PRESENTATION

ON
JET PROPULSION
• Jet propulsion is thrust produced by passing a
jet of matter (typically air or water) in the
opposite direction to the direction of motion. By
law of conservation of momentum, the moving
body is propelled in the opposite direction to
the jet.

• The propulsive devices are based on the to

fundamental laws, namely, Newton's second
and third law of motion.

• In a jet propulsion engine the propulsive power

is not produced by the gas turbine, but its
•A number of animals, including cephalopods, sea hares,
arthropods, and fish have convergently evolved jet
propulsion mechanisms. This is most commonly used in
the jet engine, but is also the means of propulsion utilized
by NASA to power various space craft.
•Jet propulsion in cephalopods is produced by water being
exhaled through a siphon, which typically narrows to a
small opening to produce the maximum exhalent velocity.
The water passes through the gills prior to exhalation,
fulfilling the dual purpose of respiration and locomotion.
Sea hares (gastropod mollusks) employ a similar means of
jet propulsion, but without the sophisticated neurological
machinery of cephalopods they navigate somewhat more
clumsily.
•Some teleost fish have also developed jet propulsion,
passing water through the gills to supplement fin-driven
motion. In some dragonfly larvae, jet propulsion is
achieved by the expulsion of water from a specialized
cavity through the anus. Given the small size of the
organism, a great speed is achieved. Scallops and
Propeller gives a Jet engines gives a
smaller acceleration larger acceleration
to a large weight of to a
air. smaller weight of
air.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROPULSIVE
ENGINES
PROPULSIVE
ENGINE

Air Non Air

breathing breathing jet
jet engine engine (rocket)

Uses the atmospheric Uses its own

air as the main fluid. propulsive agent
operation is limited (liquid/solid) Capable
within earth’s to operate beyond
atmosphere. earth’s atmosphere.
e.g., Aircraft engines. e.g., Rocket engines
 Air breathing jet engine
(ABE)

I.C. Rammin Gas

engine g effect turbine
driven propulsiv propulsiv
e
propulsiv e system
system
e
system Turbojet
engine
Ramjet Pulsejet
engine engine Turbojet
with
afterburne
r
Turboprop

Turbofan
 I.C. ENGINE PROPULSIVE
SYSTEM
• It is air breathing engine , in which the engine
take air as working fluid. The net power
produced by engine is used to drive the
propeller which create thrust.

• It is widely used to power propulsion of

helicopters.
 RAMJET
• Ram jet is air breathing steady combustion or
continuous flow engine.
• Ramjet is simplest of all breathing engines & consists
of supersonic & subsonic diffusers , a combustion
chamber with fuel injector & discharge nozzle.
• It has no moving parts.
• Combustion occurs at subsonic speed of airflow.
• Guided-missile systems , in defence sector used
this type of jet.
 ADVANTAGES
 Ramjet is the simple in construction and does
not have moving part such as compressor
and turbine.
 It is very cheap and require almost no
maintenance.
 Greater thrust per unit engine weight than any
other propulsion engine at supersonic speed
except rocket.
 At very high speed and high altitude the
 DISADVANTAGES
 At low and moderate speeds , the fuel
consumption is very high.
 It can not be started on it own. It has to be
accelerated to a certain flight velocity by some
launching device.
 Due to high air speed the combustion chamber
requires flame holder to stabilize the combustion.
 PULSE JET ENGINE
 A pulse jet is an engine that works on
combustion in phases called pulse.
 These engines are usually made using no
moving pats.
 Low fuel economy ,however , cheap and easy
to build
 ADVANTAGES
 It is simple in construction compared to
turbojet engine.
 It does not having moving parts such as
compressor,, turbine and propeller .Hence it is light
, and can carry high pay load.
 It can be produced sufficient thrust at low speeds.
 It is highly suitable for bombers and target
missiles because it can be operated without pilot.
 DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
 It produces very high noise and serve
vibrations due to intermittent pulse.
 It has high fuel consumption and very low
thermal efficiency.
 It is useful only for short fright life of 30 to 60
minutes.
 It is affected by atmospheric air density and
hence, Limited operating altitude.
 TURBOJET
 Turbojet engine is air breathing and gas
turbine propulsive system. It is propelled by
the thrust produced due to acceleration of the
hot combustion gases (coming from the gas
turbines) through the exhaust nozzle.
 The turbojet engine is a reaction engine.
 Substantial increases in thrust can be obtained
by employing an after burner.
 ADVANTAGES
 It is simple in construction as compared to I.C.
Engine propelled system for same power
output.
 The weight to power ratio of turbojet
engine is one fourth that of I.C. Engine
propelled system.
 The speed of turbojet is not limited by the
propeller and it can attain higher flight
speeds than I.C. Engine propeller aircrafts.
 DISADVANTAGES
 The fuel economy at low flight speeds is
extremely poor.
 Propulsive efficiently and thrust are lower at
low speed . it becomes inefficient below a
speed of 550km/hr.
 Turbojet is not economical for short distance
flights. Also it requires longer runway for it
take off and landing.
 High capital cost.
 TURBOPROP
 A higher thrust per unit mass flow of fuel can be
obtained by increasing the mass flow of air and that this
result in better fuel economy. This fact is utilized in
turboprop engine which is intermediate device between
a jet engine and propeller driven by I.C.Engine. A
turbojet engine is called propjet.
 A turboprop engine is a jet engine attached to a
propeller.
 Modern turboprop engines are equipped with
propellers that have a smaller diameter but larger no.
 ADVANTAGES
 The operation range of turboprop engine is between
that of turbojet and propeller engine as it can
operate at any speed up to 800 km/hr.
 It develop higher thrust at low speed and hence take
off rolling in short, requiring shorter runway. It is very
useful for short rang flight with a speed of 600 km/hr.
 Thrust reversal is easily achieved by varying the
blade angle, and air craft speed can be drastically
decreased.
 DISADVANTAGES
 At high speed, the propulsive efficiency
decrease drastically, thereby, putting up a
maximum speed limit on the engine.
 It is used only for short range of flight, low
altitude and low speeds.
 It is requires reduction gear which increase the
cost and weight of air craft.
 TURBOFAN
 The objective of this sort of bypass system is
to increase thrust without increasing fuel
consumption.
 It achieves this by increasing the total air-
mass flow and reducing the velocity within
the same total energy supply.
 ROCKET
 Non air breathing engine that carries
its own fuel as well as the oxygen
needed for the fuel burn.
 Types of rockets:
1 Solid-propellant rockets.
2 Liquid-propellant rockets.
 Solid- propellant rockets use a solid fuel that is
mixed with an oxidizer and shaped into a specific
shape that promotes an optimum burning rate.
 Produce extremely high velocity, and used to propel
some weapons and to provide additional thrust for take
off of heavy loaded aircraft.
 Liquid-fuel rocket uses fuel and oxidizing agent such
as liquid oxygen carried in tanks aboard the rocket.
 When mixed the reaction is so violent that produce
a tremendous amount of heat.
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