NARRATIVE REPORT OF PRACTICUM PROGRAM (SKILLS DEVELOPMENT)

AT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN

PHILIPPINES (USTP) PROJECTS,
CLAVERIA, MISAMIS ORIENTAL

Bernabe Jabagat

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Ladderized Curriculum)

MAY 2018
1
NARRATIVE REPORT OF PRACTICUM PROGRAM (SKILLS DEVELOPMENT)
AT UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF SOUTHERN
PHILIPINNES (USTP) PROJECTS,
CLAVERIA, MISAMIS ORIENTAL

Bernabe Jabagat

Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Agriculture,

University of Science and Technology of Southern
Philipines, Claveria, Misamis Oriental, in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
of the Practicum for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(Ladderized Curriculum)

MAY 2018

2
 The Practicum Narrative Report a USTP Projects,

Claveria, Misamis Oriental, hereto attached, prepared and

submitted by Bernabe B. Jabagat, in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree, Bachelor of Science in

Agriculture is hereby accepted.

DR. IMELDA HEBRON, DVM

Program Adviser and Practicum Coordinator

__________________

ALMA L. COSADIO, PhD.

Dean, College of Agriculture

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

For all the efforts and guidance, the author of this

narrative report would like to express his thanks and

acknowledgement to all the personnel responsible in making

all this activity possible.

To Dr. Imelda Hebron, his adviser, for sharing her

expertise and encouragement all throughout this endeavor. Her

help and presence made this practicum activity a success;

To his schoolmates, group mates, professors, mentors and

friends whom had the author shared his time at work during

the practicum activity. The author would like to mention Prof.

Luciano Laput, Dr. Renante D. Taylaran the OIP Coordinator,

Dr. Nelda Gonzaga the head of office at RDE, Mr. Anthony

Dollen, Mr. Duff Sarauza, Ms. Lady Rose Abregana, research

assistants. Also gratitude to Mr. Melchor Eduave, Mr. Ramil

Quimada, Leonel Lustre and all other field men the trainees

had met in the line of work.

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 To his family, especially his parents, Mr. Oliver Jabagat

and Mrs. Nely Jabagat for their undying support to his studies

and their commitment and trust to him.

Most of all, to the ultimate creator above, Lord, all of

thanks for the strength and wisdom He bestowed.

Bernabe Jabagat
BSA – III / OIP STUDENT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Approval Page

Acknowledgement

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

 Objective of the Training

 Location of the Agency

 Background of the Agency

 Definition of Terms

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCES

 Organic Vegetables and Seeds Production

 RDE Research

 Poultry

 School Nursery

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

SKILLS LEARNED

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  Managerial Skills

 Manipulative Skills

 Communication Skills

PROBLEMS MET AND SOLUTION MADE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

APPENDICES

 Biographical Sketch

 Daily Accomplishment

 Daily Time Record

 Evaluation

Introduction

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 The Occupational Internship Program (OIP) is an

opportunity for the students to acquire hands-on learning and

develop their skills in an actual working environment. It is

also a chance to apply the theories learned from the school.

This combination of theory and application will result to

ideas that will enhance the student’s capabilities that will

give them skills for future endeavor therefore making them

productive individuals on their workplace for the future and

towards real life situation. In this activity the trainee’s

capability to be flexible will be tested.

The University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines (USTP) – Claveria is committed to offer relevant

and quality technological, professional and vocational

education and training in agriculture, environmental, arts

and sciences, engineering and technology, and education to

provide globally competent professionals, world-class

leaders, and entrepreneurs through development interventions

and technological breakthroughs in research, instruction,

extension and productive resource management that enhance

8
quality of life, promote peace and harmony among people and

natural integrity in Southern Philippines and the ASEAN

countries. The interns are assigned at RDE research area,

poultry production and at the school nursery. This OIP started

on April 3, 2018 to May 11, 2018 for a total of two hundred

forty hours (240 hours) or thirty days (30 days) or six weeks

in total.

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 OBJECTIVES

This OJT has the aim to nourish the skills and capabilities

of the students through hands-on experience and proper

training at the working stations around USTP-Claveria,

Misamis Oriental.

Specifically it aims to:

1. Become more knowledgeable on different agricultural

activities as an expertise.

2. Learn how to conduct proper cross pollination process

on plants.

3. Acquire the basic knowledge of proper handling of

domesticated animals and livestock products.

4. Understand the importance of proper land preparation,

soil management and tillage.

5. Enhance social skills needed in a working environment

and around different types of people.

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 Background of the Agency

The University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines (USTP) – Claveria is committed to offer relevant

and quality technological, professional and vocational

education and training in agriculture, environmental, arts

and sciences, engineering and technology, and education to

provide globally competent professionals, world-class

leaders, and entrepreneurs through development interventions

and technological breakthroughs in research, instruction,

extension and productive resource management that enhance

quality of life, promote peace and harmony among people and

natural integrity in Southern Philippines and the ASEAN

countries.

