1 The organisation of living things

1 Name the following organisms, then classify them into microscopic or macroscopic organism.

Dust-mite Tuberculosis bacteria Lichen

Red mite Algae Virus

Red mite Algae Dust-mite

Tubercolisis bacteria Lichen Virus

2 Listen and write the vital functions you hear. Then complete the sentence.

a)  Interaction
2

Reproduction
b) 

Nutrition
c) 

 Reproduction is the biological process by which offspring are produce by their  Parents .

4
 1
3 Match the two parts of the sentences.

A cell wall • • are green organelles that capture light and produce food.
Chloroplasts • • manufacture chemicals to obtain energy.
The nucleus contains • • protects the plant cell.
Organelles • • takes part in the interaction function.
The cell membrane • • the material necessary to reproduce the cell.
4 Listen and write the cell parts you hear in the correct part of the diagram.
3

Animal cells Plant cells

cell membrane, organelles,

 cell wall

cytoplasm and nucleus chloroplasts

5 Use the words from the previous activity to label the plant cell.

nucleus
cell wall


cell membrane

cytoplasm

chloroplasts

5
 6 Identify these cells and complete the sentences.

a)
Nerve cells send information around the body. They are star-shaped

because their long extensions help them establish connections with

other nerve cells. .
Nerve cells


b) Epithelial cells flat

insulate and protect the body. They are because
they line areas of our body, for example our skin.

.
Epithelial cells

together
The muscle cells group to form muscles that
c) elongated
move our bodies. They are because they
can contract and expand.

The tissues they form can also contract and

Muscle cells expand
.
7 Give examples of multicellular and unicellular organism.

Multicellular: dog, cat, sparrow, horse, pine tree

Unicellular: cyanobacteria, some algae, paramecium

8 Listen and label the flow chart to show how cells join together in a multicellular organism. Then listen
4 again and write another example of each part of the chain the speakers talk about.

form form form form

cells tissues organs systems an organism

Muscle cells Muscle tissue Stomach Digestive system Human beings



6
 1
9 Answer the questions with the names of the correct systems in human beings.

a) Which system cleans waste products from our blood? ..The excretory system.
The circulatory system.
b) Which system carries blood around the body? ..

c) Which system reacts to information from the sense organs? . The nervous system.

d) Which system converts food for our bodies to use? ..The digestive system.

The skin captures information

10 How is the skin involved in interaction? What about the optic nerve?
from our surroundings, for example the temperature, and sends information to the brain. The optic

nerve gathers the information captured by the eyes and send it to the brain. The brain

processes the information and sometimes it sends and order to the musculoskeletal system, which

responds to it with movement.

11 Which system do the following images represent? Answer the questions.

What is a viviparous animal? It is one that is

a) 
born from its mother’s womb.

Yes, they are.

b) Are human beings viviparous?

Women’s reproductive Men’s reproductive c) 

What other animals are viviparous? Can you think

Student’s own answer.
system system of examples?

12 Decide if each lifestyle habit in the recording is healthy or not. Write ‘healthy’ or ‘unhealthy’ and
5 explain why.

a) Healthy. Because exercise is good for our bodies.

Unhealthy. It is beneficial to practise sports and spend time with friends for our psychological health.
b) 
Healthy. It is very important to take care of your hygiene to avoid infections.
c) 

d) Unhealthy. It is important to have a balanced diet.

7
 External exams

13 Read the newpaper article and the report. Then fill in the information in Mike’s notes.

science daily news

RAMóN Y CAJAL
DISCOVERIES A Pioneering Spanish Neuroscientist

The Neuron Doctrine:

neuron as central part of
nervous system; individual
cells made of 3 parts
(dendrites, axon and cell
body).

Dendritic Spine Theory:

tiny structures used for
cell-cell communication.
Called the father of neuroscience, Ramón y Cajal, received the
Axonal Growth Theory:
Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1906 because of his investigations into
a process central to the the structure of the brain. He developed the theory that neurons
development of the are processing units that make connections and organise their indi-
nervous system. vidual functions.

Mike’s Notes
Spanish
0. Nationality: 

1906
1. Year of Nobel Prize: 

father of neuroscience
2. Known as: 

The Neuron Doctrine, Dendritic Spine Theory and Axonal Growth Theory
3. Main discoveries: 

processing units that make connections and organise their individual functions.
4. Neurons are: 

structure of the brain.

5. Major investigation: 

8
 1

14 Your friend Sophie is working on a Science Project on Ramón y Cajal. Write a note saying:

• Where he was from

• Date of his main prize

• Central investigation and important discoveries

Write 25-35 words.

Sophie, this is your information:


He was Spanish and won The Nobel Prize in 1906. He investigated the structure of the brain and his

important discoveries were The Neuron Doctrine, Dendritic Spine Theory and Axonal Growth Theory.

15 Complete the email. Write one word in each space.

From: John
To: Melissa
Subject: Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) (0) did not only

contribute to neurobiology and neurohistology but also
worked
(1) on the use of hypnosis to help women reduce the
pain (2) in the process of childbirth. (3) Today
,
use
dentists, psychologists and doctors (4) this
effective technique to help their patients relieve pain.
Many
(5) investigations based on Ramón y Cajal’s first
done
studies into hypnoanalgesia have been (6) since
then. He published his investigations in a complete collection
his in
of (7) works in 1924, but (8) 1936 (9)
during the Spanish Civil War, his work (10) was

lost forever.

9
 To sum up
16 Complete the following mind map.

unicellular organisms

types Living things vital functions

multicellular organisms
      
muscle cells

cell
       epithelial cells

tissue
nerve cells
      
organ
      

system

digestive
      

respiratory
nutrition
      
circulatory

excretory

nervous
      
interaction
musculoskeletal

reproductive
       reproduction

10
 1

17 Complete the following sentences with the words provided.

1
The vital functions that all living things perform are: nutrition , micros
cope
interaction and reproduction. vital fu
nction
macro s
scopic
nutriti
Living things which we can see with the naked eye are called macroscopic on
micros
copic
things. Those we can’t see with the naked eye are called microscopic interac
tion
things or microorganisms. We have to look at these living things with an
instrument called a microscope .

2
cells chloro
All living things are formed of . A cell is the smallest part p lasts
cells
of a living thing. It performs the three vital functions: nutrition , cytopl
asm
interaction and reproduction . nutriti
on
reprod
uction
Cells contain a cell membrane , cytoplasm , organelles and a cell wa
cell me ll
nucleus . In addition, plant cells contain chloroplasts and a cell wall . mbran
nucleu e
s

3
Living things can be unicellular or multicellular.
organs
In a multicellular organism, the cells group together to form tissues , which
cells
then group together with others of the same function to form organs . organi
sm
Organs group together to form systems or apparatus. The grouping together tissue
s
of all these levels of organisation makes an organism . system
s

4
Human beings are multicellular living things. For multicellular living things to balanc
ed
perform their vital functions, different organs and systems or apparatus have regula
r
digest
to work together. Among these are the digestive system, the respiratory ive
health
system, the circulatory system, the excretory system, the nervous system y
circula
tory
and the reproductive system. excret
ory
reprod
uctive
To keep fit we have to follow a healthy lifestyle: eat a balanced diet, take
regular exercise and spend time with family and friends.

11
 2 The variety of life

1 Find nine living things in the wordsearch.

a m o e b a R E I P O
m e y e a s t U N M L
d o t i c r a b X E Y
e v u l i l y J W A X
t i c a l g a F B I W
s u n f l o w e r U C
o p O m u s h r o o m
r a f i s h o e R E I

2 Write the living things from activity one under the correct kingdom. Give more examples.

Plant kingdom Animal kingdom Alga and Protista kingdom Bacteria kingdom Fungus kingdom

lily
 crab amoeba bacillus yeast

sunflower fish alga lactobacillus mushroom

Pine tree sheep paramecium cyanobacteria moulds

3 Listen and classify the living things from activity one in this chart.
6

Makes its own food Feeds on other living things

alga fish, crab, bacillus, amoeba

Can move 

Can’t move sunflower, lily mushroom, yeast

4 Choose two living things that are from two different kingdoms. Write about one similarity and one
difference between the two living things.
Student’s own answer.


