult for the viewer to remember the character as every character is on screen.

Dialogue
Dialogue writing is another important element of radio plays as it involves verbal
communication so it must be expressive as much as possible. The delivery of words creates a
mind picture so that the play must be written by keeping the visual sense. An attracting opening
is necessary which can grab the attention of listeners. Avoid using such words which cause
tongue twist and the unnecessary dialogues should also be avoided. Every dialogue must make
its contribution for the story as a whole and move the plot onward. Where as in TV play viewers
can see movements of characters the face expressions, body language as far it is concerned. It
embraces the non-verbal communication as well. For example a tragic scene can be shown only
through tears on t.v but on radio emotions should be shown through words.

Stress and Pause

In radio plays it is very necessary to mention the stress and pause in a dialogue. Because
the meanings can be changed through a wrong stress and pause in speech. For example there is a
sentence “I did not say that you are a liar” which can be delivered through 4 different ways.
Where as in TV plays it is not as much necessary because the audience can judge the situation
through visuals.

Creativity
In radio plays sound effects and actualities bring expressions to the script. Such as sound
of applause, cheers, clapping, opening of door, pouring water in glass or sound of boots etc. it
may also include sound of waves, blowing of winds, rainfall or thunderstorm. These all make a
script alive. Where as in TV plays creativity is the art of camera shots. More over TV play can be
made artistic through special lights, video graphics, wardrobe, set design, make up, jewelry and
props etc.

Visual sense
In radio plays the script must be written to keep in view the visual sense. Such as
movements should be written in words for example “Nadia – you are doing ninety! Slow down
the car” (which means Nadia is going at the speed of 90 km per hr) where as TV carry both audio
and visual sense for the audience. Any weakness of script can be overcome through visuals.
Although script must be powerful but there is no need to tell the movements in words.

What are the different Types of Doordarshan Programmes?

A. Information
1. News and current Affairs-
This includes news bulletins, direct coverage of parliament and State Assembly
proceedings, direct coverage of National events, news magazines; programmes on issues and
personalities in the news.
 2. Sports

3. General information-
Human rights, consumer affairs legal issues, gender equality, science and technology,
economy and business, tourism.
B. Education
1. ETV:
This covers Higher education TV, school TV and Enrichment programmes.
2. Social Education:
Health, fitness and hygiene, agriculture and rural development, women, children and
youth and social service messages are included in this category of programme.
3. Culture:
It includes programmes related to language, literature, arts, theatre, classical music and
dance heritage.
C. Entertainment
1. Drama:
It covers plays, serials, situational comedies (Sit Corns), daily soaps.
2. Film Based:
Feature films, songs and dance sequences and film magazine programmes come under
this category.

3. Light and popular music and folk music programmes.

4. Others:

Game shows, quiz, talkshows, and programme promotion are included in this category.
Chart Shows

RADIO PROGRAMS

Entertainment Programs:Entertainment segments can provide some light fun to your online
radio programming. These shows can include stand-up comedy clips, funny reviews, call-in
quizzes, and fun competitions for your listeners. These segments could serve as an entertaining
change of pace between music and talk segments.

Live Shows
Live online radio programs are broadcast in real time. There are plenty of options when it
comes to live shows – be it talk, an interview, or live-event coverage. Broadcasting live is a
fantastic way to engage your listeners in real-time events, by taking live calls, and allowing
shout-outs, and more.
Morning Wake-Up Shows
The Morning Show is another staple in the world of radio. This is your chance to help
your listeners wake up and get pumped for the day ahead. For area-specific stations, morning
programs are a great opportunity to cover recent events, news, traffic, and weather, to prepare
your listeners for the day.
Music Shows / Genre Specific Programming
Music shows are just that – centered around music. The average online radio music
program may consist of an hour or two of nothing but great tunes. Music shows can be specific
to a genre (disco, country), a decade (70’s, 80’s), or even a theme (movie soundtracks, workout
music, etc.).
News and Weather
News and Weather segments are a great way of sharing useful information with your
listeners. You can cover current events, weather, and exciting news stories on a local or global
scale.
Radio Dramas
While the term “Radio Drama” might seem a bit outdated, many of these appear as
podcasts today. Radio Dramas refers to programming that consists of stories, comedies,
musicals, and more, that rely on dialogue and sound effects to tell a story. Radio dramas,
depending on your demographic, remain a great way of entertaining your listeners every once in
a while.
Request Shows / Call-In Shows
Request shows are an excellent way of engaging your listeners and enabling them to feel
like they are a part of the show. These are usually live online radio shows that allow listeners to
share real-time opinions or make live, on-air requests and shout-outs.
Specialty Shows
Specialty shows are a fantastic way of breaking from regular programming or long blocks
of music. These types of shows can cover fun and interesting topics such as travel, technology,
history, or celebrity news. These segments can cover a fun new destination once a week (travel),
the latest and greatest tech (technology), interesting figures from history, and more.
Sport Programs
Sports programs cover the latest in sports related to news, athletes, game coverage, and
more. Online radio sports programs can also include live coverage of sporting events.
Talk Shows / Talk Radio
Talk radio typically consists of radio hosts discussing current affairs or events. These
discussions may occasionally include special guest interviews and listener opinions. Talk shows
could provide a relevant and informative break from music radio.

# What is typography and Principles of typography

Typography is the study of type and typefaces, the evolution of printed letters. Since human
beings did not start writing with type, it is the study of gradual development of handwriting that
provides us the basis for creating type designs. Typography is the art of selecting different
typefaces. It is an art of using type to communicate words. It is concerned with the appropriate
typefaces and styles to suit the needs of books, newspapers, magazines etc. It is a skill applied to
the planning and arrangement of words, not images. The term 'typography' has been in use for
500 years and has undergone several changes in its definition.