Education located in the upland farming community of

Claveria, one of the 24 towns composing the province of

Misamis Oriental. Prides itself with its God-given gifts of

invigorating natural fresh air, green, tranquil scenes and

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peaceful environment, far from the hullabaloo of the

city. Elevation of 600m above sea level and overlooking

Macajalar and Gingoog Bays. Claveria Campus is 60 km away

from Lumbia Airport and can be reached in an hour ride north-

east from the provinces capital city, Cagayan de Oro.

In 1963, USTP-Claveria started as Claveria Municipal

High School run by this municipality and later in 1967 its

status was elevated as Claveria National Rural High School

under the Bureau of Vocational Education. In 1983, Batas

Pambansa No. 402 expanded its frontier as a state college

which from then on carries the banner as the Misamis Oriental

State College of Agriculture and Technology or MOSCAT. In

this transformation, it also raises its level of prominence

being one of the accredited institutions of higher learning

in agriculture, environmental science and management, food

technology, arts and allied sciences.

In the national scene, the higher education sector in

the country has been grappling with issues of meager budget,

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graduates with mismatched skills relative to labor market and

industry demand, limited access by poor but deserving

students, and being and alleged main cause of the national

economy’s lack of innovations and low productivity. With

globalization moving faster with the aid of information and

communication technology (ICT), it has also been facing stiff

competition in the international arena.

Amidst all these, two trailblazing SUCs in the Mindanao

took the “road less taken” in joining forces and responded to

the call of amalgamation.

Thus, the University of Science and Technology of

Southern Philippines (USTP) was born – the product of long

years of analysis and deep understanding of the Philippine

higher education sector, a steadfast desire to contribute to

the public higher education reform, and a brave move towards

the unknown with a strong faith to succeed.

By virtue of Republic Act (RA) 10919, MOSCAT and Mindanao

University of Science and Technology (MUST) officially became

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the University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines (USTsP) after amalgamation was approved by

Congress on July 27, 2015, then lapsed into law on July 21,

2016.

The amalgamation broadens its mandate offering graduate

and undergraduate degrees in engineering, science,

technology, agriculture and environment. Aiming for

recognition in ASEAN nations and global arena in terms of

science and technology, human resource development, research,

innovations and extension as its vital contribution to the

national economy.

To date, the campus has 65 ha for its main campus and 32

ha for its field laboratories and production enterprises. Its

mandate is to continue serving its clienteles through

research, extension, instruction and production with the end

of attaining the national development goals.

With education as the front core, faculty and staff

continue enhancing their professional capabilities through

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trainings local and abroad. It is also the function of the

campus to acquire more instructional facilities and equipment

to serve the need for its academic programs. It provides

scholarships to poor but deserving students through funding

institutions/agencies.

From the total of 89 campus employees, 45 are faculty

members while 44 are administrative and support staff. 17 or

46% of the Faculty are holding PhDs, 25 or 50%% are holding

Master’s Degree yet currently pursuing their PhDs, while 4%

are bachelor’s degree pursuing their masters studies.

The conduct of research continually generates new

technologies packaged or demonstrated designed to help

farmers improve farming techniques. Well-coordinated

extension programs are conducted through local and external

linkages. It’s RDEO Farmers Information and Technology

Services Center in collaboration with PCARRD and NOMCARRD has

been open to serve clients needing information and technology

services.

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 Dr. Ricardo E. Rotoras was appointed as the first

President of the University and Dr. Rosalito A. Quirino as

the first Campus Chancellor. Their vision as it were the

revelation of the plan of the Almighty is for USTP to produce

quality graduates imbued to become productive world leaders.

Under the USTsP, The University System is headed by the

University President, while the three (3) major campuses

namely Alubijid Campus (Main), Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro Campus

, and the Claveria Campus are administered by their

respective Chancellors. Satellite campuses include the

Jasaan, Misamis Oriental, Oroquieta city and Panaon, Misamis

Occidental which will be managed by an Executive Dean.

The new vision and mission, university development

framework and goals and the organizational structure of the

university have been institutionalized in performing its

mandate.

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 Inherent to its functions, it supports the region’s

thrust and programs by offering programs in demand to help

its graduates find gainful employment.

USTP’s role has been an all-out servant of the people

in its service area in accelerating intellectual growth and

development

Anchored to this vision and mission are the four-fold

functions that the college upholds namely, instruction,

research, extension and production that every USTPeans strive

to realize through a culture reflected in the UST Core Values.

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 Location of the Agency

USTsP Campus

USTsP Campus is strategically located of Magsaysay Street,

Poblacion Claveria, Misamis Oriental, one of the 24 towns

composing the province of Misamis Oriental. It has an

elevation of 600 meters above sea level and over-looking the

scenic view of Macajalar and Gingoog Bays. USTsP is on 60

kilometer away from the city and can reach in a ride from the

province Capital City, Cagayan de Oro. The campus has an

aggregated area of 101.37 hectares and 65.37 hectares for its

campus.