12
 2
5 Listen and match the food products on the right with the organisms they come from.
7

Bacteria • •

Yeast • •

Mould • •

6 Match the two halves of the sentences.

Fungi reproduce • • used to make antibiotics.

Yeasts • • by spores.

Mould cells • • cause diseases.

Some moulds are • • is a type of protozoa.

Some bacteria • • are unicellular fungi.

Paramecium • • form clusters and look fluffy.

7 Read the sentences about capped fungi and decide if they are true or false. Then, correct the false ones.

F Capped fungi are multicellular, like moulds.

Capped fungi are unicellular, like yeasts. 

F Capped fungi need sunlight in order to make their food. All fungi feed on remains of other living

things.
 They don’t make their own food.

T Capped fungi produce their spores through a cap which is above the ground.

F Like moulds, capped fungi have cells grouped in clusters. The

 cells in capped fungi group to form

long filaments.


F All capped fungi are poisonous. Some capped fungi are poisonous, like toadstools, but some

capped
 fungi are edible.

13
 8 Listen and label the species you can see on the coral reef.
8

coral jellyfish

turtle

 clownfish
alga

 anemone
9 Read and complete the description of the community on the coral reef.

eat anemones population species community

clownfish together turtles survive

community species
These living things are part of the of a coral reef. There are many different
together survive
of aquatic animals on a coral reef. Living in a community helps organisms . In this
clownfish
community, there are large populations of coral, algae and anemones. A group of is living
anemones population turtles
among the . There is a of jellyfish too, and some green . Some turtles
eat
eat jellyfish, but green turtles algae and sea plants.

10 What is the only species that can breed with a green turtle? Write the answer and explain why.
A green turtle can only breed with another green turtle, because

living things can only reproduce fertile offspring with another

individual from the same species.

11 Choose a community you can observe near to where you live. Write a description of the community
you have chosen.
Student’s own answer.

14
 2
12 Circle the odd word out. Then, write a title for each group of relationships.

intraspecific interspecific
relationships relationships

protection symbiosis
predation
reproduction
reproduction
predation
mutualism
feeding parasitism

13 What’s the main difference between an intraspecific relationship and an interspecific relationship?

• Intraspecific relationships occur between individuals of the same species. (They are beneficial
relationships and help the survival of the species).

• Interspecific relationships are the interactions between different species. (Some interspecific
relationships are beneficial to both species, and some are harmful to one of the species).

14 Listen and number the photos. Then, label the photo with the correct relationship. Is it an interspecific
9 relationship or an intraspecific relationship?

2 1 3 4

mutualism - interspecific parasitism - interspecific predation - interspecific Protection - intraspecific

15 Look at the photo and complete the text. Then, explain the type of relationships you see on the photo.
predators hunt
Grey wolves are . They in packs to kill animals for

prey
food. Their includes large animals like bison, deer, sheep and

protection
mountain goats. Bison live in a herd for .
Predation
.. between the wolves and the bison and intraspecific between

the
.. pack of wolves.

15
 External exams

16 Read the newspaper article and the notice. Fill in the information in Simon’s notes.

CLOWNFISH or ANEMONEFISH
www.mutualprotection.com o org 1. Small, brightly
coloured fish that
live in pairs in warm
Mutual protection waters of the Pacific
and Indian Ocean.
The sea anemone is known as the flower of the sea, but 2. They can only live in
anemones are actually meat-eating animals, attached to ten out of more than
rocks or coral that wait for their food to swim by. They sting one thousand species
their prey with their tentacles, then pull the food into their of sea anemone.
mouths. This half-plant, half-animal benefits from a
3. Can live from 3 to 5
symbiosis relationship with the clownfish. Together they
years in captivity and
help each other in protection from predators, and exchange
6 to 10 years in the
of nutrients.
wild.
In order to live among anemones, clownfish develop a thick 4. Are hermaphrodites
mucus layer that protects them from the harpoon-like (they develop as
stingers on the anemones’ tentacles. males first and
become females).

Simon’s Notes

Anemone and clownfish.

0. Name of organisms: 

1. Name of relationship:  Symbiosis.

protection from predators and exchange of nutrients.

2. Benefits from symbiosis: 

Pacific and Indian Ocean.

3. Where they live: 

4. Clownfish protection:  a thick mucus layer.

5. Special characteristic:  Hermaphrodite.

16
 2

17 Your friend Peter asked you for information on the anemone and the clownfish. Use Simon’s notes to
write a note giving him some details:

• Type of relationship

• Benefits of relationship

• Special characteristics and protection

Write 25-35 words.

Hi Peter,

This is the information you need: Anemones and clownfish live in symbiosis. They both protect each

other from predators and exchange nutrients.

Clownfish are hermaphrodites and are covered with a thick mucus layer.

Simon

18 Complete the email. Write one word in each space.

From: Fran From: Josh

To: Josh To: Fran

Subject: Meaning of symbiosis Subject: Re: Meaning of symbiosis

Hi Jack! I (0) looked up the meaning of
symbiosis; it says it comes from two Greek
(1) words ‘with’ and ‘living’. It describes the
relationship (2) between two organisms (3)
from different species living together (4) but
not always, beneficial to both sides. Did you (5)
find anything?
Fran
I (6)) found that there are different types.
· Commensalism, when one of the organisms
benefits, like a hermit crab (7) living in an
empty seashell.
· Parasitism, like mosquitoes or fleas that feed on
blood (8) of its host.
· Mutualism, like dogs and humans. We give
them shelter and food and they give (9) us
company and protection.
· Endosymbiosis and ectosymbiosis is like
protozoan that live inside termites helping (10)
to digest wood.
That’s all, Josh

17
 To sum up
19 Complete the following mind map.

Reproduction
     Feeding Protection
    

Intraspecific Predation
    
relationship

Parasitism
Interspecific
    
Communities
relationship
Mutualism
    

Populations
      Symbiosis

LIVING THINGS Individuals

alga and
The      fungus
The plant
   The animal The bacteria The    
kingdom kingdom protista kingdom
    kingdom kingdom

Algae Protozoa
     Capped fungi Mould
     Yeast

18
 2

20 Complete the following sentences with the words provided.

1
cellular structure and their
If we classify living things according to their       plants
bacter
ia
plants , animals, fungi,
nutrition, they can be divided into five kingdoms:      cellula
r
protoz
protozoa and      .
bacteria oa
algae and       

2
fungi which we can classify according to
There are three types of      yeast
bacter
ia
moulds and     
their structures: capped fungi,      yeast . mould
s
fungi
Protozoa and       
       bacteria are unicellular living things which we protoz
oa

can’t see with the naked eye. Some bacteria can be beneficial, whereas

others cause diseases.

3 comm
Individuals of the same species that live together form a       
       population . unity
individ
ual
popula s
Different populations that live together in the same place make up tion

community .
a       

4
intraspecific relationships with each
Individuals within a population form        protec
t
intersp
ecific
reproduce ,       
other to        protect themselves, and feed themselves. mutua
lism
intrasp
ecific
Relationships between different species and populations within reprod
uce
predat
interspecific relationships. These ion
the same community are called       

predation , parasitism,       

include        mutualism and symbiosis.

19
 3 Plants

1 Listen carefully to Rachel and her little sister Rebecca talking about the parts of a plant. Write them in
10 the correct places. Write sentences with the parts of a plant.

leaves


stem

roots

a)  Possible answers: The trunk of a tree is a very thick stem.