Typography is the visual art of creating written words. Before the digital age, typography was
a rather specialized craft that was confined to the worlds of book and magazine design and a
range of advertising and public works. Road signs, billboards and product packaging are some
examples of where typography is used in the physical world.

Once the internet became a graphic medium, however, the art of typography exploded in a
thousand different directions. Never before in history has the printed word shown up in such
abundant visual diversity. Web designers now have countless fonts to choose among, as font-
creators sell and share their work online

Here are 12 effective rules for typography

1. Learn the basics.

The first step to more effective typography is to study the nitty-gritty of the art. If the
typographer is new to its principles, he may think typography is just a straightforward practice.
The truth is, it’s pretty complex because it’s a combination of art and science. Before starting
out, one should ensure that he understand its principles. Typography is not as easy it seems.

2. Know how to utilize each font

Selecting a typeface is rarely a random process.Typographer will want to ensure the font he is
selecting will connect to his audience. The typographer should also know exactly what he want
his font to communicate to the audience, so knowing who they are is part of the planning
process.

3. Stick to a limited number of fonts

A common mistake designers make is to mix a number of fonts on one design. This is especially
common with newbie designers. As a rubric, they should stick to two or three fonts and styles for
each project i.e. one typeface for the heading, one for the subtitle and one for the content.

4. Pick secondary fonts wisely

To ensure readability of the content, it’s important to pair the fonts wisely. Using two different
fonts so readers can make a clear distinction between two lines e.g. having different fonts for the
header and sub-header.

5. Choose your typeface colour wisely

Colour is one of the most important aspects of fonts, and usually sets the mood of the
typography. This means typographers should do enough colour research for their project. There
are specific guidelines for picking colours they can use.

6. Make use of negative space

Negative - or white - space refers to the space which does not contain any element. White space
is a great feature that can help the typographer bring out the best from his design. It allows the
typography to breathe, and stabilizes all the design components in the design project.

7. Avoid using design fads

Just like other aspects of design, typography tends to have its own fads. The problem with
typography trends is they usually come and go. Some designers jump on these bandwagons when
they are completing their projects. The only problem is that certain trends last for only a few
months. This means that logo we thought would last a few years suddenly becomes old fashioned
because the trend has shifted again.

8. Pay attention to alignment

Alignment is very important in typography. Non-designers usually have the tendency to centre
align all their content. But centre alignment is hard on the eyes, and a reader can’t tell when a
sentence starts or where it should end. This will make people ignore the content completely. Left
alignment works wonders for typography. When we are reading, we tend to set our focus on the
left, which is where we expect the content to start.

9. Size matters

Design is all about creating awareness for a product or service. The main aim as a designer is to
make sure that his work gets someone’s attention. Size is an important factor for this. Good
design lays emphasis on the most important aspects.

10. Think of typography as an art

In order to be a pro at typography, typographers should consider it as an art on its own.They Try
thinking of it as an additional, valuable, design element to their work. By so doing, they will be
able to understand how different font types can work in different projects.

11. Get design inspiration

Typography is a constantly evolving art. Every month, there are new typefaces being released. In
order to stay up to date, it's important to find designs that will inspire the work.

Note: There are many online resources such as the inspiration grid, design inspiration and type
inspire among others, all of which are sure to give typographers some motivation for the design
projects.

12. Make use of proper grammar

So far we’ve only been talking about design rules, but one of the most important aspects of
typography is what the text actually says. One might use the best typography for the work, but
errors in grammar and spelling can leave a long-lasting negative impression. There are also
design-oriented grammar rules that can help typographers create professional designs.

While this might seem trivial, most experienced designers tend to agree with it. Proper grammar
will boost the professionalism of the work.

#How internet and other technologies changed Journalism in present time ?

Answer: The internet and the emergence of new technologies have changed the profession of
journalism. The internet still continues to evolve and has provided new dimensions in
journalism. The growth of the internet is on the infancy stage and there are more important
changes that are expected in future. The emergence of the internet and technology has greatly
changed the concept of journalism. The main strengths of the internet is that it provides
unlimited amount of time, unlimited amount of space and is available world wide In print
journalism space is limited whereas in radio and television the amount of time is limited.

The Internet's effect on news reporting is considered the most clear evidence that this is a
revolutionary technology: news editors – and in some cases, the governments that they observe –
are no longer the gatekeepers to information because costs of distribution have almost
completely disappeared. If knowledge is power, the Internet is the greatest tool in the history of
the world.

The internet has become the go-to point for the globe when it comes to getting news or any form
of information; it's the same for reporters. Online, they find a multiplicity of perspectives and a
library of available knowledge that provides the context for stories. Increasingly, the stories are
coming from the internet. The revolution of the internet has brought several benefits to
journalists. Today journalist can use technological advancements to explore the social and
political issues that affect the community with precision . This aspect of journalism will help
them acquire the necessary knowledge and ideas that are required in reshaping our democratic
institutions. The internet has emerged as a new tool for of publication, a new reporting tool and a
new focus for journalist education .The internet has also exposed other aspects of journalism
such as the social responsibility of journalists. Journal articles that are published online are
distributed to the entire world and can be accessed by anyone with an internet enabled gadget
such as a mobile phone. The internet has more potential to cause significant impacts on
journalism than any other previous technological changes.Journalists who utilize internet based
media should adhere to professional ethics especially on matters relating to accuracy, taste,
accountability and objectivity. Today blogs are the driving force behind online news with
companies, journalists and individuals joining the internet bandwagon.