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Figure 1 Sketch Map of the Agency, USTsP Campus

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 Figure 2 Sketch Map of the Agency, USTsP Farm

Agroforestry Complex

The complex is located inside the campus near the USTsP

post harvesting processing center (UPHPC). This serves as the

venue for students who want to learn the basic knowledge of

goat and sheep production.

USTsP Farm

The farm serves as the venue for students who want

to learn the basic knowledge on how to manage on poultry,

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swine production and dairy farming. USTsP farm is located in

a distance away from the campus at Lupok, Ane-I, Claveria,

Misamis Oriental. This farm continues its commercial

operation as one of the income generating project (IGP) of

the university and serves as the training ground for the

students.

Definition of Terms

Fungicide- Substance which destroys fungi

Grafting- insertion of a shoot or a bud form one plant in a

slit or a groove of another plant

Insecticide- any chemical preparation used for killing insect

pest

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Basal-putting- application of fertilizer before planting

Contour- outline of the land

Cross-pollination- the depositing of pollen of one flower

unto the stigma of another of the same species

Foliar application- involves dissolving the fertilizer

material in water and applying it as a spray to plants which

is effecting in correcting trace element deficiency at

critical stages of crop

Isolation- covering of female part of the plant to use for

cross-pollination the following day

Leaf-upping- to guide the vines of the plant to climb on the

trellis

Organic Farming- production system which avoids or largely

exclude the use of synthetically compound fertilizers,

pesticides, growth regulators and livestock additives

Organic fertilizers- fertilizer derive from plant and animal

sources
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Pistil- female sporophyll within the flower

Pollen grain- the male reproductive cells or microspores

produced by and discharged from the anther of a seed plant

Poultry- group of birds raised for food

Pruning- to cut off from branches or twigs from bushes or

trees which are diseased or not desired, so as to encourage

fruiting or flowering, and to shape

Seedbed- a bed of soil in which seedlings are raised

Sowing- to scatter or bury seed on or in the soil so that it

may germinate and grow

Stamen- male sporophyll within the flower

Stemborers- (Lipedoptera) are major pest of important crops

like corn and rice, causes “deadheart symptom” of young leaves

and “whitehead” or empty panicles

Toms-op- abbreviation for tomorrow open

Transplant- to remove and plant in another area

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Trellis- a flat, light frame consisting of wooden or metal

lattice-like strips crossing one another in various patterns

used as a screen or for plants to climb on

Vermi-tea- mixture of vermicast and water for foliar

application

NARRATIVE SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCES

On April 04, 2018, signals the start of the Occupational

Internship Program (OIP). The batch of enrollees was

oriented by the Program Adviser and Practicum Coordinator,

Dr. Imelda U. Hebron, DVM about the different projects of the

trainees will be facing. The Interns were group and was given

the different areas/station that they will assign.

The intern started to conduct his internship last April

04, 2018 at University of Science and Technology of Southern

Philippines (USTsP), Claveria Campus. He was so excited and

expected to learned skills and actual field experiences. The

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following were the experiences during his internship from

April 04-May

Mini-forest

Around the mini forest area the trainee had slashed some

weeds that grow under the coffee and mahugani trees. Also the

weeds beside the national road had also been slashed to clear

the area.

Organic Vegetable and Seed Production

There were several activities on the OVSP site some of

which were cutting of dry leaves and stem to be able to

prevent stem borer on eggplants, digging of holes on plots,

land preparation activities for pole sitaw plant and basal

application of organic fertilizer composed of chicken dung,

rice hull and limestone. The trainee also learned about

different cross pollination activities like male and female

flower identification on eggplants, isolation of flower for

cross pollination and demonstration of cross pollination

process. Other activities were trellising for the vines of

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pole sitao, digging of canal for water drainage purposes,

weeding around the organic vegetable area, watering of plants

like cucumber, squash and okra, slashing the weeds around the

contour area, replacement of trellis around the cucumber

area, transplanting of cucumbers, handling of seedbed tray

while transplanting pole sitao, concoction of organic

fungicide using panyawan plant and organic insecticide using

lemongrass oil, application of vermi tea artificial foliar

fertilizer, sowing of vegetable seeds on seedbed tray and

leaf-upping of the cucumber vines unto the trellis.

RDE Research

There were several areas where the trainee works on the

research. They had work on passion fruit area, landscape-

area, dragon fruit area and coffee plantation area. They had

collected data about the flower of the passion fruit,

discussed about the different fertilizer that could be used

for passion fruit production, discussion of proper management

practices for passion production, leaf-upping of passion

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fruit vines unto the trellis, slashing of weeds on the passion

fruit area, land preparation activities, pulverizing and

mixing of organic fertilizer for pot, weeding at the front

office of the RDE building, planting of ornamental plants

around the landscape area, application of rice hull to the

soil, pruning and de-topping of coffee trees, stem borer and

scale insect identification on coffee trees, round weeding

around dragon fruit plants area, removal of water pouch of

the dragon fruit, weeding and slashing of weeds around dragon

fruit area and observation on how to collect data around

different crops in the area.