Some plants store nutrients in their roots.

b) 

Leaves capture sunlight and carbon dioxide from the air.

c) 

2 Match the two parts of the following sentences.

The roots • • are where nutrients are made.

The stem • • take nutrients from the ground.

Non-flowering plants • • reproduce from seeds.

Leaves • • reproduce through spores.

Flowering plants • • carries water to other parts of the plant.

20
 3
3 Listen and write the words you hear related to the following processes.
11

CO2 sunlight
oxygen CO2

oxygen

nutrients nutrients

4 Find ten words related to photosynthesis and respiration.

s U n n o b r a c g s e i b
u r e m i n e r a l s u g d
n o n g l u c o s e o r d g
l o e l n u t r i e n t e v
i t r S o I L i d e l o g d
g s g e b g n r e t a w a o
h e d a c b m q o x Y g e n
T c a r b o n d i o x i d e

5 Circle the odd one out. Write a title for each box.

Photosynthesis carbon dioxide oxygen sunlight roots

Parts of the plant

 roots leaves water stems

6 When do these processes take place? Explain why this happens.

Photosynthesis  Photosynthesis only happens during the day because the plant needs the

sunlight for this process.

Respiration  Respiration happens during the day and at night because the plant needs energy

.24 hours a day.

21
 7 Label the parts of the following flower:

pistil

anther
 corolla

ovule

filament calyx

8 Listen and write the words you hear in the corresponding column of the following table about
12 flowering and non-flowering plants.

Flowering plants Non-flowering plants

● stamen ● sori
● pistil ● reproductive cells
● pollen ● spore
● ovule

9 What’s the difference between flowering and non-flowering plants? Give examples.
.Flowering plants reproduce from seeds and non-flowering plants reproduce through spores.

. Apple trees and pine trees are examples of flowering trees. Ferns and mosses are examples of

non-flowering plants.


10 Write examples of plants that reproduce by self-pollination and cross-pollination.

Self-pollination Cross-pollination

Almond tree
 Holm oak

Pee plant Orange tree



Tomato Lemon tree

22
 3
11 Draw the stages of reproduction by cross-pollination. Write an explanation of the process.

Student’s own answer

12 Identify if the following flowers are female, male or hermaphrodite.

female hermaphrodite male



23
 13 Listen and write the types of fragmentation you hear.
13 Rhizomes
a) 

Tubers
b) 

Bulbs
c) 

14 Find examples of different types of asexual reproduction in plants at home. Look particularly in the kitchen.

Bulb Tuber Stolon Rhizome

Onion
garlic potato strawberry asparagus

15 If John takes a cutting from a red geranium plant, what colour flowers will the cutting produce?
Explain your answer.
 The flowers of the cuttings will be red, because a cutting is a form of asexual reproduction, and

asexual reproduction produces plants which are identical to the original plant.

16 Classify the different plants according to the way they reproduce, sexual reproduction or asexual
reproduction.

asexual sexual asexual

                      

24
 3
17 Listen and name the different ways plants move.
14

phototropism hydrotropism nastic

                     

18 Compare how a deciduous tree and an evergreen tree respond to the different season.

Winter Deciduous trees: lose their leaves. Evergreen trees: maintain their leaves.

Spring Deciduous trees: photosynthesis restarts. Evergreen trees: pollination occurs.



Summer Deciduous and evergreen trees: fruits develop. Photosynthesis occurs.

Autumn Deciduous trees: loss of chlorophyll in leaves. Evergreen trees: fruits fall to distribute seeds.
.

19 Why do seeds germinate when spring arrives? Use what you have learnt from your results in the Final
task to help you answer.

Seeds germinate in the spring after lying dormant in the winter because they sense the changing

temperature in the soil. In spring the weather is warmer, and this warms the soil.

25
 External exams

20 Complete the emails.

From: Joanne
To: Janet
Subject: Poster

on  
  
   to
      

metres
      
On
       in
      
call / phone
       talk
      

From: Janet
To: Joanne
Subject: Poster 2

able
      
want
      
more
      
on / today
      
   

21 Your English friend Michelle invited you to a barbecue next Saturday. Write an email to her and say:
●● what time you will get there.
●● who will you bring with you.
●● what food you will bring.
Student’s own answer


26
 3

22 Read the advertisement and the email. Fill in the information in Marianne’s notes.

Summer festival
Rock concert in High Park
opposite High Park Corner
tube station
£10 all tickets
21:00 – 2:00
18 June - Wednesday
More information
(✆) 012255
Now on sale for £9

From: Willy
To: Marianne
Subject: Rock concert!!

Marianne’s notes
High Park
Place: 

Day:  Wednesday 18th June

Ticket Price:  9 pounds

18:00
Time to call Willy: 
012255
Ticket sales telephone number: 
tube
Travel there by: 

27
 To sum up

23 Complete the following mind map.

carbon dioxide
        

water and minerals

         PHOTOSYNTHESIS oxygen

produces

sunlight
        
elaborated sap

self-pollination
       cross-pollination
      

PLANTS
respiration
         sexual

Nutrition Reproduction

photosynthesis asexual

fragmentation

stolons
       cuttings
       tubers
       rhizomes
       bulbs
      

28
 3

24 Complete the sentences with the words provided.

1
mosses gymno
All plants, except          , have roots, a stem and leaves. sperm
angios s
perms
Flowering plants reproduce using seeds. They are divided into
         flower
ing pla
non-fl nts
angiosperms and       
        gymnosperms .        
Non-flowering plants owerin
g plan
mosse ts
ferns
reproduce using spores. They are divided into           and s
ferns
mosses.

2
nutrients
Plants get the          to grow and live through respira
tion
photos
  photosynthesis oxygen
        . This process releases          . ynthes
oxyge is
n
energy
Plants get          respiration
through          . This energ
carbon y
carbon dioxide
process releases          . dioxid
nutrie e
nts

3
sexual
In most flowers,          reproduction happens in the mosse
s pistil
flower pollen pistil flower
        , transferring        into the        . ferns
sexual
Ferns
       mosses
and        spores
reproduce through        . spores
pollen

4
plants plants
Asexual reproduction produces          which are tubers
bulbs
identical
         to the parent plant. stolon rhizom
s es
identic cutting
There are different types of fragments in asexual reproduction: al s
tubers
         ,         bulbs stolons
,          ,
rhizomes
         cuttings
or          .

5
gravity gravity
Plants light
         react to          ,           , plants light
moisture
         contact
,          , the number of hours of light, moistu contac
re t
and temperature.

29
 4 Ecosystems

1 Listen and decide if each description is of a species, a community or of a population. 

15
population
a) 

b)  community

species
c) 

2 Identify the non-living things, the producers and the consumers of each ecosystem and complete the
chart.
a) b)

Non-living things Living things: Producers Living things: Consumers

rocks, soil, air, water plants, trees, bushes gnus, crocodiles

3 Decide if each of the consumers from the previous chart is a Primary or Secondary consumer.

Primary consumer Secondary consumer

 Gnu: The gnu is a primary consumer, Crocodile: The crocodile is a secondary

because it is a herbivore. It eats plants, producer, because it is a carnivore. It

which are producers. eats the meat of other animals, other

consumers.

30
 4
4 Listen to the recording and place the living things in the correct place on the food chains.
16
grass   rabbit   bush   deer   owl
acorns   lynx   bird   fox

fox lynx owl

 

eats

eats
rabbits deer birds

grass bush acorns

5 In one of the food chain which you have drawn above, what would happen if the secondary
consumers disappeared?
If the secondary consumers disappeared, the population of primary consumers (deer, rabbits,


birds) would increase. They would consume more of the plants until perhaps the grass and bushes

disappeared. Then the primary consumers would starve.



6 Match the two parts of the sentences.

Two different food chains connected • • several food chains.

Living things in an ecosystem • • eat each other.

Most living things are part of • • along the food chain.