Traditional publishers are already experiencing the effects of internet journalism. People today
find newspapers-on-demand more appealing because of the ability to obtain news whenever they
want .Traditional companies have been slow to adopt the change because they lack proven
economic models which they could emulate in the provision of online news . Traditional
publishers have also raised concerns surrounding the validity and reliability of unedited
information that is now increasingly available on the internet. The internet's ease of access and
immediacy makes it impossible to eliminate unreliable research.

Technologies That have Changed Journalism

Digital Audio Recorders: Clunky devices, such as the reel-to-reel machine,

predated the digital audio recorder. Journalists now can go wherever they wish
with a tiny recording studio in their pockets.

Digital Cameras: This device opened the door for journalists who focused on
photojournalism. It freed that photojournalist from dark room processing and
allowed photos to reach the newsroom in a matter of minutes, rather than a matter
of hours.

Podcasts: Another form of digital media allows consumers to download and

consume audio material whenever they want. Enhanced podcasts display images
simultaneously with audio, including chapter markers, hyperlinks, and artwork. A
video podcast, also known as a podcast, include video clips.

Photoshop: Many newspaper editors can tell you that photographs can speak
1,000 words. But, with the advent of software such as Adobe Photoshop and other
graphic tools, credibility is an issue. Although the media has manipulated
photographs for a long time, the introduction of easy-to-use software makes it easy
for anyone to alter an image. The upside to this technology is that it has created a
whole new field — that of digital forensics.
YouTube: The tag line for this site, “Broadcast Yourself,” says it all. YouTube is
filled with education and journalism. YouTube not only empowered average
citizens to upload and share their videos with a worldwide audience, it also
transformed news video from siloed broadcasts to content that is freely shared and
embedded on the web.

Laptops, Notepads: These lighter portable computers allow journalists to leave

the office and still have access to everything they need via the Internet.

Mobile Apps: The ability to use mobile apps for smartphones has improved
dramatically. Apps for text editing, film editing, photography uploads (to share on
social media) and more have made the smart phone a handy device for journalists.

Smartphones: This tool contains alarm clocks, email, texting, Internet access,
video cameras, cameras, and GPS. It’s an office in a pocket, but it can have its
drawbacks. Some courthouses won’t allow electronic devices, and journalists may
have a difficult time printing or copying from these devices unless hooked up to a
computer and printer. Still, smartphones are invaluable for capturing quick stories
and details.

Cellular Telephone Networks: In line with wireless technology, cellular

telephone networks routinely carry data in addition to telephone conversations.

Email: Email opened up vistas for journalists, providing the ability to contact
experts and other sources quickly. Journalists working from a location can now
easily reach out to experts in other parts of country or even abroad to gather
information and check facts.

Social Media: News organizations are using social media platforms to engage their
audiences and as a way of distributing news. Social media may provide a wider
ranges of voices, ideas and eyewitnesses quickly, and it also is used as a way to to
market journalism resources such as television broadcasts or websites.

Crowdsourcing: Crowdsourcing, or a distributed problem-solving and production

model, is an extremely valuable tool that can extend a reporter’s eyes and ears into
the community they cover the more they embrace it
Globalization and journalism: With all that digital tools, connectivity, and social
media aspects bring to journalism, one of the most interesting fallouts has been the
intensification of social connections, which allows apprehending the world as a
single place, creating a greater awareness of bias, opinion, and raw news.

Online Newspaper Archives: Although newspapers might be found in various

archives around the country, access to Internet has enabled many newspapers to
accumulate their editions online.

#What is community media , What are the different types of medium

used for community communication .
Community Media is a local platform for communication. It fills a unique niche in the media
landscape, providing communities with the opportunity to create programs of local interest to
broadcast on cable television,the internet and sometimes Low-Power Radio. In Wisconsin, media
centers are typically managed by local governments or school districts and sometimes by a non-
profit organization. Because of this, these centers are very sensitive to the needs of their
communities. While you can search through millions of YouTube videos for programs from
around the world, community media centers produce and distribute videos of interest to your
town all in one place.

Medium of community media

Community Radio:

Community radio have the power to improve the livelihoods of the community. Community
Radio caters the interests of an area which is geographically limited, broad/narrow-casting
content is designed for the local audience which often be overlooked by mainstream commercial
broadcasting media. After the landmark judgment of Supreme Court of India in February 1995 that ‘airwaves
are public property’, the campaign to legitimise community radio began. Until 2006, only educational institutions
were allowed to set up campus radio stations having a transmission range of 10-15 km.

Community screening hall: Community screening halls are very effective medium of
community media. A community hall is where videos produced by the community and important events
are screened

Monthly or bi-monthly community newspaper: Community news papers are well know medium of community
media. which is a compilation of the literary activities from the wall magazines and important local development
stories.

Community Video Unit: Community Video Unit is that medium of community media. where the models of
activism for development, co- learning, archiving, establishment of identity and information dissemination get
executed
Local News portals: In a remote tribal village in Raigarh district of Chhattisgarh villagers were not able to take
pregnant women to hospital in time because of the lack of proper roads, which caused two death in a
month.Someone in the village came to know about “CGNet Swara” , which is a voice-based news portal that allows
anyone to report and listen to stories on local issues.And by this portal they get help. So Local news portals can be
very effective medium of media.