Poultry Area

There were different activities in the poultry area. The

trainees learned to provide drinking water for the laying

hens, feeding of the laying hens, cleaning of the water

trough, sweeping and slashing of weeds around the poultry

area, egg sorting, egg collection or harvest and spraying of

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malathion chemicals against house flies inside and outside

the area.

School Nursery

The trainee had done different jobs around the school

nursery. They had done weeding around the sweet potato area,

swept dry leaves, gathered some stones intended for

landscaping, removal of weeds around the fruit trees and

cutting of bamboo and ipil-ipil tree to be used as fence

around the area.

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 REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE

After 20 years of neglect by international donors,

agriculture is now again in the headlines because high food

prices are increasing food insecurity and poverty. In the

coming years, it will be essential to increase food

productivity and production in developing countries,

especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and with smallholders. This,

however, requires finding viable solutions to a number of

complex technical, institutional, and policy issues,

including land markets, research on seeds and inputs,

agricultural extension, credit, rural infrastructure,

connection to markets, rural non-farm employment, trade

policy and food price stabilization. This paper reviews what

the economic literature has to say on these topics. It

discusses in turn the role played by agriculture in the

development process and the interactions between agriculture

and other economic sectors, the determinants of the Green

29
Revolution and the foundations of agricultural growth, issues

of income diversification by farmers, approaches to rural

development, and issues of international trade policy and

food security, which have been at the root of the crisis in

agricultural commodity volatility in recent years.

1. Introduction

The agricultural sector continues to play a crucial

role for development, especially in low-income countries

where the sector is large both in terms of aggregate income

and total labor force. Having been a key preoccupation of

developing country governments, donors and the international

community during the 1960s and 1970s, agriculture disappeared

from the development agenda in the 1980s and 1990s, only to

reappear in the first decade of the 21st century because of

neglect and under investment (see Fig. 1). There is renewed

interest in the problems of the sector—not to a small extent

thanks to the World Development Report 2008, Agriculture for

Development (World Bank,2007) and Agriculture at a Crossroads

30
(IAASTD, 2009), both of which came from global consultative

processes of scientists, decision makers and donor agencies.

Donor countries have pledged large sums for investment in

agriculture for example, the G8 countries promised $22

billion during their meeting in Aquila, Italy in 2009. These

pledges were made in the aftermath of three simultaneous

global crises food crisis, climate crisis, and financial

crisis and their aftermath. Food prices have spiked twice in

a period of 4 years: the United Nations Food and Agriculture

Organization (FAO) food price index peaked in June 2008, and

then hit another record high in March 2011. Drought, fires,

and monsoon floods have destroyed harvests in many countries

from Russia to Pakistan. In poor countries, this has led to

hunger, worsening, and vulnerability to poverty.

There are two challenges related to agriculture. The

first is the need to increase food productivity and production

in developing countries, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and

with smallholder farmers. To achieve this, a number of

31
problems need to be addressed: property rights, R&D for seeds

and inputs, irrigation, fertilizer, agricultural extension,

credit, rural infrastructure, storage, and connection to

markets. The second problem is the volatility of food prices,

often because of events outside the control of poor countries.

An interconnected combination of steps could help ensure that

the most vulnerable countries and people get the nutrition

they need.1 The modest ambition of this paper is to review

the economic literature on agriculture, focusing on the

issues that are critical for agricultural productivity and

poverty reduction.

In the first section of the paper, we discuss the role

played by agriculture in the development process and the

interactions between agriculture and other economic sectors.

Agriculture contributes to both income growth and poverty

reduction in developing countries—by generating income and

employment in rural areas and providing food at reasonable

prices in urban areas. The sector matters greatly in low-

income countries, where about 60 percent of the labor force

32
is employed in agriculture: it accounts for 25 percent of GDP

(but only 9 percent in middle-income and 1 percent in high-

income countries). Of the 5.5 billion people who live in

developing countries, 3 billion live in rural areas.

Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for 86

percent of these rural households. Some 75 percent of poor

people still live in rural areas and derive the major part of

their income from the agricultural sector and related

activities. Agriculture provides food, income, and jobs, and

hence can be an engine of growth in agriculture-based

developing countries and an effective tool to reduce poverty

in transforming countries.2 Balancing agriculture and

industry is an important although difficult dimension of

development policy. Recently ‘‘agro-pessimist’’ views—based

on the observation that agriculture in developing countries

is often the least productive sector have been voiced in the

literature.3

33
 In the second section, we look back on the determinants

of the Green Revolution and discuss the foundations of

agricultural growth. In developing countries that have

experienced sustained increases in yields, the mode of

agriculture has been intensive and has involved the adoption

of new varieties by farmers, irrigation, and massive use of

fertilizer (with predictable environmental consequences),

which presupposes good institutions. In the coming decades,

massive productivity increases in Sub- Saharan Africa will be

necessary if the subcontinent is to catch up with the rest of

the world. The challenge is thus of a different nature.