Energy passes throught the living things • • form a web chain.

7 Write down a food chain you

can see on the image.

shrimp

eaten by

fish

otter

31
 8 Listen to the descriptions and write the correct ecosystem next to each letter.
17
a)  taiga
hot, dry desert
b) 

c)  savannah

9 Which of the following forest will change colour in autum? Explain why.

evergreen tree
 evergreen tree deciduous tree evergreen tree

The leaves of deciduous trees change colour in the autumn because the temperature goes down

and the chlorophyll disappears on the leaves.



10 Compare the characteristics of a cold desert to a hot and dry desert. What do they have in common?

Cold desert Hot and dry

desert
very low temperatures very high temperature by
during day and at night during day and at night
Common
characteristics
animals have a thick night temperatures drop
layer of fat scarce vegetation abruptly
few animals animals need to live with
very little water
little accessible water
very little precipitation

32
 4
11 Listen and label the diagram with the correct terrestrial ecosystem.
18
Scrubland
Pasture Mountain pine forest

Holm oak forest

Riparian forest

12 Read the sentences and decide if they are true or false. Then explain why.
True. Trees can’t grow in scrubland because
a) There is less variety of fauna and flora in scrubland. 
the temperatures are too low in the high altitude. Only grasses and shrubs can grow. And there


aren’t
 many animals either. Only small mammals and some birds live here.

False. Holm oak

b) Mountain pine forest is more susceptible to drought than holm oak forest.
forest is more susceptible to drought because it is at a lower altitude than mountain pine forest.

Therefore it gets less rainfall and higher temperatures in the summer.


True. The needle-shaped leaves
c) Mountain pine forests and holm oak forests are both evergreen. 
of mountain pines help them to withstand low temperatures and the evergreen holm oaks can

cope well with summer drought.

True. They grow in riparian

d) Water-loving trees such as poplar and willow grow in riparian forests. 
forests because these are next to rivers. The trees can get the water they need from the land even

in the summer because it doesn’t become dry.

13 Choose an ecosystem that exists close to where you live. What flora and fauna can you see?
Complete the charts.

Name of place Flora Fauna

and ecosystem
  

  

33
 14 Place the following words in the chart below, classified as Producers, Consumers or Decomposers.

zooplankton anemone tuna algae bacteria

fungi phytoplankton coral shark dolphin

Producers Consumers Decomposers

phytoplankton, algae, coral zooplankton, anemone, fungi, bacteria

dolphin, tuna, shark

15 Listen and place the living things in the box in the correct position in the marine ecosystem. Some
19 living things can be used more than once.

zooplankton squid shark tuna algae

aquatic fungi dolphin phytoplankton coral

Surface - 200 metres algae, phytoplankton, zooplankton, tuna, coral, dolphin

200 - 1,000 metres tuna, shark



Below 1,000 metres  squid, aquatic fungi

16 Explain the food chain in a marine ecosystem with the following living things:

prawns algae mackerel tuna sharks

eaten by eaten by eaten by eaten by

sharks tuna mackerel prawns algae

eat eat eat eat

34
 4
17 Say why the following actions have a bad or a good impact on the environment.

a) b) c) d)

good bad good bad

Consumerism creates pollution because of the wrapping and spends a lot of energy in factories

making products.

18 Think about the 3 Rs – reduce, reuse, recycle. Explain an example of each which you or your family do.
How does each example help the environment?

Reduce Consumerism creates pollution because of the wrapping and spends a lot of energy in

factories making products.

Reuse  Student’s own answer

Recycle  Student’s own answer

19 Listen to John describing her neighbourhood and answer the following questions.
20
a) What facilities for recycling are near Janet’s house? 
Recycling bin for paper and cardboard.


b) What does Janet’s family recycle?

Paper, plastics, glass.


c) What type of trees are there in the park? 

Deciduous trees.


d) How is the park different now from when Janet’s father was a boy? 
It is smaller than when her dad was a boy.


e) Why don’t people like to walk near the river? 

Because there is a lot of rubbish.


f) Are there many fish in the river? 

No, there aren’t because the water is dirty.

35
 External exams

20 Complete the text with one word in each gap.

Fight for the Savannah

In the east (0) .............. where

of Africa there are large areas of savannah, (1) ........................ large numbers of
The herbivores
animals live. (2) ................................ most numerous animals are the (3) ................................ - antelope,
a
gnus and zebras. There are also (4) ................................ number of carnivores that live on the Savannah,

and they compete for food. Sometimes this competition can become very fierce.
is
The largest carnivore on the Savannah (5) ................................ the lion. Lions live in large family groups
are
and they hunt the large herbivores, usually at night. But sometimes, they (6) .............................................

threatened by other predators in the area. Hyenas are large carnivores with powerful jaws. We normally
have
consider hyenas to be scavengers, eating animals that (7) ................................ died naturally, but they

can also hunt when they need to, working together, and they are also big enough and strong enough
to
(8) ................................ steal food from lions. Some groups of lions attack hyenas which they find
in
(9) ................................ their territory, to protect their source of food. Hyenas also sometimes attack
for
lions (10) ................................ the same reason, and they sometimes kill young lions.

21 Read this email from your English friend Alex.

Hi Oscar,
We are studying marine ecosystems at school and I remembered you studied them last month. I
have some questions to ask you, because there are things I don’t understand very well. Where do
aquatic plants live? Can you give me an example of a food chain in a marine ecosystem?

Thanks,

Alex
Write an email to Alex and answer his questions.
Write 20 – 25 words.
Student’s own answer


36
 4

22 Read the newspaper article and the notice. Complete the notes.

Local river too dirty PHOTO COMPETITION

Local ecological groups have complained Have you seen how dirty our river is?
to the council that the river in our town Let’s make the river cleaner!
is too dirty for fish and birds to live in.
People throw rubbish into the water, ◊ We want you to take photos of the
plastic, paper and even old bicycles. The problems people are causing for our
local factories also make the water dirty local river.
with their waste.
◊ The competition is for children from
The ecological group is organising a local schools. The maximum age is
photo competition to help inform people 12.
of negative and positive effects we have
on the river. They want people to identify ◊ Prizes for the three best photos.
where there are problems and give ideas
for positive solutions to these problems.
This newspaper will print the winning
photos.

Notes:

0. Organisers of competition: Local ecological group 

In the local river.

1. Where is the problem? 

Rubbish (plastic, paper, old bicycles) and waste from factories.

2. Examples of pollution: 

Children from local schools. Up to age 12.

3. Who can enter the competition? 

Three prizes.
4. How many prizes? 

In the (local) newspaper.

5. Where will we see the winning photos? 

37
 To sum up
23 Complete the following mind map.

rainforests
      temperate
     

forests savannah taiga

      

freshwater
      
terrestrial
      

Types aquatic
deserts

ECOSYSTEMS marine
hot
       cold

weather
       Components

air
       producers
      

temperature non-living
       living
      
consumers
things things

soil / rocks
      
decomposers
      

sun
      

water
      

38
 4

24 Complete the following sentences with the words provided. decom

posers
living t
hings
1 relatio
nships
ecosystem
An         is a natural environment formed by ecosys
tem
living things , their            
        physical surroundings and the        
relationships produc
physic ers
between them. According to their role in the ecosystem, living things can al surr
oundin
consum gs
producers
be:         consumers or        
,         decomposers . ers

2
food w
food chains
Living things are organised in ecosystems as links in         ecolog ebs
ical ba
food webs
and         . lance
food c
hains
The continuing balance that exists between the elements in an
ecological balance .
ecosystem is called the        

savann
3 ah
cold deserts taiga taiga
The main terrestrial ecosystems are         ,         , cold d
eserts
temperate forests , warm deserts,       
        savannah rainforests .
and        rainfor
tempe ests
rate fo
rests

4 rainfal
l
altitude , due to a drop tempe
Terrestrial ecosystems vary according to      rature
altitud
temperature and an increase in     
in       rainfall at higher     
altitudes . es
altitud
e

5
light
The main factors that define aquatic ecosystems are         , the freshw
ater
water
temperature and the substances dissolved in the        
        . water
marine light
Aquatic ecosystems can be         ecosystems or tempe
rature
freshwater ecosystems.
        marine

6
deteriorating negati
The actions of humans have been         the environment. ve
deteri
deterioration is happening faster and faster. oratin
This         g
positiv
positive e
We can do         actions to help reduce. deteri
oration
negative
The         effects that our way of life has on the environment.