Social media

Wikipedia describe social media as “Media designed to be disseminated through social interaction, created using
highly accessible and scalable publishing techniques. Social media is an important medium of Community media.

Community Television: Community television is not popular as community radio but it’s a effective medium of
community media. A community television channel is possible through digital cable service on a minimum
monthly rental.

Phone

Besides the usual One to One conversation, Conference calls, Skyping, the smartphones nowadays have
completely opened up the types of community communication medium available to us. We now have SMSs,
MMS, Tweets, Posts, comments on social media, pinning, skyping etc. all via the internet on our smartphones.

Merits and demerits of community media

Advantages:

1. *Social benefit
2. Affordable opportunity for small businesses to reach local customers.
3. *Smaller scale media
4. *Encourages communication and connects the people of the community and varying cultures
5. *Easier to obtain free or inexpensive air time
6. *In case of radio Offers an opportunity for input by people whose voice is not prominently heard on
national radio (such as “ordinary” women and youth). Hearing locals on the radio is often viewed as
empowering to its listeners.
7. *Community radio reaches a large section of the locality it covers; listeners were observed to be
interested in local issues.
8. *Exemplifies the idea of participatory communication

Disadvantages:
1. Problems with community media is lack of funding .
2. In case of Radio Most of these stations also have the authority that effectively restrict the kind of
advertising and sponsorship that they can accept.
3. The principles and values on which they operate tend to focus on strong social values that avoid
messages that are not seen to educate the community.
4. A lack of skills in vital areas, such as marketing, planning, budgeting, and fund raising of
communication medium.
5. Limited Creative Opportunities
 #Steps and techniques involved in programme production of radio and tv

TELIVISION : The creation of a television show begins with an idea for a program and the
development of a script. A television network may also require a commitment from one or more well-
known actors before financially committing to film a show. Producing a show involves three main stages:
pre-production, principle photography, and post-production.

A. Pre-production Activities

Pre-production activities involve the planning, budgeting, and preparation needed before shooting
begins. Three key people involved in pre-production are the production manager, director, and casting
director. The production manager's first tasks are to produce a preliminary budget, hire the location
manager, and locate key crew department leaders. The first essential production decisions are the location
of shooting and a start-of-production date. The director's first activities are to review the script for
creative changes, begin the casting process, and select assistant directors and camera operators.

B. Principle Photography
Principle photography is the period in which all the tape or film needed for the project is shot. All
television programs are shot using one of two basic methods of photography: single camera film
production and multiple camera tape production. The single camera method is used to produce movies for
television and most dramatic series. Multiple camera tape production is used to produce most situation
comedies, soap operas, talk shows, game shows, news magazines, and live programs such as sports,
awards shows, and the news. Some forms of programming such as music videos or reality programs
(special interest news presented in an entertaining format) employ both methods, using single camera
shooting for field pieces and multiple camera for in-studio footage.
The multiple camera tape method is most suitable for shooting inside a studio. Three or four
videotape cameras are focused on the action taking place on the set, and scenes are shot in sequence. Each
camera operator works from a list of camera positions and framing requirements for the full scene.
Together the cameras cover all required camera angles.
Using headsets to communicate with the camera crew, the director asks for camera adjustments
during the filming of the scene and indicates to the technical director which cameras to use at each
moment. The technical director ensures the selected shot is recorded on a master tape. The result is a fully
edited, complete show, needing only sound effects, music, optical effects, and titles to be complete.
C. Post-Production Activities
Post-production begins with the completion of filming and continues until the project is delivered
to the network for airing. The two main activities of post-production are the editing, or assembling, of
video footage and the creation of a complete sound track.
Editing may begin during production. In single-camera shoots, the film from each day is reviewed
at a later time by the director, producer, and network in the order in which it was shot. These films, called
dailies, are then broken down and assembled into scenes by the editors. The first full assemblage is shown
to the director, who makes further editing changes and creates the director's cut. Thereafter, the producer
and the network make changes until a final cut is created.
The final cut is given to the sound department, which is responsible for preparing the music
tracks, or recordings; sound effects; and dialogue tracks for final combination into one track. The final
mixing of all the sound is called dubbing. During this period, the sound engineers will spot the music–that
is, select the points at which music will be inserted–and musicians will write and record the music.
The final stage of post-production is the addition of optical effects, such as scene fade-outs or dissolves,
insertion of titles and credits; creation of special visual effects, such as animations; and color correction.
RADIO: STAGES OF RADIO PROGRAMME PRODUCTION
Radio productions are planned in three stages.
PRE-PRODUCTION: This is the planning and development stage. This begins with the
generation of a script. Unless a script is developed it is difficult and there will be confusion on
what type of programme you are producing. The script contains instructions and guidelines for
the production of the programme.
Ideas and creative input are very important in the pre production of a radio show. You firstly need to
consider various ideas for the show depending on what type of radio show it will be, whether its
sports, music, factual or any other type of radio the basis of having good ideas to start with is very
important. Ideas can vary from the way you set out your show. One could have guests to interview, a
live band, commercials to fit in, food and drink and the right team crew. Along with the ideas there
has to be a creative input to back the ideas. There would have to be a number of questions to ask
during an interview so this would require someone to select and create a plan of the questions to ask
the guests
PRODUCTION: The second stage is production. The entire material for the programme is
recorded or organized at this stage. Selecting and positioning of the microphones, the type of
tapes to be used, and selection at various sources at sound through the mixer are all part of this
stage.
Upon approval of your Radio show; One can now proceed to actual production of the program.
Amazingly, the production stage does not really require the exertion of much energy but only in
cases where the pre-production stage was well taken care of.
It involves the interpretation of the documented materials prepared during the pre-production
stage into action. This is where the host prepare his script which is an offshoot of the program
outline.One must mechanize the script and get a befitting presenter and as the case may be you as
a producer/presenter.