Further cropland expansion (which was the basis for the slow

yield increases that took place in the past), with few

exceptions, will not be possible. New seeds that are resistant

to climate risks and adapted to local conditions will need to

be developed and sustainable irrigation systems expanded. The

most difficult challenges are institutional and economic.

Often small holders cannot internalize the benefit of their

efficiency (compared with large farms) because of missing

34
markets for insurance and credit, low education levels,

limited market access and market information, and insecure

property and usage rights. Hence, although new advances in

R&D—such as genetically modified organisms and extension

services—are important for future growth and poverty

reduction, getting fundamental institutions right is a

prerequisite for growth and a priority on the agricultural

development agenda.

In the third section, we broaden our focus and look at

the rural sector as a whole, examining why rural households

diversify their income and reviewing various approaches to

rural development. Non- farm employment is an important

income source for the poor and an effective way out of poverty

for rural households, as well as a means to cope with missing

insurance and credit markets. However, although the rural

non-farm sector is a source of additional employment

opportunities and an instrument to reduce poverty,

diversification of income by farmers does not necessarily

guarantee upward mobility. In order for this to happen, proper

35
education and information about and access to non-farm jobs

are necessary. As a consequence, rural development programs

have to incorporate such needs into their strategies. Past

experiences have shown that private provision of certain

goods and services can easily fail and therefore it is

important to have an ‘‘enabling state’’ to orchestrate and

initiate these activities without being their sole purveyor.

Their implementation should take advantage of private sector

initiatives and local civil society expertise. New

approaches, such as community-driven development, can be

successful in managing common resources and local projects.

But the lesson from the past is the importance of egalitarian

preferences and social capital among community members.

Balancing centralization and decentralization of program

implementation hence is the key for successful rural

development.

In the fourth section, we review trade policy and food

security concerns in light of the deadlock in the Doha round

and today’s volatility in food prices. We argue that

36
insulating poor people from world food price swings and

eliminating trade barriers for developing country

agricultural exports, in the context of the WTO trade

negotiations, are crucial for the reduction of poverty in

low-income countries. Developed countries should reduce these

trade barriers further because low-income country exports are

mainly agricultural goods and these countries lose the most

from current protectionism. For the negotiations to succeed,

this must go hand-in-hand with a reduction in trade barriers

by developing countries. Price volatility and beggar-thy-

neighbor policies to stabilize prices and guarantee national

food security by some countries during the 2008 food price

crisis have harmed vulnerable and poor populations and

reversed some past gains in the global effort to reduce

chronic poverty. Trade and market interventions to stabilize

agricultural prices have failed or met with limited success.

Even when unilateral policies have succeeded in stabilizing

domestic prices, they have increased the volatility of

international prices, and this eventually leads to a vicious

37
circle of similar responses by other countries. Because the

main purpose of stabilization and ‘‘food security’’ policies

is to mitigate the impact on the poorest income groups (those

most affected by food price changes), the focus should be on

mitigation and risk management strategies for these groups.

There is evidence that some social safety net and insurance

policies can offset agricultural price shocks and help poor

households to prevent food insecurity and cope with

idiosyncratic shocks to their income. However, the best

instruments to protect small farmers from income shocks are

ex ante measures, such as increased productivity, that

reduces the risk of shocks in the first place.

The paper has reviewed the economic literature related

to the role of agriculture in development. Since the key

question is how to use agriculture in support of a structural

transformation of the economy, we began by examining the role

played by agriculture in the development process and its

interactions with other sectors. In poor countries,

agricultural growth has a huge capacity to reduce poverty.

38
Due to this potential, improving productivity in the

agricultural sector in developing countries is critical and

an essential step to reach the Millennium Development Goals.

Some 75 percent of today’s poor living in rural areas would

benefit massively from higher incomes in agriculture.

Moreover, agriculture also has the potential to generate

economic growth in developing economies that depend to a large

extent on this sector, for example in many Sub-Saharan African

countries. But this presupposes major increases in

productivity that depend on a range of factors—new

technologies and their adoption, farm size and access to land,

and environmental challenges—for which we do not have

‘‘silver bullet’’ solutions. The most difficult are

institutional challenges related to market failures, missing

markets, and property rights.

Agriculture could be an engine of growth and provide

employment opportunities for the rural non- farm economy

because of its linkages with small cities and rural areas.

Rural development and community-driven development could

39
assist in this process. Governments will need to play an

important role for many of the tasks suggested in this paper.

They should not, however, be the only purveyor. The private

sector will be the main source of investment funds and a

supplier of services. Donors, nongovernmental organizations,

and civil society organizations (that benefit from local and

external private expertise when implementing projects) will

also play a key role. Identifying the right mix of these

actors and establishing effective cooperation among them will

be important.