39
 5 Energy

1 What form of energy does each object represent?

a) b) c) d)

chemical energy sound energy chemical energy light energy



2 Match the properties of energy to the correct example.

Transform energy • • a line of dominos

Transfer energy • • cables

Store energy • • light bulb

Transport energy • • batteries and food

3 What transformations take place in each image?

a) b) c)

kinetic energy electrical energy light energy electrical energy potential energy electrical energy


4 What type of energy is being described in each extract?

21
Sound energy
a) 
Electrical energy
b) 
Heat energy
c) 
Chemical energy
d) 
Kinetic energy
e) 

40
 5
5 Listen and decide which energy source is being described in each section. Is the source renewable or
22 non-renewable?

Energy source Renewable / Non-renewable

oil non-renewable
a)
nuclear non-renewable
b)
hydroelectric renewable
c)
wind renewable
d)
kinetic renewable
e)

6 Write Renewable or Non-renewable energy sources according to the following images.

renewable non-renewable non-renewable



7 Think about a solar calculator and a battery calculator. If the price of them was the same, which one
would you choose? Explain your answer.
You should buy the solar calculator, because it uses safe renewable energy and batteries produce

pollution.

8 Write the following words in the corresponding column of the following table.

sun  wind  fossil fuels  biomass  uranium  water  

Renewable energy sources Non-renewable energy sources

● sun ● fossil fuels
● wind ● uranium
● biomass
● water

9 What energy sources can we use to heat water for a shower?

We can use electricity from solar panels directly making a solar heater on the roof of the house.

41
 10 Listen to the news story. What environmental impacts are being described?
23
an oil spill. the oil.
The coast of Galicia was affected by  Birds were affected by 
surface of the sea. shellfish
It is floating on the  Many birds have died because 
thick black mess.
It leaves a      produced on the coast of Galicia were
 on the rocks and sand. affected.
negative negative
This is a  environmental impact. This is a  environmental impact.

11 Name three things that would change in your daily life if we ran out of fossil fuels.

We wouldn’t be able to use the car or the bus.


We couldn’t have electrical light at night.

We couldn’t use the computer nor the television or any other videogames.

12 Compare these pie charts on energy consumption in Spain.

Energy consumption in 2010 Energy consumption in 2020

12 % 18%
12 %
9%
76 % 73%

Fossil fuels Renewable energy Nuclear

Fossil fuels.
a) What sources of energy did we use most in 2010?


We will use more
b) According to the charts, how will our energy consumption change by 2020?
renewable energy and less nuclear and fossil fuels.

This will be positive because renewable energy pollutes less
c) What benefits will this change bring?
the environment.


42
 5
13 Write ‘Sustainable development’ and ‘non-sustainable development’ according to the images.

non-sustainable sustainable sustainable



14 Listen to this girl talking about her house. What does she use them for?
24
Generating electricity.
a) Wind turbine
Cleaning the water from the swimming pool.
b) Sand filter
Watering the garden.
c) Waste water
Making electricity – heating the water for the house.
d) Solar panels

15 What advantages do sustainable houses have over normal houses?

Sustainable houses do not need electricity from fossil fuels, they

get energy through solar panels. They are more energy efficient,

because they are well-insulated so they need to consume less

energy to heat the house in winter or keep fresh in summer.

16 Tick three correct informations about sustainable houses.

Don’t use renewable natural resources. Houses which need more energy.

✓ Use solar panels to heat the water. ✓ Hroof.

ave photovoltaic solar panels on the

✓ Have an ecological swimming pool.

17 Read the clues and complete with the correct words.
sustainable houses
a) Type of house which save energy
thermo-solar panels
b) Type of panel to heat the water
sustainable development
c) Improve our welfare in order to protect our planet
water treatment system
d) This system collects rain water

43
 18 Listen to two students talking about saving energy. What measures do they mention? Write down the
25 ones that they talk about in order.
Energy efficient appliances (rated A+ or A++).
a) 
Energy saving light bulbs.
b) 
Low heating in winter.
a) 
Insulating walls and roof.
d) 
Using public transport.
f) 

19 Name four things you can do at home to help save energy. Which ones do you already do?

insulate walls
energy saving

light bulbs

energy efficient

appliances
Don’t put the heating on too high.

Student’s own answer

20 What can we do to save energy? Tick the correct answers.

Use the car and avoid using public transport. ✓ Use light bulbs that need less energy.
✓ Do not use heating or air conditioning too much. ✓ Tusing
urn off appliances when you are not
them.
Turn on lights during 24 hours.

44
 5
21 We have used wind turbines and water turbines for hundreds of years. Name two ways in which we
have used turbines. Explain the transformation of energy in each case.

a) b)

We have used these turbines to make machines function, for example, to grind cereal to make flour.
a) 
Kinetic energy from the wind or water into kinetic energy of the mill blade.
b) 

Which one do you think is most useful in today’s world? Explain your answer.
Wind turbines are very popular today to transform the kinetic energy from the wind into electricity.


22 Why do you think the ‘stand-by’ mode on electrical appliances is called ‘vampire power loss’?
This is called ‘vampire power loss’ because the appliance

seems to be turned off, but it is still using power.

23 Make a list of four things your local authority can do to save energy. Explain how each change will help
to save energy.

Changes to save energy How it will help?

● Promote public transport ● Saving energy

● Promote the use of ● Preserving the environment
renewable energy sources ● Not polluting
in factory and homes.

45
 External exams

24 Complete the text. Write one word in each space.

Solar powered flight

have the
There (0)      been many firsts in the history of flying. From (1) .         first
in
powered flight (2)          1903, Louis Blériot’s first crossing of the English Channel

and Alcock and Brown’s first flight across the Atlantic, we have tried to fly further, higher and faster
than
(3)          before. Now there is a new aviation first – a solar-powered plane that can fly
at
(4)          night.

The plane is called the Solar Impulse, and it has thousands of solar cells in its wings which produce
it
electricity. This electricity is stored in batteries, and (5)          provides enough power to
can
fly all night. This means that the Solar Impulse (6)          fly incredibly long distances – it
from
has already flown 2,500 miles (7)          Switzerland to North Africa and back. Now the

aim is to fly around the world in twenty days and twenty nights.
a
The plane weighs less than (8)          large car and is 22 m long. Its wings measure 63 m

and they are covered in 12,000 solar cells. It flies slowly – about 70 km/h – but it can stay
in
(9)          the air for an incredibly long time.
have
The designers (10)          scheduled the round-the-world flight for 2015.

25 You see this notice in your school.

SUSTAINABLE HOMES!
Can you make your home sustainable?
Write an email to Mr Parks of the Science Department.
Tell him ...
• Two ways you can make your home sustainable.
• One way you are already saving energy at home.

Write your email to Mr Parks using 30 to 35 words.

Students’ own answers


46
 5

26 Read the two texts and complete the notes.

HELP US SAVE ENERGY!

We are trying to make the local authorities in this city save energy. We need your help to
convince them to adopt certain measures. The local authorities should ask local industries
to limit their environmental impact and avoid leaving the waste they produce in the
environment. The local authorities should use renewable energy for lighting and improve
public transport.

a) The local authority should save energy

b) Local industries should avoid leaving their waste in the environment.

c) Local authorities should use renewable energy for lighting.

d) A good thing to use at home Use energy saving light bulbs.

e) A bad thing to do at home is turn up the heating too high.

f) A good way to travel in the city is using public transport.