POST PRODUCTION: This stage generally includes editing Sounds recorded during
production and dubbing if required, are the principal focus of post production. Putting together
the previously recorded sound and selection of sound are important. The purpose of editing can
be summarized as:
To arrange recorded material into a more logical sequence
To remove the uninteresting. Repetitive or technically acceptable portion.
To compress the material in time.
For creative effect to produce new juxtaposition of speech, music. sound and even silence.
In post-production, editor log all recordings—the interviews, scenes, beds of ambient sound, even the music. they comb through
logs to “pick their best clips,” and then arrange those elements in an order that makes sense logically and narratively. Next, they
simply “write around the clips”—in other words, compose their own narration in such a way that introduces each character and
scene, makes transitions, fills in missing information, and draws the story to conclusion.
#what is type and Typeface family? What is Good Typography

Type is a term used to describe the appearance of the characters that make up the text. The craft of
defining the appearance of text is known as typography

In typography, a typeface family (also known as font family) is a set of one or more fonts each composed
of glyphs that share common design features. Each font of a typeface has a specific weight, style,
condensation, width, slant, italicization, ornamentation, and designer or foundry (and formerly size, in metal
fonts). For example, "ITC Garamond Bold Condensed Italic" means the bold, condensed-width, italic version
of ITC Garamond. It is a different font from "ITC Garamond Condensed Italic" and "ITC Garamond Bold
Condensed", but all are fonts within the same typeface, "ITC Garamond". ITC Garamond is a different
typeface from "Adobe Garamond" or "Monotype Garamond". (These are all alternative updates of the
typeface Garamond, originally created in the 16th century.) There are thousands of different typefaces in
existence, with new ones being developed constantly.

Every typeface is a collection of glyphs, each of which represents an individual letter, number,
punctuation mark, or other symbol. The same glyph may be used for characters from different scripts, e.g.
Roman uppercase A looks the same as Cyrillic uppercase А and Greek uppercase alpha. There are
typefaces tailored for special applications, such as map-making or astrology and mathematics.

What is Good Typography

Good typography is measured on a utilitarian yardstick. Typography that is aesthetically pleasant, but that
doesn’t reinforce the goals of the text, is a failure. Typography that reinforces the goals of the text, even if
aesthetically unpleasant, is a success.
People think, good typography is for making the text to look nice. Certain times, the text would look so
nice, the reader’s attention would be diverted towards the fonts.
Think of it this way, if we are talking to someone and the person’s dress is the most gorgeous dress ever,
we’re simply spell bound by it. We don’t pay attention to what the person was saying.
Same is with typography.
Good Typography is when you don’t notice the fonts, but the text looks beautiful.

Good typography conveys a message and it doesn’t distract from the content. A lot of people get
‘typography’ and ‘font’ confused - typography is more than just the font we select! It’s the entire
presentation of printed matter.

Like everything else, what is considered ‘good’ typography will change and evolve over time. Certain
styles that were popular 20 years ago are now considered outdated. Good typography does not have to be
whatever’s popular - but understanding current trends is part of creating great presentations.

#USE OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN MASSCOMMUNICATION

PROCESS
Internet: The Internet as a Medium of Mass Communication is dynamic in today’s world. Not
too long ago many communication scholars had problem accepting the Internet as an emerging
mass communication medium. But a critical scrutiny of the features of the classical mass
communication media such as radio, television, newspapers and magazines shows the Internet
exhibiting the same qualities. Such analysis puts the Internet on an equal platform with the old
mass media if not on a higher position.

Multi Media: It is used in the field of mass media i.e. journalism, in various magazines and newspapers
that are published periodically. The use of multimedia plays a vital role in a publishing house as there
are many works of newspaper designing and other stuffs.Multimedia can be anything and everything
which we watch and listen in a form of text, photograph, audio, video and much more.Another
identical term used for multimedia is ‘rich media’. Creating such kind of content is a challenge,
but with modern means of technology and the expertise of software valuable resources can be
created. The multimedia software that are available in market helps in developing content that is
creative, stimulating and eye-catching.

E-mail: Email opened up vistas for journalists, providing the ability to contact experts and other
sources quickly. Journalists working from a location can now easily reach out to experts in other
parts of country or even abroad to gather information and check facts. E-mail is also an efficient,
cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable way to communicate with large groups of people.

Mobile: The cellphone is emerging as a mass media. Twice as many cellphones as TV sets, three times as
many cellphone subscribers as internet users, four times as many cellphones as Personal Computers, five
times as many cellphones as cars. 31% of all music dollars spent worldwide already go to a wide array of
cellphone based music services.
Telivision: TV is one of the most sophisticated means of mass communication media. It serves the people
by disseminating the information in areas of agriculture, national integration, health and hygienic,
entertainment programmes, advertisement etc.