New approaches to increase productivity in these

countries have to be found. The possibility of further land

expansion to increase agricultural output will soon be

exhausted and intensification will be the only way to increase

productivity in the future. For its Green Revolution, Africa

therefore needs high-yielding varieties that are adapted to

local conditions. In addition, to guarantee adoption of such

crop varieties and integrate small farmers into modern value

chains, existing barriers—such as low education, missing

40
infrastructure, lack of credit, and insurance markets—and

insecure property rights have to be addressed. Also, new

methods of disseminating information and learning, such as

the use of communications technology in extension services,

could foster adoption and profitable cultivation among

farmers. Increasing productivity among smallholders in

developing countries would also be an instrument to guarantee

food security in the long run.

The literature on the role of agriculture in development

has evolved considerably since the days of the Lewis model.

Over the past 60 years, countries that we still call

‘‘developing’’ by convention have experienced a huge

transformation: China, Brazil, India, and Turkey. Agriculture

in developing countries today, for the most part, rests on

much sounder macroeconomic fundamentals than before; it has

benefitted from important innovations (from new technology to

new financial and insurance markets); it is more profitable

in both low and high-value product markets; and, as a sector,

it is more integrated both within the domestic economy and on

41
a global scale. However, in spite of massive rural-urban

migration (and in some cases, mineral export-led growth), in

some parts of the world— mainly in Africa—land productivity

remains stagnant, resource scarcity and degradation have

worsened, and the structural transformation of the economy

has stalled. At times, the literature has been helpful in

pointing out the complexities of the process of structural

transformation of the economy and in highlighting the major

institutional and policy stumbling blocks. In our view, two

‘‘scientific revolutions’’ have helped policymakers: the

Green Revolution and the recognition that traditional

agriculture responds to incentives. Price and trade policies

adopted in the vast majority of developing countries have

represented an enormous tax on the sector and were ultimately

counterproductive for development. It must also be stressed

that the (relatively recent) emphasis on empirical analysis

has greatly helped to better measure and gauge the impact of

certain policies on agriculture.

42
 Overall, as stated by Byerlee et al. (2010), ‘‘the

agriculture-for-development mission remains substantially

incomplete.’’ There are still major gaps in the research. In

our view, economists should focus as a priority on the most

pressing issues, which include property rights, agricultural

extension, rural infrastructure, and food price

stabilization. The most pressing issue at present is to make

progress on food security and put in place effective coping

mechanisms for poor people. Economists and policymakers have

been unable to find adequate policy instruments to limit food

price volatility. Macroeconomic approaches to stabilize

prices in national markets are not promising. Social safety

nets, which help the poor to cope with income shocks, have

the potential to mitigate adverse effects and prevent

households from falling into chronic poverty, but they

require good targeting mechanisms and a stable institutional

environment. Beggar-thy-neighbor trade policies to stabilize

prices and guarantee national food security have been

counterproductive: they have harmed poor populations and

43
reversed some past gains. The best instrument to protect small

farmers from income shocks is to increase agricultural

productivity—but that is the most scientifically and

institutionally difficult challenge.

SKILLS LEARNED

Managerial skills

44
 One of the things that the intern learned from the training

is spending time wisely and using it properly. On the

training, the intern learned to manage the time and arrange

it in favor of the coordinators decision and arrangement.

Waking up early and doing chores faster helps a lot to save

time. Making a list of things to do had made the intern follow

his schedule hassle free. The intern also learned on how to

cross-pollinate different plants using its male and female

flower parts. Managing crops the proper way helps maintain

the growth of the plants. Managing on how to take good care

of the layer chicken in different station with the guidance

of caretakers is a task that had been accomplished by the

intern satisfactorily. Lastly, the intern learned that a good

leader is also a good follower.

Manipulative Skills

45
 In two weeks of the interns in Organic Vegetable and Seed

Production area, the author experienced and learned about

cross pollination process on plants. Cross pollination is the

process of transferring pollen from the male reproductive

organ (an anther or a male cone) of one plant to the female

reproductive organ (a stigma or a female cone) of another

plant. Insects and wind are the main agents of cross-

pollination.

There were two kinds of cross pollination, it could be

self-pollination or hybridization. In self-pollination or

“selfing”, there would be a transfer of pollen from a male

reproductive structure to the female reproduction structure

of the same plant or of the same flower. While hybridization

is a process of crossing two generally different individuals

to result in third individual with a different, often

preferred set of traits. Plants of the same species cross

easily and produced sterile progeny because of chromosome

pairing difficulties in meiosis.

46
 In this area the author learned a lot about the cross-

pollination by actual demonstration of cross pollination.

Also, the author learned the proper steps on cross pollination

both on self-pollination and hybridization. Materials and

tools being used were also had been prepared like the

following:

 Puller

 Marker

 Nametag

 Foil

In self-pollination, the author must be able to observed,

study and identify the plant that will be used for

pollination. They need to choose good variety that possesses

the preferred characteristics and traits. The next step is to

isolate the flower of the selected plant. It is wise to choose

the flower that hadn’t open yet for isolation to ensure the

purity of pollination and avoid contamination of the female

47
organ from other pollinating flower. The isolated flower will

then be open -up the next day for pollination.