47
 To sum up

27 Complete the following mind map.

potential
kinetic         

light
         mechanical

chemical
        
transferred
         transported heat

electrical
transformed

properties
         forms

stored
         nuclear
        
ENERGY

results of
       
sources consumption
       

non-renewable
renewable          loss of
envioronmental
       
resources
impact
       
uranium
wind          fossil fuels

solar
        

biomass

hydroelectric
        

48
 5

28 Complete the sentences with the words provided.

1
changes
Energy causes the          that happen in nature. Energy forms
transfo
forms rmed
has different          . chang
es
transferred transformed stored
Energy can be          ,          , transp
stored transported orted
         and          . transfe
rred

2
Renewable
         energy sources are natural resources which do not
run out, because they are generated faster than they are used. non-re
newab
renew le
Non-renewable able
         energy sources are limited natural resources. We
consume them faster than they are generated.

3
The production, transportation and consumption of energy have run ou
environment t
impacts on the         . enviro
energy n ment
consum
energy consumption ption
If we maintain the current rhythm of            , the
run out
most used sources of energy will          soon.

4
sustainable genera
The aim of          development is to make sure that we live tions
well generations well
         and that future          also live well.
sustain
able

5
Saving energy everyone everyo
         is very important, and         , both ne
saving
energy
individuals and local and national authorities, should take part in this project.

49
 6 Heat, light and electricity

1 Listen and number the stages of an experiment.

26

2 4 1 3

2 Look at the experiment in activity one and answer the questions.

Because the air in the bottle expands when it is heated
a) Why does the water travel up the straw? 
and pushes the water up the straw.

Thermal expansion.
b) What is this process called?


The
c) What would happen to the water in the straw if you take the bottle out of the warm radiator?
water would go down the straw again.

Because the air in the bottle would
d) Why would this happen and what is that process called? 
contract again as it cools down. The process is called thermal contraction.


3 Identify the changes of state you can see in each photo.

a) b) c)

Melting Solidification Evaporation

  

50
 6
4 Match the two parts of the sentences about the characteristics and sources of light.

Light travels • • light changes direction when passing through

water.

Natural light sources are • • light bulbs and oil lamps.

Artificial light sources include • • in a straight line and at great speed.
Reflection is when • • light hits an object and changes direction.
Refraction occurs when • • the Sun and stars.

5 Order the materials from the one we can see through most clearly to the least. Then explain why and
add an example of each material.

2 Translucent materials. 3 Opaque materials. 1 Transparent materials.

Why: Why: Why:

We can’t see clearly through We can’t see through opaque We can see through

translucent materials because materials because they don’t transparent materials
  
they allow light to pass allow light to pass through because they allow light to
  
through them but disperse it. them. The light is absorbed or pass through them without
  
reflected instead. dispersing it.

Example: Example: Example:
Translucent plastic Wood Crystal

 

6 Listen and draw how lenses affect light raysas they pass through them in each diagram. Then match
27 them to the object the lenses are used in.

Diverging Converging
a) 
 lens. b) 
 lens.

TV projector Binoculars and telescope

                        

51
 7 Read and write true or false. Then correct the false sentences.

T Matter has a fundamental property called electrical charge. 

A body is neutral when it
F When a body is neutral, it means it doesn’t have any electrical charges.
has an equal number of positive and negative charges.


F When bodies are rubbed together the static electricity produces a positive charge. When
 bodies

are
 rubbed together they get electrified.

8 Read and choose the correct words to complete the description of the photo.

same charged repels

attracts different

charged
The girl has electrically the balloon by rubbing it against her
attracts different
hair. The balloon the hair because they have a

electrical charge.

9 Look at the chart and guess the missing words. Then listen to the experiment with static electricity
28 and complete the chart.

ACTION EXPLANATION

1 Hold a plastic pen above some The pen is in a neutral state because it hasn’t been
small pieces of paper.
rubbed and electrically charged. .

Therefore it doesn’t attract the paper .

2 Rub a plastic pen and then The pen has been electrically charged . Plastic is an insulator so
hold it above some small
pieces of paper. the electrical charge can’t flow through the pen into your hand.

The pen stays charged and attracts the paper .

3 Rub a metal spoon and then The spoon has been electrically charged . But metal is
hold it above some small
pieces of paper. a conductor so the electrical charge flows
through the spoon into your hand .

The spoon returns to neutral and

can’t attract the paper .

52
 6
10 What’s the difference between a conductor and an insulator?

allows electricity to flow through it.

A conductor is a material that  .

doesn’t allow electricity to flow through it.

An insulator is a material that  .

11 Find nine materials in the wordsearch. Then classify them into conductors or insulators.

Conductors Insulators
C P G L A S S D E
copper plastic
A L U M I N I U M 
W A F O G O L D I aluminium glass
 
O S L E T A V N W silver wood
 
O T R U B B E R O
gold rubber
 
L I M A R N R S O
wool
H C O P P E R X D 

12 Label the electric circuit. Then answer the questions.

power source
switch

electrical device (light bulb)

wire


No, because the switch is off, so

a) Will the electrical devices in this circuit work? Why or why not?
electricity can’t flow through the circuit.

The switch must be made of metal because metal
b) What must the switch be made of? Why?
conducts electricity.


13 Listen and write the uses of electrical energy you hear.

29 sound
a) 

b) communication

c) heating

movement
d) 

53
 External exams

14 Read the newpaper article and the report. Fill in the information in Julia’s notes.

science daily news

RAINBOWS
A beam of sunlight looks white, but when it passes
through drops of water at a certain angle, the diffe-
rent colours that make up the beam separate so that
we can see them as a rainbow. Each colour can be
seen at a specific angle, 42 for red and 40 degrees for
violet; so, in a rainbow, we see different colours from
different raindrops.

isaac newton
Julia’s Notes
Isaac Newton (1642-1726)
was the first person to
explain light and colour, in 0. Colour of sunlight:  white.
experiments he published
in 1672. He was the first to 1. Name of Scientist:  Isaac Newton.
understand the rainbow
by refracting white light
with a prism. The results 2. Colours in a rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, blue,
were colours: red, orange, indigo and violet.

yellow, green, blue, indigo
and violet.
3. Rainbow elements:  sunlight and raindrops.

4. To be seen colours need:  a specific angle.

5. Object used by Newton to refract white light:  a prism.

54
 6

15 Your friend Alex has got a new prism. He doesn’t know what it is for. Use Julia’s notes to
write an email to Alex with the following information:

• Say who used it for the first time

• Explain the colour of sunlight and colours in a rainbow

Write 25-35 words.

Hi Alex, it’s great you’ve got a new prism. Did you know Isaac Newton was the first person to use a prism

to produce a rainbow? The colours of a rainbow are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.

The sunlight is white because is the sump of all colours of the rainbow. A prism splits the light in its seven

colors. This is why we can see the rainbow with a prism.

See you! Julia

16 Complete the email. Write one word in each space.

From: Sean
To: Diana
Subject: Rainbows

A full circular (0) rainbow can be (1) seen only from an aeroplane.
Yes, rainbows are circular (2) shape , but standing on the ground
we only see an arc in the (3) sky where the centre is on a
straight between the observer and the (4) Sun .

A rainbow is not (5) something physical in the sky. It is an image

(6) formed in the eye by refraction. If you move to a different
(7) location , new raindrops need to reflect the sunlight.
Two people (8) looking at the same rainbow (9) will need
different raindrops.

It’s an interesting topic!

Bye.