Social media : Social media has been defined as a “platform whereby content and applications are no longer created
and published by individuals, but instead are continuously modified by all users in a participatory and collaborative
fashion.” As the Internet gained currency, particularly among the younger generation, personal web pages, reference
works like the Encyclopedia Britannica Online, and the idea of content publishing became popular.. As social media
evolved further, it allowed the creation and exchange of user-generated content.
Blogs: This medium of the blog provides freedom of speech. Thus, people can write on any topic. For example, they can
write to generate awareness about any cause to get more followers or they can write to showcase their own expertise to
gain more customers. In any case, the blog is an effective medium of mass communication.
Radio: Radio as a Medium of Mass Communication. Communicators use several media to transmit a message (a thought,
idea, opinion, and attitude) to the readers, listeners and or viewers. Broadcasting on radio and television can bring voices
and pictures to a large number of listeners and viewers from long distance

ORGANISATIONAL SETUP OF DOORDARSHAN AND ALL INDIA RADIO

Organizational Structure of Doordarshan The Director General , Doordarshan is responsible for the over
all administration of the Doordarshan network which consists of 60 Doordarshan Kendras/Production
Centres,126 Doordarshan Maintenance Centres,194 HighPower Transmitters,830 Low Power
Transmitters and 379 very Low Power Transmitters as on 31.12.2004. Doordarshan is presently operating
26 channels.

Doordarshan is divided into four wings: Programme, News, Engineering, Administration &
Finance. Programme Wing deals with all aspects relating to programme conception, production and
procurement at the national, regional, andlocal level. News Wing puts out news bulletins an d other
current affairs programmes at the national and regional level. Engineering Wing deals with all the
hardware requirements of the entire network, Including the space segment and the studios, transmitters
etc. Administration & Finance Wing deals with t he administrative and financial aspects including general
administration, personnel management, budget and plan coordination.in most of the ways, the
organizational structures of Doordarshan and All India Radio are more or less the same. But Doordarshan
these days are growing bigger interms of number of sections, subsections and staff of various kinds.

The overall head of all the departments in Doordarshan is the DirectorGeneral. The rank of the
Director General of Doordarshan Is equivalent to that of the Director General of All India Radio, while
earlier it was not the case. In Doordarshan, the Director General heads the Department of Programme
andAdministration. His main Job is to supervise, guide, govern and control the entirefunctioning of the
department. He is assisted by Additional Director General and Deputy Director General (Development)
•Deputy Director General (News and Current Affairs) •Deputy Director General (Communication & film)
•Deputy Director General (Production & Transmission) •Director (Finance & Personnel Control)

The Additional Director General looks after News and Current Affairs, ProgrammePolicy,
Programme Coordination, Planning, Public Relations, etc. The rank of Additional Director General is
equivalent to that of Joint Secretary, Govt. of India. He is assisted by Controller of Programme (Policy),
Controller of Programme (Coordination), Controller of Programme (Development), Public Relations
Officer, etc. The Deputy Director General (Development) looks after the proper and sequence-wise
development of the programme and Is supported by Director, Audience Research, Controller of
Programme (Development ) and Deputy Controller of Prcgrarnme The Deputy Director G eneral (News
& Current Affairs) looks after the adminis Waive part of current newsgathering, news selection, news
processing, and news evaluation and news presentation. Chief Editor News, Chief Producer News and
News Editor support him. The Deputy Director General (Communication &Film) monitors the entire
communication process of the organization. He is assisted by Controller of Programme (Communication)
and Deputy Controller of Programme (films).The Deputy Director General (Production & Transmission)
looks after the entire activities of Production and transmission and Is supported by Deputy Director
Administration In the discharge of his vast duties. The Director (Finance &Personal Control), guides,
governs and controls the financial activities and personnel works and In the discharge of his vast duties.
Deputy Director Administration and Senior Analyst support him. The Department of Engineering is
headed by Engineer-In-Chief who is answerable to the Director General. The Engineer- in-Chief is
responsible for the growth and maintenance of all the engineering and technical activities. In the
discharge of his enormous duties, he Is assisted by Chief Engineer (Project and Budget) and Chief
Engineer (Maintenance and INSAT).The Chief Engineer (Project & Budget) supervises and prepares
various projects and budgets and is supported by Director Engineering (Study Design Coordination with
ISR0), Director Engineering (Tele text), Director Engineering (Purchase),Director Engineering (Progress
and Budget), Director Engineering (Estimates & NLF) and Director Engineering (Transmitter Design).

In addition to that there is a large number of staff in Doordarshan which a redirectly associated
with pre-production, production and postproduction. These staff members are-

•Programme Producer •Programme Executive •Video Engineer •Vision Control Operator

•Lighting Engineer •Cameraman •VisionMixer•StudioEngineers•Make-up Supervisors• Script Designer •
Programme Assistant • Production Assistant •Audio Control Manager •MicBoom Operator •
ScriptWriter,etc.

ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP OF ALL INDIA RADIO

All India Radio (AIR) Is a national service planned, developed and operated by the Ministry of
Information & Broadcasting under the Government of India. Sound broadcasting started in India In 1927
with the proliferation of private radio clubs. The operations of All India Radio began formally In 1936, as
a government organization, with dear objectives to inform, educate and entertain the masses. When India
attained Independence In 1947, MR had a network of six stations and complement of 18 transmitters. The
coverage was 2.5% of the area and just 11%of the population. Rapid expansion of the network took place
post independence Alit today has a network of 223 broadcasting centers with 143 medium
frequency(MW), 54 high frequency (SW) and 161 FM transmitters. The coverage is 91.42%of the area,
serving 99.13% of the people in the largest democracy of the world. AIR covers 24 Languages and 146
dialects in home services. In External services, it covers 27 languages; 17 national and 10 foreign
languages All India Radio comes under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of
India. A secretary and four joint secretaries who are supposed to do the following jobs assist the minister
of information and broadcasting:

•Policy •Broadcasting •Financial Advisor and •Film in order to help the joint secretaries in the execution
of above jobs, there are deputy secretary and under secretaries also. Radio stations come in all sizes and
generally are classifies as being either small, medium or large market outlets. The size of the community
that a station serves usually reflects the size of its staff. For example, the station in a town of five
thousand residents may have six to eight fulltime employees in the station.