To further elaborate the process these are the basic

isolation procedure:

1. Identifying the plant involved and the corresponding

energy sources.

2. Identify all other hazards.

3. Shut the plant down.

4. De-energize all stored energy sources.

5. Isolate and lack out all energy sources

6. Tag plant controls.

7. Control other potential hazards.

8. Carry out the work on the plant.

9. Once remedial work is complete, the tagged controls are

to be removed before plant returned operational status.

After 24 hours it is needed to remove the foil that had

been used for isolating then the breeder must identify the

part of the flower, especially on complete flower, wherein

48
both the male and female part are fused in one flower. The

male part or the pollen-bearing part is called the stamen and

is composed of the filament and the anther. Next identify the

female part of the flower. The female part is composed of the

seed-bearing part and the style. Some plants may have

exclusive male part or female part but commonly they had both.

The female part is collectively known as the stigma which is

a sticky surface receptive to pollen.

After the identification, the next step is to remove the

sepals of the flower to easily pollinate. Open the isolated

female flower the remove the male part and rub the male to

create contact between both parts. This contact allows the

pollen to transfer from male to the stigma. After several

seconds of pollination, isolate the female part again using

foil and close it softly and gently. This is to avoid

contamination of other pollen to the stigma brought by insect,

wind or birds. Check the isolated plant after 3 to 5 days

after pollination if the process succeeded.

49
 The purpose of self-pollination is to maintain the purity

of the variety of the plant therefore maintaining the traits

and characteristics preferred.

The hybridization is being done to cross pollinate plants

different type of plants with different traits and

characteristics like color, yield and others. Same with self-

pollination, there is a need to identify good variety and

isolation process. The male and female part should always be

identified. After several seconds of pollination, isolate the

flower to avoid contaminants using foil. Hybridization allows

the breeder to create new varieties that possess good traits

for better plant growth and yield performance.

The purpose of cross pollination is the creation of

variation. This combination of different genes helps increase

the chance of plants to survive. Cross pollination involves

transfer of pollen with different agents that make

anemophily, entomophily, hydrophilic, etc.

50
 Communication Skills

The intern learned a lot about making good communication

with co-workers. He ensures that talking to everyone about

the work and finishing tasks makes a good habit as a trainee.

He asked a lot of question to clear things he didn’t

understand and to learn more. He also learned how to respect

each other, especially he learned to respect persons in

authority like the managers, supervisors and the head of every

station.

51
 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED AND SOLUTION

Problem encountered:

In the two hundred forty hours (240 hours)

duration of internship at USTsP-Claveria campus

stock farm and livestock the intern encountered

various problems that leads the trainee to

experience some difficulties in the assigned

station.

Those problems were:

1. Lack of comfort room.

2. Some cages are damage that caused on the damage eggs.

3. Lack of tools and materials for marcoting and grafting

activities.

52
SUGGESTED SOLUTION:

1. Comfort room is very important for the trainees and for

the visitors. It is necessary to establish a new comfort room

in every station.

2. Avoiding egg damages, it is very necessary to repair the

cages for the chickens and eggs safety.

3. Stock of tools and materials in every station is highly

recommended so the trainees will learn new activities and the

same time they can have hands-on experiences.

53
 CONCLUSION

The experience of the author made it possible for him to

acquire valuable skills that could be used for the future

career. Also, he was able to enhance his abilities in raising

livestock and taking care of plants for crop production which

provides him better insight of the course he’s been taking in

college. He also learned to manage his attitude on towards

work, people and situation he has been around with.

RECOMMENDATION

With all the experience the author had, he would like to

recommend the continuation of this activity, the OIP, so that

students will be able to continue to learn more about working

environment and create working habits appropriate for a

working professional in the future.

54
Appendices

55
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

The author, Mr. Bernabe Jabagat is second and youngest

among three siblings. His father is Oliver Jabagat, born

December 31, 1968 at Salay, Misamis Oriental. His mother is

Mrs. Nely Jabagat, born July 7,1976 at Salay Misamis Oriental.

He studied grade school at Bal-ason Elementary School at

Salay Misamis Oriental. He spent his secondary education also

in Salay National High School.

During his elementary years, he had become the classroom

President. He also likes dancing ethnic dances. In high

school, he became a Vice-President. for the Supreme Student

Government at the same time Editor-in-Chief in the school

publication of the campus and also became the classroom

president in fourth year level. He graduated with several

awards like best in Flipino and also Dagli-ang Talumpati

award. He is now an agriculture student at USTP Claveria

campus, now doing the best he can be.