55
 To sum up

17 Complete the following mind map.

Reflection Refraction
    

Travels in a
straight Changes
     line.
direction with
Natural
Travels in all
directions. Characteristics Light Sources
Artificial
      

Travels energy
    
at great speed.
Heat Electricity
     

Changes
Changes      Static Electrical
size electricity current
in   . in state.     .

Flows through an
circuit
electrical     

Expansion Contraction
      
Is used for

Melting images and    

Light,      sound

Solidification
       Heating

Condensation Movement

Evaporation
       Communication
      

56
 6

18 Complete the following sentences with the words provided.

1
Heat is the transfer of energy between two bodies which have a different
    state
temperature . It can cause changes in    
        size and changes in    
state . size
tempe
rature
To measure heat we use a thermometer. heat
expansion expan
It can cause changes in size:         and contraction. And changes in sion
meltin
melting
state: solidification,         evaporation .
, condensation and         g
evapo
ration

2
natural artificial
refraction
There are two types of light sources:        , like the Sun, and      
speed
like a light bulb. light
Light is a form of     .
    energy It travels in a straight    
line , in all       
directions line
light
speed .
and at great     artificial
transparent
According to what they do to light, we classify materials as         reflection
translucent (allow light to pass directions
(allow light to pass through them),        
natural
opaque (do not allow light to
through them but disperses the light) and       transpare
nt
pass through them). opaque
transluce
Reflection and       
refraction are properties of     
light . nt
       energy

3
Static electricity
             is caused by rubbing certain objects
electri
electrical charge produced can be positive or negative.
together. The          cal cha
static rge
electri
city
repel
When two bodies have the same electrical charge they       repel
each other, but materials with different types of electrical attrac
t
attract
charge       each other.

4
Electrical current electri
         is the flow of an electrical charge through c circu
it
conductive material switch
a            . electri
cal cur
power source
electric circuit consists of a          power rent
An          , wires, source
switch condu
ctive m
an electrical device and a       . aterial

57
 7 Structures and machines

1 Listen and complete the sentences.

30 pillar.
a) The vertical part of a structure is called a 
beam.
b) The horizontal part of a structure is called a 
load.
c) The structure is designed to support a 
bridge
d) A                is an example of a structure.
shape.
e) We can make a material more resistant by changing its 

2 What’s the difference between natural and artificial structures? Give some examples.

Natural structures Artificial structures

● skeleton ● bridge
● tree ● shelf
● ● swing

3 Which one is more stable: a triangular or a square structure? Draw an example.

Student’s own answer

4 What type of bridge is this? Why is it different from

the others?
This is a suspension bridge. It is different because the

load is supported from above, using huge cables. It

needs to be very flexible in order to resist wind

movements.

58
 7
5 Listen to these students talking about the levers that we have in our bodies. Write down which parts
31 of the body are being described. Then write down which type of lever each one is.

Part of the body Type of lever

elbow type 3
a)
knee type 3
b)
foot type 2
c)
neck type 1
d)

6 Draw a diagram of the different types of levers. Label the different parts of each one.

Student’s own answer

7 Why are wheels important? Give examples of machines with wheels that you use every day.

Wheels are some of the most important machines in


our lives because they make objects roll. Examples of

machines with wheels: Student’s own answer.


59
 8 Which simple machines consist of one or more inclined planes? How is each one different from the
others?
Ramp: the ramp is used to raise a load more easily than direct lifting.

Wedge: the wedge is used in different ways. It can be used to hold a door open, or to force something

to separate into two halves. It can create a blade which is used to cut.

Screw: the screw is used to hold two objects together.

9 Listen to these students talking about a science challenge they have to do in their class. Write the
32 type of simple machine each one has decided to use and explain why.

Type of simple machine chosen Why?

a) lever a) To lift a 3 kg load to a platform.

b) ramp / inclined plane b) To raise or lower objects with less force.

c) pulley c) To lift the load.

10 If you want to lift 150kg using only 50kg of force, how many pulleys would you need to combine?
Explain your answer.
We would need to use three pulleys. If we used one pulley, the force needed would be equal to the

mass of the load. For each pulley we add the force.

11 Draw a diagram of how to combine the pulleys.

Student’s own answer

60
 7
12 Look at the image of a jack and label its parts. Explain how a jack can lift a heavy weight, like a car.
A jack is made of a crank which turns a screw, and two pillars which are

articulated in the middle and joined by nuts.The middle sections of the

two pillars begin separated. As we turn the crank, the screw pulls the

two pillars together, raising the load. The crank allows a very gradual

movement, and means we can move a very heavy load.

crank nut screw

13 Listen to the descriptions of parts of a bicycle, and write down the part of the bicycle being described.
33
Part of a bicycle

●
brake lever

● pedals

● cogs and chain / bicycle chain

● wheels

14 Name a use for each of these machines:

a) b) c) d)

Crank For lifting a bucket from the well.



Cogs For the mechanism of a watch.



Rack and pinion In corkscrew.

Cogs and chain In a bicycle chain.



15 We can combine two cogs to transfer movement. Explain what happens if one of the cogs is bigger
than the other.
If one of the cogs is bigger than the other, the smaller cog will rotate more quickly than the bigger one.

This means that something attached to the smaller cog will rotate faster than something attached to

the bigger cog.

16 What is the basic shape of a bicycle frame? Explain why.

It is triangular because this shape produces a rigid structure.


61
 17 If you wanted to build a crane to lift bricks to the third floor of a building, what materials would you
choose? Explain your answer.
To build this crane we would use steel girders, using triangular structures to

give strength. Steel cables would work as tensors. We could use concrete

blocks as counterweights.

18 Listen to the situations and decide what unsafe machines is happening in each case.
34
Type of simple machine

helmet - unsafe situation

●

●
mobile phone - unsafe situation
blender - unsafe situation
●

●
computer - unsafe situation

19 Now say why is important to use/wear the machines from the listening properly.
Wear a helmet in case you have an accident when ride your skateboard.
a) 
Switch off your mobile earlier. Go to bed earlier.
b) 
Always use a blender unplugged.
c) 
Breaks every 30 minutes when using the computer.
d) 

20 Some of them are not taking precautions when using machines. Explain your answers.

The boy should not use the hairdryer close


to water. It will be dangerous if the

hairdryer gets wet.

It is dangerous to put a plug over the

cooker. It may get wet.

62
 7
21 Read the text about watermills from the Pupil’s Book again. Name the two main mechanical
components in the machine. Explain how each component is used in the machine.
Wheel: the movement of the water turns the wheel. The
a) 
wheel’s axle, which has a cog at the other end.

Cogs: the cog on the axle of the wheel turns when the wheel turns.
b) 
It is connected to other cogs, and transmits the movement to the

mill wheel, which grinds the wheat and makes the flour.

22 Complete the following sentences.

water.
a) If you manipulate electrical appliances you have to avoid 
computers can become addictive.
b) The excessive use of social networks and 
follow the safety instructions carefully.
c) When we use machines we should 

23 a) Think about the work you did for the Final Task. What is the most important safety element of the
machine your group chose in the Final Task? Explain your answer.
Student’s own answer


b) What was the most difficult part of the Final Task? Explain your answer.
Student’s own answer


24 Why is it important that the frame of a bicycle is rigid? Explain your answer.
Because the frame of a bicycle can stand very big forces. They are

required to be strong and light which they do by combining shapes and

different materials.

63
 External exams

25 Complete the text. Write one word in each space.

The Golden Gate Bridge

is
The Golden Gate Bridge (0)          probably the most famous bridge in the world. Nearly

everyone can recognise it. It is also the most photographed bridge. Every year, thousands of tourists
of
visit the bridge as part (1)          their trip to San Francisco. The Golden Gate Bridge is
is
a suspension bridge. This means that the main span of the bridge (2)          supported

by huge cables which pass over the two towers and are fixed in concrete at each end of the bridge.
to
This means that the bridge doesn’t need arches (3)          support the weight,
under
and so ships can sail (4)          the bridge without problems. The main span of the
above made
bridge is about 67m (5)          the water. The main structure of the bridge is (6)         
the
of metal, and it is painted orange to protect (7)          metal from corrosion. The bridge
in the
was finished (8)          1937, and until 1964 it was (9)          longest

suspension bridge in the world. The main span is 1280m long. It is now the eleventh longest suspension
are
bridge. The towers (10)          nearly 230m tall, the tallest towers on a suspension

bridge until 1998.