Medium markets are set up in more densely populated areas and in this type of station; there are twelve to
twenty employees. Mostly, overlapping of duties occur in the larger stations, positions are usually limited
to specific area s of responsibility. Large stations may employ as many as sixty to hundred people and as
few as twenty depending on the nature of their formatin AU India Radio, Director General is the head of
the organization, and therefore lt is a sensitive post requiring a wide cultural background, initiative, tact,
administrative abilities, sound Judgment of matters and people, a deep commitment to broadcasting and
qualities of leadership of a high order. Occasionally, Indian Administration Service Officers are assigned
an additional task of Director General of All India Radio and since independence,there have been around
151 IAS officers who have performed the task of Director General of AIR. There are Additional Director
General and Deputy Director Generals also who helpthe Director General is assisted by Director of
Programmes.
 A Director whose rank is equivalent to Deputy Director General heads news Division. The Director is
assisted by Chief News Editor, News Editor, Joint Director, etc. others employed in the news department
of the radio station are the News Readers, Announcers, Translators and others.The Engineering Division
of AIR is looked after by Engineer- In-Chief and is assisted by Chief Engineer and Regional Engineers.
The Regional Stations of AIR is under the control of Station Director who is assisted by Assistant Station
Directors and Programme executives.B.G. Verghe Committee has also proposed an organizational
structure for AIR,which has the following posts of General Managers: 1.G M Legal Services 2.GM
Planning 3.GM Information The committee also proposed a Central News Room consisting of a General
Manager, Editor, Foreign Editor, Ed' for Monitoring. This committee has also proposed the creation of the
posts of Station Manager, Accounts and Personnel Officer, Programme Officer, Extension Officer.

#Write about different software used in DTP? Specially discuss about any two DTP Software giving its
merits and demerits

Answer: Desktop publishing (DTP) is the creation of documents using page layout software on a personal
("desktop") computer. It was first used almost exclusively for print publications, but now it also assists in
the creation of various forms of online content. Desktop publishing software can generate layouts and
produce typographic-quality text and images comparable to traditional typography and printing. Desktop
publishing is also the main reference for digital typography. This technology allows individuals,
businesses, and other organizations to self-publish a wide variety of content, from menus to magazines to
books, without the expense of commercial printing.

Different software used in DTP

1.Adobe InDesign : Adobe InDesign is a desktop publishing and typesetting software application
produced by Adobe Systems. It can be used to create works such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines,
newspapers, presentations, books and ebooks. InDesign can also publish content suitable for tablet
devices in conjunction with Adobe Digital Publishing Suite. Graphic designers and production artists are
the principal users, creating and laying out periodical publications, posters, and print media.

2. Microsoft Publisher : Microsoft Publisher is a desktop publishing application from Microsoft,

differing from Microsoft Word in that the emphasis is placed on page layout and design rather than
text composition and proofing.

3. QuarkXPress : QuarkXPress is a desktop publishing software for creating and editing complex page
layouts in a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) environment. It runs on macOS and Windows.
It was first released by Quark, Inc. in 1987 and is still owned and published by them.

4. PagePlus: PagePlus is a desktop publishing program developed by Serif for Microsoft Windows.
The first version was released in 1991 as the first commercial sub-£100 DTP package for Microsoft
Windows. The latest release is PagePlus X9, which was released in November 2016.

5. Scribus: Scribus is free open-source desktop publishing software available for most desktop
operating systems. It is designed for layout, typesetting, and preparation of files for professional-
quality image-setting equipment. Scribus can also create animated and interactive PDF
presentations and forms.

Merits and demerits of Two DTP Softwares

Adobe InDesign : Adobe InDesign is a desktop publishing and typesetting software application produced
by Adobe Systems. Advantages of Adobe Indesign to create print media layouts
In terms of operation, Adobe Indesign has a way to use a better and easier than with similar software.
Even for the designers who are new to using this software can adapt easily because in addition to many
tutorials, also toolsnya easy to use. One of the advantages of the tools contained in Adobe Indesign is that
it has some image editing that can give the same effect as that of Adobe Photoshop such as shadow,
bevel, glow, and so forth. Advantages of Adobe Indesign is as follows:

(i) Have tools to make the image into blur so useful for censorship or other artistic effects.
(ii) Can import and make images perfectly transparent.
(iii) If you are not satisfied with the logo or finished image can be repeated again and produce a
more satisfactory design than before with the command undo or ctrl + z more than once.
(iv) There are facilities for creating tables.
(v) Able to open the pmd file.
(vi) It's easy to convert images into pdf format that can be printed or locked as document security.

A. Disadvantages of Adobe Indesign

1. Although claimed as the best software to design magazines, newspapers, and other print media,
Adobe Indesign still has some weaknesses, especially when compared with its predecessor the
Pagemaker. Here are some of the disadvantages:
2. In terms of math type, for Pagemaker still easy to move the math type to Pagemaker. While in
Adobe Indesign you have to place it outside the work area, then copied, and pasted in the work
area again. Any editing is even more difficult.If you choose either left-right or justify text format,
often the distance between text looks unnatural either too far or too close so it takes a little effort
to balance it .
3. Can only be used to create layouts or master formats for magazines or books. So if you want a
more detailed and detailed design, Adobe Indesign does not have enough tools. To design a logo
or symbol that is more detailed and freely you can use Adobe Illustrator.