56
 DAILY ACCOMPLISHMENT REPORT

Assign area: Butterfly Garden and Oval area

Area In-charge: Prof. Luciano Laput

: Dr. Emelda Hebron

Assigned area: Mini-forest

Area In-charge: Prof. Luciano Laput,

Dr. Emelda Hebron

DATE DAILY ACTIVITIES

APRIL 13,2018  Slashing the weeds around

the area many forest.

 Slashing the weeds all over

the mahugani tree and the

coffee trees.

 Slashing weeds at the fence

area beside the national

57
 highway.

Assigned Area :(OAC)- ORGANIC VEGETABLE AND SEEDS PRODUCTION

Area IN-Charge: Mr. Hector Guillermo Jr.

DATE DAILY ACTIVITIES

APRIL 9-10-14,2018  Cutting dry leaves and stem

to prevent stem borer on

APRIL 30 -MAY 4,2018
eggplant.

 Holing the soil inside the

plot.

 Land preparation for

planting pole-sitao plants.

58
 Basal-putting of chicken

dung mix with rice hull and

limestone

 Identifying the male and

female flower eggplant.

 Isolating the flower of

eggplant.

 Trellising the pole sitao

plant.

 Making canal beside the plot

of pole sitao plants for

water drainage purposes.

 Pollinating the egg plant

flower.

 Demonstrating the cross

pollination of plants.

59
 Weeding the area of organic

vegetable area.

 Watering the plants like

cucumber, squash, and okra.

 Slashing the weeds of the

contour area.

 Demonstrating and discussing

on how the proper way of

cross pollinate the male and

female of flower.

 Trellising and replacing the

plants in the cucumber area.

 Watering the cucumber plants

 Demonstrating on how to

properly transplant the

cucumber plants

60
 Demonstrating of proper

handling of the seedbed tray

while transplanting the pole

sitao plants.

 The master’s students shared

their knowledge about the

procedures on how to turn

the lemongrass oil into an

insecticide while converting

the panyawan into fungicide.

 Application of vermin tea

artificial foliar

fertilizer.

 Sowing the vegetable seeds

into the seedbed tray.

 Weeding the kangkong area.

 Leaf-upping the vines

61
cucumber into the trellis.

62
Assign area: RDE research

-passion fruit area, landscape-area, dragon fruit area,

coffee plantation area

Area In-charge: Melecyn Jane Alcarde

Anthony Dullen

Lady Rose Abregana

Daff Sarauza

DATE DAILY ACTIVITIES

APRIL 16-20, 2018  Collecting data of flower of

passion fruit

 Discussing what fertilizer

they used in passion fruit.

 Getting information about

the proper management of

plants.

63
 Leaf-upping vines of passion

fruit into the trellis.

 Slashing weeds outside and

inside of the passion fruit

area.

 Preparing the soil of

planting flower inside the

planting area.

 Pulverizing and mixing of

the organic fertilizer to

the pot that is ready for

planting.

 Weeding the landscape area

in front of the RDA

building.

 Planting ornamental plants

inside of the landscape

64
 area.

 Putting the rice hull into

the soil

 Pruning the coffee tree.

 Dessachering the coffee

tree.

 De-topping the coffee tree.

 Identifying the stem borer

and scale insect that

affect the coffee tree

 Round weeding of the dragon

fruit plants.

 Cutting the water pouch of

dragon fruit.

 Slashing the weeds of dragon

fruit area

65
 Weeding inside the dragon

fruit the area

 Observe on how to collect

the data.

66
Assign area: Poultry area

Area In-charge: Mr. Ronnel Lustre

DATE DAILY ACTIVITIES

APRIL 23-27,2018  Watering the layer chicken

 Feeding the layer chicken

 Cleaning the waterer

 Sweeping outside the poultry

house

 Slashing the weeds outside

the poultry house

 Egg sorting

 Egg collecting/harvesting

 Weeding in front of poultry

house

 Spraying the house flies

67
 inside and outside of the

cage using malathion

chemicals animals pest

Assign area: school nursery

Area in-charge: Ramil Quimada

DATE DAILY ACTIVITIES

MAY 7-11 2018  Weeding the sweet potato

area

 Sweeping the dry leaves

around the nursery area

 Hauling stones for landscape

purposes

 Removing weeds into the

fruit weeds

 Hauling and cutting the

bamboo tree and ipil-ipil

68
 tree for fence purposes.

Documentation

Selection of plant that A female part of a flower

will be used for cross of Eggplant (Solanum
pollination and would be melongena)
open the following day.

69
An isolated flower of eggplant (Solanum melongena) with
a nametag to serve as a marker to identify the flower
that will be used for cross pollination.

Removal of the male part of the flower called the stamen

to avoid self-pollination of the plant.

Cross pollination involves rubbing of the male flower of

the plant to the female part wherein the pollen grains
will be transferred from male part (stamen) to the
female part (pistil).

70
These were the cages at the poultry area wherein the laying
hens are being kept.

Mini-forest area

Organic area

71
72
Actual demonstration of isolation

73
 Actual demonstration of isolation

Actual demonstration of coffee pruning

74