26 Choose one machine and write safety instructions for it.

You should say

► How it can be used safely.
► What you should avoid doing with the machine.
► How to look after the machine.

Write your instructions using 30 – 35 words.

Student’s own answer


64
 7

27 Read the texts and complete the notes below.

Come to my roller-skating party

on Saturday 4th June
at Green Park

The party starts at 1:30pm.

You don’t need to bring money

but bring your helmet and gloves.

Let me know if you can come before Friday.

Sally

From: Karen
To: Natalia
Subject: Sally’s party

Person having the party: Sally

Day of the party: Saturday

Time: 1:30pm

Take: helmet and gloves

Travel home by: bus

Karen’s evening phone number: 914226987

65
 To sum up

28 Complete the following mind map.

beam pillar
(horizontal) (vertical)

support a load protect objects components

        

STRUCTURES

NEED

MACHINES

simple machines complex

       machines

mechanical
components
lever
        

cog crank
        
pulley
        

cogs & chain

         rack & pinion
        
inclined plane

screw
         wedge
        

66
 7

29 Complete the following sentences with the words provided.

1
structure
A         is a group of elements which can resist forces
forces objects structu
        and protect the         it belongs to. re
object
s

2
Simple easier
        machines have few elements. They make work        . easier
levers
structure structu
The bones and muscles form the         of the human body. It has several re
levers simple
levers. Most of these         are Type 3.

3 inclined
The         plane is a ramp which we use to move pulley
objects less screw
        up or down using         force.
object
screw
The         and the wedge are two types of inclined planes. s
incline
pulley d
The         is a simple machine which we use to lift things more less
comfortably.

4
complex
A         mechanical components
machine is made from various         cog
joined together to form a mechanism. The crank and compl
ex
mecha
cog
the         are the most important mechanical components. nical

5
use
When we design a machine we think about its         and suitab
le
suitable
we choose         good
materials. Machines must also be maintained in         use
good
condition and used carefully.

67
 Key language
1 Plants
Classifying plants
 Flowering plants reproduce from seeds.
 Non-flowering plants reproduce through spores.
Describing flowering plants
 Stamens are the male reproduction
organ.
 The pistil is the female reproductive organ.
 The corolla is made up of coloured
leaves called petals.
2 Ecosystems
Classifying living things in an ecosystem
 Living things that can reproduce with
each other make up a species.
 A group of living things that belongs
to the same species makes up a
population.
 A group of different populations that
live together make up a community.
3 The human body and interaction
Describing how our body moves
 Muscles pull on our bones to bend our arms.
 Joints help our bones to move together.
Describing life processes
 Nutrition gives us the energy we need.
 Our senses give us information about
the world.
 People reproduce and have children.
68
Describing plant reproduction
 Insects, birds, wind or water can all cause
pollination.
 Fertilisation occurs when pollen joins an
ovule in the pistil.
 The pistil gets bigger and becomes a
fruit with seeds inside it.
 The seeds germinate and new plant grow.
Describing the links in a food chain
 Producers are living things, like plants,
that make their own food.
 Primary consumers are herbivores that
eat producers.
 Secondary consumers are carnivores and
omnivores that eat primary consumers.
Decomposers, like bacterias, eat the
remains of other living things.
Describing how our body works
 The respiratory system takes in the air we
breathe.
 The circulatory system moves blood
around the body.
 The digestive system changes food into
other substances.
 The excretory system cleans the blood
of substances that we do not need.
 4 Matter and materials
Defining the properties of matter Describing the properties of
 Mass is the amount of matter in an materials
object.  Hard materials are difficult to scratch.
 Volume is the space that an object  We can scratch elastic materials.
occupies.
 Transparent materials let light pass
 Density is the relationship between through them.
mass and volume.

5 Energy
Defining energy Describing how energy
 Energy is the ability of an object to transforms
change things around us.  One form of energy can transform into
 Energy can be mechanical, light sound, a different form of energy.
thermal, electrical, chemical or nuclear.  Our bodies transform chemical energy
into mechanical energy.
 When we clap our hands, we transform
kinetic energy into sound energy.

6 Structures and machines

Identifying simple and complex machines
 Simple machines have few parts and are easy to use.
 There are three types of simple machines: pulleys, ramps and levers.
 Complex machines have many components.

69
QUi Z

1 The vital functions of living beings are … 7 The energy in a parked is:
a. birth, growth and reproduction. a. Mechanical, because it has a motor.
b. nutrition, interaction and reproduction. b. Chemical, because it contains gasoline.
c. movement, feeding and rest. c. Light, because it has windows.

2 This image shows … 8 What relationship do these objects have with

a. an animal cell. the properties of energy?
b. a plant cell.
c. a bacteria.

3 I n order to observe the cells, you need to

look through ...
a. a magnifying glass.
b. a microscope. a. The battery transfers it and the cable
c. 3-D glasses. stores it.
b. The cable transfers it and the battery
4 The levels of organisation in a bee are: stores it.
a. cell – tissue – organ – system – bee. c. The cable transforms it and the battery
b. cell – worker – drone – queen. stores it.
c. cell – tissue – organ – system.
9 Which two non-renewable energy sources
5 Which vital function do these words relate to? correspond to these images?
Nutrition
Trachea Kidneys

Heart Intestine

Bladder Blood vessels

6 Which property of light is shown in this

photo? a. Wind and fossil fuels.
a. Refraction. b. Fossil fuels and uranium.
b. Reflection. c. Uranium and wind.

10 Saving energy is important because ...

a. energy consumption damages the
environment.
b. sunlight can run out.
c. if we don’t, it will rain a lot.

70
 11 In this study of pond water, tadpoles, algae 18 A
 ll the inhabitants of the pond depend on a
and amoebae were found. process that you know well: photosynthesis.
a b c
Indicate which label corresponds to which
letter of the drawing.

Which are unicellular organisms and which

are multicellular organisms? a. multicellular; A
b. unicellular; c. multicellular/unicellular
12 Explain the characteristics of the kingdoms C
each belongs to. a. They eat other living things and can around;
b. They make their own food; c. They eat other living things. D
13 Which of these organs is missing in
the gymnosperm plants?
B E
a b c

C B A
Oxygen Raw sap Sunlight

D E
Picture b Carbon dioxide Elaborated sap

14 Leaves are the organs of the plants that: 19 W

a. absorb water and mineral salts.
b. carry out photosynthesis.
c. perform fertilisation.
15 For photosynthesis, plants need ,
y .
a. Oxygen, raw sap and sunlight.
b. Sunlight, raw sap and air.
c. Carbon dioxide, raw sap and sunlight.
16 In order, the steps of sexual reproduction in
flowering plants are:
a. germination, pollination and fertilisation.
b. pollination, germination and fertilisation.
c. pollination, fertilisation and germination.
17 W
 here does most of the energy we consume
come from?
Most of the energy we consume comes from
19 In your notebook, create the food chain
fossil fuels.
 hat are each of the energy sources on the
poster called? Which are renewable? Which
are non-renewable? Page 114 - Teachers’ Book.
20 H
 elp Isabel: Do you think it is important to
save electricity? Page 114 - Teachers’ Book.
21 C
 opy the drawing in your notebook and
complete the gaps. What role does each type
of organism play in the pond: producer,
consumer or decomposer?
Producer
Consumer
Decomposer

linking the organisms by arrows.

71