MS Office Publisher :

Some of the best advantages are described below-

1- Customizable : One of the advantage of MS Office Publisher is customization by using Design Tools.
The ready-made templates is available on MS Publisher software, so that one can easily customized
according to his style and taste; And with the help of Design Checker, you can verify your work easily
before sending it to other person.
2- Insertions : To select a Publisher template or created a new publication it entirely the choice of the
users, but the process of customizing publication is done by just clicking on the "Insert" tab.

3- Flow : Publisher templates are generally set up to auto-flow which means that text too large for one
column will flow into the next column. The users who created their own publications might set up auto-
flow from the "Text Box Tools" which can be opened when you add text boxes on the Publisher. For add
text boxes, click on the "Create Link" button. Auto-flow is working perfectly when you are copying and
pasting some large blocks of text.

4- Task Feature : The best advantages of this application is that new users can directly by using its MS
Office Publisher Task features. It helps the user by giving him some tips with all characteristics of his
publications from personalization to preparing a market base it can also help in doing technical tasks.

5- Faster: Last but not the least advantageous feature of the Publisher is that it can help in saving time.
Regularly used texts and photos are stock up in the content library so that it's easy to use them again in
different publications that will be created by the user in the future.

Disadvantages :

1. Expensive
2. Slow Installation
3. Not intended for Very Precise Layouts.
4. Prone to Virus Attacks
5. Large Files

1. What is Communication Technology?

Answer: Communications technology, also known as information technology, refers to all equipment
and programs that are used to process and communicate information. Professionals in the
communication technology field specialize in the development, installation, and service of these
hardware and software systems. Individuals who enter this field develop an understanding in the
conceptions, production, evaluation, and distribution of communication technology devices.

## ONLINE JOURNALISM

Online journalism refers to news content produced and/or distributed via the Internet, particularly
material created by journalists who work for mainstream market driven news organizations. While blogs
and other emerging forms of online news communication are widely acknowledged as significantly
influencing mainstream news content both on and offline, they are considered here a distinct
phenomenon and treated under the category of alternative media.
Journalism is any non-fiction or documentary narrative that reports or analyzes facts and events firmly
rooted in time (either topical or historical) which are selected and arranged by reporters, writers, and
editors to tell a story from a particular point of view. Journalism has traditionally been published in
print, presented on film, and broadcast on television and radio. "Online" includes many venues. Most
prominent is the World Wide Web, plus commercial online information services like America Online.
Simple Internet email also plays a big role. Also important are CD-ROMs (often included with a book)
linked to a web site or other online venue, plus intranets and private dial-up bulletin board systems.

Some features of Online Journalism

 Real time: News can be published in real time. Online Journalists can provide updating
breaking news and events as they happen.
 Shifted time: Contents published online can be archived so that viewers can read them at
a later time.
 Multimedia: Online Journalists can include images, music, sound, video etc.
 Interactivity:
o Online Journalists can add hyperlinks to their writings. These links relate their
writings to other contents related to their subjects.
o Readers or participants can respond instantly to materials published by online
journalists in the form of email, comment, and threaded discussion.

 Mojo
A mojo: a magic charm or spell, a new breed of journalist. They are mobile journalists
equipped with notepads, cameras, recorders, cell phones and laptop computers so they
can file community news stories for the Web at a moment’s notice.
•They don’t go to a newspaper office.

•Their deadlines are whenever they get their information.

•The concept was initiated at 3 of newspapers owned by the Gannett Corp.

•“hyper local news,” the cheapest gas.

•Reorganized its newsroom as “information center.”
•Breaking news on the Web is short, fast and frequent.
Qualities of Online journalism
•Immediacy.
•Interactivity.
•Multimedia.
•Innovation
ONLINE REPORTING (Reporting for the web)

Good reporting is similar in any medium, but you need some additional tools and reporting steps for the
Web.

•Plan for full coverage.

•Equipment.
•Time lines.
•Updates and follow-up stories.
•E-mail reporting.
•Check accuracy and timeliness.
Writing techniques
•Consider the inverted pyramid for breaking or serious news.
•A narrative form might be suitable to tell a good story.
•Because people read differently, you have to write differently.
•Write short.
•Write for readers who scan Web sites instead of reading thoroughly.
•Write to the point.
•Use common language.
•Most important information in the first two paragraphs

Story structure

•Get to the point of the story quickly.

•Within 50 words.
•With a photo, a banner advertisement, the headline; this doesn’t leave much room.
•Readers may use small portable devices.
•Text is enclosed in tables about 4 inches wide to facilitate reading (about 100 to 150 words per screen.)
*Inverted pyramid, descending order of importance.
•List format, break up the text and help readers scan Web stories quickly.
•Question/Answer format, good alternative but need an introduction.
•Storytelling format, narrative writing can be compelling, especially if it is split into several pages with
cliffhanger ending that entice readers to continue.

Conclusion: Finally, we have to embrace online journalism sooner or later. There is huge potential
for growth in this field in our country. It is time that universities, media, corporate houses and
journalists all sit together and do some active brain storming on how to get the best out of online
journalism.
Private universities that have Journalism departments should start online news websites. For
example, a university can open a news website on sports and allow students to upload news in
that website. In the process, the students would have hands-on experience of Online Journalism.
They would also gain the experience of operating a news website. This will also give the
university a positive image among people. The private universities spend lot of money on
different club–related activities. So, it is not a problem for them to provide all the necessary
financial support to create a news website and the university students will work in the website
and gain some real-world job experience.